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WHO EATS WHAT
A GUIDE TO FOOD WEB CLUES IN SCHOOLYARD HABITATS
COMPILED BY: LISA MORGANSTERN KATH LEEN HOGAN ALAN .B E RKOWITZ
ILLUSTRATION: CAROL MORLEY
LISA MORGANSTERN
ECO-INQUIRY APPENDIX A © INSTITUTE OF ECOSYSTEM STUDIES, 1994
TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ................................................. 357
1 ANIMAL SIGNS
ABOUT TH ISS ECTION ..................................... 358 WHERE TO LOOK ............................................... 359 SIGNS OF ANIMALS EATING PLANTS ......... 360 HOMES, TRAI LS, AN D SCRATCH I NGS .......... 362 WEBS, EGGS, AND COCOONS ......................... 363 TRACKS AND SCAT ........................................... 364
1 ANIMALS AND THEIR FOODS
ABOUTTHIS SECTION ..................................... 365 HOW TO FIGURE OUT WHAT AN
ANIMAL EATS ................................................. 366 FOOD SOU RCE CHARTS:
INSECTS ............................................................ 367 OTHER ANIMALS WITHOUT
BACKBONES .................................................. 371 AMPH I BIANS ................................................... 373 REPTI LES ........................................................... 374 BI RDS ................................................................ 376 MAMMALS ...................................................... 379
REFERENCES ........................................................ 382
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INTRODUCTION Even in seemingly barren schoolyards, lots of animals are busily getting the foods they need to survive. Although some animals are visibly active during the day, many others are either nocturnal or hard to see. Fortunately, there are often telltale signs of these animals and their activities. Once your students learn where and how to look for animals and their signs, they'll become aware of the wide variety of creatures within their everyday environment.
The Who Eats What guide will help you and your students find animals and their signs, and figure out what these animals eat. It will not necessarily help you identify all of the animals you find. For this you'll need field guides that provide keys, drawings, descriptions, and range maps for individual species. The Eco-Inquiry Module 1 "Resource List" suggests field guides for adults and young people that you can use to supplement the information provided here.
By using the information in this Who Eats What guide, your students will be able to make a food web that shows interactions in a local ecosystem, even if they never see a single animal in the act of eating!
crab
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ITREESI
D E A D
This symbol means CAUTION and appears next to animals or animal signs that are potentially hazardous. They might be poisonous, transmit diseases, or cause harmful bites or stings. Students should avoid all contact with animals or signs marked with the caution symbol. It's a good idea for students to avoid touching with bare hands all living and dead animals, and animal droppings.
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KNOWING WHERE TO LOOK When searching for animals and their signs, students tend to look only on the ground. The "Where to Look" page helps them expand their focus. It provides tips on what animals and signs they might find in many locations.
KNOWING WHAT TO LOOK FOR The "Signs of Animals Eating Plants" and other animal signs pages help students develop search images for evidence of animal activity. Although the signs illustrated on these pages are only a sampling of those likely to be found at your study site, they provide a starting point to help your students notice things they often overlook. This new perspective will help them piece together clues about interactions among animals and their food sources.
1. ANI
SIGNS L
ABOUT THIS SECTION
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FINDING THE "WHAT" AND FIGURING OUT THE "WHO" Once students have found an animal sign, they'll need to figure out who made it. The signs illustrated in the animal signs pages are labeled with the names of the animals that make them. If students find a sign that's not included here, they can compare it to the illustrations to try to narrow down the type of animal (e.g., an insect, a bird) that could have made the sign.
Some animal signs, such as a nibbled leaf or a seed-filled scat, are direct evidence of what an animal is eating. Other animals signs, such as a nest or a track, simply reveal an animal's presence. Once students trace either of these kinds of signs to the animal who made them, they're ready to consult the "Animals and Their Foods" chapter to complete their detective work!
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WHERE TO LOOK
IN THE AIR o up high for flying or soaring birds o around plants for flying insects
IN SHRUBS, CACTI, AND TREES o on branches, arms, and twigs for galls,
eggs, nests, browse marks, insects, spiders, mammals, tree frogs, snakes, and bird droppings
o on trunks for woodpecker holes, scratch marks, cocoons, webs, and ant trails
o in holes, pleats, and crevices in bark for nests, scorpions, pseudoscorpions, beetles, daddy-longlegs, and other small organisms
o on flowers and fruits for insects and signs of eating
o on leaves, stems, and vines for tree frogs, insects, insect eggs, snails, galls, and signs of eating
AMONG LOW PLANTS o in moss clumps for tiny animals o in grass for trails, clipped leaves, and
matted bedding o in thickets for signs of rabbits, such as
droppings, and clipped twigs or grass leaves
o on stems and leaves for insects, spiders, galls, insect eggs, bird droppings, and signs of eating
o on flowers for bees, flies, butterflies, moths, and spiders
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ELSEWHERE o on and around tree stumps, fence
posts, and rocks (perches) for scat, nutshells, and other leftovers
o on fence posts and walls for birds, spiders, lizards, small mammals, snails, and insects
o in sunny areas for animals basking o on building ledges and windowsills
for birds, nests, and bat roosts o in drainpipe ends, and holes in
bricks and cinder blocks for spiders and insects
o on pavement and in sidewalk cracks for insects and other animals
o in wet areas for animals drinking
ON THE GROUND o between plants for scat, worm cast
ings, bird droppings and pellets o under rocks, boards, logs, bricks, and
trash for salamanders, toads, skinks, sow bugs, centipedes, millipedes, ants, snakes, scorpions, and beetles
o in leaf litter and surface soil for seed caches, earthworms, sow bugs, millipedes, beetles, and other small animals
o in sandy or muddy areas for tracks o under plants for bird nests, mammal
tunnels, mouse holes, rabbit dens, tracks, snakes, lizards, salamanders, and other animals
o in rotting logs, stumps, and under bark for termites, beetles, insect larvae, ants, skinks, and lizard eggs
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SIGNS OF ANIMALS EATING PLANTS
MINED
serpentine mine
fly and moth larvae
SKELETONIZED
Look for insect larvae
inside the
leaf beetles, caterpillars, leafcutter bees
mine moth larvae,
midges
ROLLED
moths, buttetflies, beetles
red and gray squirrels, chipmunks, jumping mice, white-footed mice, deer mice
white-footed mice, deer mice, fox, deer, opossum, woodchucks
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SIGNS O'f ANIMALS EATING PLANTS continued
CLIPPED CHEWED
--~ cottontail rabbits
PRUNED
~~
~ GALLED
FROTHED
Look for insect larvae inside the gall.
