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Sex DifferencesSex Differences
Videohttp://youtube.com/watch?
v=8CWMCt35oFY = Disney and masculinity
Videohttp://youtube.com/watch?
v=8CWMCt35oFY = Disney and masculinity
Men and Women are different
Men and Women are different
But why?Possible theory: gender socialization
Culture and society are what make boys and girls different, not biology
Toy trucks and guns vs. dolls and tea setsAccording to the standard social science model,
men and women think and behave differently because they have been socialized differently by their culture and society
Male and female babies are born identical except for a few anatomical differences
But why?Possible theory: gender socialization
Culture and society are what make boys and girls different, not biology
Toy trucks and guns vs. dolls and tea setsAccording to the standard social science model,
men and women think and behave differently because they have been socialized differently by their culture and society
Male and female babies are born identical except for a few anatomical differences
Gender Socialization Cont…
Gender Socialization Cont…
Men and women think and behave differently because society expects them to
Gender neutral society would raise gender neutral individualsIf raised in a gender neutral society
men and women would be the same in behavior, cognitions, values and preferences
Biology has no influence
Men and women think and behave differently because society expects them to
Gender neutral society would raise gender neutral individualsIf raised in a gender neutral society
men and women would be the same in behavior, cognitions, values and preferences
Biology has no influence
Disproving Gender Socialization
Disproving Gender Socialization
Studies show that this is a false theoryStudy #1
102 newborn babies shown a mechanical mobile or a picture of a woman’s face
Measuring which object the baby paid attention to the longest
Boys gazed longer at the mechanical mobile while girls gazed longer at the woman’s face
Helped conclude that biology must play a role in gender differences with men generally showing interest in machines and women more interested in social relationships
SSSM can no way explain how 24hrs of life can constitute gender socialization
Studies show that this is a false theoryStudy #1
102 newborn babies shown a mechanical mobile or a picture of a woman’s face
Measuring which object the baby paid attention to the longest
Boys gazed longer at the mechanical mobile while girls gazed longer at the woman’s face
Helped conclude that biology must play a role in gender differences with men generally showing interest in machines and women more interested in social relationships
SSSM can no way explain how 24hrs of life can constitute gender socialization
Disproving Gender Socialization
Disproving Gender Socialization
Study #2Across species: 44 male and 44 female monkeys2 masculine toys, 2 feminine toys, 2 neutral toysResults: male monkeys showed significantly
greater interest in the male toys and the girl monkeys chose the female toys. There were no differences in the neutral toys
Gender socialization cannot be correct since these monkeys never were socialized by humans and had never seen the toys before
Thus, differences in behavior, cognition, values and preferences are largely innate, universal across cultures, and in many cases constant across species
Study #2Across species: 44 male and 44 female monkeys2 masculine toys, 2 feminine toys, 2 neutral toysResults: male monkeys showed significantly
greater interest in the male toys and the girl monkeys chose the female toys. There were no differences in the neutral toys
Gender socialization cannot be correct since these monkeys never were socialized by humans and had never seen the toys before
Thus, differences in behavior, cognition, values and preferences are largely innate, universal across cultures, and in many cases constant across species
Biological DifferencesBiological Differences
Nurturing and care giving vs. aggression and competition
Anisogamy: female sex cell is larger in size and fewer in number; male sex cell is smaller in size and greater in number. This means that the egg is biologically far more valuable than the sperm. This leads to…
Fitness Variance: men’s potential to reproduce is much greater than women’s. Men can reproduce infinitely while women can have a max of 25ish pregnancies
Nurturing and care giving vs. aggression and competition
Anisogamy: female sex cell is larger in size and fewer in number; male sex cell is smaller in size and greater in number. This means that the egg is biologically far more valuable than the sperm. This leads to…
Fitness Variance: men’s potential to reproduce is much greater than women’s. Men can reproduce infinitely while women can have a max of 25ish pregnancies
Fitness Variance Exemplified
Fitness Variance Exemplified
Greatest number of children a single woman has ever had is 69!Russian peasant, 18th century27 pregnancies: 16 pairs of twins, 7 sets of
triplets, 4 sets of quadrupletsGreatest number of children a man has
ever had is 1,042!Sharifian Emperor of Morocco: Ismael the
Bloodthirsty The point of this is that women can never
come remotely close to the amount of offspring that a man has the potential of producing
