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WHITE MAN’S OPPORTUNITY WHITE MAN’S DEMOCRACY
Jacksonian Democracy
Bingham “County Election”
Essential Questions:
Why is this called the era of the common man? Evaluate – to what degree is this accurate?
What factors cause the 2APPS to emerge?
What are the key/defining issues of the period?
Characteristics
Representative democracy emergesEquality of opportunity Opportunity created by the market
economyAnti-elitist (Anti-Masonic Party) Political equality masked social and
economic inequalities (Workingman’s Party)
Paradoxical Freedom
Second American Political Party System
Van Buren – political parties protect from abuse of power; permanent, balanced, competing
Whigs – Hamiltonian; active government – promotes economic development (Clay, Webster)
Democrats – limited government – protect white man’s opportunity (Van Buren, Calhoun, Jackson)
Key Issues
Economic BUS Tariffs Land policies
Role of federal government Power activism
Key PersonalitiesVan Buren Jackson
Key PersonalitiesClay Webster
Key PersonalitiesCalhoun John Quincy
Adams
Underlying Sectional Issues
Tariff - protectiveLand policies – price and accessFFII Extension of slavery BUS – less sectional, issues of credit
regulation, hard/soft money
Indicators of DemocracyUniversal white manhood suffrage
*****Majoritarianism – belief in majority
ruleMore officials elected Nominating conventions Party organization – all levels – source
of identity Active campaigning Increased votingVoting to influence policy decisions
form > substanceBalance representation – frontier
gainsTHE WILL OF THE PEOPLE
Jackson “prototype” of modern activist
president President embodies will of the
peopleUse of veto power President as policy maker Encourages laissez faire economics Paradox – strengthens both strong
union and states rights Use of kitchen cabinet, spoils
system, rotation
Quelling a Riot in the Kitchen Cabinet
Political Process
Election of 1824 Corrupt Bargain JQA – nationalist – problems
Election of 1828 White male opportunity/democracy
Peggy O’Neale Eaton Affair Battle for shaping of Jackson Van Buren v Calhoun
Election of 1824
Election of 1828
Issues of the Jacksonian EraFFII
Maysville Road – Clay & Webster Political “trap” for AJ (Miep! Miep!)
Issues: Western Expansion
Indian Removal Act Ross
Johnson v McIntosh (1823) Worcester v GA (1832) & Cherokee
Nation v GA Trail of Tears 1835-1836
1830-38 Five Civilized Tribes expelled
Lindneux The Trail of Tears
Issues: Nullification
SC Exposition and Protest (1828) Fears – slave revolts (Turner & Vesey) Economic depression
States Rights Philosophy – interposition & nullification States have the right of judicial review
Concurrent Majority Special conventions – power of one state
Issues: Western Expansion
Land policy – graduation & pre-emption
Foot Proposal Webster-Hayne Debate 1830
Real issue – nature of the union Webster – permanent union of people Hayne – divisible union of states –
implications of secession
Webster - Hayne Debate
The PositionsHayne“The very life of our
system is the independence of the states…I am opposed to the unnecessary extension of the power of the union over the states.”
Webster“The union is
essential to the prosperity and safety of the states.” Does Hayne think the union is only a temporary thing to be sundered when it thwarts local concerns?
Hayne Webster
“Is the South always to be a minority upon whom Congress forces its will? If so the seeds of dissolution are already sown and our children will reap bitter fruit.” Ex. Tariff
“The great question is the right to decide constitutionality or unconstitutionality of the laws. If each state can accept or reject as it pleased, the result is chaos and the Union will fall apart like a rope of sand.”
Webster
“It is sir, the people’s constitution, the people’s government; made by the people and answerable to the people. If each state demands sovereignty, the nation would be rent with civil feuds or drenched with blood. Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable.”
Issues: Tariff Crisis 1833
SC nullified Tariffs of 1828 & 1832AJ Response
Force Act Nullification = treason
Compromise tariff averts crisis Webster – nullification not constitutional,
secession = revolutionary right
Calhoun – build southern solidarity
Issues: Bank War
Early Recharter – constitutional, political & economic issues
Clay/Webster – political issue (Miep!)AJ Veto Message
Rejects McCulloch V MD1832 election = referendum on BUS
Mandate to destroy BUS
Biddle and the Bank
Provided economic stabilitySecond BUS well run - balanced
Jackson’s Veto Message
“It is be regretted that the rich and powerful too often bend the acts of government to this selfish purposes. ….There are no necessary evils in government. It’s evils exist only in its abuses. If it would confine itself to equal protection –shower its favor alike on the high and the low, the rich and the poor, it would be an unqualified blessing. In the act before me there seems to be a wide and unnecessary departure from these just principles. “
Bank War 1833
AJ – “pet banks” - Taney Censure by Senate – US v JacksonBiddle fights back – folds
Wide open credit and speculationSpecie Circular 1836----Depression
1837 Hard specie crisis
Van Buren 1836; Independent Treasury
Van Buren and economic crisis
Jackson Court
Taney – reflects Jacksonian Democracy
Contrast w/ Marshall Court Charles River Bridge v Warren Bridge
1837
King Andrew
Whig depiction
2APPS – Election 1840
Whigs – MC, Native born, creditors, Planters, Protestant – commercial economy
Democrats – more isolated small farmer, immigrants & ethnic groups, agrarian
Third Parties – raise issues/split votesElection of 1840 “Hard cider & Log
Cabin”
Election Poster -1840
Election of 1840
The Excluded
Free African Americans - discrimination, segregation, job competition, limited opportunity – communities and self help
Slaves, Native People, Women, Asians, often Irish (minstrel show)
Anxiety reinforced racism
William Sidney Mount –The Power of Music