GIRDLED
deer ~~
goldenrod galljlies
twig pruner beetles
woodchucks, squirrels
rabbits, hares
BORED
sapsuckers
CHEWED
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cottontail rabbits
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porcupines
bark beetles
cottontails, jackrabbits, ground squirrels, tortoises, woodrats, pocket mice
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HOMES, TRAILS, AND SCRATCHINGS ."1.1.9_'"'._"_4.1'£' I
shrews, voles, moles, chipmunks, red squirrels,
prairie dogs, ground squirrels, lizards, pocket gophers
mice, gray squirrels
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woodchucks, skunks, raccoons, rabbits, foxes,
opossum
woodpeckers, owls, flickers, raccoons, opossum, squirrels, rats, mice, lizards white-footed mice
deer mice, voles
deer mice
squirrels, opossum, porcupines, raccoons
woodpeckers skunks, squirrels, chipmunks
shrews
gophers
skunks
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funnel web spiders
webworms (wide v-winged moths)
cicadas k{ltydids
hammock spiders
tent caterpillars (wide v-winged moths)
gypsy moths
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orb spiders
comb clawed spiders
mantids ants
bagworm moths (narrow v-winged
moths)
hawk moths (wide v-winged moths)
polyphemus moths (large silkworm moths)
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cecropia moths (large silkworm moths)
termites
gypsy moths (wide v-winged
moths)
monarch butterfly larvae
(other large butterflies)
ant lions
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TRACKS AND SCAT
TRACKS mice and shrews Je.~I< ___ _
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~~ squirrels
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rabbits
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cottontail
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opossum
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raccoons
foxes
coyotes
deer
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cottontail
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TRACKS
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wild turkeys IL 10em r
SCAT
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regurgitated pellets of nondigested hair, bones, and fur ~..--- r'-'~""-":
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hawks ravens owls
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turtles .':.; •.. ; ','11'""",,,,,,,,,,"1/"111:,",;;,;,,,,,/111111,,,111111,,,,,,,;';/1 ..
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2em 1 1.25 em 1
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centipede tracks earthworm castings
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ANIMALS AND THEIR FOODS
FINDING THE "WHO" AND FIGURING OUTTHE "WHAT" When students find an animal, they can use the "How to Figure Out What an Animal Eats" page to hone in on clues to the animal's food sources. By observing the animal's behaviors and body parts, students can speculate about the type of food the animal is suited to catch and eat. Since animals spend most of their time near their food sources, students can look around the area where they find an animal to pick out plausible foods.
This section also includes charts of information about six major groups of animals: Insects, Other Animals Without Backbones, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals. Within each of these major groups, the charts are divided into subgroups of related animals.
ABOUT THIS SECTION
When students find an animal, they can consult the charts to try to confirm what type of animal they've found and what it eats. Each chart provides information on the general and specific habitats of each animal, and on the animal's foods.
Habitat. Each chart includes a key to icons for six habitats that occur within or near schoolyards:
t!I Vacant Lots
'i) Lawns
~ Fields
~ Wooded Areas
o Deserts
«0 Grasslands
Students can tell which habitat(s) each animal is found in by looking at these icons under the "Habitat" column to the right of the animal name. Help your students decide
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which one or two habitats characterize your study site so that they can scan the charts for these icons. The "Where Found" column provides more detailed habitat information for each animal.
Food Sources. These columns list the plants, animals, and other foods eaten by the entire family or genus of animals within a row. The word "herbs" refers to herbaceous plants, such as wildflowers. Your students' job is to determine which food sources the animal is likely to eat within the habitat they're exploring. Students will also want to take into account the seasonal availability of foods. A jay, for instance, will consume acorns in the fall and insects in the spring and summer. Students should also keep in mind that the food source lists are not always exhaustive. Many animals are opportunists, so although their main diet consists of certain foods, they'll often eat many other things in order to survive.
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HOW TO FIGURE OUT WHAT AN ANIMAL EATS
An animars activities and whereabouts are often related to feeding. Where was the animal and what was it doing when you found it?
---
How does the animal get and eat its food? Look carefully at the animal's body parts. What action does the body part look suited fOr?
