13. Photos (avaiable in larger format and higher resolution) ...................................................................................... 55
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1. BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY
Approximately 900 pillows from 7 states were provided by Tontine. Information regarding the age of the pillow, user, frequency of wash and if the pillow had been used for travelling was recorded by representatives of the company at the time of collection. 50 pillows from each state were then segregated into 3 broad groups based on the age and user of the pillows. The distribution of the pillows is as follows:
Adult – 40 pillows o 13 pillows of age <2yrs o 13 pillows of age 2<5yrs o 14 pillows of ages >5yrs
Kids – 10 pillows of varying age group 350 pillows were analysed in total. The remaining pillows were discarded. Each, the pillow was uniquely was labelled and uniquely vacuumed for 1 minute using a Filter Queen vacuum cleaner. Each test consisted of placing a pre-weighted filter in the Dust Scope filter compartment to collect the dust from the pillow. The filter was re-weighed to measure the total amount of dust collected prior to plating. Between tests, the filter compartment was cleaned with alcohol wipes. The vacuum hose was also rinsed with a 70% ethanol solution prior to start to kill all organisms present and then after every 10 tests (or at the end of each sample group) in order to prevent the build up dust and cross contamination. In order to examine the different types of fungi present, a known mass of dust extracted from the filter paper was sprinkled evenly onto 2 different mediums - 2% Malt Extract Agar plate (90mm) and the Dextrose Rose Bengal Agar (90mm). The mass of the inoculum was determined by comparing pre and post filter weight. The inoculated plates were then incubated at room temperature for 3-5 days, depending on growth of fungal genera. This was done under sterile conditions. After incubation, each plate was counted and the colonies recorded as CFU/plate. Fungal genera was identified suing colony morphology and microscopic analysis to provide an in depth analysis of the varying type of organisms present in each sample group.
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2. FINDINGS
Total fungal counts (CFU/pillow) Significant differences were found between the Total CFU/pillow of the 7 sample groups. In particular NT, QLD & WA sample groups had higher counts than all other states. NT and WA also had higher counts than QLD sample group.
No significant difference between total CFU/pillow was found between pillows that were:
used by adult or children
age of the pillow
whether the pillow had been used for travelling or not
whether the pillow had undergone some sort of clean (wash, put out in the sun, beaten or vacuumed)
Kids’ pillows from WA had the highest total CFU/pillow count followed by NT. Kids pillows 2 states had a much higher average total CFU/pillow compared to the rest of the states. Adults’ pillows from NT, WA and QLD had a much higher total CFU/pillow count compared to the rest of the sample groups.
Fungal genera distribution Below is a summary of findings of the different fungal species present in each of the 7 sample groups. TAS Dominant species: Yeast, Cladosporium sp. and Penicillium sp. Significantly higher compared to other states: Geotrichum sp. and A. Niger Exclusive/almost exclusive: Nigrospora sp., Acremonuim sp., A. fumigatus, Wallemia sp. and Ascomycetes NSW Dominant species: Yeast, Cladosporium sp. and Penicillium sp. Significantly higher compared to other states: A. Niger, Phoma sp. and Sterile Mycelia Exclusive/almost exclusive: A. fumigatus and Ascomycetes QLD Dominant species: Yeast, Aureobasidium sp., Cladosporium sp., Epicoccum sp., Zygomycetes and Monilia sp. Significantly higher compared to other states: Monilia sp. and Zygomycetes Exclusive/almost exclusive: None VIC Dominant species: Yeast, Cladosporium sp. and Penicillium sp. Significantly higher: None Exclusive: None WA Dominant species: Yeast, Cladosporium sp., Alternaria sp., Epicoccum sp., Zygomycetes and Monilia sp. Significantly higher compared to other states: Cladosporium sp. and Alternaria sp. Exclusive: None SA Dominant species: Yeast, Cladosporium sp. and Penicillium sp. Significantly higher compared to other states: Monilia sp. Exclusive: None
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NT Dominant species: Yeast, Cladosporium sp., Aureobasidium sp., Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp., Epicoccum sp., and Monilia sp. Significantly higher compared to other states: A. Niger and Aspergillus sp. Exclusive: None NB:
A. fumigatus is human pathogen and was detected in samples from TAS and NSW exclusively.
Wallemia sp., another human pathogen was detected in a small sample group of adult pillows from TAS exclusively.
Dust The WA, NT and QLD sample groups also had a higher average dust extracted compared to the NSW, VIC, SA and TAS sample groups. The average dust extracted from kids’ pillows was greatest in the WA sample group followed by SA and NT sample groups. TAS, NSW, QLD and VIC sample groups had much a much lower average. The average dust extracted from the adults’ pillows showed a very similar trend to the total CFU/pillow; NT, WA and QLD had a much higher average dust extracted compared to the rest of the sample groups. The average dust extracted from each of the sample group was seen to increase with age of the pillow (i.e.: adult pillows <2yrs < adult pillows 2<5yrs < adult pillows >5yrs).
Report Details Follow
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3. STANDARD METHODS, GLOSSARY & LIMITATIONS
Airborne – Viable Andersen N6 400 hole sampler or SKC Quicktake30 400 hole sampler @ 28.3 (Bacteria, Mould) litres/min for 2 minutes with 90mm Agar plates (2%MEA, 6%BA); Surface Mould – Viable 55mm RODAC surface press plate filled with 2%MEA or 6%BA; (Bacteria, Mould) Airborne – Non-Viable Bio-Pump or Bio-Pump Plus @15 litres/min for 5 minutes with Zefon Air-O-Cell cassette or a
Slit Type Volumetric Samper (STVS) at 10litres/min Surface – Non-Viable BioTape or samples taken with adhesive tape, stained with lactophenol and observed under
microscope; Material Samples Materials are sampled using a non-viable method or viable method as listed above; Moisture Measurements Measured using a Protimeter MMS Plus and measurements reflected in %WME; Incubation Conditions minimum of 96 hrs at 20 ± 2 °C;
Glossary Abbreviation Description
ACC After cooling coil AHU Air Handling Unit BCC Before Cooling Coil BDL Below Detectable Limits CFU Colony forming unit – any part of a fungus that can start growing when it is on nutrient agar media. CFU/cm2 Colony forming units per square centimetre CFU/m3 Colony forming units per cubic metre Colony A consistent mycelium (mould) or a mass of cells (yeasts) that are of one origin Fungi Any microorganisms belonging to the Kingdom Fungi including mould and Yeast sp. Fungi are commonly referred to as
mould (mold in the USA), though mould only refers to mycelial growing fungi. Genera Part of the taxonomic description of a group of fungi and the most common form of identification. Well known examples
include Penicillium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium. HEPA High Efficiency Particulate Filtration that has a 99% efficiency of particles larger than 0.3 microns (0.3 µg) Hyphae A part of filamentous growing fungi that is able to elongate and find new moisture and nutrients and to transport them
over distance. Often described as a root like structure in appearance, but not in function. Mould (mold) Common description of visible fungal colonies with mycelial growth form. Mycotoxin A secondary metabolite produced by fungi as a normal part of respiration. There are found in gaseous form and inside
fungal spores (and conidia). Mycotoxins are a complex mixture of substances which can be either benign or can have serious health effects depending on concentration.
PPE Personal protective equipment Sp. Several species belonging to that genus. Spec. A single fungal species was differentiated but not identified. Species The specific taxonomic description of a fungus Spore A general term referring to all fungal reproductive structures including the spores from sexual reproduction and conidia
from asexual reproduction and resting sclerota. Sterile mycelia A fungal colony containing fungi growing in a vegetative state. WME Wood Moisture Equivalent. A measurement of the amount of moisture in a building material as an equivalent of the
amount of moisture known to be contained in wood. Yeast Fungi that produce distinct cells and that reproduce by budding or dividing cells
Limitations The measurements made in this study are best practice and have a high degree of scientific rigour. However it is important to note that there are always limitations that need to be taken into consideration when interpreting the results of biological samples.
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4. SUMMARY
Table 1 Summary of Results - CFU/pillow and dust concentrations
Figure 1 State-wise comparison of dust and fungal concentrations
A statistically significant difference was found in the Total Fungal Count per pillow versus State of origin (P<0.001). In particular NT, Queensland & WA had higher counts than all other states. NT and WA also had higher counts than Queensland.
No statistically significant difference in Total Fungal Count per pillow was found
whether the pillow User was an adult or a child;
with the pillow age;
whether the pillow was taken along with the user when Travelling; or
Whether the pillow was Washed or not.
