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Session 3 – Pillars of Reform
Denominational Family Tree: How Did We Get
Here?
Europe of the Reformation – Germany, Switzerland
German Reformation
Martin Luther 1483 - 1546
Became a monk in 1515
Attempted to fulfill the law of God and CanonC.f. Apostle Paul, John Bunyan (years later)
Attempted to pacify an angry GodSlept on the hard floor without cover in dead of winterStarved and beat himself as punishment for his own
sin
The abbot of Luther’s monastery tried to help Luther“Go away and don’t come back until you have
significant sins to confess!”“Love God” – to which Luther replied, “I hate Him”
Martin Luther 1483 - 1546
Experienced Conversion in 1515
Discovered the true Gospel in Romans 1:17C.f. Apostle Paul, John Bunyan (years later)
“I felt myself to be reborn” – Martin LutherSlept on the hard floor without cover in dead of winterStarved and beat himself as punishment for his own
sin
Salvation by grace through faith was revolutionaryRoman Catholic Church emphasized 7 sacraments,
pilgrimage to holy relics, Church canon lawEastern Orthodox emphasized church liturgy
Martin Luther 1483 - 1546
Chair of Biblical Studies – Wittenberg University
Wittenberg – Chair, Priest, & Pastor
Priest and Pastor – Castle Church in Wittenberg
Wittenberg – Chair, Priest, & Pastor
Command to Build St Peter’s Basilica in RomeMonks sent out to “fundraise” using indulgences
Meritorious works of Jesus and Saints were applied for a fee
Purgatory (purge of sins) lessened or removed
Indulgences began as method of funding Crusades
Johann Tetzel sent to Wittenberg to “fundraise”Tetzel extended indulgences even to dead relatives“A coin in the coffer rings, a soul from purgatory
springs!”Luther began to preach against Tetzel from the pulpit.
The Great Spark - 1517
95 Thesis nailed to Wittenberg Door - Oct 1517
Penance/ True Repentance – 19 theses
Purgatory – 38 theses
Remission of Sins – 21 theses
Indulgences – 35 theses
Clergy Indiscretion – 13 theses
Treasures of the Church – 12 theses
True Christian Virtue – 25 theses
95 Thesis – 7 Major Issues
Great Debate with John Eck 1519
Great Debate with John Eck 1519
Luther asserts that Popes and Councils are subject to the authority of Scripture
Eck likened Luther to John Hus as his primary attack
Luther afterward appealed to German authorities to consider a “German” state church
Eck afterward traveled to Rome to have Luther formally declared a heretic.
Luther Excommunicated 1521
Pope Leo X issued a Papal Bull to Luther condemning his teachings and commanding him to recant in 1520.
Luther threw the Bull on a bonfire upon which other Catholic books and paraphernalia were being burned.
Pope Leo X declared Luther a heretic and had him booted out of the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church
Diet of Worms, Germany 1521
Diet of Worms, Germany 1521
Luther summoned to give an account of his beliefs by Emperor Charles V who was loyal to the Pope.Spanish son of Philip the Handsome and Joanna the MadGrandson of Maximilian I (1459-1519)
Luther’s safety guaranteed by Duke Frederick III of SaxonyNecessary now as Hus’ fate still echoed in recent historyFrederick III helped to get Charles V crowned EmperorFrederick founded University of WittenbergFrederick III pressed Maximilian I for Chruch Reform
decades before Luther.
Diet of Worms, Great Debate II
Yet again Luther debated Eck and yet again, destroyed him.Luther asserted his views based on Scripture and
called for their refutation from Scripture. They were not.
Luther won new minds and hearts among the royalty present at the Diet.
Luther’s famous quote recorded at the Diet:“My conscience is captive to the Word of God, I will
not recant anything, for to go against conscience is neither honest nor safe. Here I stand, I cannot do otherwise. God help me. Amen.”
