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1 While in slide show view, click the right mouse button, then Speak er Notes. Use the up arrow on your keyboard to scroll to the top of the text. Institute for Critical Thinking Feel free to make copies of this software and pass copies on to friends and colleagues. . Ict assumes no responsibility for alterations made to originals. Original versions are available on line at www.AcademicFreedomBlog.org . You are now a pro at using ict slide shows. In the future you may begin all slide shows from slide #2, by pressing “PgDn” when the show first comes up in PowerPoint. From here you are into the presentation with two more clicks on the screen. Good! Once you have clicked on the screen, you can advance or repeat a view by using the up or down arrows on your keyboard. To produce a printed script for this slide presentation, first be sure your computer is connected to a printer: Use your mouse to click F ile>P rint>Find “Print w hat” and click the down triangle. Then select “Notes Pages” from the list; then click “OK.” To view script while slide show is in process, select V iew >Slide Show or the Slide Show icon at the lower left of the current view. While in slide show view, click the right mouse button >Speak er Notes...
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1
While in slide show view, click the right mouse button, then Speaker Notes.
Use the up arrow on your keyboard to scroll to the top of the text.
Institute for Critical Thinking
Feel free to make copies of this software and pass copies on to friends and colleagues. . Ict assumes no responsibility for alterations made to originals. Original versions are available on line at www.AcademicFreedomBlog.org.
You are now a pro at using ict slide shows. In the future you may begin all slide shows from slide #2, by pressing “PgDn” when the show first comes up in PowerPoint. From here you are into the presentation with two more clicks on the screen.
Good! Once you have clicked on the screen, you can advance or repeat a view by using the up or down arrows on your keyboard.
To produce a printed script for this slide presentation, first be sure your computer is connected to a printer: Use your mouse to click File>Print>Find “Print what” and click the down triangle. Then select “Notes Pages” from the list; then click “OK.”
To view script while slide show is in process, select View >Slide Show or the Slide Show icon at the lower left of the current view. While in slide show view, click the right mouse button >Speaker Notes...
The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life1. Variation occurs randomly.2. Competition determines which variation survive to reproduce and which does not.3. A reproducing variation is the basis of the next round of variations, until a new, more advanced species emerges.
Environmental barriers
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The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life1. Variation occurs randomly.2. Competition determines which variation survive to reproduce and which does not.3. A reproducing variation is the basis of the next round of variations, until a new, more advanced species emerges.
Species Selection
Variation
Environmental barriers
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“Variation” can be of two types:
Mutation occurs when something new is produced—different gene from what was there before. It requires a permanent change in the DNA pool.
Adaptation occurs when something already present simply changes proportion—same genes that were there before. It requires only an increase or decrease within an existing pool of DNA..
6 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
Mutations are accidents. The more complex a DNA message is, the less likely it is that an accident will be an improvement.
hatccattleThe cattle roundup is under way at the Okay Corral.
Mutations are accidents.
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
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Thousands of distinct diseases have been ascribed to mutations that result in deficiencies of critical enzymes.
Achromatopsi
Acoustic neuroma
Adenosice deaminase deficiency
Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency
Aicardi syndrome
Albinism
Albright’s syndrome
Alkaptonuria
Alpers syndrome
Antitrypins deficiency
Alpha-mannosidosis
Alport syndrome
Alzheimer’s disease
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
Angelman syndrome
Anencephely
Hereditary angioedema (HAE)
Hereditary ataxias
Mutations Among Humans
All known mutations, in humans and otherwise, are the result of something that once worked either no longer working (such as blindness) or working in the wrong place (such as extra fingers or toes).
No mutations of new information, useful or otherwise, have ever been verified in any organism.
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Coyote
(Canis latrans)
Gray wolf (Canis lupus)
Black-backed jackal (Canis mesomelas)
Dog (Canis familiaris)
“Species” is not clearly defined.
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“Selection” is not exactly what happens.Best are not favored; poorest are disfavored.
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“Selection” is not exactly what happens.Best are not favored; poorest are disfavored.
Natural selection?
Natural elimination.
Improves the species?
Preserves the species.Natural elimination: Harmful traits are eliminated, while viable traits survive.Artificial selection: Only a few selected traits are allowed to survive.
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Weimaraner
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Green
Brown
Blue
Yellow Yellow
Blond
Black
Gray
Brown
Red
Gray
Weimaraner
Selective breeding creates nothing. It merely eliminates options until variation can no longer occur.
Eyes
Hair
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South America
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South America
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The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life1. Variation occurs randomly.2. Competition determines which variation survives to reproduce and which does not.3. A reproducing variation is the basis of a new species.
--Both mutation & adaptation
3. Competition is how mutations are purged.
adaptations survive to
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The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life1. Variation occurs randomly.2. Competition determines which variation survives to reproduce and which does not.3. A reproducing variation is the basis of a new species.
--Both mutation & adaptationadaptations survive to
3. Competition is how mutations are purged.
and the Preservation of Healthy Stock The Preservation of Kinds by
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• Change from one “species” to another is a misleading basis for evaluating evolution, because it may not identify permanent change.
• “Natural selection” does not necessarily remove neutral traits; it may simply reduce their frequency during times that they are less useful.
• Mutation is harmful; natural selection helps keep it in check
• Adaptation is a way of preserving an organism’s kind, not a means of changing it to something else.
Summary
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B100 Origin of Species
Additional comments and discussion
Slide 7
”Thousands of diseases” by mutation can be verified by visiting http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/Stats/mimstats.html The Mandelian Inheritance in Man database is the authoritative source for genetic disease mutations in humans. The identified mutations to date are “Established Gene Locus;” Positively identified diseases from these mutations are called “Phenotype Descriptions;” and conditions being investigated as possible genetic diseases are listed as “Other Entries.”
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