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PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Sat, 05 Nov 2011 00:49:59 UTC Thanksgiving Thanksgiving in America and Canada
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PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information.PDF generated at: Sat, 05 Nov 2011 00:49:59 UTC

ThanksgivingThanksgiving in America and Canada

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ContentsArticles

Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony) 1Plymouth, Massachusetts 12Thanksgiving 29Thanksgiving (United States) 34Thanksgiving (Canada) 50Thanksgiving dinner 53Black Friday (shopping) 57

ReferencesArticle Sources and Contributors 63Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 65

Article LicensesLicense 67

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Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony) 1

Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)Pilgrims (US), or Pilgrim Fathers (UK), is a name commonly applied to early settlers of the Plymouth Colony inpresent-day Plymouth, Massachusetts, United States. Their leadership came from the religious congregations ofBrownist English Dissenters who had fled the volatile political environment in the East Midlands of England for therelative calm and tolerance of Holland in the Netherlands. Concerned with losing their cultural identity, the grouplater arranged with English investors to establish a new colony in North America. The colony, established in 1620,became the second successful English settlement (after the founding of Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607) and later theoldest continuously inhabited British settlement in what was to become the United States of America. The Pilgrims'story of seeking religious freedom has become a central theme of the history and culture of the United States.

History

Separatists in ScroobyThe core of the group that would come to be known as the Pilgrims were brought together by a common belief in theideas promoted by Richard Clyfton, a Brownist parson at All Saints' Parish Church in Babworth, Nottinghamshire,between 1586 and 1605. This congregation held Separatist beliefs comparable to nonconforming movements (i.e.,groups not in communion with the Church of England) led by Robert Browne, John Greenwood and Henry Barrowe.Unlike the Puritan group who maintained their membership in and allegiance to the Church of England, Separatistsheld that their differences with the Church of England were irreconcilable and that their worship should be organizedindependently of the trappings, traditions and organization of a central church.[1] William Brewster, a formerdiplomatic assistant to the Netherlands, was living in the Scrooby manor house, serving as postmaster for the villageand bailiff to the Archbishop of York. Having been favorably impressed by Clyfton's services, he had begunparticipating in Separatist services led by John Smyth in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire.[2]

The Separatists had long been controversial. Under the 1559 Act of Uniformity, it was illegal not to attend officialChurch of England services, with a fine of 12d (£0.05; 2005 equivalent: about £5)[3] for each missed Sunday andholy day. The penalties for conducting unofficial services included imprisonment and larger fines. Under the policyof this time, Barrowe and Greenwood were executed for sedition in 1593.During much of Brewster's tenure (1595–1606), the Archbishop was Matthew Hutton. He displayed some sympathyto the Puritan (but not to the Separatist) cause, writing to Robert Cecil, Secretary of State to James I in 1604:

The Puritans (whose phantasticall zeale I mislike) though they differ in Ceremonies and accidentes, yetthey agree with us in substance of religion, and I thinke all or the moste parte of them love his Majestie,and the presente state, and I hope will yield to conformitie. But the Papistes are opposite and contrarie invery many substantiall pointes of religion, and cannot but wishe the Popes authoritie and popish religionto be established.[4]

It had been hoped that when James came to power, a reconciliation allowing independence would be possible, butthe Hampton Court Conference of 1604 denied substantially all the concessions requested by Puritans, save for anEnglish translation of the Bible. Following the Conference, in 1605, Clyfton was declared a nonconformist andstripped of his position at Babworth. Brewster invited Clyfton to live at his home.Upon Hutton's 1606 death, Tobias Matthew was elected as his replacement. Matthew, one of James' chief supportersat the 1604 conference,[5] promptly began a campaign to purge the archdiocese of nonconforming influences, bothSeparatists and papists. Disobedient clergy were replaced, and prominent Separatists were confronted, fined, andimprisoned. He is credited with driving recusants out of the country.[6] [7]

At about the same time, Brewster arranged for a congregation to meet privately at the Scrooby manor house. Beginning in 1606, services were held with Clyfton as pastor, John Robinson as teacher and Brewster as the

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presiding elder. Shortly thereafter, Smyth and members of the Gainsborough group moved on to Amsterdam.[8]

Brewster is known to have been fined £20 (2005 equivalent: about £2000) in absentia for his non-compliance withthe church.[9] This followed his September 1607 resignation from the postmaster position,[10] about the time that thecongregation had decided to follow the Smyth party to Amsterdam.[1] [11]

Scrooby member William Bradford, of Austerfield, kept a journal of the congregation's events that would later bepublished as Of Plymouth Plantation. Of this time, he wrote:

But after these things they could not long continue in any peaceable condition, but were hunted &persecuted on every side, so as their former afflictions were but as flea-bitings in comparison of thesewhich now came upon them. For some were taken & clapt up in prison, others had their houses besett &watcht night and day, & hardly escaped their hands; and ye most were faine to flie & leave their howses& habitations, and the means of their livelehood.[1]

In the Columbia Encyclopedia, it is stated that "Although not actively persecuted, the group was subjected toecclesiastical investigation and to the mockery, criticism, and disfavor of their neighbors.".[12]

Migration to AmsterdamUnable to obtain the papers necessary to leave England, members of the congregation agreed to leave surreptitiously,resorting to bribery to obtain passage. One documented attempt was in 1607, following Brewster's resignation, whenmembers of the congregation chartered a boat in Boston, Lincolnshire. This turned out to be a sting operation, withall arrested upon boarding. The entire party was jailed for one month awaiting arraignment, at which time all butseven were released. Missing from the record is for how long the remainder were held, but it is known that theleaders made it to Amsterdam about a year later.In a second departure attempt in the spring of 1608, arrangements were made with a Dutch merchant to pick upchurch members along the Humber estuary at Immingham near Grimsby, Lincolnshire. The men had boarded theship, at which time the sailors spotted an armed contingent approaching. The ship quickly departed before thewomen and children could board; the stranded members were rounded up but then released without charges.Ultimately, at least 150 of the congregation did make their way to Amsterdam, meeting up with the Smyth party,who had joined with the Exiled English Church led by Francis Johnson (1562–1617), Barrowe's successor. TheScrooby party remained there for about one year, citing growing tensions between Smyth and Johnson.[11] Smythhad embraced the idea of believer's baptism, which Clyfton and Johnson opposed.Robinson decided that it would be best to remove his congregation from the fray, and permission to settle in Leidenwas secured in 1609. With the congregation reconstituted as the English Exiled Church in Leyden, Robinson nowbecame pastor; Clyfton, advanced in age, chose to stay behind in Amsterdam.[13]

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Leiden

Title page of a pamphlet published by WilliamBrewster in Leiden

In Leiden they lived in small houses behind the "Kloksteeg", oppositethe Pieterskerk. The success of the congregation in Leiden was mixed.Leiden was a thriving industrial center,[14] and many members werewell able to support themselves working at Leiden University or in thetextile, printing and brewing trades. Others were less able to bring insufficient income, hampered by their rural backgrounds and thelanguage barrier; for those, accommodations were made on an estatebought by Robinson and three partners.[15]

Of their years in Leiden, Bradford wrote:"For these & other reasons they removed to Leyden, a fair& bewtifull citie, and of a sweete situation, but made morefamous by ye universitie wherwith it is adorned, in whichof late had been so many learned man. But wanting thattraffike by sea which Amerstdam injoyes, it was not sobeneficiall for their outward means of living & estats. Butbeing now hear pitchet they fell to such trads &imployments as they best could; valewing peace & theirspirituall comforte above any other riches whatsoever.And at length they came to raise a competente & comforteable living, but with hard and continualllabor.[16]

Brewster had been teaching English at the university, and in 1615, Robinson enrolled to pursue his doctorate. There,he participated in a series of debates, particularly regarding the contentious issue of Calvinism versus Arminianism(siding with the Calvinists against the Remonstrants). See the Synod of Dort. Brewster, in a venture financed byThomas Brewer, acquired typesetting equipment about 1616 and began publishing the debates through a localpress.[17]

The Netherlands was, however, a land whose culture and language were strange and difficult for the Englishcongregation to understand or learn. They found the Dutch morals much too libertine. Their children were becomingmore and more Dutch as the years passed by. The congregation came to believe that they faced eventual extinction ifthey remained there.