The WA, NT and QLD sample groups also had a higher average dust extracted compared to the NSW, VIC, SA and TAS sample groups.
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Kids Pillows
0
200
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1000
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NSW QLD VIC TAS WA SA NT
State
CF
U/p
illo
w
0.000
0.050
0.100
0.150
0.200
0.250
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0.350
0.400
0.450
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st
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Figure 2 State-wise comparison of dust and fungal concentrations from Kid’s Pillows
Adult Pillows
0
200
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1600
NSW QLD VIC TAS WA SA NT
State
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0.050
0.100
0.150
0.200
0.250
0.300
0.350
0.400
0.450
0.500
Du
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(g)
Figure 3 State-wise comparison of dust and fungal concentrations from Adult Pillows
Kids’ pillows from WA had the highest total CFU/pillow count followed by NT. Kids pillows 2 states had a much higher average total CFU/pillow compared to the rest of the states. The average dust extracted from kids’ pillows was greatest in the WA sample group followed by SA and NT sample groups. TAS, NSW, QLD and VIC sample groups had much a much lower average. Adults’ pillows from NT, WA and QLD had a much higher total CFU/pillow count compared to the rest of the sample groups. The average dust extracted from the adults’ pillows showed a very similar trend to the total CFU/pillow; NT, WA and QLD had a much higher average dust extracted compared to the rest of the sample groups. No significant difference between the total CFU/pillow was found between adults or kids pillows. However, adult pillows had a higher average dust extracted compared to kids pillows.
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Adult Pillows (<2yrs)
0
200
400
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800
1000
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NSW QLD VIC TAS WA SA NT
State
CF
U/p
illo
w
0.000
0.050
0.100
0.150
0.200
0.250
0.300
0.350
0.400
0.450
0.500
Du
st
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Figure 4 State-wise comparison of dust and fungal concentrations from Adult Pillows (<2yrs only)
Adult Pillows (2<5yrs)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
NSW QLD VIC TAS WA SA NT
State
CF
U/p
illo
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0.000
0.050
0.100
0.150
0.200
0.250
0.300
0.350
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0.450
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Figure 5 State-wise comparison of dust and fungal concentrations from Adult Pillows (2<5yrs only)
Adult Pillows (>5yrs)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
NSW QLD VIC TAS WA SA NT
State
CF
U/p
illo
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0.000
0.050
0.100
0.150
0.200
0.250
0.300
0.350
0.400
0.450
0.500
Du
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Figure 6 State-wise comparison of dust and fungal concentrations from Adult Pillows (>5yrs only)
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Statistical analysis shows that no significant differences were found between total CFU/pillow of the 3 sample groups (i.e.: adult pillows <2yrs, adult pillows 2<5yrs and adult pillows >5yrs). However the average dust extracted from each of the sample group was seen to increase with age of the pillow.
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Fungal Species differences A statistically significant difference was found in the numbers of the following fungal species detected on the pillows between the different states of origin:
Acremonium sp. (P<0.05): Tasmania higher than NSW. Other state did not record a result.
Ascomycetes (P<0.001): NSW higher than all other states.
Aspergillus sp. (P<0.05): NT higher than all other states.
A. fumigatus (P<0.001): Tasmania higher than all other states.
A.niger (P<0.05): NSW, NT, Tasmania & Victoria all higher than Queensland, SA & WA.
Aureobas sp. (P<0.001): Queensland higher than all other states.
Cladosporium sp. (P<0.05): WA higher than all other states.
Curvalaria sp. (P<0.001): NSW higher than all other states. Tasmania higher than all other states except NSW.
Epicoccum sp. (P<0.001): Queensland higher than all other states. NT & WA higher than SA, Tasmania & Victoria.
Fusarium (P<0.001): NSW higher than all other states. No diff between other states.
Geotrichum sp. (P<0.05): Tasmania higher than SA. No other states registered result.
Monilia sp. (P<0.001): Queensland highest. NT, Queensland, SA & WA higher than NSW, Tasmania & Victoria.
Phoma sp. (P<0.001): NSW higher than all other states; Tasmania higher than all other states except NSW.
Sterile mycelia (P<0.001): NSW higher than all other states; Tasmania higher than all other except NSW; SA and Victoria higher than WA & Queensland.
Trichoderma sp. (P<0.001): Tasmania & NSW higher than all other states. Tasmania higher than NSW.
Yeast (P<0.001): NT, Queensland & WA all higher than other states. NT & WA also higher than Queensland.
Zygomycetes (P<0.001): Queensland & WA higher than all other sates
No statistically significant difference was found in the following fungal species on the pillows between the states of origin:
Wallemia sp.,
Penicillium sp.,
Paeliomycetes,
Nigrospora,
Chaetomium sp., or
Alternaria sp.
Head Office: 31 Collingwood Street
OSBORNE PARK WA 6017 Ph: (08) 9202 0200
www.mould.com.au
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5. RESULTS: DUST EXTRACTION FUNGAL CONCENTRATIONS – SAMPLE GROUP NSW
Surface sampling may be used to confirm the nature of suspected microbial growth on environmental surfaces, measure the relative degree of biological contamination, and identify types of microorganisms and other biological agents present (Macher, J., Ammann, H.A., Milton, D.K. et al. Bioaerosols: Assessment and Control. ACGIH 1999).
Results – Sample Group NSW The results in Table 3 show that the pillows tested from NSW had an average of 123 CFU/pillow.
Table 3 Dust Extraction Fungal and Dust Concentrations – sample group NSW
Sample# Total dust
extracted (g) Total
CFU/pillow User
Pillow Age (yrs)
Travel (yes/no)
Wash or clean (yes/no)
NSW 1 0.061 187 Adult ≤2 No Yes
NSW 2 0.014 82 Adult ≤2 No Yes
NSW 3 0.027 118 Adult ≤2 No Yes
NSW 4 0.029 176 Adult ≤2 No No
NSW 5 0.031 174 Adult ≤2 No No
NSW 6 0.044 260 Adult ≤2 No No
NSW 7 0.037 171 Adult ≤2 No No
NSW 8 0.042 154 Adult ≤2 No Yes
NSW 9 0.023 148 Adult ≤2 No Yes
NSW 10 0.039 100 Adult ≤2 No Yes
NSW 11 0.058 324 Adult ≤2 Yes Yes
NSW 12 0.015 141 Adult ≤2 No Yes
NSW 13 0.015 97 Adult ≤2 No Yes
NSW 14 0.031 114 Adult 2≤5 No Yes
NSW 15 0.035 88 Adult 2≤5 No No
NSW 16 0.059 164 Adult 2≤5 No Yes
NSW 17 0.031 58 Adult 2≤5 No Yes
NSW 18 0.015 62 Adult 2≤5 No Yes
NSW 19 0.014 67 Adult 2≤5 No No
NSW 20 0.014 51 Adult 2≤5 No Yes
NSW 21 0.021 142 Adult 2≤5 No No
NSW 22 0.017 122 Adult 2≤5 No No
NSW 23 0.028 179 Adult 2≤5 No No
NSW 24 0.023 172 Adult 2≤5 No Yes
NSW 25 0.012 96 Adult 2≤5 No Yes
NSW 26 0.012 116 Adult 2≤5 No No
NSW 27 0.394 260 Adult ≥5 No No
NSW 28 0.061 117 Adult ≥5 No Yes
NSW 29 0.031 45 Adult ≥5 Yes No
NSW 30 0.040 130 Adult ≥5 No No
NSW 31 0.021 101 Adult ≥5 No Yes
NSW 32 0.145 138 Adult ≥5 Yes No
NSW 33 0.071 133 Adult ≥5 No No
NSW 34 0.034 216 Adult ≥5 No No
NSW 35 0.031 145 Adult ≥5 Yes No
NSW 36 0.030 178 Adult ≥5 Yes Yes
NSW 37 0.031 118 Adult ≥5 No No
NSW 38 0.007 61 Adult ≥5 No No
NSW 39 0.053 110 Adult ≥5 No Yes
NSW 40 0.035 85 Adult ≥5 No Yes
NSW 41 0.034 79 Child 1 No Yes
NSW 42 0.029 63 Child 6 Yes Yes
NSW 43 0.024 55 Child 2 No Yes
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Figure 7 Dust Extraction: Fungal and Dust Concentration – sample group NSW
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6. RESULTS: DUST EXTRACTION FUNGAL CONCENTRATIONS – SAMPLE GROUP VIC
Surface sampling may be used to confirm the nature of suspected microbial growth on environmental surfaces, measure the relative degree of biological contamination, and identify types of microorganisms and other biological agents present (Macher, J., Ammann, H.A., Milton, D.K. et al. Bioaerosols: Assessment and Control. ACGIH 1999).
