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Overview of Air Quality Management in Thailand

Dr Wijarn SimachayaDirector, Air Quality and Noise Management Bureau

Pollution Control DepartmentMinistry of Natural Resources and Environment

Thailandhttp://www.pcd.go.th

Air Pollutants• National Ambient Air Quality Standards/Air

Quality Monitoring NetworkQuality Monitoring Network

– Criteria Air Pollutants: health-based criteria

• Primary Pollutants

– TSP, PM10, SO2, NO2, CO and particulate lead

Secondary P ll t t• Secondary Pollutants

– O3

– Volatile Organic Compounds- VOCs

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Sources of Air Pollution

– Stationary Sources or Point Sources• Industries• Power Plants• Incinerators

– Mobile Sources or Line Sources• Automobiles – cars, buses, trucks, motorcycles

– Fugitive Sources or Area Sources• Gas Service Stations• Open Burning• Construction• Mining

Policy on Air Quality Management

• General policy on air quality management

– To maintain air quality in attainment areas not to q y

exceed the national ambient air quality standards

– To mitigate air pollution problems in non-attainment

areas

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Air Quality Management SystemAir Quality Management System

Emission MonitoringEmission MonitoringFeed Back Control LoopFeed Back Control Loop

Emission MonitoringEmission Monitoring(Emission Inventory)(Emission Inventory)

Air Quality MonitoringAir Quality MonitoringMeteorological Meteorological

MonitoringMonitoring

EmissionEmissionStandardsStandards

Air Quality Air Quality StandardsStandards

Law & Law & RegulationRegulation

Prog. Prog. OperationOperation

Implementation Implementation of Air Pollutionof Air Pollution

C t l MC t l M

PPLLAANNNN

Economic, Political & Economic, Political & Social IndicatorsSocial Indicators

Air Pollution EffectsAir Pollution EffectsSurveillanceSurveillance

Air Quality Air Quality CriteriaCriteria

Control MeasuresControl Measures

Public Public RelationsRelations

IINNGG

Air Quality Management in Thailand

• Air Quality Goal/Criteria– National Ambient Air Quality StandardsQ y

– Criteria air pollutants – CO, SO2, NO2, O3, TSP, Pb, PM10 and PM2.5

• Air quality evaluation– Air Quality Monitoring System

• National Plans and Action Plans

• Law compliance and enforcement

• Follow-up and evaluation

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Thailand’s National Ambient Air Quality Standards

Pollutants

Concentration (mg/m3 or ppm)Method1-hr

average8-hr

average24-hr

average1-month average

Annual average

CO 34.2 10.26 - - -N di i IRCO

(30) (9)Non-dispersive IR

NO20.32

(0.17)- - - -

Chemiluminescence

SO20.78

(0.30)- 0.3

(0.12)- 0.1

(0.04)Pararosalinine/

UV Fluorescence

TSP - - 0.33 - 0.1 Gravimetric High volume

PM10- - 0.12 - 0.05 Gravimetric High

volume

O30.2

(0.1)0.14**(0.07)

- - -Chemiluminescence

Lead - - - 1.5* - Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

Note: * unit is microgram/m3 ** approved and are being prepared for promulgation3

Reference: Air Quality and Noise Management Bureau, Pollution Control Department, 2007

Annual VOCs Standards in Ambient Air

VOCs Annual average (ug/m3)

Benzene 1.7

Vinyl Chloride 10

1, 2 Dichloroethane, 0.4

Trichloroethylene 23

Dichloromethane 22

1,2 Dichloropropane 4

Tetrachloroethylene 200

Chloroform 0.43

1, 3 Butadiene 0.33

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Region Air Quality Stations

Met. Stations

Ambient air quality monitoring network

North 9 1

Northeast 2 1

Central 31 1

East 8 1

South 5 1

55 Continuous Monitoring Stations in 23 Provinces

Rungsit 20T

Chatujuk 100 meter 05M

Traffic Police Housing Station 52TJunkasame 07TEGAT Nonthaburi 13T

Land Transport Dept.

