Why is there a drought of rainwater harvesting in Mumbai

Why is there a DROUGHT of RAINWATER HARVESTING in Mumbai? 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABOUT THE AUTHORS ...................................................................................................................................... 3

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ....................................................................................................................................... 4

PREFACE ........................................................................................................................................................ 5

1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 7

2. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................................................. 8

3. WHAT LED TO THIS REPORT? .......................................................................................................................... 8

4. MEDIA AND SOCIAL AWARENESS ON RAINWATER HARVESTING ............................................................................ 10

5. CURRENT GOVERNMENT POLICIES ................................................................................................................ 10

6. HOW GOOD IS THE FUNCTIONING OF MCGMげS RWH CELL? ............................................................................. 11

6.1. Observations on the functioning of the RWH Cell in MCGM ......................................................................12

6.ヲ. E┝Ieヴpts fヴoﾏ MCGMげs Hooklets oﾐ a┘aヴeﾐess aHout water resource .....................................................13

7. A FEW RWH SUCCESS STORIES IN THE CITY ..................................................................................................... 14

8. SUGGESTED IMPROVEMENTS FOR EFFICIENT FUNCTIONING OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING (RWH) CELL ...................... 15

9. RECOMMENDATIONS TO INCREASE ADOPTION OF RAINWATER HARVESTING ........................................................... 16

10. CHENNAI SERVES AS A PRECEDENT ............................................................................................................... 17

11. OTHER CITIES IN INDIA .............................................................................................................................. 18

12. CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................................................... 20

ANNEXURE 1 - MCGM CIRCULAR, 2002 .......................................................................................................... 21

ANNEXURE 2 - MCGM CIRCULAR FOR IOD CONDITION FOR RWH, 2003 ............................................................... 22

ANNEXURE 3 - MCGM CIRCULAR, 2003 .......................................................................................................... 23

ANNEXURE 4 - WATER CONSERVATION AND RAIN WATER HARVESTING FOR BRIHANMUMBAI, 2003 ............................. 24

ANNEXURE 5 - MAHARASHTRA GOVERNMENT URBAN DEVELOPMENT NOTIFICATION ON RWH, 2007 ......................... 35

ANNEXURE 6 - RAINWATER HARVESTING BROCHURE, MCGM ............................................................................... 40

ANNEXURE 7 - CASE STUDIES OF RAINWATER HARVESTING IN MUMBAI .................................................................... 41

Sealine CHS, Khar (W) ........................................................................................................................................41

Sea Crown CHS, Charkop, Kandivali (W) ............................................................................................................42

Sea Hill CHS, Union Park Road, Khar (W) ...........................................................................................................43

Model Town, Mahakali Caves, Andheri (E) ........................................................................................................44

Vasant Valley Complex, Dindoshi, Goregaon (E) ................................................................................................45

Patliputra CHS, Four Bunglows, Andheri (W) .....................................................................................................46

HARVEST TO HARNESS (H2H), 2004 ................................................................................................................ 47

ORF MUMBAIげS PUBLICATION ON WATER ......................................................................................................... 48

Ten key recommendations made by ORF Mumbai ............................................................................................49

ABOUT OBSERVER RESEARCH FOUNDATION MUMBAI .......................................................................................... 52


ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Rishi Aggarwal

Research Fellow, Observer Research Foundation Mumbai

Rishi is a social and environmental activist engaged in researching and creating

discussion around various public policy matters. His areas of interest are urban

governance and sustainability.

Email: [email protected]

Mobile: 9820640324

Janki Pandya

Associate Fellow, Observer Research Foundation Mumbai

Janki is a post graduate in Political Science from the University of Mumbai. She is

interested in working on issues of urban governance and sustainable development.

She is also a citizen journalist, committed to making a difference to the society.

Email: [email protected]

Mobile: 9867271753

mailto:[email protected]


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We extend our gratitude to Mr. Navin Chandra of Sealine CHS, Khar, Mr. Bobby Clement of Model

Town CHS, Andheri, for sharing their experience and helping us learn the benefits of rainwater

harvesting in their respective societies. We would also like to thank Mr. Gurjeet Singh Bedi of Osmosis

Pvt Ltd, for arranging a personal visit to all the places studied in the report, which helped us get a first

haﾐd ┗ie┘ of peopleげs e┝peヴieﾐIe oﾐ iﾐstallatioﾐ of rainwater harvesting system in their societies.

We offer heartfelt thanks to Ms. ‘oshﾐi Ud┞a┗aヴ foヴ shaヴiﾐg heヴさHaヴ┗est to Haヴﾐessざ data.

We thank Satyajeet Shobha Shriram and Dr. Sumedh, Programme Coordinator at ORF Mumbai for

designing the cover. We would also like to thank Aparna Sivakumar, Associate Research Fellow at ORF

Mumbai and Dhaval Desai, Programme Coordinatora at ORF Mumbai for proofreading the report.

We owe sincere thanks to Mr. Sudheendra Kulkarni, Chairman, ORF Mumbai, for his support and

encouragement throughout.

Finally, we would like to thank team ORF Mumbai for their constant support and encouragement.


PREFACE

MuﾏHai ┘astes ﾏore ┘ater ─ 9ヰヰ MLD daily ─ thaﾐ Puﾐe’s total ┘ater supply of aHout ヶヵヰ MLD every day!

Over the last 50 years, water supply in Mumbai has increased by 192.7% but water availability per

persoﾐ has reduIed Hy ヲン.ヶ% due to the Iity’s iﾐIrediHle populatioﾐ gro┘th. Many residents of the illegal slums in Mumbai are forced to pay more for their daily quota of water

thaﾐ ┘hat the Iity’s riIhest pay for their municipal water supply.

We pay Rs. 15 or more for 1 litre of bottled water. In contrast, BMC charges merely Rs. 4.00 per

ヱ,ヰヰヰ litres of ┘ater ─ that is, less thaﾐヱ paisa (ヰ.ヰヰ4 paisa, to be precise) for 1 litre of potable

municipal water!

Ironically, the consumers of water in rural Maharashtra pay nearly double the rate that BMC, which

is the richest corporation in the country, charges Mumbaikars.

Mumbai has a fleet of around 10,000 private water tankers, which make an annual profit of Rs.

1460 crore.

International cities like Shanghai, Kuala Lumpur, Seoul, Bangkok, Hong Kong and London all get

24x7 water supply. In Mumbai, water cuts are normal in summer months.