Greatest number of children a single woman has ever had is 69!Russian peasant, 18th century27 pregnancies: 16 pairs of twins, 7 sets of
triplets, 4 sets of quadrupletsGreatest number of children a man has
ever had is 1,042!Sharifian Emperor of Morocco: Ismael the
Bloodthirsty The point of this is that women can never
come remotely close to the amount of offspring that a man has the potential of producing
The Point of Fitness Variance
The Point of Fitness Variance
CompetitionMen are more competitive, aggressive, and
violent because they gain far more by competing with each other for access to matesThe reward of competition gives men the greater
potential to see their genes passed into the next generation
The potential cost of not competing is greater than actually competing
Women are less aggressive because competing for mates has a greater potential cost of injury or death. To be reproductively successful, women need just one pregnancy to assure their genes into the next generation
CompetitionMen are more competitive, aggressive, and
violent because they gain far more by competing with each other for access to matesThe reward of competition gives men the greater
potential to see their genes passed into the next generation
The potential cost of not competing is greater than actually competing
Women are less aggressive because competing for mates has a greater potential cost of injury or death. To be reproductively successful, women need just one pregnancy to assure their genes into the next generation
There is Only One Human Culture
There is Only One Human Culture
Cultures only differ on superficial levelsThe world does not consist of many
different cultures
All cultures are the same on the abstract levelAll human cultures eat animal proteins
(beef, pork) and all human cultures worship animate objects (Jesus, Buddah)
There is no infinite variability in human culture
Cultures only differ on superficial levelsThe world does not consist of many
different cultures
All cultures are the same on the abstract levelAll human cultures eat animal proteins
(beef, pork) and all human cultures worship animate objects (Jesus, Buddah)
There is no infinite variability in human culture
Exotic Cultures that Never Were
Exotic Cultures that Never Were
Many have tried to prove that the world consists of radically different human culturesMargaret Mead and the SamoasGentle TalisdayNative American Environmentalist
Many have tried to prove that the world consists of radically different human culturesMargaret Mead and the SamoasGentle TalisdayNative American Environmentalist
Example Slide for us Samoa
Example Slide for us Samoa
She went to Samoa on a research expedition looking to find a culture displaying radically different male and female gender roles compared to the west (video we have been watching)
Two native females told Mead that gender roles in Samoa were opposite of gender roles in the West, lending great support to the gender socialization theory
The native girls later admitted the information they supplied was false. They thought her questions were funny so they decided silly answers would be appropriate
She went to Samoa on a research expedition looking to find a culture displaying radically different male and female gender roles compared to the west (video we have been watching)
Two native females told Mead that gender roles in Samoa were opposite of gender roles in the West, lending great support to the gender socialization theory
The native girls later admitted the information they supplied was false. They thought her questions were funny so they decided silly answers would be appropriate
Example Slide for us Talisday
Example Slide for us Talisday
Since there existed the Yanamamo, an extremely aggressive culture, it was thought that there must also exist an opposite culture that was extremely peaceful
Researchers thought that they found such a culture in the Philippines, but again this turned out to be a hoax
The Philippine government was found to have manufactured this culture in order to attract positive publicity to distract attention away from an unpopular regime
Since there existed the Yanamamo, an extremely aggressive culture, it was thought that there must also exist an opposite culture that was extremely peaceful
Researchers thought that they found such a culture in the Philippines, but again this turned out to be a hoax
The Philippine government was found to have manufactured this culture in order to attract positive publicity to distract attention away from an unpopular regime
Example Slide NA EnvironmentalismExample Slide NA Environmentalism
It is widely believed, even today, that the NA have an extremely environmentally friendly cultureHowever, the NA were responsible for the
extinction of many plant and animal species long before the Europeans ever set foot on the continent.
This myth is still perpetuated today, though, through film and television shows that portray the Native Americans as protective of the environment
In reality, all human cultures are known for exploiting the environment to the maximum in order to survive.
It is widely believed, even today, that the NA have an extremely environmentally friendly cultureHowever, the NA were responsible for the
extinction of many plant and animal species long before the Europeans ever set foot on the continent.