MOUTHPARTS
• -HUld-for grasping, tearing, and crushing parts of other animals, plant roots, stems, wood, leaves, buds, and seeds (grasshoppers, crickets, katydids, beetles) note: some insects have mouthparts for chewing and for lapping flower nectar (bees, wasps)
drilling
for drilling into tree bark for insects (woodpeckers, nuthatches)
for piercing leaves, stems, seeds, or the bodies of other animals, to slurp sap or body fluids (true bugs, leaf hoppers, treehoppers, aphids, mosquitoes, some flies)
for grabbing small, delicate insects and worms (robins, -thrashers, wrens, orioles) note: some birds have beaks that can crack seeds and grab insects (chickadees, blackbirds, jays, doves, bluebirds)
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for sponging up microorganisms and liquids from decaying foods (houseflies, bees)
4 for sipping nectar from flowers (butterflies, moths)
for cracking seeds (grosbeaks, cardinals, sparrows, finches)
APPENDAGES
digging (front legs)
for digging into soil to suck plant root juices (cicadas, mole crickets)
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grabbing
for grabbing smaller, weaker or quick-moving prey (mantids, assassin bugs)
for collecting pollen (bees)
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digging (back legs)
for digging into wood for pulp (beetles, wasps) or digging into soil for organisms (spadejoot toads, beetles)
for attaching onto food plants (moths, butterflies, beetle larvae)
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INSECTS
Grasshoppers (illusrrated above)
~ J Blowflies and
Houseflies
~ (illustrated above)
~ KEY: A Caution
HABITAT
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HABITAT
WHERE FOUND
between or under plant leaves; indoors
under moist soil; in high grasses and herbs; on the ground, bushes, and trees
in high grass or sparse vegetation; on or I stems, leaves below shrubs and trees; on the ground
on the ground; in grass; on herb stems and leaves; on leaves of trees and shrubs
on herb leaves, flower heads, and low shrubs
WHERE FOUND Grasses
e. ~ ~ I on plant stems and twigs stem sap $O~
in tall trees $O~
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HABITAT
e.~~
on bark, twigs, leaves, pads, and stems of plants
in a froth of bubbles on herb stems and shrub twigs
in trees and shrubs; in grass
WHERE FOUND
near flowers, animal carcasses, dead plants, feces, and trash
leaf sap
leaves (I)
Grasses
seeds, roots, seeds, roots, seedlings, seedlings, berries, leaves berries, leaves
stems, leaves leaves
flowers, leaves flowers, leaves leaves
Herbs ShrubslVines I Trees
stem sap twig sap
I root juices (I), limb sap, twig sap (a) --
I leaf sap I leaf sap I leaf sap
stem sap, twig I stem sap, twig sap, leaf sap sap, leaf sap
stem sap twig sap
leaf sap (a) leaf sap (a) I twig sap, fruits (a)
Herbs ShrubslVines Trees
nectar
e. Vacant Lots ~ Lawns ~ Fields $ Wooded Areas o Deserts ~ Grasslands
Cacti
I sap--cochineal bug only
Cacti
Animals
other Crickets, aphids, caterpillars
grasshoppers, caterpillars, illes, butterllies, bees, wasps, moths, spiders
Animals
Animals
Other
moist human food, pet food, organic matter
dead insects
Other
Other
feces, decaying animals and plants, fresh food
(a) adult (1) larva / nymph
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I NSECTS continued
Frit Flies
Gall Midges and Gall Flies
Hover or Flower Flies
Mosquitoes
Robber Flies
~ ~ Ants ~
~ (illustrated above)
~ Bees A ~ ~ ~
Hornets and Wasps
A ~ ~
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~:~ ~ : Firefly Beetles
~
~ Ground Beetles (illustrated above)
KEY: A Caution
HABITAT WHERE FOUND
'i~ on low herbs; on highest node of grass I stems (1) ~ stems (1)
~ on rotting plant material or fungi (1); in I I stems, leaves I leaves ~ galls on herbs and shrubs (1); in termite
or ant nests (1); near herbs and shrubs (a)
~ hovering over flowers Inectar (a) ~
C!I'i~ near damp places fruit juices, _O~ flower nectar-
males only
~ resting on leaves and flowers at the - ~ edges of woods and fields
HABITAT WHERE FOUND Grasses Herbs ShrubslVines Trees
C!I'i~ in mounds and underground nests; seeds nectar, pollen, nectar, pollen, _O~ under stones; on the ground; on tree berries, seeds berries, seeds
twigs and trunks; in dead trees
C!I'i~ in large patches of flowers; near hollow nectar, pollen nectar, pollen nectar, pollen _o~ or dead trees; flying low over ground;
nesting under cactus arms
C!I'i~ around edges of woods; on the ground; nectar (a) nectar (a) nectar, juices _o~ . on flower clusters; near food, trash, and from crushed
picnic sites; in underground nests, mud or rotting nests, or aerial paper nests; in canopies fruits (a) of dead trees; nesting under cactus arms
HABITAT WHERE FOUND Grasses Herbs ShrubslVines Trees
in dead trees, seeds, and roots of plants seeds, roots (1) inner bark (1), - fruits (a)
C!I ~ clinging to leaves; on tree trunks and - ~ branches; under bark; in decaying plants; in moist places
C!I'i~ deep in the soil near plant roots (1); ~
_00 at the ground surface; under leaves or rocks; in rotting wood (a)
C!I Vacant Lots " Lawns ~ Fields _ Wooded Areas o Deserts ~ Grasslands
Cacti
Cacti
Animals
I mammals-females only
lealhoppers, beetle larvae, bees and other flying insects (a), grasshopper eggs (1)
Animals
termites, liquid from aphids, other small insects, body parts of large insects
pre-chewed insect larvae, Crickets, grasshoppers (1), insects, juices of beetles (a), spiders
Animals
insect larvae, slugs, snails
caterpillars, fly larvae, cutworms, other insects, snails, slugs, earthworms
(a) adult (1) larva / nymph
Other
dead herb and grass ieaves
dead plants, fungi
Other
fungi
Other
INSECTS continued
~ Animals Other 0
~ HABITAT WHERE FOUND VI"
~ June Beedes ~~ I in soil in grassy fields
::.. tlO~ c:g Ladybug Beedes ~~~ on plants with insects on them I aphids, scale insects,
~ tlO~ mealybugs, mites
Leaf Beedes ~ ~ in weedy, open areas; in bushes; hiding leaves (1),
tlO~ on the ground; (rarely) on trees flowers (a)
Longhorned Beedes on flowers; near fallen trees or logs leaves, fruits, dead wood (1)
tI sap, roots, twigs (a)
~ on tree leaves, flowers, and mush- I fly larvae, springtails, mites, I fungi, dead tlO~ rooms; under bark; in leaf litter; under worms animals, dung
stones and logs; around decaying matter
TIger Beedes ~ ~ in sunny spots with dry soil and sparse ants, flies, other small tlO plants insects, caterpillars
~ on or in dead branches, stumps, and roots, stems, roots, stems, wood, needles, I dead wood, fungi
tI ~ logs; on tree leaves; on woody fungi; on seeds, flowers, seeds, flowers, other leaves or in acorns, nuts and other fruits; on fruits fruits all parts of herbs
HABITAT WHERE FOUND Grasses Herbs IShrubslVines I Trees Cacti Animals Other
Bugs ~ on blossoms of goldenrod and other flies, honeybees, butterflies, herbs moths, true bugs
~ on leaves honey bees, caterpillars, @ tlO beetle larvae, other insects [
Boxelder Bugs ~~ on tree trunks and buildings in sunny leaves. fruits 2' it tI locations g., m Damsel Bugs ~ near plants with insects on them I aphids, leafhoppers, tree-n ~ hoppers, small caterpillars ~ it 3 Plant Bugs on herb and shrub leaves; near the edges leaf sap leaf sap, small (j")
= of woods; on chainlink fences fruits 0-~~.