Results – Sample Group VIC The results in Table 4 show that the pillows tested from VIC had an average of 199 CFU/pillow.
Table 4 Dust Extraction Fungal and Dust Concentrations – sample group VIC
Sample# Total dust
extracted (g) Total
CFU/pillow User Pillow Age
Travel (yes/no)
Wash (yes/no)
VIC 1 0.177 113 Adult ≤2 No No
VIC 2 0.385 143 Adult ≤2 Yes Yes
VIC 3 0.205 64 Adult ≤2 No No
VIC 4 0.063 67 Adult ≤2 No Yes
VIC 5 0.074 97 Adult ≤2 No Yes
VIC 6 0.119 51 Adult ≤2 Yes Yes
VIC 7 0.116 73 Adult ≤2 No No
VIC 8 0.067 60 Adult ≤2 No No
VIC 9 0.152 200 Adult ≤2 No No
VIC 10 0.130 162 Adult ≤2 Yes Yes
VIC 11 0.100 218 Adult ≤2 No No
VIC 12 0.150 172 Adult ≤2 No Yes
VIC 13 0.242 789 Adult ≤2 No No
VIC 14 0.209 625 Adult 2≤5 Yes No
VIC 15 0.057 243 Adult 2≤5 No Yes
VIC 16 0.171 200 Adult 2≤5 No No
VIC 17 0.096 175 Adult 2≤5 No No
VIC 18 0.171 125 Adult 2≤5 No Yes
VIC 19 0.098 188 Adult 2≤5 No No
VIC 20 0.127 164 Adult 2≤5 No No
VIC 21 0.362 184 Adult 2≤5 No No
VIC 22 0.060 166 Adult 2≤5 Yes No
VIC 23 0.101 194 Adult 2≤5 No Yes
VIC 24 0.050 210 Adult 2≤5 No No
VIC 25 0.241 354 Adult 2≤5 No No
VIC 26 0.391 488 Adult 2≤5 No No
VIC 27 0.265 169 Adult ≥5 Yes No
VIC 28 0.286 246 Adult ≥5 No No
VIC 29 0.208 158 Adult ≥5 No No
VIC 30 0.076 150 Adult ≥5 No No
VIC 31 0.457 73 Adult ≥5 No No
VIC 32 0.365 248 Adult ≥5 Yes No
VIC 33 0.106 35 Adult ≥5 Yes Yes
VIC 34 0.123 63 Adult ≥5 No No
VIC 35 0.058 90 Adult ≥5 No Yes
VIC 36 0.210 179 Adult ≥5 No No
VIC 37 0.356 66 Adult ≥5 No Yes
VIC 38 0.384 88 Adult ≥5 No No
VIC 39 0.189 241 Adult ≥5 No No
VIC 40 0.174 94 Adult ≥5 Yes No
VIC 41 0.222 502 Child 6 No No
VIC 42 0.053 271 Child 2 No No
VIC 43 0.119 376 Child 4 Yes No
VIC 44 0.059 137 Child 4 No Yes
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Figure 8 Dust Extraction: Fungal and Dust Concentration – sample group VIC
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7. RESULTS: DUST EXTRACTION FUNGAL CONCENTRATIONS – SAMPLE GROUP QLD
Surface sampling may be used to confirm the nature of suspected microbial growth on environmental surfaces, measure the relative degree of biological contamination, and identify types of microorganisms and other biological agents present (Macher, J., Ammann, H.A., Milton, D.K. et al. Bioaerosols: Assessment and Control. ACGIH 1999).
Results – Sample Group QLD The results in Table 5 show that the pillows tested from QLD had an average of 498 CFU/pillow.
Table 5 Dust Extraction Fungal and Dust Concentrations – sample group QLD
Pillow no. Total dust
extracted (g) Total
CFU/pillow User
Pillow Age (yrs)
Travel (yes/no)
Wash (yes/no)
QLD 1 0.353 322 Adult ≤2 No Yes
QLD 2 0.067 296 Adult ≤2 No Yes
QLD 3 0.432 1005 Adult ≤2 No Yes
QLD 4 0.118 682 Adult ≤2 Yes No
QLD 5 0.065 645 Adult ≤2 Yes No
QLD 6 0.476 1101 Adult ≤2 Yes No
QLD 7 0.129 108 Adult ≤2 No Yes
QLD 8 0.148 166 Adult ≤2 No No
QLD 9 0.092 34 Adult ≤2 Yes No
QLD 10 0.074 134 Adult ≤2 No Yes
QLD 11 0.131 55 Adult ≤2 No No
QLD 12 0.039 243 Adult ≤2 No Yes
QLD 13 0.053 54 Adult ≤2 Yes No
QLD 14 0.359 675 Adult 2≤5 No No
QLD 15 0.318 430 Adult 2≤5 Yes Yes
QLD 16 0.264 2826 Adult 2≤5 No No
QLD 17 0.145 211 Adult 2≤5 No No
QLD 18 0.127 194 Adult 2≤5 No No
QLD 19 0.304 158 Adult 2≤5 Yes No
QLD 20 0.063 94 Adult 2≤5 No No
QLD 21 0.176 172 Adult 2≤5 No Yes
QLD 22 0.138 92 Adult 2≤5 Yes Yes
QLD 23 0.063 161 Adult 2≤5 No Yes
QLD 24 0.175 94 Adult 2≤5 Yes Yes
QLD 25 0.076 192 Adult 2≤5 No No
QLD 26 0.140 145 Adult 2≤5 No No
QLD 27 1.598 931 Adult ≥5 Yes Yes
QLD 28 0.244 561 Adult ≥5 No No
QLD 29 0.076 253 Adult ≥5 Yes No
QLD 30 0.550 815 Adult ≥5 No No
QLD 31 0.456 2732 Adult ≥5 No Yes
QLD 32 0.342 1849 Adult ≥5 No No
QLD 33 0.058 443 Adult ≥5 No Yes
QLD 34 0.419 1452 Adult ≥5 No Yes
QLD 35 0.108 280 Adult ≥5 No Yes
QLD 36 1.052 921 Adult ≥5 No No
QLD 37 0.450 835 Adult ≥5 No Yes
QLD 38 0.379 532 Adult ≥5 No No
QLD 39 0.457 552 Adult ≥5 No No
QLD 40 0.092 284 Adult ≥5 No Yes
QLD 41 0.205 275 Child 0.2 Yes No
QLD 42 0.057 209 Child 3 No Yes
QLD 43 0.210 225 Child 3.5 Yes Yes
QLD 44 0.330 235 Child 3 Yes Yes
QLD 45 0.112 114 Child 3 Yes Yes
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Figure 9 Dust Extraction: Fungal and Dust Concentration – sample group QLD
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8. RESULTS: DUST EXTRACTION FUNGAL CONCENTRATIONS – SAMPLE GROUP TAS
Surface sampling may be used to confirm the nature of suspected microbial growth on environmental surfaces, measure the relative degree of biological contamination, and identify types of microorganisms and other biological agents present (Macher, J., Ammann, H.A., Milton, D.K. et al. Bioaerosols: Assessment and Control. ACGIH 1999).
Results – Sample Group TAS The results in Table 6 show that the pillows tested from TAS had an average of 167 CFU/pillow.