Edict of Worms
Charles V called Luther “swine” and pedaling “filth” and heresy of heretics passed, adding his own.
Luther declared an outlaw and gave Luther 2 weeks to leave to return home to Wittenburg
Frederick III staged a fake kidnapping and took Luther to his Wartburg CastleLuther went by pseudo name “Junker George”Here Luther began to translate the Bible into
German
Edict of Worms
Charles V declared it illegal for anyone to help Luther. Anyone could kill him without cause or recourse.
Frederick III – rescinded the Edict in his lands of Saxony – but it would be reinstated some years later.
Departures From Catholicism
1. How is a person saved?Not by works but by faith alone.
2. Where does religious authority lie?Not in clergy or councils but in Scripture.
3. What is the Church?Community of Christian Believers – all are
priests
4. What is the essence of Christian living?Serving God in any useful calling, ordained or
lay
Departures From CatholicismOnly 2 of the 7 Sacraments are Scriptural:
Baptism and Eucharist (Lord’s Supper)Unscriptural Sacraments:
Penance – confession to an ordained priestConfirmation – mature deepened commitment to ChurchMarriage – Must be in Catholic Church by ordained
PriestHoly Orders – Ordination into the Catholic priesthood
Extreme Unction (Last Rites) – at death by ordained Priest
Celibacy of Priesthood is not ScripturalPriests are permitted to marryLuther married an ex-nun himself
Diet of Augsburg, 1530
Diet of Augsburg, 1530Called by Charles V – who was backpedaling
amidst the rising popularity of the Reformation.
Luther did not attend due to threat of arrestPhilip Melancthon a friend and colleague of
Luthers, acted as representative.He presented the Augsburg Confession
Ulrich Zwingli arrived with his Fidei Ratio“Account of Faith” 12 articles providing an early
“statement of faith” for the Reformed ChurchBased on the Apostles CreedOutlined differences between Reformed, Catholic, &
Lutheran
Augsburg Confession, 1530
Written by Philip Melancthon and submitted to Luther for approval.
28 Articles 21 comprise an early Lutheran “statement of
faith”, approved ecclesiology, and Christian living7 outlined corrected abuses: 7 sacraments,
ecclesiology, and asceticism.
Swiss Reformation – 1516-1523
Ulrich Zwingli – 1484-1531
Ulrich Zwingli – 1484-1531
Ordained a Priest in Constance
First duties – Priest in Glarus as “chaplain” to mercenaries
Spoke out against the lucrative trade & lost his post.“We are trading blood for gold”
Moved on to church in Einsiedeln & met ErasmusBegan learning Greek
Ulrich Zwingli – 1484-15311519 – was promoted to “Grand Cathedral” in Zurich
Began arrive, independently, at many of Luther’s conclusions regarding the Catholic Church
Preached Matthew verse by verse – first expository preaching of its kind.
Plague hit Zurich killing one third of its populationZwingli contracted the disease but survivedHis heart toward “reform” took on a whole new vigor
Departures/Issues with Catholicism
Indulgences
Purgatory
Veneration of Mary
Celibacy of Priests – He took a wife himself
Refused his church wages from the Pope
The Anabaptists – 1525
The Anabaptists – 1525 Founded by students of Ulrich Zwingli:
Conrad Grebel and Felix Manz
The Anabaptists – 1525 Radicals Reformation Movement
Zwingli reformed too slow or not enoughSeparation of church and stateBaptism by choice and not as an infant
Same council that condemned ‘unscriptural’ teaching: condemned the movement.George Blaurock baptised in defiance of council 1525
Declared Illegal in 1527 and practices banned.Anabaptists continued in spite of this ruling
The Anabaptists – 1525 Zwingli threw his students under the bus
Gave “unofficial” approval for executionCondemned their views as heretical
Zurich City Council made example of Felix Manz“You have sinned against the waters of
baptism so by the waters you shall die”Common method of martyrdom for
them.Manz was first protestant martyred by
another protestant group.