Seed Bugs in thickets; on herb leaves; in leaf litter seeds :;; '"' (illustrated above) ...
on plants berries, other Co..:» fruits 0') c.c A Caution KEY: ~ Vacant Lots ~ Lawns ~ Fields tI Wooded Areas o Deserts ~ Grasslands (a) adult (1) larva / nymph
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,~ Gossamer-winged Butterflies
Hairstreak Butterflies
.. ;: Other Large
:. Butterflies
S Satyr Butterflies
.. '; Skippers ;; ~
~ Sulfur and White p...; Butterflies .:. (White illustrated above)
~ Swallowtail • Butterflies t-
~ Larr Silkwonn ~ Mo s
Narrow V-winged Moths
Wide V-winged Moths
H~~ ~
Antlions
~ f. Earwigs
~ (illustrated above)
r.. ~ ~
Springtails ,. Tennites ~
KEY: A.Caution
HABITAT WHERE FOUND
~ in open sagelands; around trees, tilO~ shrubs, and flowers
~ in open wooded areas; in fields; at the til 0 edges of fields; around trees, shrubs
and flowers
~ around trees, shrubs, and flowers tilO~
~~ flitting about grasses and shrubs; til ~ weaving close to the ground
~~ visiting flowers; on wet mud O~
I!I~~ in sunny areas; around flowers O~
~~ around damp spots and flowers tilO~
I!I ~ on leaves (I); near flowers (a) til
on low herbs and cacti; in trees O~
camouflaged on tree bark; on tilO~ lichen-covered rocks
HABITAT WHERE FOUND
I!I~~ in pits in dry sandy soil espedally under tilO~ building eaves and bridges
I!I~~ in damp places under bark, logs, and tilO~ stones; in soil and leaf litter; on plants,
shrubs and trees
I!I~~ in leaf litter; in mosses; in rotting wood; til ~ in soil; on snow
in dead wood or soil; in cactus til 0 carcasses and dead yucca stalks
I!I Vacant Lots ~ Lawns ~ Fields
~ :r.I.1 '~'f.l'J tT4:1,'" Plants
.• Grasses~ Herbs ~]s~rUbsl ~. I): Animals Other . :. Trees Cacti •• Vmes ::.11
leaves (I), leaves (I), leaves (I) nectar (a) nectar (a)
leaves (I), leaves (I), leaves (I), nectar (a) nectar (a)
leaves (I), leaves (I), nectar (a) sap (a)
leaves, sap of nectar (a) sap, fennenting liquid from aphids (a) sedges (I) fruits, leaves (a)
leaves (I) leaves (I), fennenting fennenting fruits (a) fruits (a)
leaves (I), nectar (a)
leaves (I), leaves (I) leaves (I) nectar (a)
leaves leaves leaves
leaves (I), needles, pads (I) nectar (a) other leaves (I)
leaves (I) leaves (I) leaves (I) needles, pollen (a) lichens (I) other leaves (I)
Grasses Herbs ShrubsIVines Trees Cacti Animals Other
ants, other small insects (I)
nectar, leaves mites, aphids, insect larvae, trash pupae
germinating fungi, dead herb seeds, roots and grass leaves
leaves wood dead leaves, roots, vines, wood, cacti
til Wooded Areas o Deserts ~ Grasslands (a) adult (1) larva / nymph
~ o tp Vi"
t .-;.
crs ~
@
[ a " g., m n iil ~ " 3 (f)
2' 0-~~.
'D 'D ...
~
OTHER ANIMALS WITHOUT BACKBONES
Daddy-longlegs
/~ •.... ,.. <:',.- .... -'.
Mites and TIcks A
~a~
KEY:
~ (j «t
e.-~ til «t
e.-~ tilo«t
o
e.til
.-~ tilO«t
~ til
~ tilO«t
e.-~ tilO«t
.-~ tilO«t
I WHERE FOUND
on open ground; in tree bark cracks; in wood piles; in grass
in leaf litter and surface soil; in soil under shrubs; on plants and animals
in dry sand mixed with oak leaf litter; on mosses; under loose bark; in leaf litter; under stones; in tree hollows; in decaying cactus boots
in dark crevices; under bark of desert trees and shrubs; under stones and leaf litter; in small, underground burrows
among fallen branches; under trash; in sheltered comers of buildings
on tree bark; among debris on ground; on leaves and stems of low shrubs; in tall grasses; in flower heads
in shrubby areas; near buildings; in sheet webs spun in the grass; between fence posts or buildings; on lower branches of trees
in tall grasses and low herbs; on tree trunks; on desert shrubs and flowers
in tall grasses and low shrubs; hanging in or below webs; on stone walls
on the soil surface between grasses; in burrows; under leaf litter or stones
e Vacant Lots .- Lawns ~ Fields til Wooded Areas o Deserts «t Grasslands
leafhoppers, larvae, spiders,
snails, centipedes, earthworms
aphids and their eggs, animal fluids
sprlngtails, ants, flies, mites, termites, caterpillars, daddy
spiders, sow bugs, earthworms
insects
insects
insects
insects
insects
insects, beetle larvae, earthworms, centipedes, millipedes, sow bugs
Other
dead insects
fungi, bacteria
(a) adult (1) larva / nymph
~ to.)
@
[ g " 9" tTl n 0
~ (i' 3 <fl 2' "--~.
;:0 'D ...
