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Donald Bundy
DesMoines, Iowa; October 2016
Why are school meals
programs so popular?
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2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
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3
• 1993 World Development
Report
• Disease Control Priorities
in Developing Countries,
Second Edition 2006
(DCP2)
• Disease Control Priorities,
3rd Edition 2015-2016
(DCP3)
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Child and Adolescent
Development Volume will
encompass:
• Geographic patterns of
risk and morbidity
• Long-term consequences
of chronic illness and
malnutrition on physical
and cognitive
development
• Effect of interventions
and outcomes as well as
return on investment at
different stages along the
life cycle
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Thank you
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Des Moines, Iowa, October 2016
Lesley Drake
Partnership for Child Development
School Feeding:
A Critical Social Safety Net
A ‘Win-Win’ All Around
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5 global standards of good practice
• Design and Implementation
• Policy and Legal
Frameworks
• Institutional Arrangements
• Funding and Budgeting
• Community Participation
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• DCP3: an evidence-based analysis of the impacts of school feeding on education, health, nutrition, agriculture and food security
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• Recognizing the benefits of SHN/SF
• Working together with governments to mainstream costed evidence-based design plans into ESPs
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Action moving forward
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Nigeria
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O’Meals – more than just lunch
• Key facts• Number of children enrolled in primary school
(elementary class 1-4): 252,793• Programme coverage: 100%• Days school meals are provided: 200 (100%)• Cost per day of O’Meals: N12.6 Million ($77,381)• Cost per child per day: N50 ($0.31)• Annual total expenditure on O’Meals: N2.6 Billion
($159,558,149)
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Supporting livelihood generation and economic development
• Livelihood generation/Youth empowerment
– Fisheries scheme: • 2,000 out-growers supported in mass fish production
• 5 metric tons sold to O’Meals
• 15,000 USD profit generated by the scheme in first 3 months
– Poultry industry scheme• O’Meals demand per week: 15,000 chickens and 252,000 eggs
• 2,000 smallholder farmers contracted
• 11,29,770 USD profit generated by the scheme since December 2011
– Cocoyam Project • 1000 cocoyam farmers trained and inputs provides
• Output market support provided by O’Meals
• Integrated with O-YES (Osun Youth Empowerment Scheme)- Over 300 youth provided training and loans (623,000 USD) to act as intermediaries between farmers and vendors
• Women empowerment
– Hired 3,000 previously unemployed women as food vendors
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Scaling up of Nigeria School Feeding
• National HGSF strategy plan launched by Vice-President in June 2016.
• HGSF part of a 500 billion naira Social Investment Programme.
• Potential to feed 24 million school children or 1 in 4 school-aged children in SSA.
• 18 States identified for initial roll out of HGSF.
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Ethiopia
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Enhance School Health Initiative - Ethiopia
• Integrating HGSF, Deworming and WASH interventions in 30 schools in SNNPR.
• Potential cost savings of integrating services.
• Costing analysis showed efficiency savings of $61,760 across study schools.
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Ghana
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Energy 2000kcal Protein 28g Vitamin A 700mcg
Vitamin C 45mg Iron 37mg Zinc 15mg Iodine 120mcg
31%48%
0%
0% 0%
16% 20%
Maize porridge,
500 g.
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Energy 2000kcal Vitamin A 700mcg
Vitamin C 45mg Iron 10 mg Zinc 10 mg Iodine 120mcg
31%48%
0%
0% 0%
16% 20%
100%
33%
61%74%
73%
24% 23%
41%
++
106%
98%Maize, iodize
salt, CL,
chicken egg
++103%
Protein 28g
51%
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Evidence from Ghana
Initial findings show the impact of Home Grown School Feeding on:
Education• Enrolment levels in kindergarten increased by 12%
• Absenteeism reduced by 7%
Health and Nutrition• 14% of girls of in HGSF schools improved literacy scores.
Agriculture• 33% of households increased their value of agricultural sales in HGSF
districts
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Kenya
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Structured Demand Learning suggests greatest impact occurs in areas of lowest demand caused by weak market linkages
• Transparency in price and payment is key for smallholder trust.
• Timely access to price, quality and quantity information enhances operational efficiencies of aggregators and market systems.
• Adaptation of quantity and quality requirements and the effective communication on them can ease SHF transition to supplying structured markets.
Technology as a Solution
School
FBOSMF
TRADER
• The Mobile Phone Platform allowing easier aggregation and management of commodities despite the short period of aggregation
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Summary
• Homegrown school feeding is a ‘win-win’ all around for education, health, nutrition and agriculture.