Table 6 Dust Extraction Fungal and Dust Concentrations – sample group TAS
Sample# Total dust
extracted (g) Total
CFU/pillow User Pillow Age
Travel (yes/no)
Wash (yes/no)
TAS 1 0.077 160 Adult ≤2 No No
TAS 2 0.048 79 Adult ≤2 No No
TAS 3 0.058 118 Adult ≤2 No No
TAS 4 0.043 100 Adult ≤2 No Yes
TAS 5 0.253 155 Adult ≤2 Yes Yes
TAS 6 0.052 192 Adult ≤2 No No
TAS 7 0.050 53 Adult ≤2 No No
TAS 8 0.870 754 Adult ≤2 No No
TAS 9 0.163 305 Adult ≤2 Yes No
TAS 10 0.063 111 Adult ≤2 No Yes
TAS 11 0.041 38 Adult ≤2 No No
TAS 12 0.202 217 Adult ≤2 No Yes
TAS 13 0.031 89 Adult ≤2 No No
TAS 14 0.077 138 Adult 2≤5 No No
TAS 15 0.371 100 Adult 2≤5 No Yes
TAS 16 0.064 86 Adult 2≤5 No No
TAS 17 0.039 122 Adult 2≤5 No No
TAS 18 0.050 121 Adult 2≤5 No No
TAS 19 0.087 199 Adult 2≤5 No Yes
TAS 20 0.128 215 Adult 2≤5 Yes Yes
TAS 21 0.062 173 Adult 2≤5 No Yes
TAS 22 0.171 267 Adult 2≤5 No Yes
TAS 23 0.069 158 Adult 2≤5 No No
TAS 24 0.182 188 Adult 2≤5 No No
TAS 25 0.119 142 Adult 2≤5 No Yes
TAS 26 0.158 223 Adult 2≤5 No No
TAS 27 0.085 226 Adult ≥5 No No
TAS 28 0.168 292 Adult ≥5 No No
TAS 29 0.078 307 Adult ≥5 No No
TAS 30 0.039 194 Adult ≥5 No No
TAS 31 0.030 172 Adult ≥5 Yes No
TAS 32 0.057 426 Adult ≥5 No No
TAS 33 0.120 162 Adult ≥5 No No
TAS 34 0.050 266 Adult ≥5 No No
TAS 35 0.070 164 Adult ≥5 No Yes
TAS 36 0.054 92 Adult ≥5 Yes No
TAS 37 0.140 166 Adult ≥5 No Yes
TAS 38 0.313 140 Adult ≥5 Yes Yes
TAS 39 0.139 133 Adult ≥5 No No
TAS 40 0.178 126 Adult ≥5 No Yes
TAS 41 0.239 426 Child 3 No No
TAS 42 0.321 119 Child 10 Yes No
TAS 43 0.090 48 Child 2 Yes Yes
TAS 44 0.082 90 Child 5 No No
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Figure 10 Dust Extraction: Fungal and Dust Concentration – sample group TAS
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9. RESULTS: DUST EXTRACTION FUNGAL CONCENTRATIONS – SAMPLE GROUP WA
Surface sampling may be used to confirm the nature of suspected microbial growth on environmental surfaces, measure the relative degree of biological contamination, and identify types of microorganisms and other biological agents present (Macher, J., Ammann, H.A., Milton, D.K. et al. Bioaerosols: Assessment and Control. ACGIH 1999).
Results – Sample Group WA The results in Table 7 show that the pillows tested from WA had an average of 791 CFU/pillow.
Table 7 Dust Extraction Fungal and Dust Concentrations – sample group WA
Sample# Total dust
extracted (g) Total
CFU/pillow User
Pillow Age (yrs)
Travel (yes/no)
Wash or Clean (yes/no)
WA 1 0.209 917 Adult ≤2 No No
WA 2 0.228 315 Adult ≤2 No Yes
WA 3 0.355 372 Adult ≤2 No No
WA 4 0.218 320 Adult ≤2 No Yes
WA 5 0.130 217 Adult ≤2 No No
WA 6 0.161 144 Adult ≤2 No No
WA 7 0.047 247 Adult ≤2 Yes Yes
WA 8 0.306 748 Adult ≤2 No No
WA 9 0.347 4744 Adult ≤2 Yes No
WA 10 0.085 2121 Adult ≤2 No Yes
WA 11 0.858 4729 Adult ≤2 No Yes
WA 12 0.127 340 Adult ≤2 Yes No
WA 13 0.132 603 Adult ≤2 No No
WA 14 0.150 591 Adult 2≤5 No No
WA 15 0.324 382 Adult 2≤5 No Yes
WA 16 0.231 434 Adult 2≤5 Yes Yes
WA 17 0.090 221 Adult 2≤5 No Yes
WA 18 0.636 198 Adult 2≤5 No Yes
WA 19 0.352 409 Adult 2≤5 No No
WA 20 0.125 462 Adult 2≤5 Yes Yes
WA 21 0.257 544 Adult 2≤5 No No
WA 22 0.430 277 Adult 2≤5 No Yes
WA 23 0.443 795 Adult 2≤5 No No
WA 24 0.105 127 Adult 2≤5 Yes Yes
WA 25 0.187 240 Adult 2≤5 No No
WA 26 0.041 217 Adult 2≤5 No No
WA 27 0.250 254 Adult ≥5 Yes No
WA 28 0.261 171 Adult ≥5 No Yes
WA 29 0.444 303 Adult ≥5 No Yes
WA 30 0.233 95 Adult ≥5 No No
WA 31 0.292 133 Adult ≥5 No Yes
WA 32 0.100 271 Adult ≥5 No Yes
WA 33 0.558 117 Adult ≥5 No No
WA 34 0.221 171 Adult ≥5 No No
WA 35 0.127 555 Adult ≥5 No No
WA 36 0.102 309 Adult ≥5 Yes No
WA 37 0.236 294 Adult ≥5 No No
WA 38 0.972 716 Adult ≥5 No Yes
WA 39 0.369 165 Adult ≥5 Yes Yes
WA 40 0.716 146 Adult ≥5 No No
WA 41 0.335 6231 Child 4 No Yes
WA 42 0.180 1182 Child 5 Yes Yes
WA 43 0.463 1046 Child 5 No No
WA 44 0.122 497 Child 2 No Yes
WA 45 0.652 3759 Child 5 No Yes
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Figure 11 Dust Extraction: Fungal and Dust Concentration – sample group WA
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10. RESULTS: DUST EXTRACTION FUNGAL CONCENTRATIONS – SAMPLE GROUP SA
Surface sampling may be used to confirm the nature of suspected microbial growth on environmental surfaces, measure the relative degree of biological contamination, and identify types of microorganisms and other biological agents present (Macher, J., Ammann, H.A., Milton, D.K. et al. Bioaerosols: Assessment and Control. ACGIH 1999).
Results – Sample Group SA The results in Table 8 show that the pillows tested from SA had an average of 201 CFU/pillow.
Table 8 Dust Extraction Fungal and Dust Concentrations – sample group SA
Sample# Total dust
extracted (g) Total
CFU/pillow User
Pillow Age (yrs)
Travel (yes/no)
Wash (yes/no)
SA 1 0.131 363 Adult ≤2 No No
SA 2 0.145 171 Adult ≤2 No Yes
SA 3 0.062 220 Adult ≤2 Yes Yes
SA 4 0.044 330 Adult ≤2 No Yes
SA 5 0.200 236 Adult ≤2 No Yes
SA 6 0.098 227 Adult ≤2 No No
SA 7 0.084 334 Adult ≤2 No No
SA 8 0.095 255 Adult ≤2 Yes No
SA 9 0.071 85 Adult ≤2 No No
SA 10 0.286 272 Adult ≤2 Yes Yes
SA 11 0.084 33 Adult ≤2 No No
SA 12 0.143 200 Adult ≤2 No No
SA 13 0.061 212 Adult ≤2 No Yes
SA 14 0.035 262 Adult 2≤5 Yes Yes
SA 15 0.240 324 Adult 2≤5 No Yes
SA 16 0.117 317 Adult 2≤5 No No
SA 17 0.119 309 Adult 2≤5 No No
SA 18 0.237 241 Adult 2≤5 No No
SA 19 0.317 446 Adult 2≤5 No Yes
SA 20 0.123 210 Adult 2≤5 No No
SA 21 0.501 349 Adult 2≤5 No No
SA 22 0.056 311 Adult 2≤5 No No
SA 23 0.158 177 Adult 2≤5 No Yes
SA 24 0.248 199 Adult 2≤5 No Yes
SA 25 0.385 298 Adult 2≤5 No No
SA 26 0.145 185 Adult 2≤5 No Yes
SA 27 0.073 202 Adult ≥5 Yes Yes
SA 28 0.830 140 Adult ≥5 No Yes
SA 29 0.165 163 Adult ≥5 Yes Yes
SA 30 0.146 83 Adult ≥5 No No
SA 31 0.237 82 Adult ≥5 No No
SA 32 0.301 506 Adult ≥5 Yes No
SA 33 0.335 273 Adult ≥5 Yes No
SA 34 0.089 176 Adult ≥5 No No
SA 35 0.341 122 Adult ≥5 Yes No
SA 36 0.193 65 Adult ≥5 Yes No
SA 37 0.069 49 Adult ≥5 No Yes
SA 38 0.128 67 Adult ≥5 No Yes
SA 39 0.180 37 Adult ≥5 No No
SA 40 0.457 56 Adult ≥5 No Yes
SA 41 0.068 63 Child 1 Yes Yes
SA 42 0.058 116 Child 1.5 No Yes
SA 43 0.219 256 Child 3 Yes No
SA 44 0.211 114 Child 5 No No
SA 45 0.160 98 Child 4 Yes No
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Figure 12 Dust Extraction: Fungal and Dust Concentration – sample group SA
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11. RESULTS: DUST EXTRACTION FUNGAL CONCENTRATIONS – SAMPLE GROUP NT
Surface sampling may be used to confirm the nature of suspected microbial growth on environmental surfaces, measure the relative degree of biological contamination, and identify types of microorganisms and other biological agents present (Macher, J., Ammann, H.A., Milton, D.K. et al. Bioaerosols: Assessment and Control. ACGIH 1999).