Decision to leave

By 1617, although the congregation was stable and relatively secure, there were ongoing issues that needed to beresolved.Bradford noted that the congregation was aging, compounding the difficulties some had in supporting themselves.Some, having spent through their savings, gave up and returned to England. It was feared that more would followand that the congregation would become unsustainable. The employment issues made it unattractive for others tocome to Leiden, and younger members had begun leaving to find employment and adventure elsewhere. Alsocompelling was the possibility of missionary work, an opportunity that rarely arose in a Protestant stronghold.[18]

Reasons for departure are suggested by Bradford, when he notes the "discouragements" of the hard life they had inthe Netherlands, and the hope of attracting others by finding "a better, and easier place of living"; the "children" ofthe group being "drawn away by evil examples into extravagance and dangerous courses"; the "great hope, for thepropagating and advancing the gospell of the kingdom of Christ in those remote parts of the world."[18]

Edward Winslow's list was similar. In addition to the economic worries and missionary possibilities, he stressed that it was important for the people to retain their English identity, culture and language. They also believed that the

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English Church in Leiden could do little to benefit the larger community there.[19]

At the same time, there were many uncertainties about moving to such a place as America. Stories had come backfrom there about failed colonies. There were fears that the native people would be violent, that there would be nosource of food or water, that exposure to unknown diseases was possible, and that travel by sea was alwayshazardous. Balancing all this was a local political situation that was in danger of becoming unstable: the truce inwhat would be known as the Eighty Years' War was faltering, and there was fear over what the attitudes of Spaintoward them might be.[18]

Candidate destinations included Guiana, where the Dutch had already established Essequibo, or somewhere near theexisting Virginia settlements. Virginia was an attractive destination because the presence of the older colony mightoffer better security and trade opportunities. It was thought, however, that they should not settle too near since thatmight too closely duplicate the political environment back in England. The London Company administered aterritory of considerable size in the region. The intended settlement location was at the mouth of the Hudson River.This made it possible to settle at a distance that allayed concerns of social conflict, but still provided the military andeconomic benefits of relative closeness to an established colony.

Negotiations

Robert Cushman and John Carver were sent to England to solicit a land patent. Their negotiations were delayedbecause of conflicts internal to the London Company, but ultimately a patent was secured in the name of JohnWincob on June 9 (Old Style)/June 19 (New Style), 1619.[20] The charter was granted with the king's condition thatthe Leiden group's religion would not receive official recognition.[21]

Because of the continued problems within the London Company, preparations stalled. The congregation wasapproached by competing Dutch companies, and the possibility of settling in the Hudson River area was discussedwith them.[21] These negotiations were broken off at the encouragement of another English merchant, ThomasWeston, who assured them that he could resolve the London Company delays.[22]

Weston did come with a substantial change, telling the Leiden group that parties in England had obtained a landgrant north of the existing Virginia territory, to be called New England. This was only partially true; the new grantwould come to pass, but not until late in 1620 when the Plymouth Council for New England received its charter. Itwas expected that this area could be fished profitably, and it was not under the control of the existing Virginiagovernment.[22] [23]

A second change was known only to parties in England who chose not to inform the larger group. New investorswho had been brought into the venture wanted the terms altered so that at the end of the seven year contract, half ofthe settled land and property would revert to them; and that the provision for each settler to have two days per weekto work on personal business was dropped.[22]

Brewster's diversion

Amid these negotiations, William Brewster found himself involved with religious unrest emerging in Scotland. In1618, James had promulgated the Five Articles of Perth, which were seen in Scotland as an attempt to encroach ontheir Presbyterian tradition. Pamphlets critical of this law were published by Brewster and smuggled into Scotland byApril 1619. These pamphlets were traced back to Leiden, and a failed attempt to apprehend Brewster was made inJuly when his presence in England became known.Also in July in Leiden, English ambassador Dudley Carleton became aware of the situation and began leaning on theDutch government to extradite Brewster. An arrest was made in September, but only Thomas Brewer, the financier,was in custody. Brewster's whereabouts between then and the colonists' departure remain unknown. Brewster's typewas seized. After several months of delay, Brewer was sent to England for questioning, where he stonewalledgovernment officials until well into 1620. One resulting concession that England did obtain from the Netherlandswas a restriction on the press that would make such publications illegal to produce.

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Thomas Brewer was ultimately convicted in England for his continued religious publication activities and sentencedin 1626 to a fourteen year prison term.[24]

Preparations

Not all of the congregation would be able to depart on the first trip. Many members would not be able to settle theiraffairs within the time constraints, and the budget for travel and supplies was limited. It was decided that the initialsettlement should be undertaken primarily by younger and stronger members. The remainder agreed to follow if andwhen they could.Robinson would remain in Leiden with the larger portion of the congregation, and Brewster was to lead theAmerican congregation. While the church in America would be run independently, it was agreed that membershipwould automatically be granted in either congregation to members who moved between the continents.With personal and business matters agreed upon, supplies and a small ship were procured. Speedwell was to bringsome passengers from the Netherlands to England, then on to America where it would be kept for the fishingbusiness, with a crew hired for support services during the first year. A second, larger, ship, Mayflower, was leasedfor transport and exploration services.[22] [25]

Voyage

Model of a typical merchantman of the period,showing the cramped conditions that had to be

endured.

The Pilgrims on the Speedwell

In July 1620, Speedwell departed Delfshaven with the Leiden colonists.Reaching Southampton, Hampshire, they met with Mayflower and theadditional colonists hired by the investors. With final arrangementsmade, the two vessels set out on August 5 (Old Style)/August 15 (NewStyle).[25]

Soon thereafter, the Speedwell crew reported that their ship was takingin water, so both were diverted to Dartmouth, Devon. There it wasinspected for leaks and sealed, but a second attempt to depart alsofailed, bringing them only so far as Plymouth, Devon. It was decidedthat Speedwell was untrustworthy, and it was sold. It would later belearned that crew members had deliberately caused the ship to leak,allowing them to abandon their year-long commitments. The ship'smaster and some of the crew transferred to Mayflower for the trip.

Atlantic crossing

Of the 121 combined passengers, 102 were chosen to travel onMayflower with the supplies consolidated. Of these, about half hadcome by way of Leiden, and about 28 of the adults were members ofthe congregation.[26] The reduced party finally sailed successfully onSeptember 6/September 16, 1620.

Initially the trip went smoothly, but under way they were met with strong winds and storms. One of these caused amain beam to crack, and although they were more than half the way to their destination, the possibility of turningback was considered. Using a "great iron screw" (probably a jack to be used for house construction)[27] broughtalong by the colonists, they repaired the ship sufficiently to continue. One passenger, John Howland, was washedoverboard in the storm but caught a rope and was rescued.

