Aspen, April 16, 2007 Tom Gaisser 1
What’s new and what questions remain since our previous
meeting?Workshop on
Physics at the End of the Galactic Cosmic-ray Spectrum
April 26-30, 2005
Aspen, April 16, 2007 Tom Gaisser 2
Outline
• Below the knee• Knee region• Sources & acceleration mechanisms• End of galactic cosmic-ray population?• Where is transition to extra-galactic?• What is the nature of the ankle?• Extra-galactic cosmic rays and GZK• Lessons from the heliosphere (2nd edition)
Aspen, April 16, 2007 Tom Gaisser 3
Observed spectrum ~ E(-2.7) to 100 TeV
Final Results of RUNJOB and Related TopicsMakoto Hareyama, Toru Shibata and the Runjob collaboration (Aspen, 2005)
JACEE and results of other balloon experiments ~100 TeV reported by M. Cherry, Aspen 2005
Aspen, April 16, 2007 Tom Gaisser 4
All particle spectrum
Note difference between JACEE and RUNJOB for ~100 TeV helium
Aspen, April 16, 2007 Tom Gaisser 5
ATIC, John Wefel, Tokyo ’07 (also discussed in Cherry’s talk, Aspen 2005)
Helium more like JACEE ? Hard all-nucleon spectrum?
Aspen, April 16, 2007 Tom Gaisser 6
= sum of TRACER: O + Ne + Mg + Si + S + Ar + Ca + Fe
TRACER(heavy nuclei only)
Aspen, April 16, 2007 Tom Gaisser 7
HESS Direct Cherenkov measurement of Fe spectrum
F. Aharonian et al.PR D75 042004 (2007)
Method proposed by Kieda,Swordy & Wakely, 2001:Use ACT on ground.
Previously attempted from balloons, Sood, 1983;Clem, Evenson, Seckel, 2002
Aspen, April 16, 2007 Tom Gaisser 8
H.E.S.S. Direct Cherenkov Fe spectrum measurement
Inferred spectrum with QGSjet
Inferred spectrum with SIBYLL
Consistent with RUNJOB
Aspen, April 16, 2007 Tom Gaisser 9
Standard model of cosmic-rays to ~100 TeV• Diffusive shock acceleration in galactic SNR
– 15 % of energy goes into accelerated p & nuclei– dN / dE ~ E(-2.1) (source spectrum)– secondary / primary nuclei esc ~ E(-0.6) to make dN
/ dE (observed) ~ E(-2.7)
• Problems: (e.g. Ptuskin et al., Jokipii)– strong energy dependence of esc violates observed
isotropy when extrapolated to PeV– observed turbulence prefers esc ~ E(-0.3) – high efficiency non-linear acceleration event
flatter source spectrum
Aspen, April 16, 2007 Tom Gaisser 10
Rigidity-dependence• Acceleration, propagation
– depend on B: rgyro = R/B– Rigidity, R = E/Ze– Ec(Z) ~ Z Rc
• rSNR ~ parsec Emax ~ Z * 1015 eV– 1 < Z < 30 (p to Fe)
• Slope change should occur within factor of 30 in energy
• With characteristic pattern of increasing A
• Problem: continuation of smooth spectrum to EeV
Peters cyclePeters cycle: systematic increase of < A > : systematic increase of < A > approaching Eapproaching Emaxmax
B. Peters, Nuovo Cimento 22 (1961) 800
Aspen, April 16, 2007 Tom Gaisser 11
Composition in the knee region
EASTOP, M. Aglietta et al., Astropart. Phys. 20 (2004) 641
SPASE-AMANDAB10, superimposed on data summary of Swordy et al., Astropart. Phys. 18 (2002) 129.
QGSJETKASCADE: Energy spectra for individual elemental groups
distribution
!
distribution
!
SIBYLL
H. Ulrich et al., Int. J. Mod. Phys. A (in press)
Andreas Haungs Aspen, 2005
Aspen, April 16, 2007 Tom Gaisser 13
What interaction model to use?
• In KASCADE data, both QGSjet01 and SIBYLL have problem areas
• The greater energy reach of KASCADE-Grande may help unscramble this– Xmax deeper in atmosphere, fluctuations less
severe– Gives a longer range of energy over which to
test the models– Hope to hear KASCADE-Grande results here
at Aspen 2007
Aspen, April 16, 2007 Tom Gaisser 14
Maximum energy for acceleration by SNR shocks
• Magnetic field amplification (Bell et al.) much discussed at Aspen 2005 – See paper of Hillas, for example.– Emax > PeV for protons no problem
• Non-linear diffusive shock acceleration– H. Völk et al. (also Blasi et al.)– Most of energy content may be near Emax
• Do we need a galactic “component B”
Aspen, April 16, 2007 Tom Gaisser 15
Cosmic-ray energy spectrum (Aspen, 2005)
?
according to Astropart. Phys. 19 (2003) 193
J Hörandel
HILLAS (Aspen, 2005)
Aspen, April 16, 2007 Tom Gaisser 17
Model: GRB origin of CRs at and above the knee
– Cosmic Rays below ≈ 1014 eV from SNe that collapse to neutron stars
– Cosmic Rays above ≈ 1014 eV from SNe that collapse to black holes
● CRs between knee and ankle/second knee from GRBs in Galaxy
● CRs at higher energy from extragalactic/ cosmological origin
(Wick et al. 2004)
Atoyan (Aspen, 2005)
Aspen, April 16, 2007 Tom Gaisser 18
TRANSITIONThe galactic component at E ≥ 1×1017 eV is assumed to be iron nuclei. The spectrum is found as difference of the total (observed) spectrum and extragalactic proton spectrum (model).Ec is considered as a free parameter in a range (0.3 - 2)×1018 eV
BEREZINSKY
Aspen, April 16, 2007 Tom Gaisser 19
(de) constructing the extra-galatic spectrum
Doug Bergman et al. (HiRes), Proc 29th ICRC, 7 (2005) 315
GZK feature
recovery (depends on source density)
dip (due to pair production)
End of Galactic population (not shown)
Distant sourcesContribution depends on evolution and propagation inBextra-galactic
Nearby sources clustering, anisotropy?