Results – Sample Group NT The results in Table 9 show that the pillows tested from NT had an average of 744 CFU/pillow.
Table 9 Dust Extraction Fungal and Dust Concentrations – sample group NT
Pillow no. Total dust
extracted (g) Total
CFU/pillow User
Pillow Age (yrs)
Travel (yes/no)
Wash (yes/no)
NT 1 0.111 230 Adult ≤2 No Yes
NT 2 0.465 527 Adult ≤2 No Yes
NT 3 0.133 154 Adult ≤2 No No
NT 4 0.214 329 Adult ≤2 No No
NT 5 0.360 1088 Adult ≤2 No Yes
NT 6 0.037 214 Adult ≤2 No No
NT 7 0.048 86 Adult ≤2 No No
NT 8 0.134 188 Adult ≤2 No No
NT 9 0.086 98 Adult ≤2 No Yes
NT 10 0.238 368 Adult ≤2 No No
NT 11 0.062 94 Adult ≤2 No No
NT 12 0.200 261 Adult ≤2 No Yes
NT 13 0.046 263 Adult ≤2 No Yes
NT 14 0.431 1195 Adult 2≤5 Yes No
NT 15 0.144 244 Adult 2≤5 No No
NT 16 0.166 231 Adult 2≤5 Yes No
NT 17 0.374 820 Adult 2≤5 Yes No
NT 18 0.095 486 Adult 2≤5 Yes No
NT 19 0.065 310 Adult 2≤5 No No
NT 20 0.073 56 Adult 2≤5 No No
NT 21 0.262 1489 Adult 2≤5 Yes No
NT 22 0.162 616 Adult 2≤5 No Yes
NT 23 0.136 2263 Adult 2≤5 Yes No
NT 24 0.304 2029 Adult 2≤5 Yes No
NT 25 0.530 1501 Adult 2≤5 Yes Yes
NT 26 0.241 269 Adult 2≤5 No Yes
NT 27 0.110 238 Adult ≥5 No No
NT 28 0.484 709 Adult ≥5 No No
NT 29 0.400 116 Adult ≥5 No No
NT 30 0.243 318 Adult ≥5 Yes No
NT 31 0.645 536 Adult ≥5 No No
NT 32 0.188 103 Adult ≥5 Yes No
NT 33 0.055 78 Adult ≥5 Yes No
NT 34 1.516 4274 Adult ≥5 No Yes
NT 35 0.187 110 Adult ≥5 No Yes
NT 36 0.049 96 Adult ≥5 No Yes
NT 37 0.070 168 Adult ≥5 No Yes
NT 38 0.602 1196 Adult ≥5 No No
NT 39 1.152 4704 Adult ≥5 No No
NT 40 0.245 3976 Adult ≥5 No No
NT 41 0.205 238 Child 0.2 No Yes
NT 42 0.057 522 Child 3 No Yes
NT 43 0.210 708 Child 5 Yes No
NT 44 0.330 552 Child 3 Yes Yes
NT 45 0.112 870 Child 3 No No
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NT 46 0.091 687 Child 2 No No
NT 47 0.034 468 Child 5 No No
NT 48 0.037 234 Child 5 No No
NT 49 0.045 586 Child 2 No No
NT 50 0.083 284 Child 2 No No
Average 0.245 744
Sample Group - NT
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illo
w
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0.400
0.600
0.800
1.000
1.200
1.400
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st
(g)
Total CFU/pillow
Dust Extracted (g)
Figure 13 Dust Extraction: Fungal and Dust Concentration – sample group NT
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12. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS (MINITAB® 16.1.1)
Total fungal counts A statistically significant difference was found in the Total Fungal Count per pillow versus State of origin (P<0.001). In particular NT, Queensland & WA had higher counts than all other states. NT and WA also had higher counts than Queensland.
No statistically significant difference in Total Fungal Count per pillow was found
whether the pillow User was an adult or a child;
with the pillow age;
whether the pillow was taken along with the user when Travelling; or
Whether the pillow was Washed or not.
Fungal Species differences A statistically significant difference was found in the numbers of the following fungal species detected on the pillows between the different states of origin:
Acremonium sp. (P<0.05): Tasmania higher than NSW. Other state did not record a result.
Ascomycetes (P<0.001): NSW higher than all other states.
Aspergillus sp. (P<0.05): NT higher than all other states.
A. fumigatus (P<0.001): Tasmania higher than all other states.
A.niger (P<0.05): NSW, NT, Tasmania & Victoria all higher than Queensland, SA & WA.
Aureobas sp. (P<0.001): Queensland higher than all other states.
Cladosporium sp. (P<0.05): WA higher than all other states.
Curvalaria sp. (P<0.001): NSW higher than all other states. Tasmania higher than all other states except NSW.
Epicoccum sp. (P<0.001): Queensland higher than all other states. NT & WA higher than SA, Tasmania & Victoria.
Fusarium (P<0.001): NSW higher than all other states. No diff between other states.
Geotrichum sp. (P<0.05): Tasmania higher than SA. No other states registered result.
Monilia sp. (P<0.001): Queensland highest. NT, Queensland, SA & WA higher than NSW, Tasmania & Victoria.
Phoma sp. (P<0.001): NSW higher than all other states; Tasmania higher than all other states except NSW.
Sterile mycelia (P<0.001): NSW higher than all other states; Tasmania higher than all other except NSW; SA and Victoria higher than WA & Queensland.
Trichoderma sp. (P<0.001): Tasmania & NSW higher than all other states. Tasmania higher than NSW.
Yeast (P<0.001): NT, Queensland & WA all higher than other states. NT & WA also higher than Queensland.
Zygomycetes (P<0.001): Queensland & WA higher than all other sates
No statistically significant difference was found in the following fungal species on the pillows between the states of origin:
Wallemia sp.,
Penicillium sp.,
Paeliomycetes,
Nigrospora,
Chaetomium sp., or
Alternaria sp.
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12.1. ANOVA ANALYSIS
Total Fungal Count per Pillow versus State Statistically significant difference = Yes (P<0.001) NT, Qld & WA higher than all other states. NT and WA also higher than Qld.
WAVicTasSAQldNTNSW
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
state
To
tal C
FU/
pill
ow
Boxplot of Total CFU/pillow
One-way ANOVA: Total CFU/pillow versus state Source DF SS MS F P
state 6 24564496 4094083 9.06 0.000
Error 343 154942912 451729
Total 349 179507408
S = 672.1 R-Sq = 13.68% R-Sq(adj) = 12.17%
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
Level N Mean StDev --+---------+---------+---------+-------
NSW 50 123.4 60.5 (-----*-----)
NT 50 743.6 1038.1 (-----*-----)
Qld 50 498.5 602.7 (------*-----)
SA 50 200.6 108.9 (------*-----)
Tas 50 166.6 124.5 (------*-----)
Vic 50 198.6 146.2 (------*-----)
WA 50 791.3 1291.8 (-----*------)
--+---------+---------+---------+-------
0 300 600 900
Pooled StDev = 672.1
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Total Fungal Count per Pillow versus Pillow User Statistically significant difference = No
ChildAdult
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
User
To
tal C
FU/
pill
ow
Boxplot of Total CFU/pillow
One-way ANOVA: Total CFU/pillow versus User Source DF SS MS F P
User 1 16193 16193 0.03 0.859
Error 348 179491214 515779
Total 349 179507408
S = 718.2 R-Sq = 0.01% R-Sq(adj) = 0.00%
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
Level N Mean StDev -------+---------+---------+---------+--
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Zygomycetes Statistically significant difference = Yes (P<0.001) Qld & WA higher than all other sates
WAVicTasSAQldNTNSW
25
20
15
10
5
0
state
Zy
go
my
ce
tes
Boxplot of Zygomycetes
One-way ANOVA: Zygomycetes versus state Source DF SS MS F P
state 6 7156 1193 7.25 0.000
Error 343 56412 164
Total 349 63567
S = 12.82 R-Sq = 11.26% R-Sq(adj) = 9.70%
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
Level N Mean StDev ------+---------+---------+---------+---
NSW 50 0.22 0.51 (-----*-----)
NT 50 4.96 8.28 (-----*-----)
Qld 50 13.23 24.98 (-----*-----)
SA 50 2.30 2.19 (-----*-----)
Tas 50 1.20 1.41 (-----*-----)
Vic 50 1.70 2.82 (-----*-----)
WA 50 9.53 21.07 (-----*-----)
------+---------+---------+---------+---
0.0 6.0 12.0 18.0
Pooled StDev = 12.82
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Yeast Statistically significant difference = Yes (P<0.001) NT, Qld & WA all higher than other states. NT & WA also higher than Qld.