One crew member and one passenger died before they reached land. A child was born at sea and named"Oceanus".[28] [29]

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Arrival in America

Landing of the Pilgrims by Cornè, Michele Felicecirca 1805. Displayed in the White House

1620 place names mentioned by Bradford

Land was sighted on November 9,1620. The passangers who hadendured miserable conditions for about sixty-five days were lead byWilliam Bruster in Psalm 100 as a prayer of thanksgiving. It wasconfirmed that the area was Cape Cod, within the New Englandterritory recommended by Weston. An attempt was made to sail theship around the cape towards the Hudson River, also within the NewEngland grant area, but they encountered shoals and difficult currentsaround Malabar (a land mass that formerly existed in the vicinity ofpresent-day Monomoy). It was decided to turn around, and byNovember 11/November 21 the ship was anchored in what is todayknown as Provincetown Harbor.[28] [30]

Mayflower Compact

With the charter for the Plymouth Council for New Englandincomplete by the time the colonists departed England (it would begranted while they were in transit, on November 3/November 13),[23]

they arrived without a patent; the older Wincob patent was from theirabandoned dealings with the London Company. Some of thepassengers, aware of the situation, suggested that without a patent inplace, they were free to do as they chose upon landing and ignore thecontract with the investors.[31] [32]

To address this issue, a brief contract, later to be known as theMayflower Compact, was drafted promising cooperation among thesettlers "for the general good of the Colony unto which we promise alldue submission and obedience." It organized them into what was calleda "civil Body Politick," in which issues would be decided by that key ingredient of democracy, voting. It was ratifiedby majority rule, with 41 adult male passengers signing.[33] At this time, John Carver was chosen as the colony's firstgovernor. It was Carver who had chartered the Mayflower, and being the most respected and affluent member of thegroup, his is the first signature on the Mayflower Compact. The Mayflower Compact was the seed of Americandemocracy and has been called the world's first written constitution.[34] [35]

First landings

Thorough exploration of the area was delayed for over two weeks because the shallop or pinnace (a smaller sailingvessel) they brought had been partially dismantled to fit aboard the Mayflower and was further damaged in transit.Small parties, however, waded to the beach to fetch firewood and attend to long-deferred personal hygiene.While awaiting the shallop, exploratory parties led by Myles Standish—an English soldier the colonists had metwhile in Leiden—and Christopher Jones were undertaken. They encountered several old buildings, bothEuropean-built and Native-built, and a few recently cultivated fields.An artificial mound was found near the dunes, which they partially uncovered and found to be a Native grave.Further along, a similar mound, more recently made, was found, and as the colonists feared they might otherwisestarve, they ventured to remove some of the provisions which had been placed in the grave. Baskets of maize werefound inside, some of which the colonists took and placed into an iron kettle they also found nearby, while theyreburied the rest, intending to use the corn as seed for planting.William Bradford later recorded in his book, "Of Plymouth Plantation", that after the shallop had been repaired,

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"They also found two of the Indian's houses covered with mats, and some of their implements in them;but the people had run away and could not be seen. They also found more corn, and beans of variouscolours. These they brought away, intending to give them full satisfaction (repayment) when they shouldmeet with any of them, - as about six months afterwards they did."And it is to be noted as a special providence of God, and a great mercy to this poor people, that theythus got seed to plant corn the next year, or they might have starved; for they had none, nor anylikelihood of getting any, till too late for the planting season."

By December, most of the passengers and crew had become ill, coughing violently. Many were also suffering fromthe effects of scurvy. There had already been ice and snowfall, hampering exploration efforts. During the first winter,47% of them died.

Contact

Explorations resumed on December 6/December 16. The shallop party—seven colonists from Leiden, three fromLondon, and seven crew—headed south along the cape and chose to land at the area inhabited by the Nauset people(roughly, present-day Brewster, Chatham, Eastham, Harwich and Orleans), where they saw some native people onthe shore, who fled when the colonists approached. Inland they found more mounds, one containing acorns, whichthey exhumed and left, and more graves, which they decided not to dig.Remaining ashore overnight, they heard cries near the encampment. The following morning, they were met by nativepeople who proceeded to shoot at them with arrows. The colonists retrieved their firearms and shot back, then chasedthe native people into the woods but did not find them. There was no more contact with native people for severalmonths.[36]

The local people were already familiar with the English, who had intermittently visited the area for fishing and tradebefore Mayflower arrived. In the Cape Cod area, relations were poor following a visit several years earlier byThomas Hunt. Hunt kidnapped twenty people from Patuxet (the place that would become New Plymouth) andanother seven from Nausett, and he attempted to sell them as slaves in Europe. One of the Patuxet abductees wasSquanto, who would become an ally of the Plymouth colony. The Pokanoket, who also lived nearby, had developeda particular dislike for the English after one group came in, captured numerous people, and shot them aboard theirship. There had by this time already been reciprocal killings at Martha's Vineyard and Cape Cod.[32] [37]

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Samuel de Champlain's 1605 map of Plymouth Harbor, showing Wampanoagvillage Patuxet, with some modern place names added for reference. The star is the

approximate location of the 1620 English settlement.

Settlement

Continuing westward, the shallop's mast andrudder were broken by storms, and their sailwas lost. Rowing for safety, theyencountered the harbor formed by thecurrent Duxbury and Plymouth barrierbeaches and stumbled on land in thedarkness. They remained at thisspot—Clark's Island—for two days torecuperate and repair equipment.

Resuming exploration on Monday,December 11/December 21, 1620, the partycrossed over to the mainland and surveyedthe area that ultimately became thesettlement. The anniversary of this survey isobserved in Massachusetts as Forefathers'Day and is traditionally associated with thePlymouth Rock landing legend. This land was especially suited to winter building because the land had already beencleared, and the tall hills provided a good defensive position.

The cleared village, known as Patuxet to the Wampanoag people, was abandoned about three years earlier followinga plague that killed all of its residents. Because the disease involved hemorrhaging,[38] the "Indian fever" is assumedto have been fulminating smallpox introduced by European traders. The outbreak had been severe enough that thecolonists discovered unburied skeletons in abandoned dwellings.[39] With the local population in such a weakenedstate, the colonists faced no resistance to settling there.

The exploratory party returned to Mayflower, which was then brought to the harbor on December 16/December 26.Only nearby sites were evaluated, with a hill in Plymouth (so named on earlier charts)[40] chosen on December19/December 29.Construction commenced immediately, with the first common house nearly completed by January 9/January 19. Atthis point, single men were ordered to join with families. Each extended family was assigned a plot and built its owndwelling. Supplies were brought ashore, and the settlement was mostly complete by early February.[36] [41]

Between the landing and March, only 47 colonists had survived the diseases they contracted on the ship. During theworst of the sickness, only six or seven of the group were able and willing to feed and care for the rest. In this time,half the Mayflower crew also died.[32]

William Bradford became governor in 1621 upon the death of John Carver, served for eleven consecutive years, andwas elected to various other terms until his death in 1657. The patent of Plymouth Colony was surrendered byBradford to the freemen in 1640, minus a small reserve of three tracts of land. On March 22, 1621, the Pilgrims ofPlymouth Colony signed a peace treaty with Massasoit of the Wampanoags.The colony contained roughly what is now Bristol County, Plymouth County, and Barnstable County,Massachusetts.When the Massachusetts Bay Colony was reorganized and issued a new charter as the Province of MassachusettsBay in 1691, Plymouth ended its history as a separate colony.

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Etymology

Bradford's historyThe first use of the word pilgrims for the Mayflower passengers appeared in William Bradford’s Of PlymouthPlantation. As he finished recounting his group's July 1620 departure from Leiden, Bradford used the imagery ofHebrews 11:13–16 [42], about Old Testament "strangers and pilgrims" who had opportunity to return to their oldcountry but instead longed for a better, heavenly country. Bradford wrote:

So they lefte [that] goodly & pleasante citie, which had been ther resting place, nere 12 years; but theyknew they were pilgrimes, & looked not much on these things; but lift up their eyes to ye heavens, theirdearest cuntrie, and quieted their spirits.[25]

For over a century and a half after Bradford wrote this passage, there is no record of Pilgrims being used to describePlymouth’s founders, except when quoting Bradford. When the Mayflower's story was retold by historians NathanielMorton (in 1669) and Cotton Mather (in 1702), both paraphrased Bradford's passage, and used Bradford's wordpilgrims. At Plymouth's Forefathers' Day observance in 1793, Rev. Chandler Robbins recited this passage fromBradford.[43]

Popular useThe name Pilgrims was probably not in popular use before about 1798. Even though Plymouth celebratedForefathers' Day several times between 1769 and 1798, and used a variety of terms to honor Plymouth's founders,Pilgrims was not mentioned, other than in Robbins' 1793 recitation.[44] The first documented use of Pilgrims (thatwas not simply quoting Bradford) was at a December 22, 1798 celebration of Forefathers' Day, in Boston. A songcomposed for the occasion used the word Pilgrims, and the participants drank a toast to "The Pilgrims ofLeyden."[45] [46] The term was used prominently during Plymouth's next Forefather's Day celebration in 1800, andwas used in Forefathers' Day observances thereafter.[47]

By the 1820s, the term Pilgrims was becoming more common. Daniel Webster repeatedly referred to "the Pilgrims"in his December 22, 1820 address for Plymouth's bicentennial, which was widely read.[48] Harriet Vaughan Cheneyused it in her 1824 novel A Peep at the Pilgrims in Sixteen Thirty-Six, and the term also gained popularity with the1825 publication of Felicia Hemans' classic poem, "The Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers."[49]

References• Bradford, William; Edward Winslow, Henry Martyn Dexter, ed. (1865) [1622]. Mourt's Relation, or Journal of

the Plantation at Plymouth [50]. Boston: John Kimball Wiggin. OCLC 8978744. Retrieved 2008-11-28.• Bradford, William (1898) [1651]. Hildebrandt, Ted. ed (PDF). Bradford's History "Of Plimoth Plantation" [51].

