What’s the matter with Matter?

Matter, its properties, and the changes it undergoes

Definitions

Chemical Properties those which the substance shows as it interacts with, or transforms into, other substances such as flammability, corrosiveness

Matter anything that has mass and volume -the “stuff” of the universe: books, planets, trees, professors, students

Composition the types and amounts of simpler substances that make up a sample of matter

Properties the characteristics that give each substance a unique identity

Physical Properties those which the substance shows by itself without interacting with another substance such as color, melting point, boiling point, density

What is matter?• The physical material

of the universe, anything that has mass and takes up space.

• Mass = measure of the QUANTITY of matter a thing contains

MASS: tennis balls and cannons Sample consequence of mass:

more mass, more momentum (the more matter, the harder to change its velocity)

* It is harder to stop a speeding cannonball than a tennis ball

From here to outer space Mass is not Weight MASS does not vary with

location WEIGHT measures a

force, so if gravitation is lower, you can expect to have lower weight.

Ex. Wt on moon = 1/6 Wt. on Earth

Weightlessness

Classifying Matter Matter can be classified

according to itsPHYSICAL STATE : Solid, Liquid, Gas, Plasma, BEC, etc.

COMPOSITION: Element, Compound, Mixture

The physical states of matter.

STATES OF MATTER: SOLIDS Has a definite shape and volume True solids have very rigid, ordered structures Molecules held tightly together ; in definite

arrangements ; Molecules “wiggle”

STATES OF MATTER: LIQUIDS Has a definite volume independent of

container ; follows the shape of its container Molecules are packed more closely ; move

rapidly enough to slide over one another

STATES OF MATTER: GASES Also known as VAPOR (for those usually liquid) No fixed volume or shape ; Conforms to the volume

and shape of its container Molecules far apart, moving at high speeds, colliding

with container

STATES OF MATTER: PLASMA A lot like gases but

made up of free electrons and ions of the element

“Ion soup”

http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_plasma.html

AMAZING PLASMA

BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATES Created in 1995; Predicted by

Bose and Einstein in 1920s Unexcited and cold: opposite

of plasma Near absolute zero, atoms

begin to clump. (A few billionths of a degree) The result of this clumping is the BEC. A group of atoms takes up the same place, creating a "super atom." There are no longer thousands of separate atoms. They all take on the same qualities and for our purposes become one blob.

http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_plasma.html

TEST YOURSELFSteam

Milk

Diamonds

Fluorescent Light

Glass AMORPHOUS-looks solid, but can flow

GAS

PLASMA

SOLID

LIQUID

Mercury (rm temp) LIQUID

SOLIDNot a TRUE solid

CHANGES IN STATE: A brief overview

Energy Changes Accompanying Phase Changes

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Melting Freezing

Deposition

CondensationVaporization

Sublimation

Ene

rgy

of s

yste

m

Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Chemistry 2000, page 405

A Physical change B Chemical change

The distinction between physical and chemical change.

CHANGES IN MATTERPHYSICAL CHANGE Does not entail any change in chemical

composition

CHEMICAL CHANGE Involves a change in chemical structure

CLASSIFYING BY COMPOSITION

COLLOIDS

ALLOYS

AMALGAMS

FLOWCHARTALL MATTER

Homogeneous Mixture (SOLUTION)

Can it be separated by physical means?

PURE SUBSTANCE

HeterogeneousMixture

Homogeneous

Can it be decomposed into other substances by chemical processes?

Element Compound

Is it uniform throughout?

YES

YES

YESNO

NO

NO

PURE SUBSTANCES ELEMENTS

Cannot be decomposed into simpler substances The ATOM is the smallest characteristic part

COMPOUNDS Composed of two or more elements; contains two

or more kinds of atoms The MOLECULE is the smallest characteristic part

MIXTURES COMBINATION OF TWO OR MORE SUBSTANCES IN WHICH EACH

SUBSTANCE RETAINS ITS OWN CHEMICAL IDENTITY

HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES : Non-uniform

HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES: Uniform throughout ; may also be called solutions

ALLOYS : Mixtures of metalseg. YELLOW BRASS (Cu, Zn)

STAINLESS STEEL (Fe, Cr, Ni, C) PLUMBER’S SOLDER (Pb, Sn) STERLING SILVER (Ag, Cu) GOLD ALLOYSAMALGAMS : Metal mixtures with mercuryCOLLOIDS: Intermediate dispersions or suspensions (Borderline)

COLLOIDS EVERYWHERE

PROPERTIES OF MATTER CHARACTERISTICS that allow us to

RECOGNIZE and DISTINGUISH a substance from other substances

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES- Measurable without changing the identity and composition of the substance

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES- Describe the way a substance may change or react to form other substances

INTENSIVE PROPERTIES-Do not depend on the amount of sample being examined.-Useful in identification Eg. Temp., Melting point, Density

EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES- Depend on the amount of sample being examined. Eg. Mass, Volume

SOME PHYSICAL PROPERTIESTemperatureMassStructureColorTasteOdorBoiling Point

Freezing PointHeat CapacityHardnessConductivitySolubilityDensity

SOME CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Oxidation Properties (as seen in Rusting &

Tarnishing) Flammability Explosiveness Inertness

WHAT KIND?