~ '0 '0 ~ ::l 8:-x ~
OTHER ANIMALS WITHOUT BACKBONES continued HABITAT WHERE FOUND
Slugs ~.,~ on soil surlace; on herbs and grasses I) «0
~ <:\oC'O' ~ .~
~-
I~ I :~; I,noon_,nh"","".-
-7-,1: ~ I in rotten wood and leaf litter; under «0 stones and logs
~ ~ in leaf litter at ground surlace; in soil; 1)0«0 under stones and logs; on and under
desert shrubs
~.,~ in damp places; under logs, boards I) «0 and stones; in leaf litter
~ Earthwonns ~.,~ in soil and leaf litter I) «0 •
"""" ~ ~ ~
KEY: A Caution ~ Vacant Lots ., Lawns ~ Fields
Animals Other
'I leaves I leaves I dead leaves
I leaves I leaves I fungi, dead leaves
I insects, sow bugs, earthwonns
dead leaves, bark, cactus pads
leaves, stems dead stems, wood, leaves
fallen fruits, soil, dead leaves, seeds dead animals,
feces, fungi, bacteria
I) Wooded Areas o Deserts «0 Grasslands (a) adult (1) larva / nymph
~ 0
tr VI"
~ s:, .... ~. p.. (1)
@
[ 2' ;:;'
9., rn n o ~ ;:;' 3 Vl E' P-
-~.
'" '" ...
~
~~ 'li:'.M\"_IHABITATI WHERE FOUND
Chorus Frogs-and Peepers
Spadefoot Toads
True Frogs (illustrated above left)
~~Ul!~
~ Lungless Salamanders
~ (illustrated above)
~~ Mole Salamanders
~ ~ ~ Newts ~ ~
KEY: A Caution
I!I ~ I on the ground; in damp leaf litter • 8 ~ I in areas with gravelly or loose, sandy soil
.08 in leaf litter, tree cavities, and • underground crevices; on tree limbs
~~ in grassy areas; on the forest floor • 8
I!I ~ ~ I under logs, boards, and flat stones; in • 0 8 leaf litter
HABITAT WHERE FOUND
I!I under trash, logs, bark, stones; in leaf • 8 litter; on moss
~ in leaf litter; in underground burrows • 8 in loose soil; in logs; under logs, boards, and flat rocks
under logs, boards, rocks, and • 8 leaf litter; along trails
I!I Vacant Lots ~ Lawns ~ Fields
Grasses Herbs ShrubslVines Trees Cacti
• Wooded Areas o Deserts 8 Grasslands
ants, beetles, grasshoppers, katydids, spiders
beetles, caterpillars, grasshoppers, crickets, illes, mosquitoes, spiders, centipedes, millipedes, earthworms
ants, beetles, spiders, centipedes, millipedes, earthworms
Animals
ants and other small insects with stingers and odors, beetles, earthworms
large insects, insect larvae, sow bugs, earthworms, small mice, other amphibians
springtails, aphids, earthworms
(a) adult (1) larva I nymph
Other
Other
.-
__ ._~--4
~ ~
@
[ §:.
" ~ tTl n o ~
" 3 Vl C 0-~~ .
'" '" ...
~ "d (l ::l & ~
>-
REPTILES
Box & Water Turtles Box1brtles (illustrated ab(J1Je)
• Brown Snakes
Garter Snakes (illustrated ab(J1Je)
Gopher Snakes A
Hognose Snakes
King Snakes A Milk Snakes
Racer Snakes
Ringneck Snakes
KEY: A Caution
HABITAT
til€)
~ til€)0
HABITAT
I!I til€)
~~ til€)0
til€)0
WHERE FOUND
on rocky hillsides and dry sandy areas; in open wooded areas with an understory; in dens
at the edges of woods; in dens
WHERE FOUND
in moist places; in areas with sparse plant growth; under trash; under debris on hillsides
under logs, boards, or plants; in leaf litter and on the ground; sunning on grassy slopes.
in dry areas; in mammal burrows; under rocks, logs, or boards; in areas with grasses and shrubs; in trees
til ~ I in sandy areas o
til€)
~ til 0
~ til€)0
til o
in shrubs; on rocky hillsides; under rocks
under logs, boards, and leaf litter in sunny places; in crevices
in open, brushy areas, or sparsely wooded areas; hibernating on rocky hillsides
in moist places beneath boards, rotting logs, stumps, rocks; (occasionally) out in the open
I!I Vacant Lots ~ Lawns ~ Fields
leaves berries fallen berries
Grasses Herbs ShrubslVines Trees Cacti
til Wooded Areas €)Deserts o Grasslands
Animals
grasshoppers, cicadas, beetles, caterpillars, slugs
Ifl:I'assland and desert only
Animals
soft-bodied insects, slugs, snails, earthworms
insects, spiders, slugs, centipedes, earthworms, frogs, toads, fish, mice, moles, shrews
baby birds, bird eggs, rats, gophers, ground squirrels, rabbits
other snakes, lizards, toads, salamanders, birds
other snakes, lizards, birds, eggs, mice
beetles, insects, slugs, other snakes, lizards, eggs, chipmunks, mice
grasshoppers, Crickets, moths, other snakes, toads, tree frogs, lizards, birds, eggs, rodents
insects, earthworms, other snakes, skinks, tree frogs, salamanders
Other
dead animals, mushrooms
Other
(a) adult (1) larva / nymph
~ <:>
~ vr
~ as ~
@
[ 2· ;;'
~ tTl n o ~ ;;' 3 ffl e 0-
_5'
'" '" ...
