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Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles?
• Two Major Difficulties:- Permission to
enter a new country.
- Attitudes of citizens once they’ve entered country.
• Immigration Policies – two policies to control foreigners seeking work.
• 1. Quota System• 2. Temporary
Migration for work.
Immigration Policies
• US Quota Laws – Quota Act of 1921 and National Origins Act of 1924.
• Designed to assure most immigrants to the US continued to be Europeans.
• Hemisphere Quotas to Global Quotas.• Brain Drain – large-scale emigration
by talented people. • More education, ¼ of all legal
immigrants to the US have attended graduate school.
Temporary Migration for Work
• Guest Workers – Europe and Middle East.• Foreign-born workers = ½ of labor force
in Luxembourg, 1/6 in Switzerland, 1/10 in Austria, Belgium, and Germany.
• Useful role in Western Europe – low-status and low-skilled jobs that locals won’t accept.
• UK = restrictions of foreigners to obtain permits.
• Guest Workers – N.Africa, Middle East, E.Europe, and Asia
Time-Contract Workers
• 19c. – Asian migration to work in mines and plantations.
• 29+ million ethnic Chinese live permanently in other countries, most in Asia.
• Illegal immigration to Asia for work.
• Taiwan – 20-70 thousand, most are Filipinos, Thais, Malaysians.
Economic Migrants vs. Refugees
• US, Canada, and W.Europe treat the two groups differently.
• Economic Migrants – not admitted unless they possess special skills or have a close relative there, and must still compete with applicants.
• Refugees – receive special priority in admission.
Emigrants
• Cuba emigrants = political refugees.• 1959+, 600,000 to US; 2nd influx
after 1980.• Haiti emigrants = 1980 boatlift from
Cuba, several thousand Haitians to US due to economic advancement.
• US says NO!! Haiti sues. US flops!• We invade Haiti in 1994 to reinstate
president.
Emigrants
• Vietnam emigration – 1975; evacuation of Saigon.
• 2nd surge in 1980s by boat.• Int. agreement – most were judged
refugees and transferred other places.• Most, considered economic migrants,
placed in detention camps until 1996, camps were closed and people sent back to Vietnam.
• Major source of immigrants to US, with pull of economic opportunity and push of political persecution.
Cultural Problems
• Politicians – Immigration = scapegoats
• American Attitudes – denial of education, health clinics, day cares, public services.
• European Attitudes – guest workers suffer from poor social conditions.
• Middle East – possible political unrest within Islamic customs.
Why Migrate Within A Country?
• Internal = less destructive than international.
• Two types – interregional and intraregional.
• In US, interregional migration popular in the past due to farming.
• Large-scale internal migration = opening of American West.
Center of Population
• Average location of everyone in the country, the “center of population gravity.”
• Move West over last 200 years.• 1790 – population center was in
Chesapeake Bay, east of Baltimore.• 1830 – West Virginia; 1830+ - moved
rapidly to just West of Cincinnati in 1880.
• Western pioneers passed through interior on their way to California.
Center of Population
• Most of 19c. Continuous westward advance of settlement stopped at the 98th meridian.
• Interior = physical environment not for familiar agriculture.
• Maps = Great American Desert
Settlement of Great Plains
• Center migrated West at much slower pace after 1880.
• Large-scale migration to East Coast
• Fill in area b/w 98th meridian and California.
• 1950-1980 – center moved farther west.
• 1980 – crossed Mississippi River; 2000 – south-central Missouri.
Recent Growth of the South
• 1990s – first time, more migrated out of the West than into the West.
• Population center moved southward sharply.
• Immigrating into the South – job opportunities and environmental reasons.
• Interregional migration has slowed.• Net migration b/w each pair of regions
is now close to zero.
Migration in Regions
• More people move within the same region – intraregional migration.
• Less than 5% of world’s people in 1800 lived in urban areas, compared to almost ½ today.
• Urbanization begins in 1800s, in Europe and N.America undergoing rapid industrialization.
• Migration from rural to urban areas has shot up in LDCs of Africa, Asia, and L.America.
Migration in Regions
• MDCs = intraregional migration from central cities out to suburbs.
• Result of suburbanization, territory occupied by urban areas has rapidly expanded.
Migration – Metropolitan to Non
• Late 20c. – W.Europe and N.America have new trend.
• More people immigrated into rural areas than emigrated out of them.
• Net migration from urban to rural = counterurbanization.
• Many are retired people.• Has stopped in the US b/c of poor
economic conditions.