Boston: Wright & Potter Printing Co.. Retrieved 2008-11-28.• Brown, Cornelius (1891). A History of Nottinghamshire [52]. London: Elliot Stock. OCLC 4624771. Retrieved

2008-11-28.• Griffis, William. "The Pilgrim Press in Leyden" [53]. New England Magazine (Boston: Warren F. Kellogg) 19/25

(January 1899): 559–575. Retrieved 2008-11-28.• Matthews, Albert (1915). "The Term Pilgrim Fathers and Early Celebrations of Forefathers' Day" [54].

Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts (Boston: The Society) 17: 293–391. Retrieved 2008-11-28.• Winslow, Edward; Caleb Johnson, ed. (2003). "Hypocrisy Unmasked" [55] (PDF). MayflowerHistory.com.

Retrieved 2008-11-28.

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Notes[1] Bradford (1898), Book 1, Chapter 1.[2] Brown (1891), pp. 181–182 (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=ZEIJAAAAIAAJ& pg=PA181).[3] Officer, Lawrence H. (2005). "What Were the UK Earnings and Prices Then?" (http:/ / eh. net/ hmit/ ukearncpi/ results?CHKcpi=on&

year1=1607& year2=2005). Economic History Services. . Retrieved 2006-05-21.[4] "The Bawdy Court: Exhibits - Belief and Persecution" (http:/ / www. nottingham. ac. uk/ mss/ online/ online-exhibitions/ exhib_archd/ e1.

phtml). University of Nottingham. . Retrieved 2008-11-23.[5] Luckock, Herbert Mortimer (1882). Studies in the History of the Book of Common Prayer (http:/ / books. google. com/

?id=9PACAAAAQAAJ& pg=PA219). London: Rivingtons. p. 219. OCLC 1071106. . Retrieved 2008-11-23.[6] Sheils, William Joseph (2004). "Matthew, Tobie (1544?–1628)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press.[7] "English Dissenters: Barrowists" (http:/ / www. exlibris. org/ nonconform/ engdis/ barrowists. html). Ex Libris. 2008-01-01. . Retrieved

2008-11-23.[8] Bassetlaw Museum. "Bassetlaw, Pilgrim Fathers Country" (http:/ / bassetlawmuseum. org. uk/ ?page=pilgrimfathers&

mwsquery=topic=pilgrim& filename=words. mdf). . Retrieved 2008-11-23.[9] Brown (1891), p. 181 (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=ZEIJAAAAIAAJ& pg=PA181).[10] "Brewster, William". Encyclopædia Britannica (11 ed.). Cambridge University Press. 1911.[11] Bradford (1898), Book 1, Chapter 2.[12] The Columbia Encyclopedia. "Pilgrims" (http:/ / www. bartleby. com/ 65/ pi/ Pilgrims. html). . Retrieved 2008-11-23.[13] "English Dissenters: Barrowists" (http:/ / www. exlibris. org/ nonconform/ engdis/ barrowists. html). Ex Libris. 2008-01-01. . Retrieved

2008-11-10.[14] Harreld, Donald. "The Dutch Economy in the Golden Age (16th – 17th Centuries)" (http:/ / eh. net/ encyclopedia/ article/ Harreld. Dutch).

Economic History Services. . Retrieved 2008-11-11.[15] "Contract of Sale, De Groene Poort" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20071013140858/ http:/ / pilgrimarchives. nl/ html/ pilgrims/

regestenen/ 152. htm). Leiden Pilgrim Archives. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. pilgrimarchives. nl/ html/ pilgrims/ regestenen/ 152.htm) on October 13, 2007. . Retrieved 2008-11-11.

[16] Bradford (1898), Book 1, Chapter 3.[17] Griffis (1899), pp. 561–562 (http:/ / cdl. library. cornell. edu/ cgi-bin/ moa/ pageviewer?frames=1& root=/ moa/ newe/ newe0025/ &

tif=00569. TIF& view=50).[18] Bradford (1898), Book 1, Chapter 4.[19] Winslow (2003), pp. 62–63 (http:/ / mayflowerhistory. com/ PrimarySources/ HypocrisyUnmasked. pdf#page=62).[20] Kingsbury, Susan Myra, ed. (1906). The Records of the Virginia Company of London (http:/ / memory. loc. gov/ cgi-bin/

ampage?collId=mtj8& fileName=mtj8pagevc01. db& recNum=231). 1. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. p. 228.. Retrieved 2008-11-11.

[21] Bradford (1898), Book 1, Chapter 5.[22] Bradford (1898), Book 1, Chapter 6.[23] "The Charter of New England: 1620" (http:/ / avalon. law. yale. edu/ 17th_century/ mass01. asp). The Avalon Project. New Haven: Yale

Law School. . Retrieved 2008-11-11.[24] Griffis (1899), p. 575 (http:/ / cdl. library. cornell. edu/ cgi-bin/ moa/ pageviewer?frames=1& root=/ moa/ newe/ newe0025/ & tif=00583.

TIF& view=50).[25] Bradford (1898), Book 1, Chapter 7.[26] Deetz, Patricia Scott; James F. Deetz. "Passengers on the Mayflower: Ages & Occupations, Origins & Connections" (http:/ / www. histarch.

uiuc. edu/ plymouth/ Maysource. html). The Plymouth Colony Archive Project. . Retrieved 2008-11-10.[27] Bangs, Jeremy Dupertuis (Winter 2003). "Pilgrim Life: Two Myths — Ancient and Modern". New England Ancestors (Boston: New

England Historic Genealogical Society) 4 (1): 52–55. ISSN 1527-9405. OCLC 43146397.[28] Bradford (1898), Book 1, Chapters 8–9.[29] Fleming, Thomas (1963). One Small Candle. New York: W.W. Norton. pp. 89-90.[30] Winslow (2003), p. 64 (http:/ / mayflowerhistory. com/ PrimarySources/ HypocrisyUnmaskedpdf#page=64).[31] Bradford and Winslow (1865), pp. 5–6 (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=xb3coQS13NYC& pg=PA5).[32] Bradford (1898), Book 2, Anno 1620.[33] Deetz, Patricia Scott; Christopher Fennell (2007-12-14). "Mayflower Compact, 1620" (http:/ / www. histarch. uiuc. edu/ plymouth/ compact.

html). The Plymouth Colony Archive Project. . Retrieved 2008-11-11.[34] Philbrick, Nathaniel, Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War, p. 43, Viking, New York, NY, 2006.[35] "John and Catherine Carver," Pilgrim Hall Museum Web site <http://www.pilgrimhall.org/CarverJohn.htm> Retrieved 28 Jan. 2011.[36] Bradford (1898), Book 1, Chapter 10.[37] Bradford and Winslow (1865), pp. 90–91 (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=xb3coQS13NYC& pg=PA90).[38] Bradford (1898), Book 2, Anno 1622.[39] Bradford (1898), Book 2, Anno 1621.