• It is also an investment in rural economies.
• It is a stable market that will contribute to the improvements on smallholder farmer livelihoods and national food security.
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PartnershipforChildDevelopment
SHN @schoolhealth
HGSF @HGSFglobal
www.schoolsandhealth.org
www.imperial.ac.uk/pcdwww.hgsf-global.org
Find out more
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Thank you
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Arlene Mitchell
Global Child Nutrition Foundation
International Food Assistance and Food Security Conference
The growing importance of school feeding as a
critical safety net and tool for social inclusion
School Feeding:
A Critical Safety Net
Des Moines, Iowa
October 11, 2016
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“Poverty is pronounced deprivation in wellbeing.” The measure is whether people Have enough resources to meet their needs.
Are able to obtain specific goods (food, shelter, health care, education)
Are capable to function in society—have adequate income, education, health, security, self-confidence, a sense of power, and ability to exercise their rights --The World Bank; theOverseas Development Institute
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What is social exclusion?
“Poverty alone is not a comprehensive marker of deprivation. Race, ethnicity, gender, religion, place of residence, disability status, age, HIVAIDS status, sexual orientation or other stigmatized markers, confer disadvantage that excludes people from a range of processes and opportunities.” --The World Bank
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What is social protection?
“Social Protection is concerned with
…preventing,
…managing, and
…overcoming
situations that adversely affect people’s well being.” -- UN Research Institute for Social Development
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Categories of situations leading to/worsening poverty and social exclusion are:
economic, environmental, and/or political
Their impact may be at one or more levels:
Global Multi-national National
Sub-national Community HouseholdIndividual
-- Overseas Development Institute
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Safety net programs
• Address risks, vulnerability and social exclusion
• Help households protect against livelihoods risks, maintain adequate food consumption and improve food security
• Prevent adoption of damaging coping strategies and depletion of household assets
-- Devereux et al. 2008
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In agriculture context, safety net programs might also
• Alleviate liquidity constraints for smallholders
• Boost demands for farm products
• Foster income-generating strategies
• Create multiplier effects throughout the local economy -- Devereux et al. 2008
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Social inclusion
• “ Is the process of improving the terms for individuals and groups to take part in society.
• …Aims to empower poor and marginalized people to take advantage of burgeoning global opportunities.”
-- The World Bank
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Social inclusion
• “…Ensures that people have a voice in decisions which affect their lives and that they enjoy equal access to markets, services and political, social and physical spaces.”
--The World Bank
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Question for today
How does school feeding measure up when viewed against the hallmarks of
strong social protection programs?
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Do (or could) school feeding programs…
•Target the most vulnerable?•Aid access to education and/or health services and programs?•Prevent or mitigate long-term problems?•Increase demand for farmers’ products?•Empower women?•Build capacity?
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Do (or could) school feeding programs…
•Transfer resources to the needy? •Integrate important interventions? •Provide a safe environment? •Create jobs & profits? •Result in intergenerational benefits?•Improve food security?•Build resilience?
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Are school feeding programs• Socially inclusive?
• Scalable?
• Efficient?
• Flexible?
• Transferable?
• Popular?
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references• Poverty: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPA/Resources/429966-
1259774805724/Poverty_Inequality_Handbook_Ch01.pdf and https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/3095.pdf
• Social inclusion and exclusion: http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/socialdevelopment/brief/social-inclusion
• Social Protection: social.un.org/coopsyear/documents/KuriaEnablingsocialprotectionAddisAbaba.pdf
• panelists
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPA/Resources/429966-1259774805724/Poverty_Inequality_Handbook_Ch01.pdfhttps://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/3095.pdfhttp://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/socialdevelopment/brief/social-inclusion
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Thank you. And now, over to our distinguished panelists.