~
REPTILES continued
Anoles
Collared lizards A
Fence lizards
Homed lizards
Spiny lizards
KEY: A. Caution
HABITAT
~ 6)
o
~ «0
~ ~ 0«0
~'i 6)
6)0
~ 6)0«0
~ 0«0
o
WHERE FOUND
in rocky areas with low shrubs; in grassy areas; in moist areas with loose soil and trees; under rocks, leaf litter, logs, and trash
in rock crevices, sand dunes and flats; under bark, dead cactus pads, logs, rubbish, and yucca stems; near buildings and trash
in dry, disturbed, open areas with sparse plants; in leaf litter; in ditches; near gravelly soil; under shrubs; near trash; on fences
on trees, fence posts, walls, and shrubs; in tall grasses and palm fronds; in shady areas
basking on large rocks; in rock crevices; in hilly areas; near small rock piles
in sunny, brushy, rocky areas; near old buildings; on woodpiles and fences; in old woodrat nests; in banks with rodent burrows; in burrows under brush
basking on rocks; in dry, open areas with shrubs and loose soil; in sandy, gravelly drainage areas; on open patches of hard-packed sand; near sunny anthills
on rocks in sandy areas; in burrows under bushes; on tree trunks and sides of buildings
~ Vacant Lots 'i Lawns ~ Fields
buds, leaves
6) Wooded Areas o Deserts «0 Grasslands
Animals
beetles, grasshoppers, crickets, leafhoppers, adult
larval moths, wasp spiders, sow bugs,
earthworms, small lizards
spiders
termites, ant lions, wasps, mantids, beetles, grass
daddy-longlegs, scorpIOns, spiders
beetles, moths, spiders
other lizards, small snakes, grasshoppers, locusts, Crickets, beetles, moths, spiders
ladybug beetles, ants, wasps, leaihoppers, aphids, caterpillars, spiders, snails, sow bugs, millipedes
ants, beetle larvae, butterflies, spiders, snails, sow bugs
ants, bees, wasps, flies, grasshoppers, caterpillars, true bugs, lizards
(a) adult (1) larva / riymph
Other
!d en
@
~ ;: Ci ~ tTl n 0
~ Ci 3 <fl ;: "--~.
~ '" ..
~ '0 ("D
::l e:. X
?
"N'<"'",
BIRDS
kJtil
KEY: A Caution
HABITAT WHERE FOUND
~.,~ in open areas; on exposed poles and' $00 trees; soaring along large cliffs
~ in trees near roadsides; on telephone $00 poles and fence posts; flying low over
trees or desert shrubs; near edges of woods; nesting in cacti
~ ~ Circling high above open areas; nesting 00 in caves, hollow logs, and under
abandoned buildings; roosting on cacti
~
HABITAT WHERE FOUND
~ on living and dead trees, or telephone $00 poles; on the ground near abandoned
gopher or prairie dog burrows; nesting in cactus arms
I
HABITAT I WHERE FOUND
in small depressions in the ground $ 0 0 I beneath shrubs; near thickets and trees;
at the edges of woods; nesting in brush
ill tall grass 0
along grassy roadsides; near thickets; $00 under trees
in wooded areas with scattered $ I clearings; at the edges of woods
~ Vacant Lots ., Lawns ~ Fields
Grasses Herbs
leaves seeds, leaves
seeds seeds
seeds
seeds I seeds
Trees
ShrubslVines I Trees
blossoms, I acorns, nuts, leaves, buds, twigs, berries, fruits
fruits, buds, leaves
seeds I acorns
seeds, fruits I seeds, cones, acorns
$ Wooded Areas o Deserts 0 Grasslands
Cacti
Cacti
Animals
grasshoppers and other insects, birds, rodents
grasshoppers, snakes, frogs, lizards, birds, mice, prairie dogs, squirrels, rabbits
Animals
large insects, scorpions, centipedes, birds, mice, moles, shrews, squirrels, skunks
Animals
grasshoppers, crickets [ants, ladybug beetlessage grouse only 1
grasshoppers, beetles, caterpillars, ants
ground beetles, leaf beetles, weevils, caterpillars, grasshoppers, crickets, spiders, snails, centipedes, sow bugs, [true bugs, leathoppers, ants-gambel's quail only 1
beetles, grasshoppers, Crickets, ants, wasps, bees, flies, true bugs, caterpillars, spiders, snails, millipedes, centipedes, salamanders
Other
dead animals
Other
Other
(a) adult (1) larva / nymph
~ o
l:r VI"
~ ~
~. ~
@
[ g' " ~ m n 0
~ ;; 3 <.f)
2 "--~.
"' 'D ...
~
BIRDS continued
~ ~
~ Chickadees, Titmice, ~ and Verdin ~
II Grosbeili, Sparrows, Finches, .. and Cardinals
(sparrow illustrated above)
KEY: A Caution
HABITAT
~~~ $0«0
~~
HABITAT
WHERE FOUND
in places with trees and shrubs; searching on ground for seeds; nesting on cactus arms, or low in shrubs
near food trash; nesting on rock ledges, window ledges, and overhangs
WHERE FOUND
on the ground near shrubs; nesting in o I cactus arms
~ ~ ~ I on living or dead tree trunks and $ 0 «0 branches; in areas with low shrubs;
in, on, or near cacti; on the ground near anthills-flickers only
HABITAT WHERE FOUND
~~~ in thick brushy areas, open areas with $0«0 sparse shrubs, wet areas, and parking
lots; moving through tall trees; feeding on the ground; near buildings and trash-grackles only
~ in edges and interiors of wooded areas; $0 on low branches; nesting in rotting tree
stumps; nesting in cacti-verdin only
~~~ near edges of deciduous woods; in $0«0 brushy undergrowth of wooded areas;
in weedy, brushy, or grassy fields; perched on tips of herb stalks or tree branches; among small saplings; near buildings and orchards; in desert
I shrubs and thickets
~ Vacant Lots ~ Lawns ~ Fields
Animals Other
seeds, berries , earthworms
Grasses Herbs ShrubsIVines Trees Cacti Animals Other
I berries I acorns, nuts, seeds, berries,
I fruits I ants, adult and larval beetles, termites, crickets
Grasses Herbs ShrubsIVines I Trees Cacti Animals Other
seeds berries- berries- bees, grasshoppers, crickets, orioles only orioles only; caterpillars, sow bugs, snails,
cones- earthworms, bird eggs, meadowlark [ants, grubs, weevils, only cankerworms-red-winged
blackbirds only]
berries, seeds seeds, cones, nuts
I seeds I seeds I fruits, berries I seeds, cones, I beetles, ants, bees, wasps, fruits, berries grasshoppers, caterpillars,
flies, [aphids-finches only]
$ Wooded Areas o Deserts «0 Grasslands (a) adult (1) larva / nymph
~ co
@
[ 2' n; ~ m n o ~ n; 3 Vl 2' "-~~.
'" '" ...
