When Does German Literature Take Place?
Frank Fischer1 & Jannik Strötgen2
1Göttingen Centre for Digital Humanities2Institute of Computer Science, Heidelberg University
[email protected]@uni-hd.de
DH2015 – Sydney, Australia – July 3, 2015
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Suomen kirjallisuus
“The majority of Finnish novels takesplace in summer.”
Radio interview with translator Stefan MosterDeutschlandradio Kultur – October 8, 2014
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Bloomsday
“Miss Dunne clicked on the keyboard:— 16 June 1904.”
James Joyce: Ulysses (1922)
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Through the Mountains
“Den 20. Jänner ging Lenz durchs Gebirg.”
“On the 20th of January, Lenz wentthrough the mountains.”
Georg Büchner: Lenz (publ. 1839)
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Gutenberg-DE
hosted at http://gutenberg.spiegel.de – our source:Gutenberg-DE Edition 13 DVD-ROM (October, 2013)subcorpus containing original German fiction (891MB ofunpacked text)
we extracted texts of these types: translations into German were eliminated from oursubcorpus
total of 549 writers and 2735 works from ca. 1510 to the 1940s(with an emphasis on the decades between 1840 and 1930)
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http://gutenberg.spiegel.de
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Extraction of normalised date & month specs
output
explicitdatesand
months
book data
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Extraction of normalised date & month specs
Temporal TaggingExtraction and normalisation of temporal expressions
Time expressions in TimeMLdate (today, on Monday, 10th of August, the next day, June)time (in the morning, at 5 o’clock)duration (5 years, 2 hours)set (annually, once a day)
Temporal TaggerHeidelTime – freely available, 11 languages, 4 domains
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Intro Corpus Workflow Analysis App for Android/iOS Conclusion
Extraction of normalised date & month specs
Temporal TaggingExtraction and normalisation of temporal expressions
Time expressions in TimeMLdate (today, on Monday, 10th of August, the next day, June)time (in the morning, at 5 o’clock)duration (5 years, 2 hours)set (annually, once a day)
Temporal TaggerHeidelTime – freely available, 11 languages, 4 domains
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Intro Corpus Workflow Analysis App for Android/iOS Conclusion
Extraction of normalised date & month specs
output
explicitdatesand
months
book data
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Intro Corpus Workflow Analysis App for Android/iOS Conclusion
Extraction of normalised date & month specs
StandardReader
Collection Readers Analysis Engines CAS ConsumersTreeTagger
preprocessingHeidelTime
temporal taggerExplicit DataConsumer
UIMA Pipeline
Output
explicitdates &months
book data
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General output of our pipeline ...
Statistical information on text segments containing
explicit date & month specifications
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General output of our pipeline ...
“Month vs. Day” specifications
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General output of our pipeline ...
Heatmap with “explicit days”
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General output of our pipeline ...
Text segments with mentionings of “explicit days”
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General output of our pipeline ...
Months vs. Days Days heatmaps Days – in context
all statistical information by novel, author, literary epoch, ...
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Heatmap
MONTH: 01 +333222323131323223222222222131MONTH: 02 43322222133212332332212322231MONTH: 03 7333432223324342243363232322252 (21.)MONTH: 04 +33233223432223223332322223323MONTH: 05 +354433235364353232424323223244 (12.)MONTH: 06 733233323333324432343324433233MONTH: 07 9444332333243652333432224223223 (14.)MONTH: 08 8364422327244463344533332323222 (3., 10., 15.)MONTH: 09 854433233332234233233221222323MONTH: 10 +353322224223552253432222222133MONTH: 11 944233333723225213232222222224 (10.)MONTH: 12 5522341213223232132233392122224 (24.)
green fields: days mentioned 50+ times in the corpus
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Semantics of the 10th of August
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Days vs. Months
Corpus of German literature:“In the marvellous month of May ...” (Heinrich Heine)
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Subcorpus 1800–1849
The marvellous month of May, again!
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Subcorpus 1850–1899
And again!
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Subcorpus 1900–1949
And again!
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Theodor Fontane
An author with a preference for autumnal and winterly settings?
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Theodor Storm
Storm’s texts have a strong tendency towards unspecific temporal expressions.
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Theodor Storm: Der Schimmelreiter (1888)
All 19 mentionings of month names in the novella (all unspecific):“an einem October-Nachmittag”
“zu Ende October”
“Im Februar bei dauerndem Frostwetter”
“seit November”
“Es war an einem Maiabend; aber es war Novemberwetter”
“Es war im Januar”
“es war zu Anfang des Septembers”
“die goldene Septembersonne glitzerte”
“Es war zu Ende März”
“lauter Märzenluft”
“Inzwischen war schon Ende März”
“noch bis gegen Ende November”
“Als es in den October hineinging”
“Zu Ende November”
“gegen Ende des März”
“So war der September gekommen”
“Zu Ende des Septembers”
“als aber nach Ende September”
“Es war vor Allerheiligen, im October.”
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Jules Verne, calendar boy of world literature
Jules Verne’s adventure novels always feature an exact chronology.
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Lev Tolstoi
Clear preference of summer months.