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring in Bangkok

Huai Khwang 11TDindang Housing Authority 52T

Ramkhamhaeng 09T

Nation Housing Authority 10TOEPP 01T

Thonbrui Higway Dist. 14T

Thonburi Substation ,Intrapitak Rd. 54T

Ban Somdet Joapraya 02T = Ambient Stations

MOSTE

Chulalongkorn Hospital

July 22 Circle

Prapadang Mineral Resources 17T

Singharajpitaya 15T

Non-tree Vitaya 12T

Met. Bangna 05TRatburana 03T

EGAT South 16T

Prapadang Rehabilitation 08T

= Roadside Stations

= Met. Tower 100 Meter

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Bangkok’s Air Quality Monitoring Program

• General ambient air quality monitoring

* Long-term continuousroadside ambient airmonitoring

* Short-term temporary

• Roadside ambient air monitoring

roadside ambient airmonitoring

Continuous air quality monitoring stations

Temporary air quality monitoring stations

Pollutants: TSP, PM10, CO, O3, NO, NO2, SO2, HC, and Pb

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Meteorological stations

Parameters: Wind speed, wind direction, relative humidity, temperature, solar radiation, net radiation, barometric pressure, rain

Schematic Diagram of An Air Quality Monitoring Station

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PCD central processing computer for data storage and analysisPCD central processing computer for data storage and analysis

National Monitoring Plan for EANET

• Thailand National Monitoring Plan for EANET was developed in 2008 by the Pollution Control Department, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, which has been designated by the Government as the National Center for EANET.

• The plan includes the monitoring activities (site• The plan includes the monitoring activities (site selection, monitoring parameters), data analysis, quality assurance and control.

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Monitoring Activities

• Wet Deposition Monitoring (Rain sampling)• Dry Deposition Monitoring

(Gases and Aerosols sampling)• Soil and Vegetation Monitoring • Inland Aquatic Environments Monitoring

M t l i l M it i• Meteorological Monitoring

Acid Deposition Monitoring Network of Thailand

10 Stations6 EANET Sites4 National Sites

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Wet Deposition Monitoring Sites

Bangkok Samutprakarn Pathumtani

Chiang Mai Khanchanaburi Nakhon Ratchasima

Dry Deposition Monitoring sites

Bangkok Samutprakarn Patumthani

Chiang Mai

Khanchanaburi Nakhon Ratchasima

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Soil and Vegetation Monitoring Sites

Vachiralongkorn Dam site Vachiralongkorn Puye site

Toxic Air Monitoring Network• Air toxic monitoring network began in 2002

• Three monitoring sites located in Bangkok,

Chiang Mai, Mabtapud at Rayong

• Sampling sites

– Residential area

– Roadside

– Background

• Three group of air toxics: Carbonyl compounds,

Hydrocarbon (BTX), and PAHs

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• Bangkok

Air quality status in Bangkok Metropolitan Region

– Road side, particulate matter (PM-10) and total

suspended particulate matter (TSP) are the

major air pollutants. Ozone is problematic in some

areas.

General area PM10 is the major air pollutions in– General area, PM10 is the major air pollutions in

most areas. Ozone is problematic in some areas.

• Metropolitan Area (except Bangkok)

– The major air pollutants include PM10 and Ozone.

PM10

70.0

80.0

90.0

Average  PM10 Levels

PM10 Nationa l  Annua l  Standard

PM10 WHO Annua l  Standard

0 0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

µg/m

3

0.0

1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007

Trends in PM10 levels in Bangkok, Thailand (annual average) between 1993 and 2007

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SO2

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

µg/m

3

Average  SO2 Level s

SO2 National  Annual  Standard

SO2 WHO Annua l  Standard

NO2

30

35

40

45

Average  NO2 Levels

NO2 National  Annual  Standard

NO2 WHO Annual  Standard

0

10

1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

Trends in SO2 levels in Bangkok, Thailand (annual average) between 1996 and 2007

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

µg/m

3

Trends in NO2 levels in Bangkok, Thailand (Annual average) between 1996 and 2007

Annual Average CO in Bangkok 1992 - 2007

4.04.5Unit : ppm

1.01.52.02.53.03.5

0.00.5

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Roadside Ambient

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Annual Average SO2 in Bangkok 1996 - 2007

12.0

14.0

Unit : ppb

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

0

0.0

2.0

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Roadside Ambient

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Annual Average O3 in Bangkok 1996 - 2007Unit : ppb

5

10

15

0

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Roadside Ambient

15

60

80

100

120

140

once

ntra

tion

(ug/

m3)