~ "0 ~ ::l e:-X
~
BIRDS continued
Jays, Crows, Ravens, and Magpies
Jays
Crows and Ravens
Magpies
Larks
Mockingbirds and Thrashers
Nuthatches
Robins and Bluebirds
Starlings
Swallows
Wrens
KEY: ACaution
HABITAT
~~~ tlO*
~~ tlO*
~ tlO*
~ 0*
~~~ 0*
tI
~~~ tlO
~~~ tlO*
~ tlO*
~ ~ tDO*
WHERE FOUND
in dense thickets; pine and oak woods; perched high in trees; on the ground
near roadsides and orchards; in open wooded areas; feeding in grass; near trash; nesting in trees or cacti
in open country and pine woods; near heary brush and brush piles; nesting in trees; on telephone wires
in open areas with brushy borders; nesting in grass or open patches of bare soil between desert shrubs
in brushy areas;· on dry hillsides; nesting in desert shrubs; flying between bushes; on ground picking through leaf litter
on tree trunks and branches; nesting in tree cavities
near abandoned orchards and roadsides; in open woods, clearings, and lawns; on fence posts; nesting in tree cavities-bluebird only
near orchards; on building ledges; nesting in cactus cavities
in cacti; near buildings and cOOs; flying overhead
on or near ground with leaf litter; in partly brush-covered areas; in rocky, brushy ravines; nesting in tree cavities; nesting in cactus arms-cactus wren only
~ Vacant Lots ~ Lawns ~ Fields
seeds
berries
tI Wooded Areas
berries
seeds, berries
berries
berries, fruits
berries
berries
seeds, berries
acorns, cones
acorns, berries, fruits
berries, fruits
berries, fruits
acorns, cones
berries, fruits
berries, fruits
seeds
o Deserts ~ Grasslands
Animals
and larval beetles, caterpillars, grasshoppers
beetles, ants, bees, wasps, grasshoppers, crickets, lizards, salamanders, [frogs-thrashers only 1
beetles, weevils, ants, wasps, moth and butterfly adults, larvae, and eggs, caterpillars, scale insects, spiders
ground beetles, weevils, caterpillars, ants, snails, millipedes, sow bugs, [earthworms-robins only 1
ground beetles, grasshoppers, caterpillars, cicadas, millipedes
flies, bees, wasps, moths, ground and other beetles, weevils, ants, grasshoppers, spiders
beetles, grasshoppers, crickets, caterpillars, ants, wasps, flies, millipedes
(a) adult (1) larva / nymph
Other
dead animals, garbage
dead animals
LS ~
r\~ ta-o !HABITAT! I[fj ~1~"·""-1f.i~ .'1 Animals Other
~ WHERE FOUND v:-
~ • Jwiiping Mice ~ ~ I in shrubs; under grasses; near wooded, I seeds I seeds, fruits I berries I caterpillars, beetles I mushrooms ~ _ ~ rocky areas .... '{§ ~ - Deer Mice ~ I in open or dense areas; in abandoned I seeds I seeds, nuts, I crickets, grasshoppers,
_ 0 ~ bird nests in trees; in hollow logs; cones, ,acorns, beetles under tree stumps; in rock piles; under seedlings low bushes
Rats Ale ~ I in burrows along foundations of I garbage, house-buildings; in rubbish piles and ravines; hold grains (occasionally) in fields near buildings
Voles I ~~ in matted grass; in burrows; leaves, seeds leaves, seeds bark, leaves, I insects I mushrooms O~ underneath shrubs seeds, acorns
White-footed Mice I ~ in thick, brushy, wooded and rocky seeds, acorns, - areas; in trees; in hollow logs; under nuts, cones, tree stumps; in rock piles fruits, roots,
seedlings
Woodrats I in cone-shaped nests near cacti; in stick seeds acorns, cones, I pads _O~ nests on the forest floor; in crevices in nuts, berries
cliffs and rocky areas
Pocket Gophers ! in underground burrows in loose, roots tubers roots of O~ slightly moist soil seedlings
Pocket Mice, in sandy areas with sparse vegetation; seeds, [leaves-'- seeds, [leaves-'- seeds, [leaves-'- I insects-'-pocket mice only Kangaroo Mice, 6l0~ in hardpacked soil; in wooded or grassy kangaroo rats kangaroo rats kangaroo rats and Kangaroo Rats foothills; in tiny burrows with entrances only) only) only)
under shrubs and cacti
@ Squirrels ;-
Chipmunks ~ in brushy and wooded areas; on stone berries, bulbs berries beetles, slugs, cankerworms, I mushrooms cones, acorns, g _0
walls; near trash cans nuts, seedlings earthworms ;:; 0
e~~ I mushrooms ;;; Squirrels on branches of trees; on the ground; berries acorns, seeds, beetles, caterpillars, bird n (illustrated above) _O~ sitting on boulders nuts, cones, buds, eggs, young birds 0
~ " 3 Vl Ground Squirrels on sandy flats near plants; on partly I leaves, seeds I leaves, berries, I seeds, leaves I fruits, seedlings I fruits, flowers I insects, eggs, birds I mushrooms
" e, _O~ wooded slopes; in open grassland; on _f), fence posts :; '" Woodchucks ~~ near plants; in open woods and fields; I leaves, roots I stems, flowers, I twigs I fruits ... - in ravines; along roadsides
~ KEY: A Caution e Vacant Lots ~ Lawns ~ Fields _ Wooded Areas o Deserts ~ Grasslands (a) adult (1) larva / nymph =
~.- ----_._--- .----------.~--
~ =
@
[ 2' ;:; s;., rr1 n o ~ ;:; 3 (fl
;:; "-~~.
'" '" ....
~ '0 (b ::l 8:-x »
MAMMALS continued
Porcupines
D """" Moles ~ ~ u..