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Gutenberg-DE (# Explicit dates by novel)# Author: Work (Year) Genre
322 Karl Bleibtreu: Bismarck – Band 4 (1915) historical novel288 Heinrich Albert Oppermann: Hundert Jahre (1870) historical novel204 Lily Braun: Die Liebesbriefe der Marquise (1912) epistolary novel170 Arthur Schurig: Seltsame Liebesleute (1920) epistolary novel124 Robert Ascher: Der Schuhmeier (1933) biographical novel91 Karl Bleibtreu: Bismarck – Band 2 (1915) historical novel91 Marie Nathusius: Tagebuch eines armen Fräuleins (1854) diary novel84 Bertha von Suttner: Die Waffen nieder! (1889) political novel79 Albert Emil Brachvogel: Oberst von Steuben (1875/1920) historical novel74 M.A. v. Thümmel: Reise in die mittägl. Prov. von Frankr. (1791) travel novel69 Sir John Retcliffe: Sebastopol – Band 1 (1855) historical novel66 J.W. von Goethe: Die Leiden des jungen Werther (1774) epistolary novel60 Karl Bleibtreu: Bismarck – Band 3 (1915) historical novel56 Karl von Holtei: Die Vagabunden (1851) bildungsroman54 Heinrich Lersch: Die Pioniere von Eilenburg (1934) historical novel53 Kurd Laßwitz: Auf zwei Planeten (1897) science fiction52 Felicitas Rose: Heideschulmeister Uwe Karsten (1909) regional novel51 Karl Bleibtreu: Bismarck – Band 1 (1915) historical novel46 Edlef Köppen: Heeresbericht (1930) historical novel46 Franz Kafka: Die Acht Oktavhefte (1916) notes, drafts45 Philipp Galen: Der Strandvogt von Jasmund (1859) historical novel41 F. X. Bronner: Ein Mönchsleben a. d. empfinds. Zeit – B. 2 (1850) autobiographical novel40 Ludwig Rellstab: 1812 (1834) historical novel39 Margarete Böhme: Tagebuch einer Verlorenen (1905) epistolary novel38 Alfred Schirokauer: Lassalle (1912) biographical novel37 Jura Soyfer: So starb eine Partei (1934) political novel36 Alfred Schirokauer: Mirabeau (1921) biographical novel35 Elisabeth von Heyking: Briefe, die ihn nicht erreichten (1903) epistolary novel35 Ernst Constantin: Das warme Polarland (1891) adventure novel35 Friedrich Spielhagen: Frei geboren (1900) diary novel
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Gutenberg-DE (Novels with exactly one datespecification)
Author: Title (Year) DateJohann Karl Wezel: Lebensgeschichte Tobias Knauts (1773–76) 24 JuneNovalis: Heinrich von Ofterdingen (1802) 16 MarchE. T. A. Hoffmann: Der Sandmann (1816) 30 OctoberEduard Mörike: Mozart auf der Reise nach Prag (1855) 14 SeptemberGottfried Keller: Der Landvogt von Greifensee (1877) 31 MayMarie v. Ebner-Eschenbach: Lotti, die Uhrmacherin (1880) 12 MayTheodor Storm: Zur Chronik von Grieshuus (1884) 24 JanuaryE.Marlitt: Das Eulenhaus (1888) 6 JuneCarl Spitteler: Imago (1906) 4 DecemberFanny zu Reventlow: Der Geldkomplex (1916) 10 AugustEduard von Keyserling: Fürstinnen (1917) 20 AugustFranz Kafka: Das Schloss (1926) 3 JulyArthur Schnitzler: Spiel im Morgengrauen (1927) 8 JuneRobert Musil: Der Mann ohne Eigenschaften (1930) 2 DecemberStefan Zweig: Schachnovelle (1942) 27 July
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Fictitious (made-up) Days
Why and where do made-up days occur?
Erich Kästner: Der 35. Mai oder Konrad reitet in die Südsee (1931)
Shakespeare’s 80th of April in The Winter’s Tale, Autolycus’ ballad inAct IV: “Here’s another ballad of a fish, that appeared upon / the coaston Wednesday the four-score of April, / forty thousand fathom abovewater, [...]” (converted: “19 June”)
semantics of the 30th and 31st of February
31th of September (Jean Paul: Flegeljahre, 1804–05)
...
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App for Android/iOS: Tiwoli
(= Today in world literature)
Download the beta version from Play Store: https://goo.gl/yrlCb0Or check out the version of iPhones: https://appsto.re/de/_Lz96.i
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https://goo.gl/yrlCb0https://appsto.re/de/_Lz96.i
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Conclusion
established a workflow for the extraction and analysis oftemporal expressions in large literary corpora (works with 11languages)the month of May is a clear preference for settings of Germannovels of three centuriescertain authors have a preference for certain times of year fortheir settingsto do: comparison of national literatures based on largecorporato do: further qualification of the data (when does amentioned date really refer to the plot, when does it refer to ahistorical event? etc.)
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Bibliography
Matthew Jockers: Macroanalysis. Digital Methods andLiterary History. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2013.James Pustejovsky, Jose M. Castano, Robert Ingria, RoserSauri, Robert J. Gaizauskas, Andrea Setzer, Graham Katz andDragomir R. Radev. TimeML: Robust Specification of Eventand Temporal Expressions in Text. In: New Directions inQuestion Answering, pp. 28–34, 2003.Jannik Strötgen, Michael Gertz. Temporal Tagging onDifferent Domains: Challenges, Strategies, and GoldStandards. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Conferenceon Language. Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2012),pp. 3746–3753, 2012.
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