+ All Categories
Home > Documents > Why is this important? Requirement Understand research articles Do research for yourself Real world...

Why is this important? Requirement Understand research articles Do research for yourself Real world...

Date post: 04-Jan-2016
Category:
Upload: bruce-whitehead
View: 214 times
Download: 2 times
Share this document with a friend
42
Transcript
Page 1: Why is this important? Requirement Understand research articles Do research for yourself Real world Develops your analytical and critical thinking.
Page 2: Why is this important? Requirement Understand research articles Do research for yourself Real world Develops your analytical and critical thinking.

Why is this important?

• Requirement

• Understand research articles

• Do research for yourself

• Real world

• Develops your analytical and critical thinking

Page 3: Why is this important? Requirement Understand research articles Do research for yourself Real world Develops your analytical and critical thinking.

Statistics

Page 4: Why is this important? Requirement Understand research articles Do research for yourself Real world Develops your analytical and critical thinking.

DescriptiveStatistics

Statistics

Page 5: Why is this important? Requirement Understand research articles Do research for yourself Real world Develops your analytical and critical thinking.

D esc rip tiveS ta tis t ic s

In fe ren tia lS ta tis t ic s

S ta tis t ic s

Page 6: Why is this important? Requirement Understand research articles Do research for yourself Real world Develops your analytical and critical thinking.

Practice

• Based on a sample of participants, it appears that a new drug will be effective at stopping headaches

• The enrollment in this course as of August 15th was 22

Page 7: Why is this important? Requirement Understand research articles Do research for yourself Real world Develops your analytical and critical thinking.

Practice

• On your first test you received a score of 84 out of 100

• Markey will likely be the next president; of the 100 people surveyed 82% said they would vote for him

Page 8: Why is this important? Requirement Understand research articles Do research for yourself Real world Develops your analytical and critical thinking.

Inferential Statistics

• Problem: Is that going to be the exact answer?

• Chance influences the sample– “true” variation– “error” variation

• Sample = “true” + “error”

Page 9: Why is this important? Requirement Understand research articles Do research for yourself Real world Develops your analytical and critical thinking.

Basic Terms

• Population – Consists of all the scores of some group

• Sample– Is a subset of a population

Page 10: Why is this important? Requirement Understand research articles Do research for yourself Real world Develops your analytical and critical thinking.

Basic Terms

• Parameters– A numerical or nominal characteristic of a

population

• Statistics– A numerical or nominal characteristic of a

sample

• Statistics change from one sample to the next -- Parameters are constant!!

Page 11: Why is this important? Requirement Understand research articles Do research for yourself Real world Develops your analytical and critical thinking.

Basic Terms

• Variable– Something that exists at more than one

amount

• Quantitative Variable– A score attached to a variable -- tells you

something about its amount

Page 12: Why is this important? Requirement Understand research articles Do research for yourself Real world Develops your analytical and critical thinking.

Quantitative Variable

148 149 150 151 152

148.5 149.5 150.5 151.5

Page 13: Why is this important? Requirement Understand research articles Do research for yourself Real world Develops your analytical and critical thinking.

Quantitative Variable

148 149 150 151 152

148.5 149.5 150.5 151.5

149.5 to 150.5

Page 14: Why is this important? Requirement Understand research articles Do research for yourself Real world Develops your analytical and critical thinking.

Quantitative Variable

50 51 52 53 54

50.5 51.5 52.5 53.5

Page 15: Why is this important? Requirement Understand research articles Do research for yourself Real world Develops your analytical and critical thinking.

Quantitative Variable

51.5 to 52.5

50 51 52 53 54

50.5 51.5 52.5 53.5

Page 16: Why is this important? Requirement Understand research articles Do research for yourself Real world Develops your analytical and critical thinking.

Quantitative Variable

48.4 48.5 48.6 48.7 48.8

48.45 48.55 48.65 48.75

Page 17: Why is this important? Requirement Understand research articles Do research for yourself Real world Develops your analytical and critical thinking.

Quantitative Variable

48.55 to 48.65

48.4 48.5 48.6 48.7 48.8

48.45 48.55 48.65 48.75

Page 18: Why is this important? Requirement Understand research articles Do research for yourself Real world Develops your analytical and critical thinking.

Quantitative Variable

• To find lower limit score:

– Subtract half the unit of measurement from the score

For 48.6 the unit of measurement is 0.1Half of 0.1 is 0.0548.6 - 0.05 = 48.55

Page 19: Why is this important? Requirement Understand research articles Do research for yourself Real world Develops your analytical and critical thinking.

Quantitative Variable

• To find upper limit score:

– Add half the unit of measurement from the score

For 48.6 the unit of measurement is 0.1

48.6 + 0.05 = 48.65

Page 20: Why is this important? Requirement Understand research articles Do research for yourself Real world Develops your analytical and critical thinking.

Qualitative Variable

• Are not continuous like quantitative variables

• They are usually words or names– e.g., gender, political party, religion

Page 21: Why is this important? Requirement Understand research articles Do research for yourself Real world Develops your analytical and critical thinking.