WAVicTasSAQldNTNSW
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
state
Ye
ast
Boxplot of Yeast
One-way ANOVA: Yeast versus state Source DF SS MS F P
state 6 18042999 3007166 9.51 0.000
Error 343 108426182 316111
Total 349 126469181
S = 562.2 R-Sq = 14.27% R-Sq(adj) = 12.77%
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
Level N Mean StDev ----+---------+---------+---------+-----
NSW 50 67.6 40.6 (------*-----)
NT 50 605.9 892.1 (-----*-----)
Qld 50 376.1 464.2 (-----*-----)
SA 50 168.1 105.8 (------*-----)
Tas 50 128.2 111.1 (-----*-----)
Vic 50 155.9 126.3 (-----*-----)
WA 50 675.0 1077.2 (-----*-----)
----+---------+---------+---------+-----
0 250 500 750
Pooled StDev = 562.2
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Wallemia sp. Statistically significant difference = No
WAVicTasSAQldNTNSW
0.50
0.25
0.00
-0.25
-0.50
state
Wa
llem
ia s
p.
Boxplot of Wallemia sp.
One-way ANOVA: Wallemia sp. versus state Source DF SS MS F P
state 6 0.0686 0.0114 1.00 0.425
Error 343 3.9200 0.0114
Total 349 3.9886
S = 0.1069 R-Sq = 1.72% R-Sq(adj) = 0.00%
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev
Level N Mean StDev --+---------+---------+---------+-------
NSW 50 0.0000 0.0000 (-----------*-----------)
NT 50 0.0000 0.0000 (-----------*-----------)
Qld 50 0.0000 0.0000 (-----------*-----------)
SA 50 0.0000 0.0000 (-----------*-----------)
Tas 50 0.0400 0.2828 (-----------*-----------)
Vic 50 0.0000 0.0000 (-----------*-----------)
WA 50 0.0000 0.0000 (-----------*-----------)
--+---------+---------+---------+-------
-0.025 0.000 0.025 0.050
Pooled StDev = 0.1069
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Trichoderma sp. Statistically significant difference = Yes (P<0.001) Tas & NSW higher than all other states. Tas higher than NSW.
WAVicTasSAQldNTNSW
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
state
Tri
ch
od
erm
a s
p.
Boxplot of Trichoderma sp.
One-way ANOVA: Trichoderma sp. versus state Source DF SS MS F P
state 6 21.274 3.546 15.79 0.000
Error 343 77.000 0.224
Total 349 98.274
S = 0.4738 R-Sq = 21.65% R-Sq(adj) = 20.28%
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
Level N Mean StDev -----+---------+---------+---------+----
NSW 50 0.2400 0.6565 (-----*----)
NT 50 0.0000 0.0000 (----*----)
Qld 50 0.0000 0.0000 (----*----)
SA 50 0.0200 0.1414 (----*----)
Tas 50 0.7200 1.0309 (----*----)
Vic 50 0.0600 0.2399 (----*-----)
WA 50 0.0000 0.0000 (----*----)
-----+---------+---------+---------+----
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75
Pooled StDev = 0.4738
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Sterile mycelia Statistically significant difference = Yes (P<0.001) NSW higher than all other states; Tas higher than all other except NSW; SA and Vic higher than WA & Qld.
WAVicTasSAQldNTNSW
5
4
3
2
1
0
state
Ste
rile
my
ce
lia
Boxplot of Sterile mycelia
One-way ANOVA: Sterile mycelia versus state Source DF SS MS F P
state 6 90.60 15.10 9.10 0.000
Error 343 568.90 1.66
Total 349 659.50
S = 1.288 R-Sq = 13.74% R-Sq(adj) = 12.23%
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
Level N Mean StDev ------+---------+---------+---------+---
NSW 50 1.480 1.657 (-----*-----)
NT 50 0.250 1.770 (-----*-----)
Qld 50 0.000 0.000 (-----*-----)
SA 50 0.459 1.637 (-----*-----)
Tas 50 1.060 1.406 (-----*-----)
Vic 50 0.640 1.025 (-----*-----)
WA 50 0.022 0.155 (-----*-----)
------+---------+---------+---------+---
0.00 0.60 1.20 1.80
Pooled StDev = 1.288
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Penicillium sp. Statistically significant difference = No
WAVicTasSAQldNTNSW
40
30
20
10
0
state
Pe
nic
illiu
m s
p.
Boxplot of Penicillium sp.
One-way ANOVA: Penicillium sp. versus state Source DF SS MS F P
state 6 145039 24173 0.84 0.542
Error 343 9906789 28883
Total 349 10051828
S = 169.9 R-Sq = 1.44% R-Sq(adj) = 0.00%
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
Level N Mean StDev --+---------+---------+---------+-------
NSW 50 13.7 10.5 (----------*-----------)
NT 50 64.2 449.1 (-----------*-----------)
Qld 50 1.0 3.2 (-----------*-----------)
SA 50 5.2 6.2 (-----------*-----------)
Tas 50 12.0 9.9 (-----------*-----------)
Vic 50 13.9 14.2 (----------*-----------)
WA 50 1.4 2.8 (----------*-----------)
--+---------+---------+---------+-------
-40 0 40 80
Pooled StDev = 169.9
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Phoma sp. Statistically significant difference = Yes (P<0.001) NSW higher than all other states; Tas higher than all other states except NSW.
WAVicTasSAQldNTNSW
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
state
Ph
om
a s
p.
Boxplot of Phoma sp.
One-way ANOVA: Phoma sp. versus state Source DF SS MS F P
state 6 25.480 4.247 6.50 0.000
Error 343 224.180 0.654
Total 349 249.660
S = 0.8084 R-Sq = 10.21% R-Sq(adj) = 8.64%
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
Level N Mean StDev ------+---------+---------+---------+---
NSW 50 0.7600 1.8905 (------*-----)
NT 50 0.0000 0.0000 (-----*-----)
Qld 50 0.0000 0.0000 (-----*-----)
SA 50 0.0000 0.0000 (-----*-----)
Tas 50 0.3800 0.9010 (------*-----)
Vic 50 0.1200 0.4352 (-----*------)
WA 50 0.0000 0.0000 (-----*-----)
------+---------+---------+---------+---
0.00 0.35 0.70 1.05
Pooled StDev = 0.8084
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Paeliomycetes Statistically significant difference = No
WAVicTasSAQldNTNSW
0.50
0.25
0.00
-0.25
-0.50
state
Pa
elio
my
ce
tes
Boxplot of Paeliomycetes
One-way ANOVA: Paeliomycetes versus state Source DF SS MS F P
state 6 0.01714 0.00286 1.00 0.425
Error 343 0.98000 0.00286
Total 349 0.99714
S = 0.05345 R-Sq = 1.72% R-Sq(adj) = 0.00%
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev
Level N Mean StDev +---------+---------+---------+---------
NSW 50 0.02000 0.14142 (---------*---------)
NT 50 0.00000 0.00000 (---------*---------)
Qld 50 0.00000 0.00000 (---------*---------)
SA 50 0.00000 0.00000 (---------*---------)
Tas 50 0.00000 0.00000 (---------*---------)
Vic 50 0.00000 0.00000 (---------*---------)
WA 50 0.00000 0.00000 (---------*---------)
+---------+---------+---------+---------
-0.015 0.000 0.015 0.030
Pooled StDev = 0.05345
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Monilia sp. Statistically significant difference = Yes (P<0.001) Qld highest. NT, Qld, SA & WA higher than NSW, Tas & Vic.