These, and many more startling revelations, find place in a landmark report that the Observer

Research Foundation Mumbai published last year. Authored by my colleague, Dhaval Desai, it was

titled けTIME I“ ‘UNNING OUT – Does MuﾏHai Ha┗e Eﾐough Water?げ It remains the most

comprehensive study of the problems afflicting water supply in Indiaげs IoﾏﾏeヴIial Iapital, undertaken

by a governmental or non-governmental organisation. In addition to bringing out stark inefficiencies in

the municipal management of water supply iﾐ MuﾏHai ─ ┘hiIh is foヴtuﾐatel┞ Hetteヴ eﾐdo┘ed ┘ith sources of water than ﾏaﾐ┞ Iities iﾐ Iﾐdia ─ the stud┞ also highlighted se┗eヴal Haffliﾐg aﾐoﾏalies iﾐ the water economy in the city.

Oﾐe of the ﾏajoヴヴeIoﾏﾏeﾐdatioﾐs of Dha┗alげs stud┞ uヴges MuﾏHaiげs Municipal Corporation as well

as its citizens to take up, as a mandatory duty, (a) waste water recycling and (b) rainwater harvesting.

As a follow-up to Dha┗alげs ヴepoヴt, ﾏ┞ Iolleagues ‘ishi Aggaヴ┘al aﾐd Jaﾐki Paﾐd┞a uﾐdeヴtook a stud┞ of the functioning of the Rainwater Harvesting Cell of the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC,

also known as MCGB or the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai). Their findings, which form the

Sudheendra Kulkarni

Chairman, ORF Mumbai


subject of this report, are quite disheartening. As the title of this report points out, there truly is a

さdヴoughtざ of ヴaiﾐ┘ateヴ haヴ┗estiﾐg iﾐ MuﾏHai.

While highlightiﾐg the Ioヴpoヴatioﾐげs failuヴe to eﾐfoヴIe ヴaiﾐ┘ateヴ haヴ┗estiﾐg, this ヴepoヴt also IeleHヴates the exemplary self-ﾏoti┗ated iﾐitiati┗es of MuﾏHaiげs eﾐlighteﾐed Iitizeﾐs. The suIIess stoヴ┞ sIヴipted by one of them, Shri Navin Chandra, Secretary of Sealine Cooperative Housing Society, was featured

H┞ け“at┞aﾏe┗ Ja┞ateげ, Aaﾏiヴ Khaﾐげs iﾏﾏeﾐsel┞ populaヴ TV pヴogヴaﾏﾏe.

The IヴitiIalit┞ of suppl┞ of Ileaﾐ, safe aﾐd adeケuate ┘ateヴ to all Iitizeﾐs foヴ Iﾐdiaげs all-round socio-

economic development is well known. What is also HeIoﾏiﾐg iﾐIヴeasiﾐgl┞ Ileaヴ is that Iﾐdiaげs Iities and towns, many of which face acute water shortages each year, must do a far better job of managing

every available source of water. In particular, maximum rainwater harvesting locally by residential,

commercial and governmental buildings must be facilitated so that it becomes a universal practice. In

this Ioﾐte┝t, MuﾏHaiげs e┝peヴieﾐIe ─ Hoth its failuヴes aﾐd its suIIesses ─ as pヴeseﾐted iﾐ this ヴepoヴt, will surely prove helpful to the rest of urban India.

I am happy to note that this report is being released on the eve of March 22, World Water Day.

‘eadeヴsげ IヴitiIal Ioﾏﾏeﾐts aヴe ┘elIoﾏe.


1. INTRODUCTION

Published on the eve of World Water Day on 22nd

March 2013

The benefits of rainwater harvesting are well known and need no elaboration. With rapid

urbanisation and industrialisation it has been seen as one of the important ways in which water

scarcity can be dealt with. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) has been recognised as one of the important

lifelines for human wellbeing by UNEP. It is a simple method which provides means to improve access

to water and sanitation at the local level, thus helping in achieving the UN Millennium Development

Goal 7, Target 7C1 - access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.

At the very onset, it must be clarified

that all the water supplied to Mumbai

is through rainwater harvested and

impounded in dams in far off

catchment areas. The rainwater

harvesting stressed upon in this

inquiry is the one engaged in locally,

within the city limits of Mumbai and by

relevant methods of rooftop water

harvesting and ground water recharge.

Mumbai understands the importance of rainwater harvesting and there has been a lot of discussion

for more than a decade in the city about the same. Though blessed with abundant water, there is a

constant worry about assured supply. There has been progressive legislation at the level of the

Municipal Corporation and the State Government; awareness programmes and messages in mass

media are a regular feature. But there is no annual audit or report on the level of implementation or

compliance in the city. None of the key stakeholders can give an answer to the simple question of how

much rainwater is harvested within the city of Mumbai. Clearly what is not measured cannot be

managed.

Maharashtra is experiencing a major drought situation in 17 districts in 2013. This is bound to have its

repercussion on the economy and development of the state. In contrast, Mumbai will be enjoying a

relatively abundant supply of water, in spite of the water cuts that are likely emerge as summer

approaches. It stands to reason that if a certain percentage of water demand, especially for non-

potable needs could be met through harvested water, then the remaining water could be available for

potable needs of those in underserved areas. The water available thus could be utilised at least within

the Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR) and extended areas that suffer from acute water shortage, if

not in the interior districts of Maharashtra.

1 http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/environ.shtml


The purpose of this inquiry is to understand how widespread or otherwise the practice of rainwater

harvesting is and the usage of harvested water during early monsoon and non-monsoon months. An

equally important purpose of this inquiry is to understand the functioning of the Rainwater Harvesting

Cell of the Municipal Corporation; we have used its functioning as a proxy for the subject matter. No

civil society body can match the resources available to the government for the purpose of information

compilation and hence it becomes all the more important to audit the functioning of government

departments. Even before we engaged in this study we were well aware of some excellent case

studies of buildings that utilised harvested water to serve 25-50 percent of their needs. During the

course of our study we were even more convinced that a widespread implementation of rainwater

harvesting can serve as a valuable insurance against the vagaries of weather.

2. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

To understand and analyse the implementation of rainwater harvesting schemes in the city.

To understand the prevalence of RWH in government buildings.

To understand the hindrances in policy implementation.

Study and analyse the fuﾐItioﾐiﾐg of the MCGMげs ‘WH Cell.

To provide suggestions to popularise the practise of rainwater harvesting in the city, which could

also be useful for urban India, in general.