The Anabaptists – 1525 Heavily persecuted by both Protestant
& Catholic alike.
Fled Zurich to religiously tolerant Moravia, but were expelled in 1535 and dispersed throughout Europe.Jakob Hutter – joined movement 1529
His death in 1535 started the Hutterite movement, later to be the Hutterite denomination.
Menno Simons – joined movement 1536His movement was called “Mennonite”Amish are a branch of “Mennonites”
The Anabaptists – Diaspora
Called by Philip of Hesse to unify Reformation between Luther and Zwingli
Luther and Zwingli agreed on 14 of 15 articles of faithDisagreed on 1 article: The Lord’s SupperLuther “Denying transubstantiation is like denying the
incarnation itself” – thereby elevating a “non-essential” to an “essential”
Zwingli – “Saved by Grace through Faith” not “Grace + Bread.
Luther writes “est” – this bread IS my body.
Both movements remain divided over a practice designed to bring unity.
Marburg Colloquy – 1529
Death of Zwingli – 1531 – Kappel Wars
Death of Zwingli – 1531 – Kappel Wars
Civil war among Swiss “Cantons” (states)5 holdout Catholic states remained
5 Catholic states staged a surprise attackTo break a food embargo/blockade
Zwingli, the pacifist, was among the fighting pastorsGiven chance to recant, refused, was given death
blow
Zwingli’s body was quartered, burned, and ashes cast to the wind.
John Calvin – French Humanist b 1509
Left Catholic Church in 1530 and became a French refugee in Switzerland
William Farel – common friend with Zwingli – convinced Calvin to remain in Geneva.Calvin returned to Geneva in 1541 to remain
permanently
Wrote Institutes of the Christian ReligionAn apologetic for Christian theology and
positions of the Swiss ReformationEnlarged from 6 chapters to 17 by 1539
John Calvin – Pastor & Theologian
Submitted articles for reform to the Geneva City Council and all were accepted:Pastors to preach and administer the
sacramentsDoctors to instruct believers in the faithElders to provide disciplineDeacons to care for the poor and needyCreated a special council for religious affairs
Preached over 2000 sermons – twice on Sunday and thrice throughout the week.
John Calvin – Geneva Reformer
Condemned “Libertines”Group that believed that the Gospel excused
them from civic and ecclesiastic obedience
Condemned “Servetus”Heretic stalker of Calvin – condemned the
Trinity and infant baptismSent 30 copies of “Institutes” with
annotated “errors” foundWas an outlaw on the run but showed up
at Calvin’s services – Calvin had him arrested
John Calvin – Defender of the Faith
Marian (Catholic Queen) exiles from England“Bloody Mary” for her persecution of
protestantsExiles found safe haven in Geneva with Calvin
John Knox – student and protégé of Calvin Returned to England and Founded Church of
Scotland, 1560 – mainline denomination todayAlso called “Scottish Presbyterians”
William Whittingham returned to England and brought Reformed theology with him.
John Calvin – Protector of Persecuted
John Knox – Church of Scotland Founder
Human Wisdom in 2 partsKnowledge of God; Knowledge of Self
Trinitarian and Deity of Jesus
Against Icons (c.f. Zwingli)
Process of Conversion (book 2 of Institutes)Faith = firm knowledge of God in ChristLeads to true repentance & remission of sinLeads to regeneration = pre-fall Adam statusPerfection in this life impossible – lifelong
struggle with sin is to be expected
John Calvin – Beliefs – (from Institutues)
T-otal Depravity of ManGod makes one alive without any help from that person
U-nconditional ElectionGod makes one alive without looking for “good” in
them
L-imited AtonementGod laid his life down for His sheep and no one else Jn 10:11
I-rresistable Grace God makes one to “want” His grace – not kicking and
screaming
P-reservation of the SaintsGod preserves His people so they can never be lost.
John Calvin – Beliefs – (from Institutues)