White7e_PPT_Ch02

8/13/2019 White7e_PPT_Ch02

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www.cengage.com/cj/white

Jonathan R. White

Rosemary Arway

Hodges University

Chapter 2:Not Senseless Violence: The

Social Underpinnings of

Terrorism
http://www.cengage.com/cj/siegelhttp://www.cengage.com/cj/siegel


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Meaning framework:

Meaning Framework:o Subjective interpretations that people give to events,physical objects or actions of others as well asthemselves.

o Meanings are developed by individuals and groups.

Huntington:o Future conflicts will take place between worlds major

civilizations .

o World is divided into 3 economic groupings and conflicts

will be based on the distribution of wealth.o Social action is based on social meaning. Terrorist

organizations are the result of subjective meanings that

need to be aggressively confronted if the alternative

meaning should be introduced.


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Meaning Framework

Juergensmeyer:

o The clash between modern values and traditional

culture as one of the reasons for terrorism.

Lewis:

o Trouble between Islam and Western modernity can be

attributed to the reasons for terrorism.

Nance:

o Terrorists take action based on an ideological desire for

social change.

o Terrorism results from the meanings applied to the

modern world by terrorists.

o Counterterrorism involves specific steps to preventviolence and deconstruct terrorist groups.


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Structural Framework

Attempts to understand terrorist behavior by

looking at the way terrorists organizations

function is called a structural framework.

Black:

o Terrorist organization take an action because theybelong to a structure that operates for a special

purpose.

o The structure and movement of groups can explain

terrorism.o Terrorism develops when an inferior group moves

against a superior group, inducing mass casualties.


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Structural Framework

Latora and Marchiori:

o Terrorist organizations:

Are structured in the same manner as communication and

transportation systems.

Are composed of networks moving in patterns.

o Criminal, terrorist, or revolutionary groups organize

themselves in a network of smaller logistical

structures. Any point where information, weapons, or personnel are

gathered is called a node. The node being the critical target for counterterrorist

operations.

If the node is destroyed, the network is disrupted.


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Terrorism as a Religious Process

Ellingsen reports two primary reasons forcontinued influence of religion:o Religion has always been an important factor in

the history of humanity.

o Modernization tends to breakdowncommunities, families, and social orientationpeople seek a deeper meaning to their lives.

The impact of religion on terrorism,

according to Ellingsen, is more importantthan political and economic factors.


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Stern:

o People around the world are returning to their religiousroots as a means to escape the complexity of modern

life.

When mythological truths compete, violence often results.

Stories change the nature of terrorist organizations and aid inproducing a number of different group organizations and

styles.

Individuals join a group because they believe they are joining

a holy cause, they are usually motivated by the organizations

sacred story. To maintain the power formally given by the sacred story,

leaders develop internal enforcement mechanismsrewards

system.

o Religion may also produce the lone wolf avenger.

A person striking out with an ideology but no group.


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Juergensmeyer:

o Violence is a call to purify the world from the

nonbeliever and the incorrect interpretations in a holy

war.o Believers are participating in a struggle (a cosmic

struggle) to change history.

o The holy terrorist is victorious either by killing the

enemy or by dying in the struggle.


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Berman:o Economic factors influence religious terrorism.

o Religious terrorism is deadlier than any other

form of terrorism.o Statistic: there are 20 active religious terrorist

organizations18 based on Islam.

o Rather than attempting to counter a religious

ideology, counterterrorism must be aimed atstudying the internal ability of the group to

operate effectively.


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Clash of Civilization

Huntington:

o Cultural conflicts among worlds dominant civilizations

constitute a clash of civilization.

Regions in which more than one civilization exist threaten

international peace, and the USA should avoid intervening

in such areas.

Esposito:

o Culture is defined by more than religion and there is no

monolithic Islamic civilization.

Pipes:o The major conflicts will occur within Islam religion.

Chomsky:

o The world is too complicated to be explained by one big

idea.


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Terrorism as Practical Criminology

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)created localized terrorism task forcesaround the country.

o Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF) Allows the FBI to coordinate law enforcementresources in the face of domestic terrorism andto expand investigations.

o The FBI also provides investigativeresources when Americans are victimizedby terrorism in other countries.


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Terrorists v Criminals

Terrorists

o Find strength in a

cause and the

ideology behind thecause

o Focused

o Dedicated to a

particular causeo Disciplined, trained,

targets have symbolic

value

Criminals

o Usually uncommitted,

crime is a method for

obtaining goodso Opportunistic

o Undedicated to a

cause

o Undisciplined,untrained, self-

centered

Bodrero:


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Group Reinforcement and Moral Justification

Terrorists must feel they are justified intheir behavior.o Terrorists must look outside normative social

channels to gain approval.

o Terrorist group becomes primary source of socialreality.

o Terrorist group provides social recognition andreinforcement.

o Terrorist group reshapes identities and provides a

ticket to social acceptance.o Terrorist group must be isolated from mainstream

society.


