Widening the StruggleWhy and how did the civil rights

movement expand?

New Left & Counterculture

A. A. RRise of the New Left and the countercultureise of the New Left and the counterculture• The New Left• Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

– Port Huron Statement

• Free Speech Movement– Mario Savio– “People’s Park

• Weathermen• Counterculture

– “hippie”

• Woodstock . . . and Altamont

University of University of California, California,

Berkeley students Berkeley students during free during free

speech sit in, speech sit in, 19641964

Disturbances on College Campuses 1967-69

Anti war protesters, 1967

Military police guard an entrance to the Military police guard an entrance to the Pentagon during 1967 anti-war protestPentagon during 1967 anti-war protest

Anti-war demonstration at Pentagon Oct 1967

Antiwar Demonstrators Burn Draft Cards on the Steps of the

Pentagon, May 22, 1972

Violence at Democratic Convention

Violence at Democratic Convention

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Hippies in their garden of grass

Hippies in their garden of grass

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Woodstock

Woodstock

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

New Feminism

Women’s Rights in the 1960s & 1970s

B.B. Women’s MovementWomen’s Movement• New Feminism• Women’s liberation• Betty Friedan

– The Feminine Mystique

• National Organization for Women (NOW)

• Griswald v. Connecticut (1965)

• Sexism• Glass ceiling

Women in the Women in the workforceworkforce

• Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)• Roe v. Wade (1973)

– Birth control– abortion

• Sandra Day O’Conner • Geraldine Ferraro

Struggle for the Equal Rights Amendment

Hispanics

C. Ethnic Minorities• Hispanics

– Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta United Farm Workers

– Grape Boycotts– Strike – La Huelga– “Chicanos””Latinos”– La Raza Unida– Brown Berets

• Bilingualism• “melting pot”• “multiculturalism”

Cesar Chavez

Native Americans

• Indians– “Termination” – American Indian Movement (AIM) - 1968– Indian Civil Rights Act – deigned to ensure equality

for American Indians, it guaranteed Indians protection under the Constitution, while recognizing the authority of tribal law.

•

Red Power

• Indians of All Tribes group took over and occupied Alcatraz Prison for over a year and a half in 169-1970.

• Trail of Broken Treaties – 1972 march from California to D.C. with 20 point proposal that was rejected by Nixon administration.

Wounded Knee

• February 1973 – AIM protestors occupied the town of Wounded Knee on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota – site of 1890 massacre of American Indians by U.S. military.– Called for changes in governing of reservations– Demanded the U.S. government honor the treaties it

had signed over the years.– After 70 days, FBI stormed the site, killing 2 and injuring

others.

Longest Walk

• 1978 – five month protest walk that started in San Francisco and ended in D.C. Its purpose was to bring attention to the many times American Indians had been forced off of their lands.

• While AIM and others failed to bring dramatic improvements to the lives of most American Indians, it did bring national attention to Indian rights and helped to promote some reforms.

• 1975 Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act – provided more federal money for Indian education and place more American Indians in jobs at the Bureau of Indian Affairs and gave Indians more control over reservations.

• 1971 Alaska Native Land Claims Settlement Act – turned 40 million acres over to Indians.

• 1980 – Penobscot and Passamaquoddy Indians in Maine awarded $81.5 million for giving up claims to land.

Asian Americans

Yellow Power

• As migrant workers, worked with Latinos to found the United Farm Workers.

• Immigration Act of 1965 removed the quota limits on Asian immigration (Chinese Exclusion Act 1880).

• “model minority”• Asian student movement of the 1960s were

successful in adding Asian studies to universities.

Internment Reparations

• Japanese American Citizens League began in 1978 to pursue compensation for the suffering by Japanese Americans in the internment camps of WWII.

• 1988 – Congress officially apologized and authorized a payment of $20,000 to each survivor.

Disabled Americans

• Ed Roberts changed the way many Americans viewed people with disabilities.

• 1973 – Congress passed the Rehabilitation Act granted anyone with a disability the same access to federally funded programs.

• 1975 – Education for All Handicapped Children – Least restrictive environment– Mainstreamed1990 Americans with Disabilities Act – called for better

public access – signs, ramps, parking, etc.

Gay Americans

• Late 1950s -1960s – Gay activists began to protest harassment and unfair hiring practices.

• Independence Hall, Philadelphia, – First major gay rights protests on the Fourth of July.

• Stonewall riots – June 27, 1969 – New York police raid a gay bar in Greenwich Village and fights break out.

• March 1973 – Parents and Friends of Lesbians and Gays (PFLAG) formed

• 1977 – Harvey Milk, the first openly gay candidate elected to the board of supervisors in San Francisco.

Gray Panthers

• 1958 American Association of Retired Persons formed to help get retirees health insurance.

• 1972 Maggie Kuhn and fellow retirees formed the Gray Panthers.– Spoke against unfair treatment of older Americans.

• 1965 Government establishes Medicare.• Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 –

made it illegal for employers to use age as a factor in hiring or promotion.

• 1968 – Gray Panthers persuaded Congress to push back mandatory retirement age from 65-70.