Healthcare

Go to page 11

to see how

cancer

developes.

Read about

the Lady

with the

Lamp

(page 6)

Elisabeth Blackwell

The first woman to get

an Medical Degree

A Personal Note

Biology is a natural science which studies life and living organisms. I chose to work with biology, with a connection to health care, because I think it’s interesting to learn about the human body and it’s functions. I like having a deeper understanding of my daily life and what’s happening around me. Biology is a great base for many occupations, for example employment in healthcare and students that

learn biology learn to

research different things -

which is useful in a vast

number of careers.

What is heart attack and how can you prevent it?

A heart attack happens when oxygen-rich blood stream wich stream to the heart

suddenly stop and than the heart cant get enought oxygen. If the blood stream

doesn´t start to stream again the heart muscilar start to die. Most heart attacks last

for several hours. In most cases there are sympthons like chest pain, shortness

breathing, dizziness, faintness and nausea. But in some rare cases there are no

sympthons. Heart attack can be very dangerous. Every day, 2,200 people die

from heart attack. Witch is a very large number. Here are some tips about how you can lower the risk of getting a heart attack. In

first place following a healthy diet is an important part of a heart healthy lifesyle. A

healthy diet includes a variety of fruits, vegetables and whole grain. A healthy diet

is low in saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, salt and added suger. In second place,

smoking can raise the risk of getting heart attack. Finally, it is very important to be

phsyically active. Exercise every day can lower your risk of having a heart attack of

50%. 30 minuets per day is enought. Many doctors has done research about heart

attack. And the answer of all the reshearcs is that you can not prevent getting a

heart attack but you can lower the risk of getting a heart attack.

I think this is a very important subject,because a lot of people die from a heart

attack. There are many things you can do to lower the risk of getting a heart attack

like I said before. But many peolpe dont know this stuff so I think its impotant to

educate peolpe about the risk they are taking by eating unhealthy food, smoking

and being in overweight.

Líney Pálsdóttir

“A heart attack happens when oxygen-rich blood stream wich stream to the heart suddenly stop and than the heart cant get enought oxygen. “

John Heysman Gibbon Jr.

What is heart attack and how can you prevent it?

John Heysman Gibbon Jr.

Was the first doctor in the world to

performing open heart surgeries.

He was born 29 september 1903 in

Philadelphia.He was an american

surgeon. He did the first open heart

surgery in year 1953. He did a

closure of atrial septal defect. He is

also famous for his invetion of heart-

lung bypass machine. The machine

allowed more effctive heart surgery

techniques. He first tried the

machine on a cat and kept the cat

alive in the machine for a 26

minutes. In year 1953 he tried the

machine on human. He did a heart

surgery on a women who named

was Celelia Bacolek. The machine

support her heart and lung functions

while he was duing the surgery. John

Heysman Gibbon Jr died in 1973 of

an heart attack while he was playing

tennis.

Líney Pálsdóttir

4

SEH

5

Florence Nightingale „the lady with the lamp“

Was a nurse and entrepreneur in

nursing.She started the first nursing

school in the world. Florence was born

on 12 may 1820. She came from a

wealthy family in England and got a good

education. When Florence was 17 years

old she got a calling from god that she

was inteded to do somthing special,and

that was nursing people.Her interest of

nursing started when she was nursing

people during the crimean war, she was

there wounding soldiers. She got the

name „ The lady with the lamp“ after

nursing soldiers at nights in the war. She

started the first nursing school in the

year 1860 at St Thomas Hospital in

Lodon. Florence also wrote books and

her most famous book is best Notes on

Nursing (1860), which became a kind of

bible in nursing and widely used in

teaching. Florence Jobs and writings had

a major impact on future nursing. She

began nursing a respected discipline and

changed the image of nurses. She was

also a great improvement in nursing

education.The international nurse day is

in every year at her birthday 12 may.

6

Did you know that...

...Every day, your heart

beats about 100,000

times.

.... a man’s heart

weighs about 10

ounces, while a

woman’s heart weighs

approximately 8

ounces.

... A good belly laugh

can send 20% more

blood flowing through

your entire body

.... You’re more likely to

have a heart attack on

Monday morning than

at any other time of the

week.

.... The human heart

has four chambers, two

superior atria and

two inferior ventricles.

Líney Pálsdóttir

7

Fun Facts

Stage Four is the stage of sleep in

which children may have episodes of

somnambulism (sleepwalking) and

night terrors.

REM stands for rapid eye movement,

so when you are sleeping your eyes

may be moving all over.

Women are more sensitive to high

pitch noises, partly so they hear their

child crying even if they are in deep

sleep.

Sometimes you think you’ve had full

consciousness, even though you’ve

just been awakened from Stage One

sleep.

We spend around a third of our life

asleep.

Having a hard time getting out of bed

in the morning is actually a symptom

of sleep deprivation.

Nerve travel to and from the brain

travel as fast as 170 miles per hour.