Aspen, April 16, 2007 Tom Gaisser 20
Best USM Fit to HiRes
• Fit USM varying m and – = 2.38– m = 2.55– Galactic
spectrum falls steeply above 100 PeV
Galactic
Extragalactic
BERGMAN
Aspen, April 16, 2007 Tom Gaisser 21
Bahcall & Waxman (GRB)
• Galactic extragalactic transition ~ 1019 eV
• Assume E-2 spectrum at source, normalize @ 1019.5
• 1045 erg/Mpc3/yr• ~ 1053 erg/GRB• Evolution ~ star-formation• GZK losses included
Physics Letters B556 (2003) 1
Bahcall & Waxman hep-ph/0206217
Aspen, April 16, 2007 Tom Gaisser 22
N Busca, WG-4, Aug 29 Allard et al. astro-ph/0605327
Transition at 1019 eVTransition < 1018 eV
Aspen, April 16, 2007 Tom Gaisser 23
Where is transition to extragalactic CR?
G. Archbold, P. Sokolsky, et al.,Proc. 28th ICRC, Tsukuba, 2003
HiRes new composition result: transition occurs before ankle
Original Fly’s Eye (1993): transition coincides with ankle
3 EeV
0.3 EeV
Aspen, April 16, 2007 Tom Gaisser 24
Muon / electron ratio reflects nuclear composition of primaries
Calculations of Ralph Engel, presented at Aspen, April, 2005KASCADE-Grande
IceCube
Aspen, April 16, 2007 Tom Gaisser 25
Simulations: Eat 2 km in IceCube vs Energy deposited in tanks
EA
0.64, 0.8, 1.0, 5.0, 6.25, 10, 12.5 PeV
Projection on mass axis
Projection on energy axis
Aspen, April 16, 2007 Tom Gaisser 26
AGASA, HiRes, Auger
Auger spectrum, fromPaul Sommers’ talk at Pune
Aspen, April 16, 2007 Tom Gaisser 27
HiRes GZK cutoff (astro-ph/0703099)
E3 x differential spectrum Integral spectrum / E-1.81
Aspen, April 16, 2007 Tom Gaisser 28
Lessons from the heliosphere• ACE energetic particle fluences:• Smooth spectrum
– composed of several distinct components:
• Most shock accelerated• Many events with different shapes
contribute at low energy (< 1 MeV)• Few events produce ~10 MeV
– Knee ~ Emax of a few events– Ankle at transition from
heliospheric to galactic cosmic rays
R.A. Mewaldt et al., A.I.P. Conf. Proc. 598 (2001) 165
Aspen, April 16, 2007 Tom Gaisser 29
Solar flare shock acceleration
Coronal mass ejectionCoronal mass ejection 09 Mar 200009 Mar 2000
Aspen, April 16, 2007 Tom Gaisser 30
SOHO/LASCO
CME of 06-Nov 1997
Aspen, April 16, 2007 Tom Gaisser 31
LASCO event of 23 Nov 97http://lasco-www.nrl.navy.mil/best_of_lasco_apr98/index.htm
Aspen, April 16, 2007 Tom Gaisser 32
Heliospheric cosmic rays
• ACE--Integrated fluences:– Many events contribute to
low-energy heliospheric cosmic rays;
– fewer as energy increases.– Highest energy (75 MeV/nuc)
is dominated by low-energy galactic cosmic rays, and this component is again smooth
• Beginning of a pattern?R.A. Mewaldt et al., A.I.P. Conf. Proc. 598 (2001) 165
Aspen, April 16, 2007 Tom Gaisser 33
Examples of power-law distributions(M.E.J. Newman, cond-mat/0412004)
More examples from M.E.J. Newman, cond-mat/0412004
Aspen, April 16, 2007 Tom Gaisser 35
Casualties per attack in Iraq(Neil F. Johnson, et al., from APS News, 8 Nov 2006)
Differential ~ 2.5
Aspen, April 16, 2007 Tom Gaisser 36
Aspen, April 16, 2007 Tom Gaisser 37
Three classes of sourcesPresenter at this conference
A (Rc,PV)
B Extra- galactic Power
+ 1 m requiredAtoyan Galactic GRB ? ? ?Berezinsky 2.5 None if
Ec = 0.3 PeV 2.7 0 3.5 x 1046
erg/Mpc3/yr, for Ec = 1 PeV
Bergman - - 2.4 2.5 ?Biermann - Wolf-Rayet SNR ? ? ?Hillas 3 SNII into slow
wind 2.3 3 ?
Hörandel 4 UH nuclei - - -
Aspen, April 16, 2007 Tom Gaisser 38
Outstanding issues
• Direct measurements for calibration• Isotropy / propagation problem• Non-linear acceleration hard spectrum• How many sources?• What interaction model to use?• Is there a component “B”?• Where is transition to extra-galactic