What’s the Matter?

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What’s the Matter?

All of the materials around you are made up of matter. You are made up of matter, as are the chair you sit on and the air you breathe.

1. Give an example of solid matter.

2. Give an example of liquid matter.

3. Give an example of gaseous matter.

4. Is all matter visible?

5. Does all matter take up space?

Section 2-1

Interest Grabber

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2–1 The Nature of MatterA. Atoms

B. Elements and Isotopes

1. Isotopes

2. Radioactive Isotopes

C. Chemical Compounds

D. Chemical Bonds

1. Ionic Bonds

2. Covalent Bonds

3. Van der Waals Forces

Section 2-1

Section Outline

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6

CCarbon12.011

Section 2-1

An Element in the Periodic Table

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Nonradioactive carbon-12 Nonradioactive carbon-13 Radioactive carbon-14

6 electrons6 protons6 neutrons



Section 2-1

Figure 2-2 Isotopes of Carbon

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Sodium atom (Na) Chlorine atom (Cl) Sodium ion (Na+) Chloride ion (Cl-)

Transferof electron

Protons +11Electrons -11Charge 0


Protons +11Electrons -10Charge +1

Protons +17Electrons -18Charge -1

Section 2-1

Figure 2-3 Ionic Bonding

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Sodium atom (Na) Chlorine atom (Cl) Sodium ion (Na+) Chloride ion (Cl-)

Transferof electron



Protons +11Electrons -10Charge +1

Protons +17Electrons -18Charge -1

Section 2-1

Figure 2-3 Ionic Bonding

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Water, Water Everywhere

If you have ever seen a photograph of Earth from space, you know that much of the planet is covered by water. Water makes life on Earth possible. If life as we know it exists on some other planet, water must be present to support that life.

Section 2-2

Interest Grabber

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1. Working with a partner, make a list of ten things that have water

in them.

2. Exchange your list for the list of another pair of students. Did your lists contain some of the same things? Did anything on the other list surprise you?

3. Did either list contain any living things?

Section 2-2

Interest Grabber continued

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2–2 Properties of WaterA. The Water Molecule

1. Polarity

2. Hydrogen Bonds

B. Solutions and Suspensions

1. Solutions

2. Suspensions

C. Acids, Bases, and pH

1. The pH Scale

2. Acids

3. Bases

4. Buffers

Section 2-2

Section Outline

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Oven cleaner

Bleach

Ammonia solution

Soap

Sea water

Human bloodPure waterMilkNormalrainfall

Acid rainTomatojuice

Lemon juice

Stomach acid

NeutralIn

crea

sing

ly B

asic

Incr

easi

ngly

Aci

dic

Section 2-2

pH Scale

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Cl-

Water

Cl-

Na+

Water

Na+

Section 2-2

Figure 2-9 NaCI Solution

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Section 2-2

Figure 2-9 NaCI Solution

Cl-

Water

Cl-

Na+

Water

Na+

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Life’s Backbone

Most of the compounds that make up living things contain carbon. In fact, carbon makes up the basic structure, or “backbone,” of these compounds. Each atom of carbon has four electrons in its outer energy level, which makes it possible for each carbon atom to form four bonds with other atoms.

As a result, carbon atoms can form long chains. A huge number of different carbon compounds exist. Each compound has a different structure. For example, carbon chains can be straight or branching. Also, other kinds of atoms can be attached to the carbon chain.

Section 2-3

Interest Grabber

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1. On a sheet of paper, make a list of at least ten things that contain carbon.

2. Working with a partner, review your list. If you think some things on your list contain only carbon, write “only carbon” next to them.

3. If you know other elements that are in any items on your list, write those elements next to them.

Section 2-3


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2–3 Carbon CompoundsA. The Chemistry of Carbon

B. Macromolecules

C. Carbohydrates

D. Lipids

E. Nucleic Acids

F. Proteins

Section 2-3

Section Outline

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CarbonCompounds

include

that consist of

which contain

that consist of that consist of that consist of

which contain which contain which contain

Section 2-3

Concept Map

Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins

Sugars and starches

Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids

Carbon,hydrogen,

oxygen

Carbon,hydrogen,

oxygen

Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,

phosphorus

Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,

nitrogen,

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Methane Acetylene Butadiene Benzene Isooctane

Section 2-3

Figure 2-11 Carbon Compounds

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Starch

Glucose

Section 2-3

Figure 2-13 A Starch

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General structure Alanine Serine

Section 2-3

Figure 2-16 Amino Acids

Amino group Carboxyl group

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Section 2-3



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Section 2-3



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Aminoacids

Section 2-3

Figure 2-17 A Protein

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Matter and Energy

Have you ever sat around a campfire or watched flames flicker in a fireplace? The burning of wood is a chemical reaction—a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals. A chemical reaction always involves changes in chemical bonds that join atoms in compounds. The elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction are called reactants. The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction are called products. As wood burns, molecules of cellulose are broken down and combine with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water vapor, and energy is released.

Section 2-4

Interest Grabber

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1. What are the reactants when wood burns?

2. What are the products when wood burns?

3. What kinds of energy are given off when wood burns?

4. Wood doesn’t burn all by itself. What must you do to start a fire? What does this mean in terms of energy?

5. Once the fire gets started, it keeps burning. Why don’t you need to keep restarting the fire?

Section 2-4


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2–4 Chemical Reactions and EnzymesA. Chemical Reactions

B. Energy in Reactions

1. Energy Changes

2. Activation Energy

C. Enzymes

D. Enzyme Action

1. The Enzyme-Substrate Complex

2. Regulation of Enzyme Activity

Section 2-4

Section Outline

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Reaction pathwaywithout enzyme Activation energy

without enzyme

Activationenergywith enzymeReaction pathway

with enzyme

Reactants

Products

Section 2-4

Effect of Enzymes

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Energy-Absorbing Reaction Energy-Releasing Reaction

Products

Products

Activation energy

Activation energy

Reactants

Reactants

Section 2-4

Figure 2-19 Chemical Reactions

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Energy-Absorbing Reaction Energy-Releasing Reaction

Products

Products

Activation energy

Activation energy

Reactants

Reactants

Section 2-4

Figure 2-19 Chemical Reactions

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Glucose

Substrates

ATP

Substratesbind toenzyme

Substratesare convertedinto products

Enzyme-substratecomplex

Enzyme(hexokinase)

ADPProducts

Glucose-6-phosphate

Productsare released

Section 2-4

Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action

Active site

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Glucose

Substrates

ATP




Enzyme(hexokinase)

ADPProducts

Glucose-6-phosphate


Section 2-4


Active site

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Glucose

Substrates

ATP




Enzyme(hexokinase)

ADPProducts

Glucose-6-phosphate


Section 2-4


Active site

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Glucose

Substrates

ATP




Enzyme(hexokinase)

ADPProducts

Glucose-6-phosphate


Section 2-4


Active site

Videos

Click a hyperlink to choose a video.

Atomic Structure

Energy Levels and Ionic Bonding

Covalent Bonding

Enzymatic Reactions

Click the image to play the video segment.

Video 1

Atomic Structure


Video 2

Energy Levels and Ionic Bonding


Video 3

Covalent Bonding


Video 4

Enzymatic Reactions

Career links on forensic scientists

Interactive test

Articles on organic chemistry

For links on properties of water, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-1022.

For links on enzymes, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-1024.

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Date post:	06-Jan-2016
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What’s the Matter?

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