3. WHAT LED TO THIS REPORT?

An earlier report published by Observer Research Foundation Mumbai titled さTiﾏe is ‘uﾐﾐiﾐg Out, Does MuﾏHai ha┗e eﾐough ┘ater?ざ authored by Dhaval Desai, our colleague at ORF, recommended

rainwater harvesting as one of the most important measures that needs to be adopted to meet the

Iit┞げs ┘ateヴ deﾏaﾐds. Additionally, we have been researching Mumbai on a number of sustainability

parameters that include the study of how Mumbai has fared in terms of rainwater harvesting over the

past decade as well as the fuﾐItioﾐiﾐg of MCGMげs ‘WH Cell. The last decade has witnessed a number

of bad monsoons leading to water scarcity as well as conversations and interest in rainwater

harvesting. We felt it was important to assess the extent to which interests and intentions have

translated into reality and identify scopes for improvement.

AIIoヴdiﾐg to MCGMげs IalIulatioﾐ2, Mumbai receives an annual rainfall of 2,000 mm. Given that

Mumbai's geographical area is 437 sq km, the annual rainfall generates about 8,78,000 million litres of

water, which suffices to supply about 2,400 million litres a day. Theoretically, all this amount of water

can be harvested. However, assuming that 70 per cent of the city is developed and only 70 per cent

rainfall from this developed area can be conserved, the quantity of rainwater harvested would amount

to nearly 1,180 million litres a day. If we decide to resort only to rooftop rainwater harvesting,

2http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/MCGM%20Department%20List/Solid%20Waste%20Management/R

ain%20Water%20Harvesting/Water%20Conservation%20and%20Rainwater%20Harvesting%20EN.pdf


assuming only half the developed area is roofed, we can easily harvest water around 590 million litres

a day. This is still a significant amount of water, given that the BMC supplies 3,000 million litres a day

to the city.

The MCGM was the first Municipal

Corporation in the state to make RWH

compulsory for new buildings under the

Intimation of Disapproval (IOD) and as a

prerequisite for Completion Certificate

to buildings. RWH was made mandatory

for buildings of more than 1000 sq m in

2002, and the rule was amended to

make RWH mandatory for buildings of more than 300 sq m in 2007. However, most new buildings

flout this law and do not have rainwater harvesting systems in place.

DNA Mumbai (24 September, 2012) while reporting on rainwater harvesting in the city3 mentioned

that only 1850 building structures out of 4206 constructed after March 2002, that cover an area of

more than 1000 sq m have implemented rainwater harvesting systems, which makes it only 44% of

the total. The other 2356 buildings have blatantly violated the rules.

The report also evaluated buildings of more than 300 sq m to reveal similar findings – only 1158

buildings out of the 2649 constructed structures have implemented RWH systems. This is around 43%.

However, what needs special mention here is that there

is no record whether these buildings continue to have

functional rainwater harvesting systems. This violation

is more rampant in the city and eastern suburbs while

western suburbs have an implementation rate of

around 52%.

The last decade also saw enormous new construction in

Mumbai across all categories - residential, commercial

and leisure - providing the right opportunity to make

sure that new buildings followed the right practices

from inception.

3 http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_not-many-takers-for-rainwater-harvesting-in-mumbai_1744418


4. MEDIA AND SOCIAL AWARENESS ON RAINWATER HARVESTING

Print media has played a very positive role in disseminating the idea of adopting rainwater harvesting

systems. Newspaper articles have often highlighted the need to have strict rules for implementing the

s┞steﾏ. The ﾏedia has Heeﾐ IヴitiIal of MuﾐiIipal Coヴpoヴatioﾐげs Iloud seeding proposal in 2012, and

instead urged the promotion water harvesting and storing technology.

More recently, the issue also gained recognition when the popular television show by Aamir Khan,

Satyamev Jayate4, highlighted the need for water management and RWH. The episode created a

nationwide discussion around the practice of RWH and its benefits. It emphasised on practising

rainwater harvesting especially in cities where there is no mechanism in place to harvest and store

rainwater which is otherwise lost.

Introducing the viewers to best practices, the TV show presented a case study of the RWH system

installed successfully and beneficially by Sealine CHS, Khar, Mumbai. Mr. Navin Chandra, the secretary

of the society was interviewed wherein he urged the people to adopt RWH. The detailed case study is

available in Annexure 7.

5. CURRENT GOVERNMENT POLICIES

2002 Maharashtra Government makes RWH mandatory for all buildings on plots more than 1000 sq m

2002 MCGM made RWH mandatory for buildings of plot more than 1000 sq m and granted water

connections of only 90 lpcd as compared to 135 lpcd supplied earlier.

2005 Directive by state government made RWH mandatory for all developers

2007 RWH under MCGM was also made mandatory for buildings coming to MCGM for additions/

alterations/ FSI TDR use.

In 2002, the Maharashtra Government made rainwater harvesting mandatory for all buildings being

constructed on plots more than 1000 sq m. A government directive was issued in March 2005 making

RWH mandatory for all property developers. By 2007, the same provision became mandatory to

buildings with plot area of 300 sq m.

4 http://video.lyricsmint.com/video/12th-episode-satyamev-jayate/

さPeople should start seeing money spent in installation of

rainwater harvesting as an investment which will yield them good

savings from huge water bills in future. It is important to start

iﾏpleﾏeﾐtiﾐg this systeﾏ iﾐ e┗ery Huildiﾐgざ.

Navin Chandra, Secretary, Sealine Co-op Housing Society, Khar


MCGM adopted the same policy making RWH compulsory for all new buildings in the city. Rainwater

harvesting was also made mandatory for properties which had been sanctioned before October 2002

but were due for Completion Certificate post November 2003.

Various circulars and notifications issued by the MCGM and the Government of Maharashtra can be

found in the Annexure section of this report.

6. HOW GOOD IS THE FUNCTIONING OF MCGM’S RWH CELL?

This stud┞ has ﾏade MCGMげs RWH Cell the focal point of its inquiry. We sought access to

comprehensive data from the Cell on the number of buildings in the city having a functioning rain

water harvesting system in place - government as well as private. The functioning of the Cell itself

became a barometer of the success or failure of implementing RWH in Mumbai.

Our first interaction was with Mrs. Suprabha Marathe, Assistant Engineer in RWH Cell on September 1,

2012, followed by a letter seeking information on a number of details which was delivered personally

on October 18, 2012. We have not received any response to the letter, supplying us the information

requested.

The lack of response and co-operation from the RWH Cell regarding data prompted us to seek help

from the Hydraulic Engineer of MCGM. We sent an email requesting him to furnish the required

information. There has been no reply from him and his department till the time of publishing this

report.

In the meantime, we visited a number of self-initiated sites harvesting rainwater and documented

their success stories, collecting data on the cost of set-up and maintenance as well as benefits that the

building enjoys after the installation of the system.