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Group reinforcement and isolation

o Wilkinson:

Terrorist groups reinforce individual loyalty through

justification process.

Constant reinforcement of antisocial behavior in

terrorist groups produces conforming behavior insidethe organization.

o Post:

Terrorists group becomes the only source of social

reward because of its members isolation. Terrorists reinforce one another.

The rejection of external authority results in the

acceptance of internal authority because behavior

must be reinforced somewhere.


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Borum:

o Researchers have come to the conclusion

that there is no standard rational for

justifying behavior.o Three different phases of self-justification:

Reasons for joining

Reasons for remaining

Reasons for leaving


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Victoroff:o There is a multiplicity of factors (social andpsychological) used to justify violence.

o Terrorists operate and justify violence becausethey emotionally attach themselves to an

ideology. They will not tolerate moral ambiguity, and have the

capacity to suppress instinctive and learned morallimitations on behavior.

o There is a need to study the impact of leadership

on group behavior. Cooper:

o Terrorist would justify more destruction becauseit is required for televised drama.


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Blomberg, Hess, and Weerapana:o Economic factors play a role in justifying terrorist

violence. Terrorist groups are not happy with the economic status

quo.

Terrorist see denial of economic opportunity as ajustification for their action.

Stern:o Several factors must be in place for group

cohesion: Group must identify an enemy.

Group must have a story.

Group needs its own language or symbolic words todemonize the enemy.


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Can the Terrorist Personality be Profiled?

FBI Behavioral Science Unit has attempted todevelop profiles of terrorists based onindividual psychological characteristics.

Rejecting Terrorist Profileso Laqueur: no one can develop a composite

picture of a terrorist: Terrorist behavior fluctuates with historical,

political, and social circumstances.

Individual and group profiles are the result ofpolitical and social conditions.

o Borum: there is no single terroristpersonality


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Profiling Terrorist Behavior

Ross:

o It may be possible to conceptualize

terrorism in a model combining social

structure with group psychology.

o There are five interconnected processesinvolved in terrorism:

Joining the group

Forming the activity

Remaining in the campaign

Leading the organization

Engaging in acts of terrorism


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Two factors are involved in the rise of terrorismat any point in history:

o Social structure

o Structural conditions

Ross identified five psychological factors

involved in the development of terrorism:

o Facilitating traits

o Frustration/narcissism-aggressiono Associated drives

o Learning opportunities

o Cost benefit calculations


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Marc Segeman:

o Most people think that terrorism comes from poverty,broken families, ignorance, immaturity, lack of family or

occupational responsibilities, weak minds susceptible to

brainwashingthe sociopath, the criminals, the religious

fanatic, or, in this country, some believe theyre just plainevil.

o Taking these perceived root causes in turn, three quarters

of his sample came from the upper or middle class.

The vast majority90 percentcame from caring, intact families.

Sixty-three percent had gone to college, as compared with the 5-6

percent thats usual for the third world.

o These are the best and brightest of their societies in

many ways.


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Marc Segeman:o Al Qaedas members are not the Palestinian fourteen-

year- olds we see on the news, but join the jihad at theaverage age of 26.

o Three-quarters were professionals or semi-professionals.

o They are engineers, architects, and civil engineers, mostlyscientists. Very few humanities are represented.

o Quite surprisingly, very few had any background inreligion.

o Bin Laden himself is a civil engineer, Zawahiri is a

physician, Mohammed Atta was, of course, an architect;and a few members are military, such as Mohammed

Ibrahim Makawi, who is supposedly the head of the

military committee. (Sageman, M. (November 1, 2004) UnderstandingTerror Networks. Retrieved from

http://www.fpri.org/enotes/20041101.middleeast.sageman.understandingterrornetworks)

Routes to Terrorism
http://www.fpri.org/enotes/20041101.middleeast.sageman.understandingterrornetworkshttp://www.fpri.org/enotes/20041101.middleeast.sageman.understandingterrornetworks


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Routes to Terrorism

and Paths to Radicalization

Psychological and social factors motivatepeople to join and remain in terrorist

groups.

Segeman:o Process of among man:

Alienated man find one another

Discover religion

Terrorism enters the equation if the newfound

religious orientation turns toward violence


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Groups in Prison and Radicalization

Internal and external process:o Internal: charismatic prison leader gathers an

entourage

o External: through visiting chaplains

o Patterns of conversion:

Crisis

Protection seekers

Religious searcher

Manipulation for personal gain

Free world recruitment throughout outsiders


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Radicalization

Individual radicalization:

o When a relatively weak group feels that its

existence is threatened by superior group

This may be enhanced when the superior group is seen to

be morally depraved

Commonalities in radicalization:

o Literalist interpretations of religion

o Trust only to selected sources

o No toleration for deviationo Acceptation of the idea of the clash of civilization

o Selective interpretation of government policy

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