The brain is much more active at

night than during the day.

Charles Darwin married his cousin

Emma Wedgwood in 1839 and they

had ten children together.

John Eccles

John Eccles was a famous

Australian neurophysiologist. His work relating to the nerve system and its connections between neurons changed the history of neuroscience and gave people much better understanding of it. He was born in 1903, in Australia and was home schooled until he was twelve. When he was seventeen he was awarded a senior scholarship to study medicine at the University of Melbourne. Never being able to find a good explanation for the connection of body and mind bother him deeply. He wanted to become a neuroscientist. That was put on hold during World War II, where he worked on military research. After the war he became a professor and had nine children. He married Irene Eccles in 1928, but they got divorced forty year later. John remarried that same year, to Helena T. Eccles and they remained married until his death.

In 1963 he won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work with Andrew Huxley and Alan Lloyd Hodgkin on the synapse. But John led the group in 1951 at the University of Otago, in New Zealand. Synapse is a structure that permits a neuron (or a nerve cell) to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another cell. John Eccles’ experiment proved that

this (synapse) is in fact a chemical

process.

8

True or false?

Is fruit juice really healthy?

FALSE

READ MORE ABOUT IT ON PAGE 13

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Alois Alzheimer

Was born in Marktbreit in

Germany, on 14 June 1864. He

recevied a medical degree at

wurzburg University in 1886. He

studied medicine at three

universities of Berlin, Tübingen

and Würzburg where he did his

final essay only 23 years old. The

essay was about the sweat

glands in the ear, inside the

sweat gland are cells witch

produce ears marrow.A year

after he graduate, he began

working as assistant doctor at the

hospital for the insane and

epileptic in Frankfurt, and after a

while he got permanet position

as an expart. His most interest

was the humen brain.

Alois Alzheimer autopsied fifty

year old woman who had

suffered from a disease that was

considered some kind of mental

illness. The women name was

Auguste Dieter. When he looked

at brain slices of the woman he

saw in the microscope neurons

that were filled with some kind of

fiber and around these cells were

large and dense plaque. These

histological changes in the brain

are characteristic of the disease.

The disease was named after

him, and are now called

Alzheimer.

Líney Pálsdóttir

9

Baby born with HIV

Alois Alzheimer

10

11

(a summary of the article What Is Cancer? What Causes

Cancer? http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/info/cancer-

oncology/)

When cells grow out of control, and do not die like

normal cells, it’s called cancer. There are over 100

different types of cancer, and each is sorted by the type

of cell that initially overgrew.

Cancer harms the body by forming lumps or masses of

tissues (tumors). Tumors interfere with normal body

functions, basically by being in the way and interrupting

normal circulations and systems.

More dangerous tumors form when one of the two

things happen; a cancer cell has moved throughout the

body, often using the blood system) and will then make

other tumors (invasion), or when the cells manage to

grow and form other cancer cells, divide, and make a

new blood vessel to sustain itself (angiogenesis).

When a tumor has spread to other parts of the body it

is called metastasis, which is a serious condition that is

difficult to treat. It’s considered likely that cancer cells

spread because of their stickiness properties (adhesion).

Damages or mutations to DNA can be the cause of

cancer. Some substances are responsible for aiding

cancer, like tobacco, asbestos, arsenic, radiation, the sun,

and some of the fumes from cars. Cancer can also be

because of an inherited genetic issue, which makes the

person more likely to develop cancer.

Some cancers can be felt or seen through the skin - as a

lumps. All cancer cells use the body's energy and mess

up normal body functions. Therefore cause symptoms

such as fever, fatigue, excessive sweating, anemia, and

unexplained weight loss. But other symptoms depend on

the location of the cancer.

Early detection of cancer is key in successful treatment

and patient survival. Doctors use information from

symptoms and machines like X-rays, CT scans, MRI

scans, PET scans, and ultrasound scans to locate the

tumors. Cancer can be treated with surgeries, radiation,

chemotherapy, immunotherapy, hormone therapy and

gene therapy.

Some vaccinations have been linked to prevention of

some cancers, for example vaccinations for HPV - which

can cause cancer in the cervical. Choosing not to smoke

tobacco or drink alcohol lower the risk of various types

of cancer. Skin cancer can be prevented by being a

reasonable amount in the sun. The right diet is a big part

of cancer prevention. So it’s up to each individual to do

what they can to avoid cancer.

“Tumors interfere with normal body functions, basically by being in the way and interrupting normal circulations and systems.”

SEH

Cancer, beginning and development

Charles Darwin is famous

for his work in the

biological field. His ideas

and theories have changes

the way almost all of

mankind views our world. He was born in

Shrewsbury, in England.

His family was well

financed and shared his

interest in biology and the

human body. When he

was a young boy he

collected shells, eggs and

many other artifacts from

nature. Interestingly he

didn’t really enjoy school,

although studying came

easily to him. Later he

studied medical science in

Edinborg. That became a

solid background for his

discoveries in biology. In the year 1831 he went

on a around the world

voyage, only 22 years old.

