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Oxera Why the use of age and disability matters toconsumers and insurers
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Benefits per female policyholder
Note: Benefits concern the average benefits paid by insurance companies to female policyholders of differingages in 2001.Source: Figure 7.3 is an adaptation of Figure 4 in Riedel, H. (2003), Private Compulsory Long-Term CareInsurance in Germany, The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance , 28 :2, pp. 27593.
A1.4.6 Private medical insuranceClaim costs
Note: Claim costs are presented as index numbers. The value of claim costs for males in the age category 2125has been set equal to 100.Source: Data provided by PKV has been converted into index numbers.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95
B e n e
f i t s p e r p o
l i c y
h o
l d e r
( 0 0 0
)
Age of policyholder
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
under16
1620 2125 2630 3135 3640 4145 4650 5155 5660 6165 6670 7175 7680 8185 8690 9195 over 95
C l a i m
c o s t
( i n d e x n u m
b e r )
Age categories
Females Males
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Oxera Why the use of age and disability matters toconsumers and insurers
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Costs of outpatient treatment by age
Note: Costs of outpatient treatment are presented by index numbers. The value of index numbers for females andmales in the age category 2125 has been set equal to 100.Source: Data provided by PKV has been converted into index numbers.
Costs of hospital care by age
Note: Costs of hospital care are presented by index numbers. The value of index numbers for females and malesin the age category 2125 has been set equal to 100.Source: Data provided by PKV has been converted into index numbers.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
under16
1620 2125 2630 3135 3640 4145 4650 5155 5660 6165 6670 7175 7680 8185 8690 9195 over 95
C o s t s o f o u t p a t i e n t t r e a t m e n t
Age categories
Females Males
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
under16
1620 2125 2630 3135 3640 4145 4650 5155 5660 6165 6670 7175 7680 8185 8690 9195 over 95
C o s
t s o
f h o s p
i t a l c a r e
Age c atego ries
Females Males
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Oxera Why the use of age and disability matters toconsumers and insurers
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Premiums and claims costs for males
Note: Claim cost data have been converted into index numbers with a value of 100 for males aged 40.Source: Premiums have been calculated using premium data collected from the premium comparison website,http://www.beste-private-krankenversicherung.de/ . Claim cost data provided by PKV.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
C l a i m
c o s
t
M o n
t h l y p r e m
i u m
( )
Age of policyholder (years )
Premium
Claim cost
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A1.5 Italy
A1.5.1 Term li fe insuranceFemales
Note: Premiums paid for term life insurance offering a cover of 200,000 in the event of death during the next tenyears; mortality rate represents the probability a policyholder will die during the next ten years.Source: Premiums collected from http://www.facile.it/assicurazioni-vita.html ; mortality data obtained fromhttp://en.istat.it/sanita/sociosan/index.html
Males
Note: Premiums paid for term life insurance offering a cover of 200,000 in the event of death during the next tenyears; mortality rate represents the probability a policyholder will die during the next ten years.Source: Premiums collected from http://www.facile.it/assicurazioni-vita.html ; mortality data obtained fromhttp://en.istat.it/sanita/sociosan/index.html .
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
M or t al i t y r a
t e M o n
t h l y p r e m
i u m
( )
Age of policyholder
Premium
Mortality rate
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
M or t al i t y r a
t e
M o n
t h l y p r e m
i u m
( )
Age of policyholder
Premium
Mortality rate
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A1.5.2 Motor in suranceFemales
Note: Premiums paid for motor third-party liability insurance varying in age keeping other factors fixed; claim costsare presented by index number allowing the comparison of relative claim costs per age category. The indexnumber has been set at a value of 100 for a 40-year-old driver.Source: Premiums collected from htttp://www.assicurazione.it/ ; ANIA provided claim cost data.
Males: premiums and claim costs
Note: Premiums paid for motor third-party liability insurance varying in age keeping other factors fixed; claim costsare presented by index number allowing comparing relative claim costs per age category. The index number hasbeen set at a value of 100 for a 40-year-old driver.Source: Premiums collected through htttp://www.assicurazione.it/ ; ANIA provided claim cost data.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
18 19 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
C l a i m
c o s t
( i n
d e x n u m
b e r )
M o n
t h l y p r e m
i u m
( )
Age of policyholder
Claim cost
Premium
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
18 19 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
C l ai m c
o s t
M o n
t h l y p r e m
i u m
( )
Age of policyholder
Claim cost
Premium
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Males: claim frequency and average cost per claim filed
Note: Claim frequency represents the probability that a policyholder will file a claim; the average claim costindicates the average claim cost in the event policyholders filed a claim.Source: ANIA, presented in Statistica Annuale RC Auto Esercizio 2009 e Rilevazione ad hoc Dati CARD,December 20th 2010.
