Year 1
Number 1
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What is morphology?
Morphology refers to many things:
Structure of animals…
Or flowers…
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and the configuration of the earth…
But morphology in linguistics means study of the internal structure of
words and how are they formed.
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So, what’s a word?
Word have different meanings, it would be a sound or
a combination of sounds, or its representation in
writing or printing, that symbolizes and communicates
a meaning and may consist of a single morpheme or of
a combination of morphemes1.
Every single language has words in it. Words have internal parts and
have grammatical functions, they have meaning also.
Lexemes
A lexeme is the minimal unit of language which involves a semantic
interpretation and a cultural concept.
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If you look up a word in a dictionary, you won’t search (for instance)
finds, found or finding, they’re forms of the English lexeme find. Of
course these words won’t be listed in the dictionary.
Words have structure:
Sounds
morphemes
words
phrases
sentences
A word is formed by roots, affixes, prefixes and suffixes, these are
called morphemes.
ROOT tie consider
free form free form
Germanic root Latinate root
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SOURCE Old English tygan, "to tie" Latin considerare, "to examine"
PREFIX retie reconsider
SUFFIX reties reconsiders
retying reconsideration
retyings reconsiderations
Morphemes are often defined as the smallest linguistic pieces with a
grammatical function and meaning. A morpheme may consist of a word
such hand, or it can be –ed from watched, it cannot be divided into
smaller parts.
What is the relationship between words and morphemes? It's only
one: a word is made up of one or more morphemes.
Affix is a morpheme that appears before or after the root word.
Preffix is a morpheme that appears at the beginning of the root word.
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Infixes are the morphemes that appear at the middle of the word.
They’re common in Cambodian, Sudanese and Sanskrit languages.
Simpler examples of infixes, like the insertion of Tagalog:
Bili
'buy' Binili 'bought'
Basa
'read' Binasa 'read' (past)
Sulat
'write' Sinulat 'wrote'
Suffix is a morpheme that appears at the end of the root word.
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For instance:
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Irregularities
Sometimes word formation involves rules. For instance, to create the plural of some nouns is added: –s, -es, -ves, etc. and for regular verbs is added: –ed to form the past tense.
Plural:
Fox – Foxes
Knife – Knives
Dog – Dogs
Past tense:
Watch – watched
Look – looked
Yet irrational combinatory nonsense of this type happens all the time in morphology. Consider the adjectival forms of the names of countries or regions in English. There are at least a half a dozen different endings
and also many variations in how much of the name of the country is retained before the ending is added:
-ese
Bhutanese, Chinese,
Guyanese, Japanese, Lebanese, Maltese, Portuguese, Taiwanese
-an African, Alaskan, American, Angolan, Cuban, Jamaican,
Mexican, Nicaraguan
-ian
Argentinian, Armenian, Australian, Brazilian,
Canadian, Egyptian, Ethiopian, Iranian, Jordanian, Palestinian,
Serbian
-ish Irish, British, Flemish,
Polish, Scottish, Swedish
-i Afghani, Iraqi, Israeli, Kuwaiti, Pakistani
-? French, German, Greek
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And it can't mix match stems and endings here: *Taiwanian, *Egyptese, and so on just don't work. 2
Derivational and Inflectional Morphology
Derivational
This one makes new words from other ones. It’s formed from create by
adding a morpheme that makes nouns out of (some) verbs. It involves also the creation of one lexeme from another one. Example: select – selector - selection
Some examples of derivational morphology
Nouns become nouns: Fish + ery Auto + biography
Verbs to verbs: Re + surface
Pre + register Un + tie
Adjectives to adjectives: Il +legible
Gray + ish Nouns to adjectives: Soul + ful
Poison + ous
Verbs to nouns: Digg +er Acquitt + al
Adjectives to adverbs: Sad + ly
Efficient + ly
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Inflectional
Inflectional morphemes express the grammatical features, as singular
and plural, present and past, and to indicate grammatical information. In
English these are suffixes only.
Example:
Nouns: Wombat-s
Ox + en
Verbs: brainwash-es
Dig-s
Escape-d
Rain-ing
Derivational Inflectional
-ation -s Plural
-ize -ed Past
-ic -ing Progressive
-y -er Comparative
-ous -est Superlative
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References
1 http://www.thefreedictionary.com/word
http://www.slideshare.net/moniozy/morphemes
http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/morphology.html
http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsA
Lexeme.htm
http://www.answers.com/topic/lexeme
Info. And samples
http://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Fall_2007/ling001/morpholog
y.html2