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WHO and the IYS 2008 Roger Aertgeerts Regional Adviser, Water and Sanitation...

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WHO and the IYS 2008 Roger Aertgeerts Regional Adviser, Water and Sanitation [email protected]
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Page 1: WHO and the IYS 2008 Roger Aertgeerts Regional Adviser, Water and Sanitation watsan@ecr.euro.who.int.

WHO and the IYS 2008

Roger AertgeertsRegional Adviser, Water and Sanitation

[email protected]

Page 2: WHO and the IYS 2008 Roger Aertgeerts Regional Adviser, Water and Sanitation watsan@ecr.euro.who.int.

Brussels 29 jan 2008 WECF IYS 2008 2

Questions

1. What IS sanitation?

2. Why is it important to health?

3. How fares Europe?

4. Barriers to be overcome?

5. WHO actions

6. Conclusions

Page 3: WHO and the IYS 2008 Roger Aertgeerts Regional Adviser, Water and Sanitation watsan@ecr.euro.who.int.

Brussels 29 jan 2008 WECF IYS 2008 3

What IS sanitation ?

XIXth century: the promotion of hygiene and prevention of disease by maintenance of sanitary conditions

XXth century: the collection, transport, treatment, and disposal or reuse of human excreta or domestic wastewater, whether through collective systems or by installations serving a single household or undertaking.

XXIth century: arrangements to protect public health, especially the provision of clean drinking water and the disposal of sewage.

Page 4: WHO and the IYS 2008 Roger Aertgeerts Regional Adviser, Water and Sanitation watsan@ecr.euro.who.int.

Brussels 29 jan 2008 WECF IYS 2008 4

Why is sanitation important?

Human dignityHealth risk

• Diarrhoeal diseases• Non-diarrhoeal diseases• Emerging diseases.

Environmental risk• Intestinal helminth infections• Skin and eye infections

Page 5: WHO and the IYS 2008 Roger Aertgeerts Regional Adviser, Water and Sanitation watsan@ecr.euro.who.int.

Brussels 29 jan 2008 WECF IYS 2008 5

Preaching to the choir BUT is the choir reading the same hymn sheet ?

• UN Water Conference in Mar del Plata 1977

• Water and Sanitation for All Decade 80s

• UN Millennium Development 7/10

• International Year of Sanitation 2008

• Water for Life DecadeDID IT WORK?

Page 6: WHO and the IYS 2008 Roger Aertgeerts Regional Adviser, Water and Sanitation watsan@ecr.euro.who.int.

Brussels 29 jan 2008 WECF IYS 2008 6

Sanitation in European Union (2004)

Urban san house connection (2004)

75.59

24.41

Covered

Not covered

Rural san house connection (2004)

52.65

47.35Covered

Not covered

Total pop: 487 m Urban pop: 364 m

• House connection: 276 m (75.59%)

• No house connection:88 m (24.41%)

Rural pop:122 m• House connection:

64 m (53%)• No house connection:

58 m (47%)

Page 7: WHO and the IYS 2008 Roger Aertgeerts Regional Adviser, Water and Sanitation watsan@ecr.euro.who.int.

Brussels 29 jan 2008 WECF IYS 2008 9

Sub-regional programmes

Barcelona Convention• Protocol on protection of the marine environment

from land-based sources of pollution

Protocol on Water and Health• Article 6 on Targets and Target Setting

Children’s Environment and Health Action Plan for Europe - CEHAPE• Regional Priority Goal 1

Page 8: WHO and the IYS 2008 Roger Aertgeerts Regional Adviser, Water and Sanitation watsan@ecr.euro.who.int.

Brussels 29 jan 2008 WECF IYS 2008 10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

% p

op

ALB BIH CRO CYP FRA GRE ITA MAT MON SMG SPA TUR

Sanitation in EURO Mediterranean countries

Rur HC

Urb HC

Page 9: WHO and the IYS 2008 Roger Aertgeerts Regional Adviser, Water and Sanitation watsan@ecr.euro.who.int.

Brussels 29 jan 2008 WECF IYS 2008 11

Wastewater treatment plants in EURO/Mediterranean coastal cities(data related to cities with more than 2,000

inhabitants)

56%36%

7% 1%

Number of coastal cities served by WWTP Number of coastal cities without WWTP

WWTP Under construction/projected WWTP in maintenance/ out of operation

Page 10: WHO and the IYS 2008 Roger Aertgeerts Regional Adviser, Water and Sanitation watsan@ecr.euro.who.int.

Brussels 29 jan 2008 WECF IYS 2008 12

Looking forward to 2050

Climate change: Function of sanitation end products in climate change adaptation strategy and integrated water management.

Tourism: Over 300 m arrivals each year.

Page 11: WHO and the IYS 2008 Roger Aertgeerts Regional Adviser, Water and Sanitation watsan@ecr.euro.who.int.

Brussels 29 jan 2008 WECF IYS 2008 13

Climate change

• Water demand has doubled in the second half of the XXth century and is likely to increase by 25% .

• Renewable water exploitation index rapidly increasing expected to be 75% in Spain

• Temperature increase exceeding 5 C in summer at the end of the 21st century.

• Net decrease in precipitation in excess of 20 C on year basis with subsequent decrease in river flow and aquifer recharge.

.

• Treated wastewater is a substantial and reliable source of water, with controllable health risks

• Wastewater to be reused should be judged by its quality, not its history

• Indirect potable reuse will be enforced by future circumstances, rather than being an option.