Compiling data and preparing annual reports could be considered as one of the basic responsibilities

of the RWH Cell. Considering the seriousness and importance of augmenting water supply with viable

alternatives and demand side measures, one would expect the Cell to function as a single stop for all

technical and other requirements any building may have, for implementing rainwater harvesting in

Government of Maharashtra issued directives under Shivkalin Pani Santhavan Yojana

(G.R.NO.RPD/1001/CN/330/WS-07 DTD: 14/2/2002) to various Municipal Corporations for

taking up rainwater harvesting in their jurisdiction. MCGM held discussions with various

professionals and by the order of Municipal Commissioner, set up a study group under the

Chairmanship of Additional Municipal Commissioner (P). First meeting of the Study Group

was held on November 15, 2002, wherein it was decided to formulate a Rainwater

Harvesting Cell to study the various aspects of RWH and to initiate pilot projects in MCGM

premises.

Excerpt from brochure by MCGM


their premises. But, to our disappointment, the Cell does not even compile basic data on the number

of buildings that have functional rainwater harvesting systems in the city.

We inquired with a number of water harvesting experts and practitioners about their experiences with

the Cell and many shared our disappointment.

In our early interaction with Mrs. Marathe, we were informed that around 200 government buildings

in Mumbai have a functioning rainwater harvesting systems. Further queries have, however, not

yielded the names of buildings that could be visited for understanding the set-up.

The Cell gives the impression of not being in a position to even implement rain water harvesting within

BMC buildings, far less being able to assist private entities.

6.1. Observations on the functioning of the RWH Cell in MCGM

6.1.1. Physical Infrastructure

The first observation that strikes one in a visit to the RWH Cell is the completely uninspiring and

pathetic look of the office. The office of the Rainwater Harvesting Cell is a small room not well

provided for. The Cell has water leakages as well as no adequate place to structure files and papers

which makes it an ugly sight to look at. A lack of appropriate infrastructure affects the working

environment and does not motivate an enthusiastic visitor who would want to implement RWH in his

or her premises.

6.1.2. Human Resource

The RWH cell is visibly short of manpower. Though the total number of people associated with the Cell

is not known, one can easily surmise that the staff needs to be improved qualitatively and

quantitatively. A young, versatile person, preferably someone who has done exemplary work in water

harvesting and has very good communication skills needs to head the Cell. It is extremely

disconcerting that the Cell currently does not seem to be in any position to provide technical

information and support to potential implementers.

6.1.3. Use of Information Technology

Use of Information technology for the purpose of communication or dissemination of information is

very minimal by the Cell. MCGM site has one web page allotted to the Rainwater Harvesting Cell,

which neither matches up with any standard for information dissemination, nor is it user friendly.

Social media that could be leveraged for outreach and assistance appears to be a far cry.

6.1.4. Communication material

In our meeting at the Cell on September 2, 2012, we were provided with the communication material

prepared by the Cell on rainwater harvesting. There were 10 booklets in Marathi corresponding to the

ten standards of high school and a two-fold brochure in English, outlining the basics of rainwater

harvesting. The books in Marathi seemed to be a work of amateurs and not designed by creative


communication experts. We are not sure if any assessment about the efficacy of the materials was

ever carried out. The graphics are of very poor quality and some of the books are extremely text

heavy. Images have been borrowed from drawings made by children in drawing competitions.

The online presence on the website of MCGM is not helpful either. Good communication and

awareness material needs to developed by the MCGM if is it is serious about rainwater harvesting in

Mumbai. The communication material and campaign clearly cannot be handled by the current staff;

competent experts who have experience in environmental communication need to be engaged.

6.2. ExIerpts froﾏ MCGM’s Hooklets oﾐ awareness about water resource

Heヴe aヴe a fe┘ e┝Ieヴpts fヴoﾏ MCGMげs Hooklets oﾐ a┘aヴeﾐess aHout ┘ateヴヴesouヴIes foヴ studeﾐts from Standard 1 to 10. These have been initiated, produced and designed by the RWH Cell and Water

Conservation Department.


7. A FEW RWH SUCCESS STORIES IN THE CITY

We also visited a number of buildings and housing societies that have successfully implemented

rainwater harvesting. Annexure 7 contains a few inspiring case studies that highlight how

implementation of rainwater harvesting has transformed tanker dependent societies to self sufficient

societies, in terms of water for non-potable purposes. The MCGM delivered water is primarily used

only for potable purposes, thus reducing its excessive and wasteful use.

On observing and interacting with various people who have implemented rainwater harvesting in their

housing societies we learnt that:

All housing societies were happy about the RWH installation, since it reduced their dependence on

MCGM water and helped them in facing water shortages. Water tankers were discontinued in

most buildings helping them save huge sums of money that was otherwise spent on tankers every

month.

Everyone we spoke to was annoyed with the unfriendly attitude of the BMC officials, from whom

they had to seek permission for installation of the RWH system, which they felt made the entire

process tiresome.

Another complaint was about the corruption of the officials who had to give permission for

rainwater harvesting installation.

さTheヴe is aHsolute h┞poIヴis┞ aﾐd douHle staﾐdaヴds of the BMC. Oﾐ one hand we hear ministers and officials talking and engaging in

rhetoric about alternative methods of water supply, even saying that

incentives will be given to housing societies that undertake such

projects and on the other hand we see just the opposite when we

need the required permissions for a rainwater harvesting or any

such project. We actually have to pay under the table charges to get

permissions.

Yes, we have heard that corruption has reached frenzy in India, but

in trying to make money out of projects that are at the root of

survival in this country is like spitting on the hand that feeds you.

When the government or those at the helm can stop this sad state

of affairs, then and only then will projects take off and water saving

alternative methods sees the light of day. Till then everything will

just be empty words and nothing ﾏoヴeざ.

Robert Clements, Newspaper Columnist


8. SUGGESTED IMPROVEMENTS FOR EFFICIENT FUNCTIONING OF RAIN

WATER HARVESTING (RWH) CELL

1. Increase budget allocation

The budget allocation for the Cell should be increased. In the current scenario, every year, less than

one crore rupees is allocated to the Rainwater Harvesting Cell. In the financial year of 2010-2011, only

around Rs. 70,000 – 80,000, not even half a percent of the annual outlay for water and sewage was set

aside for this cell. 5

The 2013-14 budget for water and sewage works is Rs. 5961.31 crore.

2. Improved infrastructure

The cell should be provided better infrastructure if it is to work efficiently and should have better work

environment for the employees to perform well, which is not the case now.

3. Empowerment and Accountability

The Cell needs to be empowered to strictly enforce and implement rainwater harvesting, along with

the ability to penalise non-compliance. Simultaneously, the Cell should be made more accountable,

and result-oriented. It must maintain and publish all RWH data, and bring out a detailed annual report.