A1.5.3 Private medical insurancePremiums by age category
Note: Premiums are presented in the form of index numbers allowing comparison of premiums for differing agecategories. The index number has been set at a value of 100 for premiums in the age category 3540.Source: ANIA provided net premium ratios, which have been used to establish index numbers for differing agecategories.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
18 19 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
A v
er a g e c l ai m c
o s t ( 0
0 0 )
C l a i m
f r e q u e n c y
Age of policyholder
Claim frequency
Cost per claim
-
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
under 15 1520 2025 253 0 303 5 3 54 0 4045 4550 5055 5560 6065 6570 70 75 over 75
P r e m
i u m s
( i n
d e x n u m
b e r )
Age categories (blocks of five years)
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A1.6 The Nether lands
A1.6.1 Term li fe insuranceFemales
Note: Premiums paid for term life insurance offering cover of 200,000 in the event of death during the next tenyears; mortality rate represents the probability a policyholder dies during the next ten years.Source: Premiums obtained from http://www.independer.nl/ ; mortality data obtained from www.ag-ai.nl/ .
Males
Note: Premiums paid for term life insurance offering cover of 200,000 in the event of death during the next tenyears; mortality rate represents the probability a policyholder dies during the next ten years.Source: Premiums collected from http://www.independer.nl/ ; mortality data obtained from www.ag-ai.nl/ .
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
9%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
M or t al i t y r a
t e
M o n
t h l y p r e m
i u m
( )
Age of policyholder
Premium
Mortality rate
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
M or t al i t y r a
t e
M o n
t h l y p r e m
i u m
( )
Age of policyholder
Premium
Mortality rate
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A1.6.2 Pension annuit iesFemales
Note: Pensions paid out when making a lump-sum investment of 200,000 in annuities; life expectancy indicatesthe expected number of years a policyholder will live.Source: Pensions collected from http://www.pensioenkoers.nl/direct-berekenen/ ; life expectancies established usingmortality data attained from www.ag-ai.nl/ .
Males
Note: Pensions paid out when making a lump-sum investment of 200,000 in annuities; life expectancy indicatesthe expected number of years a policyholder will live.Source: Pensions obtained from http://www.pensioenkoers.nl/direct-berekenen/ ; life expectancies established usingmortality data obtained from www.ag-ai.nl/ .
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
55 60 65 70 75
L i f e
ex
p e c t an
c y ( y e ar s
) M o n
t h l y p e n s
i o n
( ' 0 0 0 )
Age at time pension annuity begins
Life expectancy
Pension
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
55 60 65 70 75
L i f e
ex
p e c t an
c y ( y e ar s
) M o n
t h l y p e n s
i o n
( ' 0 0 0 )
Age at time pension annuity begins
Life expectancyLife expectancy
Pension
Life expectancy
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A1.6.3 Motor in suranceFemales
Note: Premiums paid for motor third-party liability insurance keeping factors other than age and gender fixed;claim cost reflects relative claim costs per age category with a value of 100 for a 40-year-old driver.Source: Premiums obtained from http://www.independer.nl/ ; claim cost data provided by Verbond van Verzekeraars.
Males
Note: Premiums paid for motor third-party liability insurance keeping factors other than age and gender fixed;claim cost reflects relative claim costs per age category with a value of 100 for a 40-year-old driver.Source: Premiums obtained from http://www.independer.nl/ ; claim cost data provided by Verbond van Verzekeraars.
0
50
100
150
200
250
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 75
C l ai m c
o s t
M o n
t h l y p r e m
i u m
( )
Age of policyholder
Premium
Claim cost
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 75
C l ai m c
o s t
M o n
t h l y p r e m
i u m
( )
Age of policyholder
Premium
Claim cost
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A1.6.4 Disabili ty in suranceMales
Note: Premiums concern premiums paid for disability insurance providing cover to a policyholder in the event hewould be unable to work in his current profession. A gross income of 40,000 and a minimum disabilitypercentage of 25% were assumed. Average premiums for the age categories presented in the figure werecalculated using premiums for differing ages.Source: Verbond van Verzekeraars provided perceived risk percentages, which are calculated by dividing thepayment within a fiscal year by the insured amount in that same year. Premiums collected fromhttp://www.datishetverschil.nl/ .
0.0%
0.5%
1.0%
1.5%
2.0%
2.5%
3.0%
3.5%
0
50
100
150
200
250
1530 3140 4150 5160
P er c
ei v
e d r i s k
M o n
t h l y p r e m
i u m
( )
Age categories
Premium Perceived risk percentage
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A1.7 Group of selec ted countries
A1.7.1 Long-term care insurance
Note: Prevalence is determined on the basis of self-reporting. No data available for the UK.Source: Based on Figure 3 in DG Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities of the EuropeanCommission (2008), Long-term care insurance in the European Union.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1624 2534 3544 4554 5564 6574 7584 85>
P r e v a
l e n c e o
f l o n g - t e r m
i l l n e s s
Age categories
Czech Republic Germany Franc e Italy Netherlands
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