WAVicTasSAQldNTNSW
20
15
10
5
0
state
Mo
nili
a s
p.
Boxplot of Monilia sp.
One-way ANOVA: Monilia sp. versus state Source DF SS MS F P
state 6 3037.0 506.2 27.09 0.000
Error 343 6408.0 18.7
Total 349 9445.0
S = 4.322 R-Sq = 32.15% R-Sq(adj) = 30.97%
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
Level N Mean StDev ----+---------+---------+---------+-----
NSW 50 0.020 0.141 (---*---)
NT 50 6.836 5.214 (---*---)
Qld 50 7.970 6.511 (---*---)
SA 50 6.075 4.199 (---*---)
Tas 50 1.160 2.486 (---*---)
Vic 50 1.360 1.925 (---*---)
WA 50 5.356 5.802 (---*---)
----+---------+---------+---------+-----
0.0 3.0 6.0 9.0
Pooled StDev = 4.322
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Nigrospora Statistically significant difference = No
WAVicTasSAQldNTNSW
0.50
0.25
0.00
-0.25
-0.50
state
Nig
rosp
ora
Boxplot of Nigrospora
One-way ANOVA: Nigrospora versus state Source DF SS MS F P
state 6 0.4286 0.0714 1.00 0.425
Error 343 24.5000 0.0714
Total 349 24.9286
S = 0.2673 R-Sq = 1.72% R-Sq(adj) = 0.00%
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev
Level N Mean StDev -+---------+---------+---------+--------
NSW 50 0.0000 0.0000 (----------*----------)
NT 50 0.0000 0.0000 (----------*----------)
Qld 50 0.0000 0.0000 (----------*----------)
SA 50 0.0000 0.0000 (----------*----------)
Tas 50 0.1000 0.7071 (---------*----------)
Vic 50 0.0000 0.0000 (----------*----------)
WA 50 0.0000 0.0000 (----------*----------)
-+---------+---------+---------+--------
-0.070 0.000 0.070 0.140
Pooled StDev = 0.2673
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Geotrichum sp. Statistically significant difference = Yes (P<0.05) TAs hiogher than SA. No other states registered result.
WAVicTasSAQldNTNSW
0.50
0.25
0.00
-0.25
-0.50
state
Ge
otr
ich
um
sp
,
Boxplot of Geotrichum sp,
One-way ANOVA: Geotrichum sp, versus state Source DF SS MS F P
state 6 1.0743 0.1790 2.98 0.008
Error 343 20.6400 0.0602
Total 349 21.7143
S = 0.2453 R-Sq = 4.95% R-Sq(adj) = 3.28%
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev
Level N Mean StDev ---------+---------+---------+---------+
NSW 50 0.0000 0.0000 (--------*--------)
NT 50 0.0000 0.0000 (--------*--------)
Qld 50 0.0000 0.0000 (--------*--------)
SA 50 0.0400 0.2828 (--------*--------)
Tas 50 0.1600 0.5841 (--------*--------)
Vic 50 0.0000 0.0000 (--------*--------)
WA 50 0.0000 0.0000 (--------*--------)
---------+---------+---------+---------+
0.000 0.080 0.160 0.240
Pooled StDev = 0.2453
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Fusarium Statistically significant difference = Yes (P<0.001) NSW higher than all other states. No diff between other states.
WAVicTasSAQldNTNSW
10
8
6
4
2
0
state
Fusa
riu
m
Boxplot of Fusarium
One-way ANOVA: Fusarium versus state Source DF SS MS F P
state 6 418.92 69.82 7.02 0.000
Error 343 3409.88 9.94
Total 349 3828.80
S = 3.153 R-Sq = 10.94% R-Sq(adj) = 9.38%
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
Level N Mean StDev ------+---------+---------+---------+---
NSW 50 3.300 3.125 (-----*-----)
NT 50 0.000 0.000 (-----*-----)
Qld 50 0.000 0.000 (-----*-----)
SA 50 0.631 1.844 (-----*-----)
Tas 50 1.940 2.024 (-----*-----)
Vic 50 1.020 1.767 (-----*-----)
WA 50 1.632 7.015 (-----*-----)
------+---------+---------+---------+---
0.0 1.5 3.0 4.5
Pooled StDev = 3.153
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Epicoccum sp. Statistically significant difference = Yes (P<0.001) Qld higher than all other states. NT & WA higher than SA, Tas & Vic.
WAVicTasSAQldNTNSW
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
state
Ep
ico
ccu
m s
p.
Boxplot of Epicoccum sp.
One-way ANOVA: Epicoccum sp. versus state Source DF SS MS F P
state 6 14999 2500 11.31 0.000
Error 343 75799 221
Total 349 90798
S = 14.87 R-Sq = 16.52% R-Sq(adj) = 15.06%
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
Level N Mean StDev --+---------+---------+---------+-------
NSW 50 5.38 5.75 (----*----)
NT 50 7.52 9.56 (----*-----)
Qld 50 22.44 34.65 (----*----)
SA 50 3.22 3.20 (----*----)
Tas 50 2.66 2.53 (----*----)
Vic 50 2.40 2.52 (----*----)
WA 50 9.67 14.09 (----*----)
--+---------+---------+---------+-------
0.0 8.0 16.0 24.0
Pooled StDev = 14.87
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Curvalaria sp. Statistically significant difference = Yes (P<0.001) NSW higher than all other states. Tas higher than all other states except NSW.
WAVicTasSAQldNTNSW
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
state
Cu
rva
lari
a s
p.
Boxplot of Curvalaria sp.
One-way ANOVA: Curvalaria sp. versus state Source DF SS MS F P
state 6 23.909 3.985 14.09 0.000
Error 343 97.020 0.283
Total 349 120.929
S = 0.5318 R-Sq = 19.77% R-Sq(adj) = 18.37%
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
Level N Mean StDev -----+---------+---------+---------+----
NSW 50 0.7600 1.1350 (----*----)
NT 50 0.0000 0.0000 (----*----)
Qld 50 0.0200 0.1414 (----*----)
SA 50 0.0200 0.1414 (----*----)
Tas 50 0.3400 0.7174 (----*----)
Vic 50 0.1600 0.3703 (----*----)
WA 50 0.0000 0.0000 (----*----)
-----+---------+---------+---------+----
0.00 0.30 0.60 0.90
Pooled StDev = 0.5318
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Cladosporium sp. Statistically significant difference = Yes (P<0.05) WA higher than all other states.
WAVicTasSAQldNTNSW
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
state
Cla
do
sp
ori
um
sp
.
Boxplot of Cladosporium sp.
One-way ANOVA: Cladosporium sp. versus state Source DF SS MS F P
state 6 193531 32255 3.30 0.004
Error 343 3347880 9761
Total 349 3541411
S = 98.80 R-Sq = 5.46% R-Sq(adj) = 3.81%
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
Level N Mean StDev ------+---------+---------+---------+---
NSW 50 26.22 19.72 (------*-------)
NT 50 41.08 114.15 (-------*-------)
Qld 50 5.97 8.39 (-------*-------)
SA 50 13.29 10.69 (-------*-------)
Tas 50 13.56 11.68 (-------*-------)
Vic 50 19.14 49.14 (------*-------)
WA 50 80.05 228.41 (-------*-------)
------+---------+---------+---------+---
0 35 70 105
Pooled StDev = 98.80
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Chaetomium sp Statistically significant difference = No
WAVicTasSAQldNTNSW
0.50
0.25
0.00
-0.25
-0.50
state
Ch
ae
tom
ium
sp
.
Boxplot of Chaetomium sp.