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Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony) 11

[40] Deetz, Patricia Scott; Christopher Fennell (2007-12-14). "Smith's Map of New England, 1614" (http:/ / www. histarch. uiuc. edu/ plymouth/smithmap. html). The Plymouth Colony Archive Project. . Retrieved 2008-11-11.

[41] Bradford and Winslow (1865), pp. 60–65 (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=xb3coQS13NYC& pg=PA60), 71–72 (http:/ / books. google.com/ ?id=xb3coQS13NYC& pg=PA71).

[42] http:/ / studylight. org/ desk/ ?l=en& query=Hebrews+ 11%3A13-16& translation=gen[43] Matthews (1915), pp. 356–359 (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=47gMAAAAYAAJ& pg=PA356).[44] Matthews (1915), pp. 297–311 (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=47gMAAAAYAAJ& pg=PA297), 351 (http:/ / books. google. com/

?id=47gMAAAAYAAJ& pg=PA351).[45] Matthews (1915), pp. 323–327 (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=47gMAAAAYAAJ& pg=PA323).[46] "Toasts Drank at the Celebration of Our Country's Nativity". Massachusetts Mercury (Boston): pp. 2 (http:/ / docs. newsbank. com/

openurl?ctx_ver=z39. 88-2004& rft_id=info:sid/ iw. newsbank. com:EANX& rft_val_format=info:ofi/ fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=10AEDEE4944F7680& svc_dat=HistArchive:ahnpdoc& req_dat=0F418C809CE5EA70), 4 (http:/ / docs. newsbank. com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39. 88-2004& rft_id=info:sid/ iw. newsbank. com:EANX& rft_val_format=info:ofi/ fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=10AEDEE592F83B50& svc_dat=HistArchive:ahnpdoc& req_dat=0F418C809CE5EA70). December 28, 1798.

[47] Matthews (1915), pp. 312–350 (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=47gMAAAAYAAJ& pg=PA312).[48] Webster, Daniel (1854). Edward Everett. ed. The Works of Daniel Webster (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=bGIOAAAAQAAJ& pg=PR1).

Vol. 1 (8th ed.). Boston: Brown, Little & Co.. lxiv–lxv, 1–50. . Retrieved 2008-11-30.[49] Wolfson, Susan J., ed. (2000). Felicia Hemans. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 416–417. ISBN 978-0691050294.[50] http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=xb3coQS13NYC& printsec=titlepage[51] http:/ / faculty. gordon. edu/ hu/ bi/ Ted_Hildebrandt/ NEReligiousHistory/ Bradford-Plimoth/ Bradford-PlymouthPlantation. pdf[52] http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=ZEIJAAAAIAAJ& pg=PR3[53] http:/ / cdl. library. cornell. edu/ cgi-bin/ moa/ pageviewer?frames=1& root=%2Fmoa%2Fnewe%2Fnewe0025%2F& tif=00567. TIF&

view=50[54] http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=47gMAAAAYAAJ& pg=PA293[55] http:/ / mayflowerhistory. com/ PrimarySources/ HypocrisyUnmasked. pdf

External links• Pilgrim Archives (http:/ / www. pilgrimarchives. nl/ en/ pilgrims-in-documents/ pilgrims-in-documents),

Searchable municipal and court records from Leiden Regional Archive• Photographs of New York (Lincs - UK) and Pilgrim Fathers monument (Lincs - UK) (http:/ / www. fenlandlincs.

com/ mayflower)• Church of the Pilgrimage (http:/ / www. 8townsquare. org/ History. html), founded after an 1801 schism• Pilgrim Hall Museum (http:/ / www. pilgrimhall. org/ ) Pilgrim history and artifacts• Mayflower Steps (http:/ / www. mayflowersteps. co. uk/ ) All about the Mayflower and Pilgrim Fathers with a

Plymouth (UK) focus. Lots of pictures• Admiral MacBride Pub (http:/ / www. admiralmacbride. co. uk/ ) Built upon the original Mayflower Steps from

where the pilgrim fathers set sail for America.• Pilgrim ships from 1602 to 1638 (http:/ / www. packrat-pro. com/ ships/ shiplist. htm) Pilgrim ships searchable by

ship name, sailing date and passengers.

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Plymouth, Massachusetts 13

- Type Representative town meeting

- Town Manager

Mark Stankiewicz

- Chairman of the Board of Selectmen William P. Hallisey, Jr.

Area

- Total 134.0 sq mi (347.0 km2)

- Land 96.5 sq mi (249.8 km2)

- Water 37.5 sq mi (97.2 km2)

Elevation[3] 187 ft (57 m)

Population (2010)[4]

- Total 56,468

- Density 608.1/sq mi (234.9/km2)

Time zone Eastern (UTC-5)

- Summer (DST) Eastern (UTC-4)

ZIP Codes 0236002361023620234502381

Area code(s) 508 / 774

FIPS code 25-54310

GNIS feature ID 0618349

Website www.plymouth-ma.gov [5]

Plymouth (historically known as Plimouth and Plimoth) is a town in Plymouth County, Massachusetts, UnitedStates. Plymouth holds a place of great prominence in American history, folklore and culture, and is known as"America's Hometown." Plymouth was the site of the colony founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, passengers of thefamous ship the Mayflower. Plymouth is where New England was first established. It is the oldest municipality inNew England and one of the oldest in the United States.[6] The town has served as the location of several prominentevents, the most notable being the First Thanksgiving feast.[7] Plymouth served as the capital of Plymouth Colonyfrom its founding in 1620 until the colony's merger with the Massachusetts Bay colony in 1691.[8]

Plymouth is the largest municipality in Massachusetts by area.[9] The population is 56,468 according to the 2010U.S. Census. Plymouth is one of two county seats of Plymouth County, the other being Brockton.[10]

Plymouth is located approximately 40 miles (64 km) south of Boston in a region of Massachusetts known as theSouth Shore. Throughout the 19th century, the town thrived as a center of ropemaking, fishing, and shipping, andonce held the world's largest ropemaking company, the Plymouth Cordage Company. While it continues to be anactive port, today the major industry of Plymouth is tourism.[11] Plymouth is served by Plymouth Municipal Airport,and contains Pilgrim Hall Museum, the oldest continually operating museum in the United States.As one of the country's first settlements, Plymouth is well-known in the United States for its historical value. Theevents surrounding the history of Plymouth have become part of the mythology of the United States, particularlythose relating to Plymouth Rock, the Pilgrims and the First Thanksgiving. The town itself is a popular tourist spotduring the Thanksgiving holiday.[12]

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Plymouth, Massachusetts 14

History

Pre-colonial eraPrior to the arrival of the Pilgrims, the location of Plymouth was a village of 2,000 Wampanoag Native Americanscalled Patuxet.[13] This region that would become Plymouth was visited twice by European explorers prior to theestablishment of Plymouth Colony. In 1605, Samuel de Champlain sailed to Plymouth Harbor, calling it Port St.Louis.[14] Captain John Smith, a leader of the colony at Jamestown, Virginia, explored parts of Cape Cod Bay; he iscredited with naming the region which would become the future Plymouth Colony as "New Plimouth."[15]

After these explorations, two plagues afflicted coastal New England in 1614 and 1617. Likely transmitted fromBritish and French fishermen to natives on the shore, it killed between 90 and 95% of the local Wampanoaginhabitants.[16] The near disappearance of the tribe from the site not only left their cornfields and other cleared areasfor the soon-to-arrive Pilgrims to occupy, but also meant that the Indians were in no condition to resist the arrival ofthe colonists.[16]

Colonial era

"The Landing of the Pilgrims."(1877) by HenryA. Bacon. The Pilgrims are traditionally said to

have landed at Plymouth Rock.