Reuse of sanitation end products will need to be factored in as a normal component of IWM

Sanitation is not stand-alone. Reuse of its end products, with due management of health and environmental risks; will need to be factored in as a component of any future WMP.

Page 12: WHO and the IYS 2008 Roger Aertgeerts Regional Adviser, Water and Sanitation watsan@ecr.euro.who.int.

Brussels 29 jan 2008 WECF IYS 2008 14

Health risks

• Contaminated sea food: transboundary movement of GI

• Contaminated coastal recreational water: GI, skin and eye infections, VHA

• Mucoses from contaminated sand• HARD solutions (plants)• SOFT solutions (laws, institutions,

capacity building)

Page 13: WHO and the IYS 2008 Roger Aertgeerts Regional Adviser, Water and Sanitation watsan@ecr.euro.who.int.

Brussels 29 jan 2008 WECF IYS 2008 15

Protocol on water and health

Page 14: WHO and the IYS 2008 Roger Aertgeerts Regional Adviser, Water and Sanitation watsan@ecr.euro.who.int.

Brussels 29 jan 2008 WECF IYS 2008 16

Combined objectives

DRINKING

WATER QUALITYHEALTH

OUTCOME

ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

LEGAL

FRAMEWORK

Page 15: WHO and the IYS 2008 Roger Aertgeerts Regional Adviser, Water and Sanitation watsan@ecr.euro.who.int.

Brussels 29 jan 2008 WECF IYS 2008 17

Arguments for ratification

General: flexible soft law instrument Bridging environment and health National

• Interdepartmental and intersectoral• Improved regulatory environment• Public participation

Regional• Long term European integration• Novel approaches prior to codification• Holistic approach vs. piecemeal legal approach

Global ?

Page 16: WHO and the IYS 2008 Roger Aertgeerts Regional Adviser, Water and Sanitation watsan@ecr.euro.who.int.

Brussels 29 jan 2008 WECF IYS 2008 19

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

Mill

ion

s o

f p

eop

le

BUL CZE EST HUN LTV LIT POL ROM TOT

Population with house connection to sanitation

2000

2004

Page 17: WHO and the IYS 2008 Roger Aertgeerts Regional Adviser, Water and Sanitation watsan@ecr.euro.who.int.

Brussels 29 jan 2008 WECF IYS 2008 20

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

Mill

ion

s o

f p

eop

le

BUL CZE EST HUN TOT

Rural population with access to sanitation

2000

2004

Page 18: WHO and the IYS 2008 Roger Aertgeerts Regional Adviser, Water and Sanitation watsan@ecr.euro.who.int.

Brussels 29 jan 2008 WECF IYS 2008 21

Problem areas in the WHO EURO region EUR-C:

• about 9 million people do not have access to water (3.7%)

• About 32 million people to not have access to sanitation

EUR-B: • About 13 million

people do not have access to water (12.2%)

• about 18 million people do not have access to sanitation

Page 19: WHO and the IYS 2008 Roger Aertgeerts Regional Adviser, Water and Sanitation watsan@ecr.euro.who.int.

Brussels 29 jan 2008 WECF IYS 2008 22

CEHAPE Children’s specific needs

Country 1• 16% of schools lacks

locking or separate toilets

• 21% has only intermittent water supply

• 38% cannot afford soap• 96% cannot afford paper

Country 2• School rely on wells that

are not maintained and require sanitation programs.

Page 20: WHO and the IYS 2008 Roger Aertgeerts Regional Adviser, Water and Sanitation watsan@ecr.euro.who.int.

Brussels 29 jan 2008 WECF IYS 2008 24

Barriers to action

National policy Human behaviourPerception and factual understandingPoverty and economic barriersGender issues Supply

Page 21: WHO and the IYS 2008 Roger Aertgeerts Regional Adviser, Water and Sanitation watsan@ecr.euro.who.int.

Brussels 29 jan 2008 WECF IYS 2008 25

Arguments for policy-makers

Reduction of the global disease burdenNational stabilityIntegrated water resource managementEconomic argumentsLocal actionEmpowerment of women and minority

groups

Page 22: WHO and the IYS 2008 Roger Aertgeerts Regional Adviser, Water and Sanitation watsan@ecr.euro.who.int.

Brussels 29 jan 2008 WECF IYS 2008 26

Conclusions

Universal access remains a dream in the IYS• In rural areas in the European Union• More generally in the new countries

Sanitation is still often removal, but … there is no “away” to take waste to!

The scientific evidence base needs to be strengthened, notably by developing indicators and monitoring the impact of sewerage on health and environment.

More funding is needed for sanitation, especially in rural areas

Page 23: WHO and the IYS 2008 Roger Aertgeerts Regional Adviser, Water and Sanitation watsan@ecr.euro.who.int.

Brussels 29 jan 2008 WECF IYS 2008 27

Conclusions

As peri-urban areas are likely to absorb most of city growth, special attention to sanitation in these areas is needed.

Funding should include O&M Principle of subsidiarity in governance of water

resources. Promote use of available tools for cost benefit

analysis of sanitation options at national and subsequently at lower levels of government.

Sanitation needs to be recognized as an integral part of WRM, and as an adaptation strategy to combat the effects of climate change.

Page 24: WHO and the IYS 2008 Roger Aertgeerts Regional Adviser, Water and Sanitation watsan@ecr.euro.who.int.

Brussels 29 jan 2008 WECF IYS 2008 28

THANK YOU

For more information please visit our website

at:

www.euro.who.int/watsan

or via email at [email protected]

.int


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