Where did the word plumbing come from?◦ A) A man with paints hanging down and his crack

showing ◦ B) A Roman ◦ C) A Greek◦ D) The Plumb Bob

Latin word for lead is plumbum, from which we derive the words plumber and plumbing.

Plumbing refers to the specific water and sewage devices and systems of a building, while water and sewage systems refer to the systems that supply a group of buildings or geographic area, such as a city.

Some of the best preserved evidence of ancient plumbing, however, was found in the excavations of Pompeii and Herculaneum. In 79 AD, a volcano known as Mount Vesuvius experienced a massive eruption, burying the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum under a thick layer of lava and ash.

The Romans were not the only people in the ancient world to have excellent plumbing by the standards of the day. King Minos of Crete has a primitive flushing water closet in 1700 BC. The kings of Crete were well known for their extravagant baths with hot and cold running water.

Which criterion used to assess your work as a professional has the greatest potential to increase your firm’s net profit?

A. Having a project which is LEED certified

B. On time, on budget project C. Lowering the client’s energy costs D. Improving employee productivity E . Meeting/exceeding client expectations

What is the first step in designing a high-performance building?

A. Identify synergies B. Select the correct HVAC system C. Design around human comfort D. Find the design Criteria of the system

needed per ASHRAE Standard 55 E. Reduce the load

First I start off as water vapor

Inside temp. 720 Out design temp. -40

RH = 40% insideRH = 20% outside

570 = Saturation Temperature

Wall Cavity R ValueInside Air Film 0.685/8" Gyp.Bd. 0.56Insulation 6” 195/8" Exterior Gyp.Bd. 0.561/2" Air Space .624” Brick .68Outside Air Film 0.17

Total 22.27

Formula for Temperature at Assembly Parts

Inside Temp. – (( R value / Total R )x Δ T)

Inside temp. 720 out design temp. -40

720 – (-40) = 760

Total R value = 22.27Inside Air Film 0.68

Temperature at surface of inside wall.720 - ((.68 / 22.27) x 760)) = 69.680

Inside temp. 720 out design temp. -40

720 – (-40) = 760

Total R value = 22.27 5/8" Gyp.Bd.=.56

Temperature at surface of inside wall.69.680 - ((.56 / 22.27) x 760) = 67.770

Remember …..570 = Saturation Temperature!

If there is any moisture in the wall, where will

it condense and where would it freeze?

Inside temp. 720 out design temp. -40

720 – (-40) = 760

Total R value = 22.27so at 570 where is that in relationship to the water vapor condensing within the wall?

720 - (X / 22.27) x 760) = 570

720 - (X / 22.27) x 760) = 570

(720 – 570) = (X/22.27 x 760)

150 = (X/22.27 x 760) 150 / 760 = X/22.27.1970 = X/22.27 X = 4.39

X = 4.39 What is 4.39?

Batt insulation is R-19 @5.5” then k = 3.45 per inchSo 4.39 is about 1 -1/4” into the batt insulation and that is where the

temperature is 570.

4.39

More importantly, that is where the water vapor will condense and become water at about 1-1/4” into the wall when the outside temperature is -40

3205701- 1/4”

Inside temp. 720 out design temp. -40

Temperature at surface of inside wall.720 - ((X/ 22.27) x 760) = 320

Same math as before

720 - (X / 22.27) x 760) = 320

(720 – 320) = (X/22.27 x 760)

400 = (X/22.27 x 760) 400 / 760 = X/22.27.5260 = X/22.27

X = 11.71 720 - ((11.71/ 22.27) x 760) = 320

So if R-19 has a k value of 3.45 per inch, water will freeze at about 3” into the insulation.

320

570

1- 1/4”3”

Once the water condenses in the wall or ceiling we have problems!!!!!!!!!!!

Much Like……

this littlecute creature becomes…..

This!

If the water could continue its journey and escape outside the backside of the brick to the cold minus -4 0 outside temperature, the following formula substantiates that assertion.

720 - ((22.27/ 22.27) x 760) = - 40

-4 degrees

Positive PressureWhere within the building, and what time of the year would we design positive spaces.

Make sure we do not have positive spaces on outside walls in the winter months!