4. Transition from awareness to enforcement

The Cell should move beyond just running awareness campaigns and position itself as an enforcing

agency that also provides machinery and support for rainwater harvesting. It should have a dedicated

team for field visits and data collection to examine the authenticity and functioning of rainwater

installations, as well as to assist in new implementations and to support existing installations that may

have issues or could be enhanced.

Corrupt practices by civic staff in granting permission for RWH, inspecting installations etc. must be

dealt with punitively.

5. Effective communication strategy

The Cell should invest in creating better quality communication material and campaigns, which are

user friendly and educational. A correct and timely intervention in outreach can go a long way in

building awareness, educating the citizens and thus increasing the adoption of rainwater harvesting in

coming years.

5 http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_not-many-takers-for-rainwater-harvesting-in-mumbai_1744418


9. RECOMMENDATIONS TO INCREASE ADOPTION OF RAINWATER

HARVESTING

Immediate time-bound implementation of rainwater harvesting systems should be mandated in

all government and municipal buildings of Mumbai. The public authorities should set a fitting

example for the citizens to follow. All such buildings should prominently display that they use

rainwater harvesting, and also provide the relevant statistics (for example data on amount of

water harvested, water consumption reduced/ saved).

All the 227 municipal corporators should champion action-oriented, exemplary initiatives towards

adopting RWH in their wards. If every corporator facilitated at least five systems per year during

their term then Mumbai would have 5675 active systems within the next five years.

A data collection, organisation and management system should be set up to map buildings with

planned and active RWH systems on an ongoing basis. This will help track and plan rainwater

harvesting implementations in a better way, while offering valuable insights that will assist in

understanding best practices and filling implementation gaps.

Special rainwater harvesting zones in open spaces and low lying areas should be categorised and

demarcated, so that a plan for rainwater harvesting in those areas can be chalked, for

implementation.

MCGM should be open to research and experimentation, and accommodate new innovative

methods for RWH, not just insisting on conventional, rigid and stereotypical methods. Existing

rules for water harvesting should be examined and modified for areas where it is not naturally

favourable.

The scope of rainwater harvesting should not be limited to large-sized buildings. The Municipal

Corporation policy of rainwater harvesting should include every potential catchment area in the

city from public parks and open spaces to places like under the flyovers, where water logging is

seen. Guidelines and policies should be drafted, with the larger scope and long term vision in

mind.

The Municipal Corporation should consider construction techniques that allow for percolation of

rainwater in our roads and footpaths thus helping recharge of groundwater. Concrete cement and

paver blocks that are currently used does not allow water to seep in, leading to manifold

problems – flooding, water logging in the city streets during a heavy shower and groundwater

recharge deprivation.

The Municipal Corporation should not make it mandatory to seek permission to implement RWH

in any premise. The current process that is onerous and time consuming should be made easy,

effortless and user friendly. A simpler process like online registration could be provisioned to

register the implementation of rainwater harvesting in a building/ complex. Best practices for

implementation, with pointers to agencies for implementation could be made available to the

citizens to ensure quality and standards.


MCGM should also provide attractive incentives such as rebate in property tax for buildings which

have a functioning rainwater harvesting system in place. This will encourage more people to

implement the system.

The Rainwater Harvesting Cell should hold functions like award ceremonies, workshops, film

screenings etc. to acknowledge excellence, incentivise innovation and implementation, increase

outreach and keep the subject relevant.

We are aware that a ground water survey has been commissioned by MCGM and we hope that it

will give an accurate idea of the net extractable ground water available. Being a coastal city saline

ingress is an issue and RWH can considerably help in recharging groundwater supplies.

10. CHENNAI SERVES AS A PRECEDENT

Chennai city faced severe water scarcity during the year 2001

and that acted as a major stimulus for rainwater harvesting. A

special campaign was launched in July 2001 as a peopleげs movement to popularise rainwater harvesting by the

institutions as well as individual households. The programme

was successful partly because of the political commitment

sho┘ﾐ H┞ Taﾏil Naduげs Chief Minister Dr. J. Jayalalithaa.

The decentralised availability of drinking water saw a paradigm shift from a system wholly controlled

by engineers and the Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board to a level of co-

management.

Technical assistance cells were established in various

government organisations. A campaign was launched through

mass media, seminars, exhibitions, rallies, mobile publicity vans,

etc. Vans demonstrating various methods of rainwater

harvesting, were parked in different parts of the city.

Today, Chennai is a benchmark for successful rainwater

harvesting in an Indian city. All the buildings, commercial as well as residential, are provided with

rainwater harvesting structures. This has helped in improving the ground water table as well as in

improving the quality of ground water. Moreover, during rainy season the dependence on the

municipal water supply has come down.6

Chennai serves as a model for other similarly water supply challenged cities. A city that was once

known for its acute scarcity of drinking water and exploitation of ground water started moving

6 http://www.auick.org/database/apc/apc044/apc04403.html


towards water security achieved by the diligent, Government-supported application of affordable and

environmentally sustainable solutions created in situ, with social benefits.7

11. OTHER CITIES IN INDIA

Most other big cities in the country have legislation on rainwater harvesting in place. However,

implementation has been a major problem like in Mumbai. Though there have been enough

legislation in place, the Municipal Corporations has not been able to direct its implementation to the

fullest.

There are several success stories in each city which offer great learning. Some of the initiatives of

these different cities also offer various means to make it a popular practise. Some of them have been

given below:

Bengaluru and Hyderabad have a penalty system in place, which has to a certain extent led to the

implementation of the system in plot areas which the legislations makes it compulsory.

Bengaluru Municipal Corporation has recently warned the citizens of discontinuance of supplied

water if RWH system is not implemented in the building.

Property tax rebate in Bhopal and Indore in Madhya Pradesh and in New Delhi has also acted as an

incentive for undertaking the system in buildings.

7 http://www.satyamevjayate.in/issue12/learnmore/detail/65/

Excerpts from a report in The Hindu on a study by Chennai Metro Water in 2009

o The Chennai Metro Water study of 759 RWH observatory wells shows that ever since the installation

of RWH structures in about 5 lakh consumer households was made mandatory five years ago, there

has been a 50 per cent rise in the water level.

o Following the drought period in 2003 when Chennai received only about 690 mm of rainfall as

against its normal of 1,200 mm, the water table had receded and, on an average, was at 7-8 metres

below ground.

o The condition of RWH structures in many government buildings is in bad shape and in dire need of

maintenance.

o PWD spends considerable amount on construction of RWH systems and a portion of the government

grant is spent on RWH maintenance.

o For instance, if Rs.1 crore is sanctioned towards a building, about Rs.50,000-Rs.1 lakh is spent on

RWH structures.

o Unless rainwater runoff in both public and private space in the city is harnessed, Chennai may lose

out on the precious resource and may end up with water problem during summer months, note

rainwater experts.