This myth is still perpetuated today, though, through film and television shows that portray the Native Americans as protective of the environment
In reality, all human cultures are known for exploiting the environment to the maximum in order to survive.
3 Interesting Things3 Interesting ThingsWife of Russian Peasant
Gave birth to 69 children, had no single births, lived during the 1700s and survived 27 pregnancies!
Across species comparisonEven male baby monkeys showed a preference for
the stereotypically male toy--it is just interesting that the biology of male and female gender differences is represented in another non-human species.
There is really only one human cultureCultures may vary superficially but scientists have
yet to find a human culture that is truly fundamentally different.
Wife of Russian Peasant Gave birth to 69 children, had no single births, lived
during the 1700s and survived 27 pregnancies!Across species comparison
Even male baby monkeys showed a preference for the stereotypically male toy--it is just interesting that the biology of male and female gender differences is represented in another non-human species.
There is really only one human cultureCultures may vary superficially but scientists have
yet to find a human culture that is truly fundamentally different.
Weak ArgumentsWeak ArgumentsOnly allowed room for biological
Doesn’t take into account how society and parenting may influence a person’s behaviorFor example a little girl raised by single dad or in a
home with all brothers may play more aggressively or engage in more stereotypically male activities.
Native American Environmentalism The Native Americans did live off of the land, and
use its natural resources, yet it is not fair to say that they had the same disregard for the life around them that the European settlers had from the moment they set foot on the continent. In regards to nature; animals like beavers became extinct after trade and money came into play, after the Europeans got there.
Only allowed room for biologicalDoesn’t take into account how society and
parenting may influence a person’s behaviorFor example a little girl raised by single dad or in a
home with all brothers may play more aggressively or engage in more stereotypically male activities.
Native American Environmentalism The Native Americans did live off of the land, and
use its natural resources, yet it is not fair to say that they had the same disregard for the life around them that the European settlers had from the moment they set foot on the continent. In regards to nature; animals like beavers became extinct after trade and money came into play, after the Europeans got there.
Test QuestionsTest Questions 1. Gender socialization is…
A. Idea that all cultures are the same at the abstract level
B. Men and women think and behave differently because society expects them to
C. Biology is the sole influence on behavior
B. Men and women think and behave differently because society expects them to
1. Gender socialization is… A. Idea that all cultures are the same at the abstract
level B. Men and women think and behave differently
because society expects them to C. Biology is the sole influence on behavior
B. Men and women think and behave differently because society expects them to
Test QuestionsTest Questions
2. True or False --
Human culture has been found to vary even at the most fundamental level?
FALSE
2. True or False --
Human culture has been found to vary even at the most fundamental level?
FALSE
Test QuestionTest Question 3. Margaret Mead researched the…
A. Yanamamo B. Gentle Talisday, C. Samoa
C. SAMOA
3. Margaret Mead researched the…
A. Yanamamo B. Gentle Talisday, C. Samoa
C. SAMOA
Test QuestionsTest Questions 4. In the study, baby boys gazed at what the longest?
A. A woman’s face B. A mechanical mobile C. A stuffed animal
B. mechanical mobile
4. In the study, baby boys gazed at what the longest? A. A woman’s face B. A mechanical mobile C. A stuffed animal
B. mechanical mobile
Test QuestionTest Question 5. True or False? Gender roles in the Samoan culture are
radically different from Western culture?
False
5. True or False? Gender roles in the Samoan culture are radically different from Western culture?
False
Test QuestionTest Question
6. Men are more competitive than women because A. they like sports B. fitness variance C. they are less intelligent than women D gender socialization
B. Fitness Variance
6. Men are more competitive than women because A. they like sports B. fitness variance C. they are less intelligent than women D gender socialization
B. Fitness Variance
ReferencesReferences
Miller, A.S. & Kanazawa, S. (2007). Why Beautiful People Have More Daughters: From Dating, Shopping, and
Praying to Going to War and Becoming a Billionaire—Two Evolutionary Psychologists Explain Why We Do What
We Do. New York City: NY: Perigee Inc.
Miller, A.S. & Kanazawa, S. (2007). Why Beautiful People Have More Daughters: From Dating, Shopping, and
Praying to Going to War and Becoming a Billionaire—Two Evolutionary Psychologists Explain Why We Do What
We Do. New York City: NY: Perigee Inc.