Practice

• 14, average number of minutes before a student falls asleep

• 4000, this course number

• 3.5, a students GPA

Page 22: Why is this important? Requirement Understand research articles Do research for yourself Real world Develops your analytical and critical thinking.

Practice

• 555-8904, Ned Flanders phone number

• 1,301, the average weight of the human brain in grams

Page 23: Why is this important? Requirement Understand research articles Do research for yourself Real world Develops your analytical and critical thinking.
Page 24: Why is this important? Requirement Understand research articles Do research for yourself Real world Develops your analytical and critical thinking.

Sample Cookbook Page

To find a quantitative numbers upper and lower limits

1) Determine the unit of measurement

Example: 14 = 1

14.2 = .1

14.29 = .01

Page 25: Why is this important? Requirement Understand research articles Do research for yourself Real world Develops your analytical and critical thinking.

Sample Cookbook Page

2) Calculate half the unit of measurement

Example: 1 = .5

.1 = .05

.01 = .005

Page 26: Why is this important? Requirement Understand research articles Do research for yourself Real world Develops your analytical and critical thinking.

Sample Cookbook Page

3) To find upper limit add half the unit of measurement to the original number

4) To find lower limit subtract half the unit of measurement to the original number

Page 27: Why is this important? Requirement Understand research articles Do research for yourself Real world Develops your analytical and critical thinking.

Sample Cookbook Page

Examples:

12 = 11. 5 to 12.5

12.3 = 12.25 to 12.35

12.34 = 12.335 to 12.345

Page 28: Why is this important? Requirement Understand research articles Do research for yourself Real world Develops your analytical and critical thinking.
Page 29: Why is this important? Requirement Understand research articles Do research for yourself Real world Develops your analytical and critical thinking.

The meaning of numbers

90

• The number correct on a test out of 100

• The last two digits of your SSN

• The percentile you scored on the SAT

Page 30: Why is this important? Requirement Understand research articles Do research for yourself Real world Develops your analytical and critical thinking.

Nominal Scale

• Are not really scales at all

• They do not scale items along any dimension, but rather label them

• Numbers are used as names and have no quantitative value

Page 31: Why is this important? Requirement Understand research articles Do research for yourself Real world Develops your analytical and critical thinking.

Nominal Scales

• Gender

• Political party

• Your SSN

• Religion

Page 32: Why is this important? Requirement Understand research articles Do research for yourself Real world Develops your analytical and critical thinking.

Ordinal Scales

• Has the characteristics of the nominal scale

• PLUS: the characteristic of indicating greater than or less than– i.e., RANK ORDER

Page 33: Why is this important? Requirement Understand research articles Do research for yourself Real world Develops your analytical and critical thinking.

Ordinal Scales

• Rank of professor

• Your place in a foot race

• Saying “This class is smaller then my other class”

Page 34: Why is this important? Requirement Understand research articles Do research for yourself Real world Develops your analytical and critical thinking.

Interval Scales

• Has the properties of BOTH the nominal and ordinal scales

• PLUS: the intervals between the numbers are equal– e.g., the distance between 4 and 5 is the

same distance between 1 and 2

Page 35: Why is this important? Requirement Understand research articles Do research for yourself Real world Develops your analytical and critical thinking.

Interval Scales

• Temperature– the difference between 10o F and 20o F is the

same as the difference between 80o F and 90o F

• Problem: What does 0o F mean?

• With interval scales you CAN NOT make ratio statements

Page 36: Why is this important? Requirement Understand research articles Do research for yourself Real world Develops your analytical and critical thinking.

Interval Scale

0 20 40 60 80

10 30 50 70

Appears twice as large

Page 37: Why is this important? Requirement Understand research articles Do research for yourself Real world Develops your analytical and critical thinking.

Interval Scale

-20 0 20 40 60

-10 10 30 50

Now it appears three-times as large!

Page 38: Why is this important? Requirement Understand research articles Do research for yourself Real world Develops your analytical and critical thinking.

Ratio Scales

• Has all the characteristics of the nominal, ordinal, and intervals scales

• PLUS: it has a true zero point

• This zero point indicates a complete absence of the thing measured

Page 39: Why is this important? Requirement Understand research articles Do research for yourself Real world Develops your analytical and critical thinking.

Ratio

• Weight

• Height

• Speed

• Distance

Page 40: Why is this important? Requirement Understand research articles Do research for yourself Real world Develops your analytical and critical thinking.

Features of the four scales

QuantitativeVariation

EqualIntervals

Zero Point

Ratio YES YES YES

Interval YES YES NO

Ordinal YES NO NO

Nominal NO NO NO

Page 41: Why is this important? Requirement Understand research articles Do research for yourself Real world Develops your analytical and critical thinking.

Why are the types of scales important?

• They help you understand what type of statistic to use

Page 42: Why is this important? Requirement Understand research articles Do research for yourself Real world Develops your analytical and critical thinking.

Practice

• Inches on a yardstick

• Drivers licenses number

• Dollars as a measure of income

• Order of finish in a car race

• Intelligence test scores


Recommended