Rainwater harvesting yields rich dividends

http://www.hindu.com/pp/2009/01/31/stories/2009013150010100.htm


In terms of other assistance State Bank of Hyderabad provides personal loans up to Rs. 25,000

under the Varun Mitra Scheme for implementing rainwater harvesting. This is mainly to popularise

the practise and assisting implementation in case of financial limitations.

Legal, administrative and fiscal measures taken in selected cities of India for promoting RWH

Source: Rainwater Harvesting and Utilisation, Blue Drop Series, UN-Habitat


12. CONCLUSION

What has been learnt in the process of this inquiry is that there is a will among people to participate

and undertake rainwater harvesting; there are wonderful examples of implementation by self-

motivated individuals or by community effort. However, all this is to the credit of the citizens. The

municipal corporation as the governing institution in its capacity to be the ultimate policy maker and

change driver needs to take the lead in saving and managing rainwater but it is missing in action.

Serious attention has to be paid to implementing existing policies. Communication and awareness

creation needs to be sophisticated and in tune with the requirements of the people. The

administration needs to support a marketplace of solution providers and innovators and help them to

thrive.

A visionary political and administrative leadership is the need of the hour and a few long term

champions can make an enormous difference to the adoption of rainwater harvesting in Mumbai.

Just because Mumbai is blessed with abundant water supply should not take it away from showing

compassion and responsibility to less fortunate with the metropolitan region and nearby regions of

the State. The drinking water that is copiously flushed down the toilets for sanitation needs in Mumbai

could easily be made available to others in the region who are deprived of it currently. One should aim

to completely substitute the non-potable water needs at least, with locally harvested water.

The coming decades will see rapid urbanisation in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region. This will put

additional demand for supply of water to other corporations and councils in the region from the same

lakes which currently supply to Mumbai. While considerable capacity is being added, demand is also

rising from newer urban centers in the region. Rainwater harvesting and overall demand management

ﾏeasuヴes ﾏa┞ seeﾏ uﾐﾐeIessaヴ┞ fヴoﾏ toda┞げs peヴspeIti┗e Hut Iould HeIoﾏe a ﾐeIessit┞ iﾐ Ioﾏiﾐg years and the time to get prepared is now.

We hope this report will guide thinking in this regard and catalyse rapid implementation of rainwater

harvesting in Mumbai in the coming years.

t


ANNEXURE 1 - MCGM CIRCULAR, 2002


ANNEXURE 2 - MCGM CIRCULAR FOR IOD CONDITION FOR RWH, 2003


ANNEXURE 3 - MCGM CIRCULAR, 2003


ANNEXURE 4 - WATER CONSERVATION AND RAIN WATER HARVESTING FOR

BRIHANMUMBAI, 2003












ANNEXURE 5 - MAHARASHTRA GOVERNMENT URBAN DEVELOPMENT

NOTIFICATION ON RWH, 2007






ANNEXURE 6 - RAINWATER HARVESTING BROCHURE, MCGM


ANNEXURE 7 - CASE STUDIES OF RAINWATER HARVESTING IN MUMBAI

Sealine CHS, Khar (W)

Water situation before RWH No major water problem, but during the rains, water from

the adjacent road entered the building premises flooding the

ground floor and damaging the cars parked there.

Other Information ---

Type of RWH system installed Ringwell, 6ft deep 70ft long bare-bottom trench with a bed of

sand and pebbles for charging of groundwater

Areas included for RWH

Covers approx 700 Esq. of ground area and 220 Esq. of

terrace area and runoff from the adjacent road.

Water situation after implementation of

RWH

Estimated total charge into groundwater - 11,00,000 litres

per year (lpy)

Pumped out for non-drinking purposes - 1,00,000 lpy (9%

only)

Direct Monetary Benefits ---


Sea Crown CHS, Charkop, Kandivali (W)

Water situation before RWH

The supply of water does not meet the demand. Thus the

expense on BMC water tankers was Rs. 1 to 1.5 lakhs per

month

Other Information Site is on marshy land

Type of RWH system installed Ring well cum rainwater harvesting system

Areas included for RWH Roof tops and paved surface areas


RWH

24 hours water supply for non-potable purposes. Thus the

BMC water is used for potable purposes only. The society

no more calls for tankers to fulfil their water requirements.

Direct Monetary Benefits A saving of Rs.1 to 1.5 lakhs per month that was earlier

spent on tankers


Sea Hill CHS, Union Park Road, Khar (W)


There was a shortage of water, mainly for non potable-

purposes.

They were using BMC water for flushing and other

requirements.

Sometimes they had to call for tankers to fulfil their water

needs for non-potable uses.

Other Information

Building is located at a height; therefore, rainwater

harvesting and the implementation technique to be

adopted was a challenging job.

Type of RWH system installed Ring well cum rainwater harvesting system.



RWH

24 hours water supply for non-potable purposes from

saved rainwater.

Direct Monetary Benefits 40% saving in BMC water bill


Model Town, Mahakali Caves, Andheri (E)


Experienced severe water shortage since the demand did

not meet the supply from BMC.

They were managing their water requirements with

difficulty, having to shift from one underground tank to

another for water supply.

Other Information

Site was very rocky

Drilling of Bore well was not allowed due to BMC tunnel

bed.

They have a big ground that could be used as catchment

area


Areas included for RWH Terraces, paved surface areas aﾐd soIiet┞げs opeﾐ gヴouﾐd


RWH

Recharging the water table, 24 hours water supply in the

eight society buildings for non-potable requirements.

Direct Monetary Benefits ----


Vasant Valley Complex, Dindoshi, Goregaon (E)


BMC water was used for flushing and other non potable

purposes.

In order to meet the water requirement for five

buildings, tankers had to be called for.

Other Information ----

Type of RWH system installed 1 Ring well cum rainwater harvesting system


Water situation after implementation of RWH

24 hours water supply for all the five Buildings through

rainwater stored instead of using BMC water for flushing

and other non-potable uses.

Direct Monetary Benefits 40% saving in BMC water bill.


Patliputra CHS, Four Bunglows, Andheri (W)


Huge shortage of water for flushing and other domestic

needs.

The monthly expense on water tankers ranged from Rs.

50,000 to 60,000

Other Information Building is on marshy land



Water situation after implementation of RWH

At present, they get 24 hours water supply of harvested

water for non-potable requirements.