~ Shrews (illustrated abooe)
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
o l1li Rabbits and Hares
~ Cottontails ~ (illustrated abooe) ~
~ Jackrabbits
~ ~ Snowshoe Hares
~ (;II
Yl ~ Deer ~ (illustrated abooe) ~ • ~ ~ ~
KEY; ACaution
HABITAT
tDO
HABITAT
i)~ tD fO
~ tDOfO
HABITAT
i)~ tDOfO
OfO ~
tD
HABITAT
i)~ tDOfO
WHERE FOUND
on or in trees; in rocky dens; near desert shrubs
WHERE FOUND
underground in loose soil
in other animals' nests; in large masses of plants; at the base of desert plants; under logs; near rocky places; on <hy hillsides; in brushy areas
WHERE FOUND
in forests and dense thickets; sitting in small, scratched-out areas among clumps of grass; in desert trees
sitting in small, scratched-out places in shrubby areas; under desert shrubs
in small, scratched-out areas in thickets; near logs under trees; in hollow logs
WHERE FOUND
near brushy edges of woods; in fields
~ Vacant Lots (iii) Lawns ~ Fields
Grasses Herbs ShrubsIVines
bulbs
seeds, fruits
Grasses Herbs ShrubsIVines
leaves stems, leaves twigs, bark, buds
leaves leaves, stems leaves, twigs
leaves leaves leaves, buds, twigs, fruits
Grasses Herbs ShrubsIVines
leaves leaves leaves, twigs, buds
roots, leaves, seeds, acorns, twigs, inner bark, buds, berries, fruits, cones
Trees
fruits, seeds, cones, nuts, roots
Trees
twigs, sapling buds, bark
leaves, sapling twigs, bark
Trees
leaves, twigs, buds, bark, fallen fruits
• Wooded Areas CDeserts ~ Grasslands
Animals Other
Cacti Animals Other
insect larvae, spiders, worms, centipedes, millipedes
springtails, gypsy moths, moth and beetle larvae, grasshoppers, Crickets, spiders, snails, slugs, centi-
/ pedes, sow bugs, worms, mice, voles, salamanders, birds, small snakes, young rabbits
Cacti Animals Other
pads
pads
Cacti Animals Other
mushrooms
(a) adult (1) larva / nymph
~''''''''''''''''-'''''-'''''''''''''''''''F''"''''"''1"'''",,"".,
MAMMALS continued
~ o
trJ 1;1"
~ s:, ..... ~ ~
@
[
* g., m n Sl ~
" 3 Vl E:' 0--~.
'" '" ...
~
Coyotes
Foxes
Striped Skunks A
",-Qf, ~ ~~'I,7' ,.Ii
~ Opossum ~ (illustrated above) r. ~ Annadillos
~ ~ . ~~ Bats
~ ~ ~
KEY: A Caution
HABITAT
tl08 ~
tl08
~~~ tl08
~ tl08
~~~ tl08
HABITAT
~ ~ tI
tI
~~ tlO
WHERE FOUND
in dens; along brushy edges of woods
in brushy fields and dense, rocky woods; in dens; in trees
in trees; near trash; near streams, rivers, and lakes
in brushy or rocky areas; eating in trees; in hollow logs; in woodpiles
in dens; on rock and brush piles; in hollow logs on sunny slopes; near trash; in grassy areas
WHERE FOUND
in wooded areas; near dty trash and brush piles
in shrubby, open woods; in underground burrows
in rocky outcrops; on building ledges; in hollow trees; hanging from tree branches
~ Vacant Lots ~ Lawns ~ Fields
f _:q""~r''7''''J~'I'lf~~~~~·:F''!'~~f-'i'''i''<''''W",::,'~_~''-~''?'''''.·T~?'!'c .+ .,jj','~ ,AiU ,9}:;;"O!!,p;::;;z.g3?i¥¥J.-,,-A"'9~J;:!( )AJf{M!4,J§4, "WAQW.#h;tf~;,J,dAi~A
berries fallen fruits
berries, fruits fallen fruits
berries, fruits fruits
berries berries, fruits
berries berries, fruits
Grasses Herbs ShrubslVines Trees
berries fruits acorns, fruits
nectar, pollen nectar, pollen nectar, pollen
tI Wooded Areas o Deserts 8 Grasslands
fruits
fruits
Cacti
fruits
nectar, pollen
Animals Other
snakes, frogs, grouse, mice, I dead animals squirrels, rabbits, livestock
insects, scorpions, snakes, lizards, frogs, toads, ground birds and their eggs, mice, voles, shrews, skunks, rabb squirrels, porcupines, deer
insects, slugs, snails, turtles, toads, frogs, salamanders, crayfish, eggs, muskrats, moles, mice, shrews, young rabbits
beetles and their larvae, spiders, centipedes, millipedes, small snakes, lizards, birds, salamanders, eggs, crayfish, mice, rats, young rabbits
garbage
dead animals
crickets, grasshoppers, I garbage beetle larvae, moth larvae, spiders, centipedes, millipedes, turtles, eggs, snakes, frogs, toads, voles, mice, rats, chipmunks, moles
Animals Other
insects, lizards, bird eggs, garbage mice
beetles, spiders, centipedes, dead animals millipedes, snakes, lizards, toads, salamanders, birds and their eggs
moths, crickets, ants, other insects
(a) adult (1) larva / nymph
~
@
[ a: it 9,., rn n o
~ " 3 <Il
" p..
}f
'" '" ....
~ '0 (D
::l e:. ~
>-
"--" 1"'"
REFERENCES
Information presented within the Who Eats What guide was drawn from the following sources:
Benyus,]. 1989. The Field Guide to Wildlife Habitats of the Eastern United States. New York: Fireside/Simon & Schuster.
Benyus,]. 1989. The Field Guide to Wildlife Habitats of the Western United States. New York: Fireside/Simon & Schuster.
Brown, L. 1985. The Audubon Society Nature Guide to Grasslands. New York: Knopf.
Burt, W. 1964. A Peterson Field Guide to the Mammals. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Conant, R. 1958. A Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Macmahon, J. 1992. The Audubon Society Nature Guide to Deserts. New York: Knopf.
Martin, A., Zim, H, & Nelson, A. 1989. American Wildlife and Plants: A Guide to Wildlife Food Habits. New York: Dover.
Murie, O. 1954. A Peterson Field Guide to Animal Tracks. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Stebbins, R. 1954. Amphibians and Reptiles of Western North America. New York: McGraw Hill.
Swan, L. & Papp, C. 1972. The Common Insects of North America. New York: Harper & Row.