SaraburiSamutprakanPhuketBangkokChiang MaiSongkhlaRayong

Trend of PM10 level in selected provinces

0

20

40

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006*

Year

PM10

co

ChonburiKhon Kaen

Areas having PM10 problem

PM10 Annual standard = 50 ug/m3

Fuel Consumption & New Vehicle Registered in BKK

6000

7000

itre

)

6 0

7.0

8.0

10 5 u

nit)

Diesel

Gasoline

2000

3000

4000

5000

Fuel

Con

sum

ptio

n (M

.L

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

hicl

e R

egis

tere

d in

BK

K (No. of Vehicles

0

1000

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

0.0

1.0

New

Ve

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Sulfur Reduction

100001100012000

10000

5000

400050006000700080009000

1000011000

fur

Con

ten

t (p

pm)

นามนดเซล

2500

500 35050

01000200030004000

Su

lf

before 1993 1993 1996 1999 2004 2010

PM10 in Various Asian Cities

Source: CAI-Asia (2007)

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Thailand: Air Quality Status Reportwww.pcd.go.th

Air Quality Index (AQI) Daily report

Media: Newspapers, Television, Radio

• NewspaperNewspaper– Bangkok Post

• BTS• Television • RadioRadio

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Automotive Air Pollution Control• Improvement of fuel quality

• Emission standards for new vehiclesvehicles

• Emission standards for in-used vehicles

• Inspection and Maintenance program

• Roadside inspectionRoadside inspection

• Traffic management

• Gasoline vapor recovery system

• Green Auto Services

Elements of a ComprehensiveElements of a ComprehensiveVehicle Pollution Control StrategyVehicle Pollution Control Strategy

Better Air QualityBetter Air Quality

Clean Vehicle Technologies

CleanFuels

Low Low EmissionsEmissions

Appropriate Maintenance

Transport & Land use Planning

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Green Service

Stationary source control

• Environmental Impact Assessment

• Emission standards

• Source Monitoring/Compliance

• Continuous Emission Monitoring System requirement

• Cleaner Technology

• Cleaner energy conservation program

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Major Issues for AQM national plan

• Strengthening Air Quality Management System : g g Q y g y

Policy to the implementation

• Strengthening compliance and enforcement

• Action plan in major cities and specific areas• Action plan in major cities and specific areas

• Public participation and involvement

Existing and ongoing strategies Ambient air quality standards/Emission standards Diesel Emissions ReductionsM hi h ll ti b &

Improvement of fuel quality standardsEnvironmental Impact AssessmentManage high polluting buses &

trucksInspection and Maintenance programAlternative fuelOpen burning control

AssessmentVOCs emission control from industries and transport sectorsContinuous Emission Monitoring Systems (CEMs)Enhance capacity in regulation compliance and enforcementCity Action Plan and yImplementationCo-benefit with Climate Change Strategies

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Examples of success strategies

Establishment of the national

ambient air quality monitoring

network

Lead in gasoline phased-out

Two stroke motorcycles phased-out

Continuous improvements in vehicle

emissions and fuel quality standards0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Pb C

onte

nt in

Gas

olin

e (g

/l)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

Aver

age

Pb A

ir Co

ncen

tratio

n (m

g/m

3)

Pb Content in Gasoline Pb Air Concentration

Premium ULG was introduced in 1991

Regular ULG was introduced in 1993

Complete phase out of regular leaded gasoline in 1993

Complete phase out of premium leaded gasoline in 1995

Control of sulfur dioxide emission

from power plants

Haze Pollution Campaign

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Car Free Day

Public Awareness Raising

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International Cooperation

• EANET (Aid Deposition Monitoring in East A i )Asia)

• ASEAN Haze Agreement• Clean Air for Small Cities in ASEAN • Environmental and Health Forum in South

East and East AsiaEast and East Asia

Future challenges Policy: environmental sustainability, transport and traffic management, open burning control, renewable and alternative energy policy stakeholder participationand alternative energy policy, stakeholder participation

Technological: cleaner fuel and cleaner technology, CNG retrofit, air pollution control devices

Economic: emission taxes, emission trading

Administrative: integrated area based management, sector management energy efficiency and fuel qualitysector management, energy efficiency and fuel quality standards, industrial zoning, co-benefits

Supportive: research and study in AQM

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15th PCD