Alt. Aperture r0 (m) FWHM(") 0 (") 0 (sec)
4 km CFHT 3.8m 0.18 0.7 3 0.0036
35 km 2.4 m ~250 0.048 ~600 ~5
35km 10 m ~250 0.012 ~600 ~5
h (km) P (mbars) T (K) (gm m-3) H2O Vapor (gm m-3)
4 680 253 937 0.68
35 4.7 222 7.4 0.00011
Why A Long-Duration Balloon?Image Quality Comparison
Atmospheric Parameters Comparison
Data from Ford et al. 2000
HAWK
Hierarchical Assembly through Wide-field Kinematics
Presented byChuck Joseph
26-March-06
Novel HAWK Telescope Optical Design
Primary mirror1.8 m diameterf/2.7 (from MMT)
Secondary mirror35 cm diameter(Used slightly off axis)
0.5° x 1.5° field of regard2.2 arcmin IFOV
Tertiary mirror0.5 m x 1.1 m off axis asphere(long direction is out of the page)
Focal planef/27 system 4.2 arcsec/mm plate scale(2k x 2k x 16 µm CCD shown here)
Steering mirror10 cm flat5° x 15° range of motionat exit pupil
Pickoff mirror30 x 64 cm flatnear intermediate focus
System is fully steerable over 0.5° x 1.5° using only tip/tilt of a 10 cm flat mirror
Design by CoI Jim Burge
Nominally designed so that rms wavefront error RMSWE is limited to 20 nm.
Low imaging distortion (4% max at corners of field)
Excellent performance across the field
0.0000.000
0.050
-X Field (degrees)
0.75
RMS Wave Front Error in Waves
HAWK
---The Big Bang ---
(15 Billion Yrs Ago. z > 100)
From the Early Universe(11 Billion Yrs Ago; z ~ 1.5)
Galaxies were less well organized
Galaxy EvolutionTo be observed by HAWK
Proposed HAWK
LDB Mission
A consistent picture of the evolution of the Universe from the Big Bang to the present is emerging. Some data, however, suggest galaxies may not fit this model!
The Unobserved RealmTo Be Explored by JWST
First Star FormationFirst Galaxy Structures
Payload to bedesigned & builtat Rutgers U.Merging Galaxies
HAWK
Hierarchical Assembly through Wide-field Kinematics
HDF
HDF Redshift Catalog
Gra
phic
s C
redi
t: F
anni
ng S
oftw
are
Con
sult
ing
Dis
tanc
e (M
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105 )
1.2
0.7
Mission Objectives: Study all motions in a 10 Mpc3 Volume!
Determine luminous + dark matter content as a function of internal radius and redshift.
Measure empirically how galaxies evolve from an early epoch. (Model independent.) HAWK will pick up 100x more than HST!
HAWK
Hierarchical Assembly through Wide-field Kinematics
Emission Map z = 1.35
Emission Map z = 0.75
Emission Map z = 0.35
Velocity Map z = 1.35
Velocity Map z = 0.75
Velocity Map z = 0.35
Observing Galaxies as a Function of Z
Rotation Curves
HAWK BalloonMission Objective:Measure luminous and dark matter in galaxies
e263g14
HAWK LDB Balloon -- Can’t do Imaging SpectroscopyImaging Spectroscopy with Large Ground-based Telescopes with AO
PSF ComparisonsBottom: 10 m good seeingTop: 10 m with AO
HAWK FOV
FOV on a10 m with AO
HDF NorthGround-IR have Bad Thermal Backgrounds!
With AO
Good SeeingWithout AO
HAWK spatial resolution = 0.07
KITEKinematicalImagingTrailblazerExperiment Swallow-tail Kite by D.A. Rintoul, USGS
25% QE – Solar Blind (50% Possible) c/f MAMA 10%c/f WFPC2 system efficiency 0.25%5.6x of GALEX with 0.75 m telescopeWeight: 4 kg
(2 kg Possible)c/f MAMA: 10 kg
Near-UV EBCCD Electron-Bombarded CCD