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October 2016, Des Moines
WFP’s global approach for the development of national school meals programmes
WFP’s global approach for
the development of national
school meals programmes
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WFP School Meals in 2015
In 2015, WFP provided school meals to 17.4 million children in 62 countries and technical assistance to governments in another 10 countries
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Key Facts on WFP School Meals 2015
Key Facts on WFP School Meals
50% 50%
Gen
der B
ala
nce
Children fed in 2015: 17.4 million in 62 countries
Technical assistance to government programmesindirectly supporting an additional 10 million children
Receiving take-home rationsand cash transfers: 2.1 million children
Assisted in emergencyand recovery contexts: 6.4 million children
62,668 schools received WFP assistance
US$321 million spent on school meals programmes
Top three Donors: USA US$85 million, Canada US$37million, Private sector US$30 million
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The Variety of WFP School Meals
School Meals
• Children fed breakfast and/or lunch in school
• Prepared at the school, in the community or delivered from centralized kitchens
High Energy Biscuits & Snacks
• Provided to children in school
• Often fortified with vitamins and micronutrients children need to grow, both physically and mentally
Take-home Rations / Conditional Cash Transfers for Education
• Usually consists of rice or micronutrient-fortified oil
• Motivates parents to send children to school, especially girls
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Knowledge and Policy Productson School Meals and Home Grown School Meals
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
World Bank, WFP WFP WFP/PCD/WB PCD/WB/WFP
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School meals benefit children, families and the community
Education
Gender Equality
Local Agriculture
Safety Nets
Nutrition
Increases concentration,
learning & cognitive
capacity
Improves enrolment,
attendance and
retention rates by
drawing students to
the classroom
Girls more likely to
have healthier
children and head
food-secure
families
Provides fresher foods to schoolchildren and a
predictable market for farmers to sell their goods
Provides household
income – parents
can invest money
for food on other
necessities
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Anjelina, a South-Sudanese refugee, received WFP school meals in the Kakuma camp in Kenya. She competed in Rio2016 with the Refugee Team.
“Food in school encourages kids at home to go to school.”
“We (team refugee) have come far.We represent hope and peace.”
She claims that without WFP school meals,she would never have made it to Rio 2016.
Read the story on medium.com/@WFP
Member of Refugees Olympic Team Received School Meals
School Meals for Education Outcomes
https://insight.wfp.org/how-to-build-effective-and-sustainable-national-school-meals-programs-37ff07193b5c#.w0mdszipm
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By E. Cousin and A. Mitchell
“Shouldn’t every child have a chance to be top of the class?”
When adequate education programs are combined with school meals, children move up respectively 7 and 12 percentiles on intelligence and math tests.
“Add a daily dose of nutritious and good food to an adequate education. The results are a winning combination: healthier, better educated and empowered children.”
Read the Op-Ed on forbes.com
On World Literacy Day, A Recipe For Smarter, Healthier Children
School Meals for Education Outcomes
http://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2016/09/08/on-world-literacy-day-a-recipe-for-smarter-healthier-children/#58fcf9624be4http://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2016/09/08/on-world-literacy-day-a-recipe-for-smarter-healthier-children/#58fcf9624be4http://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2016/09/08/on-world-literacy-day-a-recipe-for-smarter-healthier-children/#58fcf9624be4
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“I strongly believe that an integrated and well-structured school meals programme provides solid foundations for a comprehensive education strategy(…)And I want to make clear that WFP is ready to engage in strategic relationships with all the different players needed to deliver a quality education”
Ertharin Cousin, WFP Executive Director, GCNF
(September 2016).
Maximizing the impacts of school meal programmes for Education
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Main
ou
tpu
ts o
f th
e I
nvestm
en
t C
ase
The Cost-Benefit Analysis tool
Assess monetary cost and economic benefits of the recognized outcomes of school meals supported by the WFP or government.
Calculate school meals Cost/Benefit ratio
• Benefit/Cost (B/C) ratio: how many dollars are generated from investing 1$ in school meals ?
Objective: Measure the benefits generated per 1$ invested in School Meals over the life of the beneficiary (child).
1
2
$ 5.5Average benefit for each $ 1 invested
In a sample of 14 countries providing school meals, itshowed that for every USD 1 invested brought aUSD 3 to USD 9 economic return
The CBA tool was developed jointly byWFP and The Boston ConsultingGroup, as an economic modelsupported by academic literature,country-specific indicators andinformation collected from WFPexperts.
In several countries, the CBA wascarried out through a partnership withMasterCard, thanks to whichvolunteers from MasterCard were ableto spend one month in WFP’s CountryOffice on the field, running theeconomic model and supporting thegovernment.
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…they spend
more time at
school…
…and they
are more
concentrated
when in class…
…in other words,
they get a better
education.
A better
education
leads to a
better job…
…and to a
better health,
enabling them to
work longer…
…both of which
resulting in more
value created
throughout
lifetime.
The Cost-Benefit Analysis tool
When children get school meals…
Source: BCG
Country’s lowest
quintile base wage
Wage increase
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School feeding is a crucialsafety net in emergencies
In the past 5 years, 38 countries have scaled up school
feeding in response to a food crisis, armed conflict, natural
disaster or financial crisis.