Tankers are no longer called for.

Direct Monetary Benefits A saving of Rs.50,000 to 60,000 that was earlier spent

on tankers.

All Systems implemented by Osmosis Pvt. Ltd., Kandivali, www.osmosisindia.com

Data for the same - partially provided by Osmosis and by visiting the site and engaging with people.

http://www.osmosisindia.com/


HARVEST TO HARNESS (H2H), 2004

Harvest to Harness H2H, an award for rainwater harvesting systems was instituted in 2004 by Rachna

“aﾐsadげs Iﾐstitute of Eﾐ┗iヴoﾐﾏeﾐtal AヴIhiteItuヴe, Lotus “uites, aﾐd Euヴeka FoヴHes Iﾐstitute of Environment with the objective of creating awareness about conserving rain water and appreciating

buildings which had laudable RWH systems.

The H2H initiative did considerable work during 2004-07 in creating awareness and imparting

technical knowledge about setting up RWH systems and as a result a number of buildings adopted the

practice.


ORF MUMBAI’S PUBLICATION ON WATER

ORF study urges 10 urgent reform measures to:

1. eliﾏiﾐate ┘astage, leakage, stealiﾐg aﾐd けuﾐaIIouﾐted ┘ateヴげ; 2. end corruption-ヴiddeﾐけtaﾐkeヴ s┞steﾏげ; 3. ensure equitable water supply to every household, with

priority for the poor, and;

4. move quickly towards sustainable management of this

most precious natural resource

Delayed onset of monsoon has created a crisis situation in

Mumbai repeatedly and fairly regularly since 2009, driving

the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM) to

impose water cuts in varying degrees to tide over the

situation. Besides frequent across-the-board water cuts, the

MCGM has also embarked on massive projects aimed at

source augmentation. However, the recurring water crisis,

now almost an annual affair in Mumbai, has exposed a

deeper systemic malaise, which needs to be cured.

O‘Fげs ヴeIeﾐt ヴepoヴt けTiﾏe is ‘uﾐﾐiﾐg Out – Does MuﾏHai Ha┗e Eﾐough Water?げ, authored by Dhaval

D. Desai, Research Fellow, asks several tough questions about the manner in which MCGM has been

traditionally managing its water. It has analysed the current complexities and future challenges with

respect to water supply in the city. It has studied the supply and demand aspects, focussed on the

critical technical, financial and societal challenges, and used a number of local, Indian and

international case studies to recommend a series of short-, medium- and long-term measures to make

Mumbai a water sustainable city.

It is a shaﾏe that ﾏaﾐ┞ people, espeIiall┞ iﾐ sluﾏs, iﾐ Iﾐdiaげs IoﾏﾏeヴIial Iapital ha┗e to depeﾐd oﾐ tanker wateヴ, ┘hile MCGMげs distヴiHutioﾐﾐet┘oヴk leaks aﾐd ┘astes ┘ateヴ to the tuﾐe of 9ヰヰﾏillioﾐ litres per day, which is more than the total daily supply to the entire city of Pune. Through this report,

ORF has attempted to throw light on the critical aspects ailing the water supply scenario in the city and

made recommendations that should help MCGM move away from being a wasteful utility to a water

sustainable utility. We believe that an understanding of reality should catalyse long standing changes

that will help the city achieve this difficult, but inevitable goal.

To ensure sustainable water management, MCGM has recently initiated a range of measures including

tunnelling of the water supply mains and installation of Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) meters.

Simultaneously, it has also recently implemented an across-the-board water tariff hike for all

consumer categories. Certain long-term measures like sewage treatment and recycling are also being

claimed to be on anvil, but there is still little or no progress in that regard. These are steps in the right

direction, but are heavily and wrongly skewed only towards supply management. The MCGM will have


to focus equally on demand management of this vital natural resource. This is not possible without

engaging all the stakeholders, and through sustained and sharp awareness campaigns aimed at

bringing attitudinal changes in the people towards water use, the report states.

The ORF study acknowledges that, on several parameters of water supply, Mumbai remains one of the

better managed cities in India. This has largely been because of the fact that Mumbai enjoys the

immense natural endowment of having perennial and dedicated water resources. However, with

unacceptably high level of Unaccounted for Water (NRW) on account of leaks and theft, and with an

apathetic approach towards conservation of this precious natural resource, even by simple means like

rainwater harvesting, the lack of political will that has allowed city to be one large slum, and several

other such factors, the overall water management in the city is fast showing signs of long term

unsustainability. Simply going further and further away in search of new sources to augment water

supply is not going to be enough. It would be unwise to add any more water to poorly managed

system that leaks millions of litres of water in just a matter of four-hours unless all methods of water

conservation are first implemented systematically.

Ten key recommendations made by ORF Mumbai

Consumption Mapping: Currently, the MCGM is only able to assume the consumption levels in

different parts of the city owing to several shortcomings of the network like the absence of an

accurate pipeline map, lack of proper and accurate meeting etc. ORF recommends that the MCGM

must prepare a comprehensive and accurate consumption map of the city by doing a very exhaustive,

expansive and meticulous door-to-door survey. This exercise must be carried out in a transparent

manner with the sincerity and diligence of the Census of India and be repeated every 10 years with the

regularity of the Census. While such a survey – though a very daunting task – will give precise

conclusions, the MCGM may also look at international best practices and technologies which are

available currently to accomplish this urgent task.

Network Mapping: The MCGM has no idea about where many of its underground pipes actually are.

Even the existing knowledge about the network has been captured largely on the age old method of

preparing engineering drawings. An exercise to prepare an accurate map of these underground pipes

using the latest GIS-based technologies must be undertaken on priority. Sadly, there is very little

movement towards this in the current scenario.

Flow meters: The MCGM has no precise idea of how much water is going wheヴe oﾐIe itげs ヴeleased iﾐ the distribution network. The MCGM must first install reliable bulk flow meters at all major water

inlets and outlets to measure the exact inflow.

Minimising leaks and bursts: The MCGM must prepare a comprehensive and watertight 5-year-plan

focussing purely on controlling leaks and bursts. Instead of going in for hugely capital intensive source

augmentation schemes, the MCGM must focus sincerely on controlling the gross wastage of the

precious natural resource. This exercise must be undertaken in an absolute mission mode and become

the single most priority area for the MCGM over the next five years.


Organisational reforms: The MCGM must immediately initiate organisational reforms to empower

and make accountable its Hydraulic Engineering department. It must also invest in training and

retention of its talent.