One-way ANOVA: Chaetomium sp. versus state Source DF SS MS F P
state 6 1.389 0.231 0.90 0.495
Error 343 88.200 0.257
Total 349 89.589
S = 0.5071 R-Sq = 1.55% R-Sq(adj) = 0.00%
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
Level N Mean StDev --+---------+---------+---------+-------
NSW 50 0.1800 1.2728 (-----------*-----------)
NT 50 0.0600 0.4243 (-----------*-----------)
Qld 50 0.0000 0.0000 (-----------*-----------)
SA 50 0.0000 0.0000 (-----------*-----------)
Tas 50 0.0000 0.0000 (-----------*-----------)
Vic 50 0.0000 0.0000 (-----------*-----------)
WA 50 0.0000 0.0000 (-----------*-----------)
--+---------+---------+---------+-------
-0.12 0.00 0.12 0.24
Pooled StDev = 0.5071
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Aureobas sp. Statistically significant difference = Yes (P<0.001) Qld higher than all other states.
WAVicTasSAQldNTNSW
200
150
100
50
0
state
Au
reo
ba
s s
p.
Boxplot of Aureobas sp.
One-way ANOVA: Aureobas sp. versus state Source DF SS MS F P
state 6 208760 34793 11.74 0.000
Error 343 1016420 2963
Total 349 1225181
S = 54.44 R-Sq = 17.04% R-Sq(adj) = 15.59%
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
Level N Mean StDev -----+---------+---------+---------+----
NSW 50 0.26 0.66 (----*----)
NT 50 6.09 17.08 (----*----)
Qld 50 71.37 141.27 (----*----)
SA 50 0.00 0.00 (----*----)
Tas 50 0.28 0.83 (----*----)
Vic 50 0.02 0.14 (----*----)
WA 50 4.72 22.19 (----*----)
-----+---------+---------+---------+----
0 30 60 90
Pooled StDev = 54.44
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A.niger Statistically significant difference = Yes (P<0.05) NSW, NT, Tas & Vic all higher than Qld, SA & WA.
WAVicTasSAQldNTNSW
5
4
3
2
1
0
state
A.n
ige
r
Boxplot of A.niger
One-way ANOVA: A.niger versus state Source DF SS MS F P
state 6 69.46 11.58 3.49 0.002
Error 343 1137.75 3.32
Total 349 1207.21
S = 1.821 R-Sq = 5.75% R-Sq(adj) = 4.11%
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
Level N Mean StDev --------+---------+---------+---------+-
NSW 50 1.040 1.428 (-------*--------)
NT 50 1.342 3.149 (-------*--------)
Qld 50 0.354 1.479 (--------*-------)
SA 50 0.480 0.839 (-------*-------)
Tas 50 1.040 1.340 (-------*--------)
Vic 50 1.100 2.558 (-------*--------)
WA 50 0.028 0.198 (-------*--------)
--------+---------+---------+---------+-
0.00 0.60 1.20 1.80
Pooled StDev = 1.821
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A. fumigatus Statistically significant difference = Yes (P<0.001) Tas higher than all other states.
WAVicTasSAQldNTNSW
0.50
0.25
0.00
-0.25
-0.50
state
A.
fum
iga
tus
Boxplot of A. fumigatus
One-way ANOVA: A. fumigatus versus state Source DF SS MS F P
state 6 2.0286 0.3381 7.45 0.000
Error 343 15.5600 0.0454
Total 349 17.5886
S = 0.2130 R-Sq = 11.53% R-Sq(adj) = 9.99%
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
Level N Mean StDev ------+---------+---------+---------+---
NSW 50 0.0200 0.1414 (-----*-----)
NT 50 0.0000 0.0000 (-----*-----)
Qld 50 0.0000 0.0000 (-----*-----)
SA 50 0.0000 0.0000 (-----*-----)
Tas 50 0.2200 0.5455 (-----*-----)
Vic 50 0.0000 0.0000 (-----*-----)
WA 50 0.0000 0.0000 (-----*-----)
------+---------+---------+---------+---
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30
Pooled StDev = 0.2130
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Aspergillus sp. Statistically significant difference = Yes (P<0.05) NT higher than all other states.
WAVicTasSAQldNTNSW
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
state
Asp
erg
illu
s s
p.
Boxplot of Aspergillus sp.
One-way ANOVA: Aspergillus sp. versus state Source DF SS MS F P
state 6 1166.9 194.5 2.82 0.011
Error 343 23697.3 69.1
Total 349 24864.2
S = 8.312 R-Sq = 4.69% R-Sq(adj) = 3.03%
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
Level N Mean StDev ---------+---------+---------+---------+
NSW 50 0.400 0.904 (---------*--------)
NT 50 5.342 21.952 (--------*---------)
Qld 50 0.000 0.000 (--------*--------)
SA 50 0.000 0.000 (--------*--------)
Tas 50 0.360 0.851 (--------*---------)
Vic 50 0.100 0.416 (--------*---------)
WA 50 0.000 0.000 (--------*--------)
---------+---------+---------+---------+
0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5
Pooled StDev = 8.312
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Ascomycetes Statistically significant difference = Yes (P<0.001) NSW higher than all other states.
WAVicTasSAQldNTNSW
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
state
Asco
my
ce
tes
Boxplot of Ascomycetes
One-way ANOVA: Ascomycetes versus state Source DF SS MS F P
state 6 13.074 2.179 16.99 0.000
Error 343 44.000 0.128
Total 349 57.074
S = 0.3582 R-Sq = 22.91% R-Sq(adj) = 21.56%
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
Level N Mean StDev -----+---------+---------+---------+----
NSW 50 0.5600 0.9071 (----*----)
NT 50 0.0000 0.0000 (----*----)
Qld 50 0.0000 0.0000 (----*----)
SA 50 0.0000 0.0000 (----*----)
Tas 50 0.0800 0.2740 (----*----)
Vic 50 0.0000 0.0000 (----*----)
WA 50 0.0000 0.0000 (----*----)
-----+---------+---------+---------+----
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
Pooled StDev = 0.3582
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Acremonium sp. Statistically significant difference = Yes (P<0.05) Tas higher than NSW. Other state did not record a result.
WAVicTasSAQldNTNSW
0.50
0.25
0.00
-0.25
-0.50
state
Acre
mo
niu
m s
p.
Boxplot of Acremonium sp.
One-way ANOVA: Acremonium sp. versus state Source DF SS MS F P
state 6 1.8571 0.3095 3.27 0.004
Error 343 32.5000 0.0948
Total 349 34.3571
S = 0.3078 R-Sq = 5.41% R-Sq(adj) = 3.75%
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
Level N Mean StDev ---------+---------+---------+---------+
NSW 50 0.1000 0.3030 (--------*--------)
NT 50 0.0000 0.0000 (--------*--------)
Qld 50 0.0000 0.0000 (--------*--------)
SA 50 0.0000 0.0000 (--------*--------)
Tas 50 0.2000 0.7559 (--------*--------)
Vic 50 0.0000 0.0000 (--------*--------)
WA 50 0.0000 0.0000 (--------*--------)
---------+---------+---------+---------+
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30
Pooled StDev = 0.3078
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Alternaria sp. Statistically significant difference = No
WAVicTasSAQldNTNSW
4
3
2
1
0
state
Alt
ern
ari
a s
p.
Boxplot of Alternaria sp.
One-way ANOVA: Alternaria sp. versus state Source DF SS MS F P
state 6 515.7 86.0 1.28 0.266
Error 343 23053.8 67.2
Total 349 23569.6
S = 8.198 R-Sq = 2.19% R-Sq(adj) = 0.48%
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
Level N Mean StDev ---------+---------+---------+---------+
NSW 50 1.180 1.119 (--------*--------)
NT 50 0.000 0.000 (--------*--------)
Qld 50 0.080 0.566 (--------*--------)
SA 50 0.728 1.847 (--------*--------)
Tas 50 0.920 1.158 (--------*--------)
Vic 50 1.000 1.938 (--------*--------)
WA 50 3.907 21.457 (--------*--------)
---------+---------+---------+---------+
0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5
Pooled StDev = 8.198
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13. PHOTOS (AVAIABLE IN LARGER FORMAT AND HIGHER RESOLUTION)
Pillows had information gathered regarding age, user, location, clean and travel at time of collection
Each pillow was vacuumed for approximately 1 minute
Dust was collected on a pre-weighed filter using a Dust Scope
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Filters were re-weighted post pillow treatment to calculate the total dust extracted from each pillow
Dust from each pillow were plated onto 2 different media for mould identification
Plates showing mould growth from dust extracted from individual pillows
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Plates showing mould growth from dust extracted from individual pillows
Plates showing mould growth from dust extracted from individual pillows
Plates showing mould growth from dust extracted from individual pillows
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DRBC plate showing a wide range of fungal growth from plating of dust
MEA plate exhibiting a wide range of mould growth from plating of dust