Plymouth has played an important role in American colonial history. Itwas the final landing site of the first voyage of the Mayflower, and thelocation of the original settlement of the Plymouth Colony. Plymouthwas established in 1620 by Anglicans and English separatists who hadbroken away from the Church of England, believing that the Churchhad not completed the work of the Protestant Reformation. Today,these settlers are much better known as "Pilgrims", a term coined byWilliam Bradford.[17]

The Mayflower first anchored in what would become the harbor ofProvincetown, Massachusetts on November 11, 1620. The ship washeaded for Virginia, but eventually reached New England.[18] There

are varying theories as to how this happened. They include: violent storms threw the ship off course;[18] a navigationerror; the Dutch bribed the captain to sail north so the Pilgrims would not settle near New Amsterdam; and thePilgrims on the Mayflower, who comprised only 35 of the 102 settlers aboard the Mayflower, hijacked the ship toland far from Anglican control. The Pilgrim settlers, realizing that the party did not have a patent to settle in theregion, subsequently signed the Mayflower Compact.[19] The Pilgrims went on to explore various parts of Cape Cod,but soon a storm and violent skirmishes with local Native Americans forced the migrants to sail westward into CapeCod Bay. The Pilgrims eventually came across the sheltered waters of Plymouth Harbor on December 17. Theappealing protected bay led to a site in the present-day Harbor District being chosen for the new settlement afterthree days of surveying. The settlers officially disembarked on December 21, 1620. It is traditionally said that thePilgrims first set foot in America at the site of Plymouth Rock, though no historical evidence can prove thisclaim.[20] The settlers named their settlement "Plimouth" (also historically known as "Plimoth", an old Englishspelling of the name) after the major port city in Devon, England from which the Mayflower sailed. Plymouth,Devon, United Kingdom, was named after its location at mouth of the River Plym.[21]

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Plymouth, Massachusetts 15

The First Thanksgiving, painted by Jean LeonGerome Ferris (1863–1930). The First

Thanksgiving took place in Plymouth in 1621.

Plymouth faced many difficulties during its first winter, the mostnotable being the risk of starvation and the lack of suitable shelter.From the beginning, the assistance of Indians was vital. One colonist'sjournal reports:[22]

We marched to the place we called Cornhill, where we hadfound the corn before. At another place we had seenbefore, we dug and found some more corn, two or threebaskets full, and a bag of beans....In all we had about tenbushels, which will be enough for seed. It is with God'shelp that we found this corn, for how else could we havedone it, without meeting some Indians who might troubleus.

Along with ransacking the food stores of Indians, the colonists also raided the houses of the few Indians who hadsurvived the plague, as well as robbing Indian graves.[22] Even greater assistance came from Samoset andTisquantum (better known as Squanto), an Indian sent by Wampanoag Tribe Chief Massasoit, as an ambassador andtechnical adviser. Squanto had been kidnapped in 1614 by an English slave raider and sold in Málaga, Spain. Havinglearned English, he escaped slavery and returned home in 1619. Teaching the colonists how to farm corn, where andhow to catch fish, and how to make other necessary items, he was instrumental in the survival of the settlement forthe first two years. Squanto and another guide sent by Massasoit in 1621, Hobomok, helped the colonists set uptrading posts for furs and pay off the cost of establishing the colony.[23] Chief Massasoit later formed a Peace Treatywith the Pilgrims. Upon growing a plentiful harvest in the fall of 1621, the Pilgrims gathered with Squanto, Samoset,Massasoit, and ninety other Wampanoag men in a celebration of food and feasting. This celebration is known todayas the First Thanksgiving, and is still commemorated annually in downtown Plymouth with a parade and areenactment. Since 1941, Thanksgiving has been observed as a federal holiday in the United States.[24] [25]

Plymouth served as the capital of Plymouth Colony (which consisted of modern-day Barnstable, Bristol, andPlymouth Counties) from its founding in 1620 until 1691, when the colony was annexed by the Massachusetts BayColony.[8] Plymouth holds the unique distinction of being the first permanent settlement in New England, and one ofthe oldest settlements in the United States.[6] [26]

19th century

Cordage Commerce Center, North Plymouth

In the 1800s, Plymouth remained a relatively isolated seacoast townwhose livelihood depended on fishing and shipping.[27] The towneventually became a regional center of shipbuilding and fishing. Itsprincipal industry was the Plymouth Cordage Company, which becamethe world's largest manufacturer of rope and cordage products. Thecompany was founded in 1824.[28] At one point, the longest ropewalkin the world, a quarter-mile (0.4 km) in length, was found on theCordage Company's site on the North Plymouth waterfront. It thrivedinto the 1960s, but was forced out of business in 1964 due tocompetition from synthetic-fiber ropes.[29] The refurbished factory,known as Cordage Commerce Center, is home to numerous offices,restaurants and stores.[30]

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Plymouth, Massachusetts 16

Modern historyIn the last 30 years, Plymouth has experienced rapid growth and development. As in many South Shore towns,Plymouth became more accessible to Boston in the early 1970s with improved railroads, highways, and bus routes.Furthermore, the town's inexpensive land costs and low tax rates were factors in the town's significant populationrise. Plymouth's population grew from 18,606 residents in 1970 to 45,608 residents in 1990, a 145% increase in 20years.[27] The population has continued to expand in recent years. While Plymouth has already surpassed severalMassachusetts cities in population, the town is still officially regarded as a town, as it has not been re-chartered as acity and continues to be governed by a board of selectmen rather than a mayor. Plymouth has emerged as a majoreconomic and tourist center of the South Shore.One of the largest towns in Massachusetts, Plymouth spans several exits on its main highway, Route 3. Plymouthboasts several larger shopping plazas and a nearby mall in Kingston, MA, much of which has been built in just thepast 5 years. As it has grown, additional access is possible via a recent extension to Plymouth's second largesthighway, Route 44. Additional development was expected due to a large construction of a Movie Studio complexcalled Plymouth Rock Studios, which has since been discontinued.

Geography

A simulated-color satellite image of the PlymouthBay region taken on NASA's Landsat 3

The latitude of Plymouth is 41.95833 and its longitude is -70.66778.[31]

[32] According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a totalarea of 134.0 sq mi (347 km2): 96.5 sq mi (250 km2) of it is land, and37.5 sq mi (97 km2) of it (28%) is water.

With the largest land area of any municipality in Massachusetts,Plymouth consists of several neighborhoods and geographical sections.Larger localities in the town include Plymouth Center, North, West andSouth Plymouth, Manomet, Cedarville, and Saquish Neck.

Plymouth makes up the entire western shore of Cape Cod Bay. It isbordered on land by Bourne to the southeast, Wareham to thesouthwest, Carver to the west, and Kingston to the north. It also sharesa small border with Duxbury at the land entrance of Saquish Neck.[33] Plymouth's border with Bourne makes upmost of the line between Plymouth and Barnstable counties. The town is located roughly 44 miles (71 km) southeastof Boston (it is almost exactly 40 miles (64 km) from Plymouth Rock to the Massachusetts State House) andequidistantly east of Providence, Rhode Island.[34]

Plymouth Beach, one of Plymouth's manybeaches

Located in the Plymouth Pinelands, the town of Plymouth has manydistinct geographical features. The town's Atlantic coast ischaracterized by low plains, while its western sections are extremelyhilly and forested. Plymouth contains several small ponds scatteredthroughout its western quadrant, the largest being the Great HerringPond (which is partly in the town of Bourne).[33] A major feature of thetown is the Myles Standish State Forest, which is in the southwesternregion.[35] Cachalot Scout Reservation, operated by the CachalotDistrict of the Narragansett Council of the Boy Scouts of America, liesadjacent to the state forest lands. There is also a smaller town forest, as

well as several parks, recreation areas and beaches.

Plymouth has nine public beaches, the largest being Plymouth Beach. Plymouth Beach guards Plymouth Harbor and mostly consists of a three-mile (5 km) long, ecologically significant barrier beach. Clark's Island, a small island in Plymouth Bay, is the only island in Plymouth. It is off the coast of Saquish Neck and has nine summer houses but no

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Plymouth, Massachusetts 17

year-round inhabitants.