Keeps children in school
Promotes protection
Instills a sense of
hope
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Directly Distributing School Meals to Children
Technically Assisting Governments to Develop National Programmes
WFP’s Dual Role in School Meals
WFP is increasing
its focus on its
technical
assistance role,
ensuring
governments have
the political and
financial means to
implement quality
programmes.
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Evidence-based implementation framework
Nutrient gap
SABER SF and
context analysis
Supply chain
M/E System
Coordination
& synergies
Cost efficiency
& effectiveness
Wide diagnostic
Country Assessment Plan
Assessment Based National Dialogue for School Feeding
In depth-assessments
Adequate and coordinated
school feeding system
embedded in social protection
Study Visits WFP
CoE Brazil and
KM platforms Political commitment
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Supporting rural economies through home-grown school meals
Countries with Home-Grown School Meals Programmes(37 in total)
• Provides locally-produced and bought food to school-age children
• Builds direct links between school demands for fresh, local
products and supplies from local and national smallholder farmers
• WFP works with farmers to increase capacity, and with
governments to launch national procurement programs
Ghana: WFP
buys maize,
rice and
cowpeas from
farmers
Bolivia: farmer-
run dairy plant
in the highlands
provides yogurt
to schools
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Maximizing impacts of school meals programmes for Ag and Nutrition
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Resource Frameworkon Home Grown School Meals
Partners:• World Food Programme
• WFP Centre of Excellence
• Food and Agriculture Organization
• Global Child Nutrition Foundation
• Partnership for Child Development
• New Partnership for Africa’s Development
Objectives of the Resource Framework:
• Clarify the key concepts, scope and goals of
HGSM programmes;
• Harmonize existing guidance materials;
• Provide joint technical reference to governments
to design, implement and scale up effective,
efficient, and sustainable HGSM programmes
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WFP/USDA in Lao (since 2014)
NATIONAL SCHOOL FEEDING
SYSTEM AND CAPACITIES
WFP SCHOOL FEEDING OPERATIONS
McGovern-Dole
300,000 beneficiaries per school year
LOCAL PROCUREMENT
Local and Regional Food Aid Procurement
Communities and smallholder farmers*
Technical Assistance and Knowledge Management
*building capacities of SHF and boosting agricultural
diversity
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School meals and the SDGs
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Thanks for your attention
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An overview of benefits and costs considered in this analysis
Benefits Costs
Value Transfer
Direct transfer of resources to beneficiaries'
households
Return on Investment
Return on Assets created or protected from
financial distress
Increased Productivity
Increase wage due to better education / health
Healthier and longer life
Increased productive life due to better health /
education
Externalities
Additional benefits not related to program
beneficiaries (e.g. lower costs for government or
community benefits)
Commodities
Value of commodities distributed to the
beneficiaries
Logistics, storage and utilities
All costs incurred to handle and deliver the food
to the schools
Management and administration
The cost of monitoring & evaluation, field
missions, quality checks
Staff
The cost of all staff (full-time or part-time) working
for the programme
Community costs
Contributions generated by parents associations
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Piloting and expanding ABND-SF for a better integration of SF into social protection scheme
Reinforcing sustainability and cost efficiency of national programmes
School Meals
Safety Nets
Social protection
SP
F1 Access to
essential health care, including maternity care
SP
F2 Basic
income security for children (incl. education, nutrition…)
SP
F3 Basic
income security for persons in active age
SP
F4 Basic
income security for older persons
FROM EARLY CHILDHOOD TO ACTIVE POPULATION
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Adequate and coordinated school feeding system
embedded in social protection
Sustainable financial resources with recognized
positive returns on investment
Integrated and robust operational capacities
Evidence-based
implementation
framework
and
Country technical
assistance plan
Towards sustainable national school meals programme
Assessment
Based National Dialogue
School Feeding
Scaling Up
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- Main scope of research:
- Education in emergencies (Global)
- Nutrition sensitive school meal programmes (LAC/Global)
- Integration of School meals/Social protection (Global)
- Home Grown School Meals (Global)
- Regional consultations:
- African Union (HGSM)
- MENA Region (growth inclusive and social cohesion) with the
Arab League, World Bank, ILO, UNICEF, UNESCO…
- Central Asia (August 2016) and South East Asia (2017)
Research, new and renewed partnerships, regional networks…
Exploring new opportunities
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Links with agriculture
Maximizing impacts of school meal programmes with local Agriculture
Tues. 2.00pm School Safety Nets Bundy.pdfTues. 2.00pm School Safety Nets Drake.pdfTues. 2.00pm School Safety Nets Mitchell.pdfTues. 2.00pm School Safety Nets Ryckembusch.pdf