On this trip he collected

important samples of life

on different continents.

These samples, as well as

his discoveries on the

way, sparked his theory

about evolution and

natural selection, which is

one of the most solid

theories in the world.

It states that:

“Evolutionary change

occurs through variation

between individuals; some

variants give the

individual an extra

survival probability.”

Darwins other theories are

about evolution, common

descent, species multiply

and gradualism.

Charles Darwin

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12

Barbara McClintock She was an american scientist, born in 1902. She was very successful in her work as in

cytogeneticists (the study of the structure and function of cells). She developed a technique for

visualizing chromosomes (maize) and she used microscopic analysis to demonstrate many

important genetic ideas. She won the Nobel prize for Physiology or Medicine and is the only

woman (so far) to win that award unshared.

She had a good relationship with her father, physician Thomas Henry McClintock, but a

complicated one with her mother. Had three siblings.

In the year 1930, Barbara McClintock was the first person to describe the criss-cross interaction of

chromosomes during meiosis (a special type of cell division for sexual reproduction, to multiply

sperm and egg cells).

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13

(a summary of the article The Different Kinds of Sleep http://www.brainfacts.org/sensing-thinking-

behaving/sleep/articles/2012/the-different-kinds-of-sleep/)

EEG (Electroencephalography) is the

recording of electrical activity along the upper

part of the head. There are assigned names to

four frequency ranges of EEG waves:

- Beta waves range from 13-15 to 60 Hz

(hertz). During this you are awake, alert, and

actively processing information.

- Alpha waves have a range from 8 to 12 Hz.

You are awake but have your eyes closed and

maybe relaxing or meditating.

- Theta waves range from 3 to 8 Hz and

connected to memory, emotions, and activity

in the body.

- Delta waves: have a range from 0.5 to 3-4 Hz

in frequency. You are in deep sleep or in a coma.

When there are no brain waves present, the EEG shows a flat-line, which is a definite sign of

brain death.

These four types of brain waves define four distinct stages of non-REM sleep.

Stage One begins when you first lie down and close your eyes. Rapid beta waves are replaced

by the slower alpha waves. Soon, the even slower theta waves begin. Stage one generally lasts

three to twelve minutes, each period. Stage Two is a stage of light sleep. The theta waves of

Stage Two sleep are sometimes interrupted by series of high-frequency waves known as sleep

spindles. Normally lasts from 10 to 25 minutes during first cycle. Stage Three is a stage that

ranges from moderately deep to deep sleep. Delta waves appear. Stage Three lasts about 10

minutes during the first sleep cycle. Stage Four non-REM sleep is the deepest. completely

controlled by delta waves. This is when the body repairs itself, this is also when it’s most

difficult to wake someone up. Stage Four lasts about 35 to 40 minutes during the first cycle.

Stages of Sleep and EEG

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14

Subject Words

An osteoblast is a cell from

which bone is derived.

The tegmentum is the

fibers that cover the brain.

Biomass is the mass of

living things in a certain

area.

Catalyst is a substance that

speeds up a chemical

reaction.

Cytoplasm is within the

cell, around the core.

Cytokinesis is the

movement of the cytoplasm

that makes daughter cells

during cell division.

Homoeostasis is the upkeep

of a constant internal

environment.

Vertebrates are all animals

with a backbone.

Transpiration is a process

within a plant in order to

cool it.

Respiration is when

glucose and

oxygen are

broken down

to provide energy for cells.

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SEH

The ROCKThe ROCK

The reason why I choose medicene.

My name is Líney Pálsdóttir and I‘m 24 years old. I´am now studing to be

nursing assitend, and later I want to go to university to learn to be a

nurse. Both of my mother´s sisters are

nurse and one of them is now learing to

be a midwife. I have worked in a hospital

as a part of my study. I really enjoyed

working in a hospital. This is my final

semester in the study so I planning to go

to universty next fall. There are to school

in Iceland where you can learn nursing.

It´s universty of Iceland, and Universty in

Akureyri. Nursing study takes 4 years,

and then you can work as a nurse. My dream is to learn to be midwife

after the nursing study. The midwife studys takes 2 years, and there is

just one place in Iceland who teach widwife´s study, and it´s the

University of Iceland. So I would like to tell you about what midwives do.

A midwife is a nurse, and has specialized training and experinence in

taking care of pregnant women and delivering babies.

They are licensed to provide care befor, during, and after

delivery. I guess my interest is mostly because I really

like helping people and taking care of people.

Líney Pálsdóttir

List of interisting words

Pericardium- a double wall in the middle of

the heart

Epicardium- the outer layer of the heart.

Endocardium- the inner layer of the heart.

Anemia- low in blood.

Midwife- a nurse who take care of new

deliverd babys and the mother.

Líney Pálsdóttir

Interesting words by Lí ney