Climate

The First Parish Church in Plymouth is located inPlymouth Center

Plymouth's climate is humid continental, which is the predominantclimate for Massachusetts and New England. Due to its location on theAtlantic Ocean, humidity levels can be very high year-round.Plymouth's coastal location causes it to experience warmertemperatures than many inland locations in New England.[36] Summersare typically hot and humid, while winters are cold, windy and oftensnowy.

Plymouth's warmest month is July, with an average high temperatureof 82 °F (28 °C) and an average low of 60.3 °F (15.7 °C). The coldestmonth is January, with an average high temperature of 36.8 °F (2.7 °C)and an average low of 16.2 °F (−8.8 °C).[37]

Much like the rest of the Northeastern seaboard, Plymouth receivesample amounts of precipitation year-round. On average, summermonths receive slightly less precipitation than winter months.Plymouth averages about 49 inches (120 cm) of rainfall a year.Plymouth, like other coastal Massachusetts towns, is very vulnerable to Nor'easter weather systems. The town issometimes vulnerable to Atlantic hurricanes and tropical storms, which infrequently threaten the Cape Cod regionduring the early autumn months.

Climate data for Plymouth, Massachusetts

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Average high °F (°C) 37(2)

38(3)

46(7)

56(13)

67(19)

76(24)

82(27)

80(26)

73(22)

63(17)

52(11)

42(5)

59(15)

Average low °F (°C) 16 17 26 35(1)

44(6)

54(12)

60(15)

59(15)

51(10)

41(4)

32(0)

22 38(3)

Precipitation inches (cm) 4.2(10)

4(10)

4(10)

4.2(10)

4(10)

3.5(8)

3.4(8)

4(10)

4.1(10)

4.1(10)

4.9(12)

4.6(11)

48.8(123)

Source: Weatherbase[38]

Demographics

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Plymouth, Massachusetts 18

Historical populations Year Pop. ±%

1790 2995 —

1800 3524 +17.7%

1810 4228 +20.0%

1820 4348 +2.8%

1830 4758 +9.4%

1840 5281 +11.0%

1850 6024 +14.1%

1860 6272 +4.1%

1870 6238 −0.5%

1880 7093 +13.7%

1890 7314 +3.1%

1900 9592 +31.1%

1910 12141 +26.6%

1920 13045 +7.4%

1930 13042 −0.0%

1940 13100 +0.4%

1950 13608 +3.9%

1960 14445 +6.2%

1970 18606 +28.8%

1980 35913 +93.0%

1990 45608 +27.0%

2000 51701 +13.4%

2001* 52701 +1.9%

2002* 53525 +1.6%

2003* 54401 +1.6%

2004* 54990 +1.1%

2005* 55709 +1.3%

2006* 55828 +0.2%

2007* 55980 +0.3%

2008* 56250 +0.5%

2009* 56842 +1.1%

2010 56468 −0.7%

* = population estimate.Source: United States Census records and Population Estimates Program data.[39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46][47] [48]

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Plymouth, Massachusetts 19

The National Monument to the Forefathers

As of the census[49] of 2000, there were 51,701 people, 18,423households, and 13,264 families residing in the town; bypopulation it is the second–largest town in Massachusetts, afterFramingham. It is also the 21st–largest municipality in the state.The population density was 536.0 inhabitants per square mile(207.0 /km2).[50] There are 21,250 housing units, at an averagedensity of 85.1 /km2 (220 /sq mi). The racial makeup of the townwas 94.82% White, 1.91% Black or African American, 0.25%Native American, 0.57% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.93%from other races, and 1.48% from two or more races. Hispanic orLatino of any race were 1.68% of the population.[51]

There are 18,423 households out of which 36.0% have childrenunder the age of 18 living with them, 58.4% were married couplesliving together, 10.4% had a female householder with no husbandpresent, and 28.0% were non-families. 21.7% of all households aremade up of individuals, and 8.5% had someone living alone whowas 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.67and the average family size is 3.16.

In the town the population is spread out with 25.8% under the ageof 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 32.0% from 25 to 44, 23.9% from 45 to 64, and 11.2% who were 65 years of age or older.The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 98.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over,there were 96.4 males.The median income for a household in the town was $54,677 as of the 2000 census, and the median income for afamily was $63,266.[52] Males had a median income of $44,983 versus $31,565 for females. The per capita incomefor the town was $23,732. About 4.4% of families and 5.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including7.1% of those under age 18 and 6.9% of those age 65 or over.

Government

The Plymouth County Courthouse, located inPlymouth

Plymouth is represented in the Massachusetts House ofRepresentatives as a part of the First and Twelfth Plymouth Districts.The town is represented in the Massachusetts Senate as a part of thePlymouth and Barnstable district, which also includes Bourne,Falmouth, Kingston, Pembroke, Plympton, Sandwich, and part ofBarnstable.[53] On the state level, primary but shared patrollingresponsibility of the town's limited access highways falls upon theSeventh (Bourne) Barracks of Troop D of the Massachusetts StatePolice.[54]

On the national level, Plymouth is a part of Massachusetts's 10th congressional district, and is currently representedby William R. Keating. The state's senior (Class II) member of the United States Senate, re-elected in 2008, is JohnKerry. The state's current junior (Class I) Senator is Scott Brown. On the local level, the town uses the representativetown meeting form of government, led by a town manager and a board of selectmen.[55] The current town managerof Plymouth is Mark Stankiewicz.[56]

Plymouth has a centralized municipal police force, the Plymouth Police Department.[57] The town also has a professional fire department, with seven firehouses spread around the town.[58] There are also seven post offices for the town's five ZIP codes, with one in the downtown area, one in North Plymouth, one in Manomet, one in White

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Plymouth, Massachusetts 20

Horse Beach, one near the Plymouth Municipal Airport, one in the South Pond neighborhood, and one near the townforest in "The Village Green" shopping area of The Pinehills.[59] [60]

The town has a public library, with a branch location in Manomet.[61] Both libraries are a part of the Old ColonyLibrary Network, which services 28 libraries throughout the South Shore.[62] Additionally, as a seat of PlymouthCounty, there are several county facilities located in Plymouth. These include a County farm, the Registry of Deeds,two jails (the Massachusetts Correctional Institution - Plymouth and the Plymouth County Correctional Facility) andthe County Courthouse..

Economy

The Pinehills, New England's largest newresidential development.

Plymouth is an economic and tourism center of the South Shore. Themajor industry is tourism, with healthcare, technical and scientificresearch, real estate, and telecommunications also being primaryindustries.[11] The largest employer in the town is Jordan Hospital.[11]

Plymouth has experienced commercial and industrial success, with thedowntown area and North Plymouth each becoming commercialcenters and an industrial park opening outside of the town center. Alarge commercial project titled Colony Place located near the IndustrialPark was completed in late 2007. It consists of several large retail

stores, various chain restaurants, and contains one of the largest outdoor designer outlet malls in the South Shore.[63]

Another large retail development that has recently finished construction off Route 3's exit 5 is The Shops at 5.[64]

The only nuclear power plant in Massachusetts, Pilgrim Nuclear Generating Station, is located in Plymouth.

Plymouth has also recently seen the development of several residential projects, among them The Pinehills, whichconsists of over 1,000 residential units, two golf courses, a country club, and a shopping village.[65] When completedin 2010, it is expected to contain 2,877 homes.[66]

Education

The Nathaniel Morton Elementary School inPlymouth Center

Plymouth operates a large school system, with an enrollment over8,000 students. The Plymouth School District is one of the largest inthe state, operating fourteen schools. This is larger than theMassachusetts average of eight schools.[67] The school district operates86 school buses under contract with First Student bus company.

The schools of Plymouth include the Mount Pleasant Preschool, eightelementary schools (Cold Spring, Federal Furnace, Hedge, IndianBrook, Manomet, Nathanial Morton, South and West Elementaries)which generally serve students from kindergarten to fifth grade, twomiddle schools that serve grades 5–8, Plymouth CommunityIntermediate School (PCIS) and Plymouth South Middle School, andtwo high schools, Plymouth North and Plymouth South.[68] Both highschools play in the Atlantic Coast League, and the two schools share arivalry with each other. Students who decide to receive a technicaleducation have the option of attending Plymouth South Technical

School.

