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Structureof PowerStructureof PowerSystemSystem
by
L.RameshL.RameshB.E., M.Tech., M.B.A., (PhD), MISTE,MIET,AMIE
Center for Power Distribution Researchenter for Power Distribution ResearchIETMGR Research CenterETMGR Research CenterAssist Professsor,Dr.M.G.R Universityssist Professsor,Dr.M.G.R UniversityChairman, The IEThairman, The IET-UKKYoung Professionals Section Chennaioung Professionals Section Chennai
Contact at: [email protected] at: [email protected]
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EnergyHistory MilestonesEnergyHistory Milestones
Before 1700 A Renewable Energy World: Biomass, Wind, Hydro
1698 - Thomas Savery - St eam-driven pump
1711 - Thomas Newcomen - Atmospheric piston-driven steam engine
for a pump
1785 - James Watt --More efficient, higher pressure, separated steamengine First to produce sufficient power for broad-scale use
1862 Beau de Rochas --Four-stroke reciprocating piston, spark-ignitedinternal combustion engine
1876 Baron Otto --Improved four-stroke reciprocating piston, spark-ignited internal combustion engine
1881 Brush Electric Light Co., First electric power plant Philadelphia
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1892 Rudolph Diesel Diesel engine
1896 Henri Becquarel Discovery of natural radioactivity
1903 Fisk St . Sta., Commonwealth First st eam turbine-drivenelectric power plant ,Edison Co., Chicago
1932 James Chadwick Discovery of the neutron
1933 Irene and Frederic Jolio t-Currie Discovery of artificialradioactivity
1938 Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner and Fritz Strassemann -- Discovery ofneutron-induced fission
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1942 Enrico Fermi First man-made critic al nuclear reactor
1951 Howard Zinn First nuclear electricity produced, by EBR-1
1954 Hynan Rickove r First nuclear submarine, USS Nautilus
1958 Atomic Energy Commission First commercial nuclear
electric power plant, Shipping port
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Structure ofPS
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PowerGeneration
Heat (thermal) energy generatedfrom:(fossil fuels; coal ,petroleum,natural gas)
solar thermal energy
geothermal energy
nuclear energyPotential energy from fallingwater in a hydroelectric facility
Wind energy
Solar electric from solar(photovoltaic) cellsChemical energy from: fuel cells,batteries
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Transmission Line
Overhead Trans. Lines(69KV-765KV)
Subtrans. Lines
(34.5-69KV)
UG Transm. Lines
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OverheadTrans. Lines
345 kv transmission lines
Transmission lines crossing theSan Fernando Valley Transmission lines above sub transmission below
DC voltage transmission lines
Double set of transmission lines
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Sub-Transmission Lines
Sub transmission lines above anddistribution lines below
Sub transmission lines with distributionprimaries and secondary Sub transmission lines withdistribution under build
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UGTransmission Line
Cross section of undergroundtransmission line
Underground transmission line tunnelable snaking through undergroundtransmission tunnel
Transmission lines -installed -tunnel, a tunnel cooling system
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SUB_STATION
To switch GeneratorsAC Volt one level to Other
AC to DC
DC to AC
1. Step-up TransmissionSubstation
2. Step-down TransmissionSubstation
3. Distribution Substation
4. Underground DistributionSubstation
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Changevoltage fromone levelto anotherRegulate voltage to compensate for system voltage changesSwitch transmission and distribution circuits into and out ofthe grid systemMeasure electric power qualities flowing in the circuitsConnect communication signals to the circuitsEliminate lightning and other electrical surges from the systemConnect electric generation plants to the systemMake interconnections between the electric systems of more thanone utilityControl reactive kilovolt-amperes supplied to and the flow ofreactive kilovolt-amperes in the circuits
SS FUNCTIONS
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Step-UpTransmission SS
Step-up AC transmission substation
Step-up transmission substation toAC transmission lines
250 kV, 400 kV,
500 kV
Direct-current high
voltage (dc HV):
1100 kV, 1500 kVUltra-high voltage
(UHV) ac:
345 kV, 500 kV, 765
kV
Extra-high voltage
(EHV) ac:
69 kV, 115 kV, 138kV, 161 kV, 230 kV
High voltage (HV)ac:
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Step-DonTransmission SS
DistributionSS
usually 69 kV.
Step-down transmission substationtep-down power transformerdistribution voltages vary from 34,500Y/19,920 volts to 4,160Y/2400 volts.
Distribution substation
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UndergroundSS voltages vary from 34,500Y/19,920 volts to 4,160Y/2400 volts.Conduits
Duct Runs
Manholes
High-Voltage Underground Cables
Transformer Vault
Riser
Transformers
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SSEquipments
Potential TransformersDisconnect Switches
Vacuum Circuit BreakersOil Circuit BreakersCurrent Transformers
Transmission BusMicrowaveCoupling CapacitorsSynchronous CondensersMetersConverter Stations
Suspension InsulatorsMetal-clad SwitchgearControl Wires
Supervisory ControlManholesControl Panels
Steel SuperstructuresLightning ArrestersControl House
Shunt ReactorsHigh-Voltage FusesConduits
SF6 Circuit Breakers
High-Voltage Underground
CablesConcrete Foundation
RelaysGrounding TransformersCircuit Switchers
RectifiersGrounding ResistorsCapacitor Bank
Power TransformersFrequency ChangersBus Support Insulators
Power-line CarrierDuct RunsBatteriesPotheadsDistribution BusAir Circuit Breaker
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Distribution System
Industrial CustomerCommercial CustomerResidential CustomerTransportation Customer
A typical distribution system can consist of:
SubstationsDistribution Feeder Circuits
SwitchesProtective Equipment
Primary CircuitsDistribution Transformers
And Services
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deliver voltages as high as 34,000 volts (34 kV) and as low as 120 volts.
Typical residential service drop
Distribution under buildistribution primaries and secondaryon sub transmission pole
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Public transit train powered by overhead electric lines
Residential distribution transformerand service drop
Industrial facility distribution transformer
Distribution transformer to3-phase service - commercial facility
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SWITCHESCircuit-breaker switches
Single-pole disconnect switchesThree-pole group-operated switchesPad-mounted switchgear
Air circuit-breaker switches
Single-pole disconnect switch combinedwith a fuse is called a fused cutout
Pad mounted switchgear
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Protection Equipment
Load-break fuse
Pole mounted type - lightning arrester
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Referencewww.osha.govGuide to Electrical Power Distribution Systems Sixth EditionAnthony J. Pansini, EE, PE
ThankYou forKind Attention