Recycling: Mumbai gets 3430 MLD of water daily. It also releases nearly an equal quantity of water in

its sewage system. Recycling even a fraction of this enormous of water to cater to some of the

principal water guzzling industries like construction, and for possible secondary or non-potable uses

like gardening and toilet-flushing etc. will go a long way in controlling the abuse of drinking water.

Pricing of water: Even after the water tariff hike implemented for all consumer categories by the

MCGM in July 2012, the poorest of the poor in Maharashtra pay more than the residents of Mumbai

foヴ ┘ateヴ. Besides eﾐsuヴiﾐg good health of the MCGMげs fiﾐaﾐIes, up┘aヴd ヴe┗isioﾐ of pヴiIes is urgently

needed to ensure sensible use and minimum wastage. ORF strongly recommends that the MCGM

must approve the proposal of annual eight per cent incremental water tariff hikes. Even with these

annual incremental hikes, the price of water in Mumbai will match the current tariff imposed by the

Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran in municipal councils across MMR, only the year 2020-2021.

Rainwater harvesting: If the MCGM is serious about pursuing rainwater harvesting, it must strengthen

the capacity of its Rainwater Harvesting Cell and support buildings which are willing to implementing

this measure. It must also develop a mechanism to conduct regular checks of rainwater harvesting

facilities, as water stored in anaerobic conditions throughout the year could be prone to bacterial

contamination. Further, it must show gumption and act against builders who initiate construction

schemes without incorporating comprehensive rainwater harvesting mechanisms in their plans.

Public awareness and engagement: Nowhere in the world have water reforms been possible without

a strong focus on public awareness and public engagement. The MCGM must forge a strong people-to-

people partnership through sustained and targeted awareness and education campaigns to achieve

the desired long-term results. Schools governed by various Education Boards must be encouraged to

introduce water use and conservation lessons to the children beginning with the primary section.


The fulfilment of basic human needs, our environment, socio-economic development and poverty

reduction are all heavily dependent on water.

Good management of water is especially challenging due to some of its unique characteristics: it is

unevenly distributed in time and space, the hydrological cycle is highly complex and perturbations

have multiple effects. Rapid urbanization, pollution and climate change threaten the resource while

demands for water are increasing in order to satisfy the needs of a growing world population, now at

over seven billion people, for food production, energy, industrial and domestic uses. Water is a shared

resource and its management needs to take into account a wide variety of conflicting interests. This

provides opportunities for cooperation among users.

In designating 2013 as the UN International Year of Water Cooperation, the UN General Assembly

recognises that cooperation is essential to strike a balance between the different needs and priorities

and share this precious resource equitably, using water as an instrument of peace. Promoting water

cooperation implies an interdisciplinary approach bringing in cultural, educational and scientific

factors, as well as religious, ethical, social, political, legal, institutional and economic dimensions.


ABOUT OBSERVER RESEARCH FOUNDATION MUMBAI

Observer Research Foundation (ORF) is a leading non-partisan Indian Think-Tank that seeks to

influence public policy formulation. It was established in New Delhi in 1990 by R.K. Mishra, a widely

respected public figure, who envisaged it as a broad-based intellectual platform pulsating with ideas

ﾐeeded foヴ Iﾐdiaげs ﾐatioﾐ-building. In its journey of twenty years, ORF has brought together leading

Indian policy makers, academics, public figures, social activists and business leaders to discuss various

issues of national importance. ORF scholars have made significant contributions toward improving

government policies. ORF has produced a large body of critically acclaimed publications. Until recently,

O‘Fげs aIti┗ities ┘eヴe Hased ﾏaiﾐl┞ iﾐ Ne┘ Delhi. Begiﾐﾐiﾐg ヲヰヱヰ, O‘F MuﾏHai has Heeﾐ estaHlished to puヴsue the Fouﾐdatioﾐげs ┗isioﾐ iﾐ Iﾐdiaげs Husiﾐess aﾐd fiﾐaﾐIial Iapital. It has staヴted ヴeseaヴIh aﾐd advocacy in six broad areas: Education, Public Health, Inclusive Development, Urban Renewal, Youth

De┗elopﾏeﾐt, aﾐd Proﾏotioﾐ of Iﾐdiaげs PriIeless ArtistiI aﾐd Cultural Heritage. Some of the recent

reports published by ORF Mumbai include:

さTiﾏe is ‘uﾐﾐiﾐg Out: Does MuﾏHai ha┗e Eﾐough Wateヴ?ざ

さDoﾏestiI VioleﾐIe as a Woﾏeﾐげs Health Issue: ‘ole of Pヴiﾏaヴ┞ Pヴe┗eﾐtioﾐざ

さMasked Ideﾐtities: “afeguaヴdiﾐg Iﾐdiaげs IﾐtaﾐgiHle Cultuヴal Heヴitageざ

さ‘efoヴﾏs iﾐ MediIal EduIatioﾐ- to Pヴoﾏote AIIessiHle aﾐd AffoヴdaHle HealthIaヴe foヴ Allざ

さMakiﾐg the “e┘eヴ a ‘i┗eヴ Again... Why MuﾏHai Must ‘eIlaiﾏ its Mithiざ

さMo┗iﾐg People: Wh┞ MuﾏHai Needs a Bus ‘apid Tヴaﾐspoヴt “┞steﾏふB‘T“ぶざ

O‘F MuﾏHaiげs ﾏissioﾐ stateﾏeﾐt is: Ideas and Action for a Better India. It will champion the cause of

balanced socio-economic development and a better quality of life for all Indians. It will also work

to┘aヴds stヴeﾐgtheﾐiﾐg Iﾐdiaげs deﾏoIヴatiI iﾐstitutioﾐs to HeIoﾏe ﾏoヴe ヴespoﾐsiHle, ヴespoﾐsi┗e aﾐd seﾐsiti┗e to Ioﾏﾏoﾐ peopleげs needs and concerns, especially those of most vulnerable sections of

society. Besides conducting diligent research in its above six core areas, ORF Mumbai also pursues

wide-ranging initiatives like the Maharashtra @ 50 Study Centre, the Forum for India-Chiﾐa Citizeﾐsげ Dialogue, the Ceﾐtヴe foヴ the “tud┞ of Iﾐdiaげs AﾐIieﾐt Kﾐo┘ledge Tヴaditioﾐs, aﾐd the Guヴus of “IieﾐIe Series.



Observer Research Foundation Mumbai

Ideas and Action for a Better India

NKM International House, 5th

Floor, 178, Babubhai Chinai Marg,

Behind LIC Headquarters, Mumbai 400 020, India.

Tel: + 91 22 61313800 | Website: www.orfonline.org

Contact:

Rishi Aggarwal at [email protected]

Janki Pandya at [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

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