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• Why should we care about lexical neighborhoods?
• What is CLEARPOND?• What does CLEARPOND reveal about
languages’ structures?• How can I use CLEARPOND?– http://clearpond.northwestern.edu
Orthographic Neighbors
Addition
Substitution
Deletion
Phonological Neighbors
Addition
Substitution
Deletion
Neighborhoods Effects onLanguage Processing
• Lexical decision (Andrews, 1992; Luce & Pisoni, 1998; Vitevitch & Luce, 1999; Yates, Locker, & Simpson, 2004; Ziegler, Muneaux, & Grainger, 2003)
• Word learning (Frisch et al., 2000; Luce & Large, 2001; Thorn &
Frankish, 2005; Roodenrys & Hinton, 2002; Storkel et al., 2006)
Differences across languages
• Verbal picture naming– Dense phonological neighborhoods in English or
Dutch speed up picture naming (Groot, Borgwaldt, Bos, & Vandeneijnden, 2002; Marian & Blumenfeld, 2006; Vitevitch & Stamer, 2006)
– Dense phonological neighborhoods in Spanish slow down picture naming (Vitevitch & Stamer, 2006)
face2 substitution neighbors (fact, race)
1 deletion neighbor (ace)
face3 substitutions
1 deletion1 addition
21
face5 Spanish substitutions
311
• SUBTLEX-NL (Dutch)• SUBTLEX-US (English)• LEXIQUE (French)• SUBTLEX-DE (German)• SUBTLEX-ESP (Spanish)
• Phonological transcriptions: eSpeak(http://espeak.sourceforge.net/)
Introducing:
Dutch English French German Spanish
Dutch English French German Spanish
27,751 Words in Each Language
Dutch English French German Spanish
Dutch English French German Spanish
Comparing neighborhoods across languages
Homophones (light)Unique words (dark)
mer /mɛʁ/
ver /vɛʁ/vers /vɛʁ/vert /vɛʁ/verre /vɛʁ/
Recap
• English has the largest orthographic neighborhood density
• French has the largest phonological neighborhood density– Driven by homophones
• Substitution neighbors are more common than additions or deletions
•Most words are 6-8 letters long, but shorter words have larger neighborhoods.•Average word length in phonemes is language-specific
Foreign Neighbors
75% English Neighbors25% French Neighbors
Orthographic Within-Language and Foreign Neighbors
Phonological Within-Language and Foreign Neighbors
Vitevitch, 2011
How to use CLEARPOND in your research
http://clearpond.northwestern.edu
1. Multi-Word Input2. Rich Output
Selection3. Frequency/length
Filters to generate word lists
4. Neighborhood filters across languages
Example Stimuli Creation:Bilingual lexical decision task
• Generate four lists:– English ‘bridge’ words: large English and French
neighborhoods– English-specific words: large English
neighborhoods, but no French neighbors– French ‘bridge’ words: large French and English
neighborhoods– French-specific words: large French
neighborhoods, but no English neighborhoods
• Built on comparable word lists across Dutch, English, French, German, and Spanish
• Reveals common neighborhood patterns as well as language-specific trends
• Calculates neighborhoods across languages for cross-linguistic and bilingual research
• Free, online tool (http://clearpond.northwestern.edu)
– Look up neighborhoods for a list of words– Generate a list based on desired characteristics
Acknowledgments• Bilingualism and Psycholinguistics Lab
– Tony Lam– Xin Wang– Scott Schroeder
• Funding sources– NICHD RO1 HD059858-01A
Visit http://clearpond.northwestern.edu
And see our manuscript in PLoS ONE (Marian, Bartolotti, Chabal, and Shook, 2012)