There is also a charter school in the town, Rising Tide Charter School,[69] which serves middle school-aged children.Two special education schools, the Baird School and the Radius Pediatric School, are located in the town.

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Plymouth, Massachusetts 21

The town has two institutions of higher learning. Quincy College has a campus located in Cordage Park. ThePlymouth campus opened in 1991, and the college's main campus is in Quincy.[70] Curry College has a campus at thenorthern edge of Plymouth Center in the Citizens Bank building. The campus opened in 1994, and the main campusis located in Milton.[71] While the University of Massachusetts Boston does not have a campus in Plymouth, it offerssome courses at another location in Cordage Park.[72]

Healthcare

Plymouth's Jordan Hospital

Plymouth is home to Jordan Hospital, the largest hospital in thesouthern region of the South Shore. It is the only major healthcareprovider in the town. The hospital is a community medical centerserving twelve towns in Plymouth and Barnstable counties. It consistsof more than 30 departments, with 150 patient beds.[73] The hospitalalso offers a rehabilitation center in The Pinehills region.

While Jordan Hospital is the only hospital in Plymouth, South ShoreHospital operates several offices and physician labs in South Pond.South Shore Hospital, in South Weymouth, is the largest hospital insoutheastern Massachusetts.[74]

Transportation

HighwaysPlymouth lies along the "Pilgrims Highway" portion of Route 3, which is the major route between Cape Cod andBoston. The town can be accessed from six exits on the highway, which is more than any other municipality alongthe Pilgrims Highway. Plymouth is also the eastern terminus of U.S. Route 44. The route has changed recently, as anew divided highway section has linked it to Route 3, before heading south and exiting at its old location beforeterminating at Route 3A, which more closely follows the shoreline and passes through Plymouth Center. Route 80'swestern terminus is at its intersection with old Route 44. Route 25 goes through a remote section of the town north ofBuzzards Bay, but does not have an exit. Finally, the short Plimoth Plantation Highway allows easy access betweenRoutes 3 and 3A, with an exit that allows direct entry to Plimoth Plantation's parking area. The highway is north ofManomet and south of Plymouth Center.

Rail

The Plymouth MBTA station, located in CordagePark

Plymouth is one of two termini of the Kingston/Plymouth Old ColonyLine of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority's commuterrail, providing non-peak service to Braintree and as far north asBoston's South Station.[75] The Plymouth MBTA station is nearCordage Park in North Plymouth, along Route 3A.[76] (The otherterminus is in Kingston and has more frequent train arrivals anddepartures. Its station is behind the Independence Mall.) No otherrailroad lines pass through the town.

Ferry

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There is a seasonal ferry to Provincetown and several other excursion lines that offer cruises of Plymouth Bay andCape Cod Bay. The ferry is operated by Capt. John Boats and offers one round trip daily from June to September.The ferry leaves from the State Wharf in Plymouth Center.[77] In addition to the ferry, Plymouth Harbor offersservice for harbor excursions, whale watching tours, and deep sea fishing.

BusThe Plymouth & Brockton Street Railway Company offers scheduled service to Logan Airport, downtown Boston,Hyannis, and Provincetown. Buses can be boarded at the commuter parking lot at exit 5 off Route 3, behind theMcDonald's rest stop.[78] The Greater Attleboro Taunton Regional Transit Authority (GATRA) operates publictransportation buses known as the Plymouth Area Link (PAL) throughout much of Plymouth and Kingston.[79]

Air

The Plymouth Municipal Airport

The town is home to the Plymouth Municipal Airport, which lies onthe border between Plymouth and Carver. Founded in 1931, it offersscheduled service to the Nantucket, as well as private service. Theairport features a local restaurant and gift shop, but does not have anon-site traffic control tower.[80]

Barnstable Municipal Airport, in Hyannis, offers additional scheduledcarrier service.[81] The airport offers scheduled flight services toNantucket, Martha's Vineyard, Boston and New York City.[82] It is approximately 30 miles (48 km) from Plymouth.

The nearest national and international airport is Logan International Airport in Boston, roughly 43 miles (69 km)away. T.F. Green Airport, a state airport located in Warwick, Rhode Island, is about 63 miles (101 km) away.

Points of interestPromoted as America's Hometown, Plymouth is a tourist destination noted for its heritage. The town is home toseveral notable sites.

Plymouth Rock

The Plymouth Rock Monument

Plymouth Rock is one of Plymouth's most famous attractions.Traditionally, the rock is said to be the disembarkation site of thePilgrims. However, there is no historical evidence to support thistheory. The first identification of Plymouth Rock as the actual landingsite was made in 1741 by 94-year-old Thomas Faunce, whose fatherhad arrived in Plymouth in 1623, three years after the arrival of theMayflower.[83] The rock is located roughly 650 feet (200 m) fromwhere the initial settlement was thought to be built.

Plymouth Rock became very famous after its identification as thesupposed landing site of the Pilgrims, and was subsequently moved to

a location in Plymouth Center. During the process, the rock split in two. It was later moved to Pilgrim Hall and thento a location under a granite Victorian Canopy, where it was easily accessible and subject to souvenir hunters. Therock was finally moved back to its original location along the town's waterfront in 1921. "Plymouth Rock", a largeboulder, now sits under a granite canopy designed by famed astronomical illustrator Chesley Bonestell, who alsodesigned the Chrysler Building gargoyles and contributed to the design of the Golden Gate Bridge. The rock is the

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centerpiece of Pilgrim Memorial State Park. The park is the smallest park in the Massachusetts state forest and parksystem, but is also the most heavily visited.[84]

Plimoth Plantation

Plimoth Plantation

Plimoth Plantation is a living history museum located south ofPlymouth Center. It consists of a re-creation of the Plymouthsettlement in 1627, as well as a replica of a 17th century Wampanoaghomesite. The museum features role playing tour guides, as well as alarge crafts center. The Nye Barn, a replica of a 1627 faminghomestead in Plymouth, is also part of the museum. The farm featuresseveral animals that would have been found in Plymouth Colony, butare very rare in modern times.[85]

The museum opened in 1947 under the guidance of Henry HornblowerII, a wealthy Boston stockbroker who grew up in Plymouth.[86] Themuseum originally consisted of the Mayflower II and a "First House" exhibit in Plymouth Center, but was expandedinto a large fortified town and a Native American village by 1960.

Mayflower II

The Mayflower II, located in Plymouth Harbor, isconsidered to be a faithful replica of the original

Mayflower.

The Mayflower II is a full-size replica of the Mayflower, the ship whichbrought the Pilgrims to Plymouth in 1620. It is located at the State Pierin Plymouth Center. The ship is open as a museum about the Pilgrims'historic voyage from Plymouth, England, and is considered a faithfulreplica of the original Mayflower.[87] It is officially a part of PlimothPlantation.

The ship was built in Brixham, England in 1956, and sailed toPlymouth across the Atlantic Ocean in 1957 by famous mariner AlanVilliers.[88] The ship is still seaworthy, and routinely takes voyagesaround Plymouth Harbor. In the year 2007, the Mayflower II celebratedthe 50th anniversary of its arrival in Plymouth.[89]

Other sites

Historic interest

In addition to the Plymouth Rock Memorial, several other monuments were constructed in celebration of Plymouth'stricentennial. These include statues of Massasoit and William Bradford, and a sarcophagus containing the bones ofthe 51 Pilgrims who died in the winter of 1620, which rests atop Cole's Hill.

Pilgrim Hall Museum, founded in 1824, is the oldest public museum in the `.[90] It is located in Plymouth Center.Plymouth also features the National Monument to the Forefathers, which was dedicated in 1889.[91] Standing at 81feet (25 m) tall, it is the tallest free-standing solid granite monument in the United States.[92] Other notable historicalsites include the Jenney Grist Mill, a working replica of an original mill built in 1636, as well as the 1640 RichardSparrow House, the oldest house still standing in Plymouth. At the edge of the town on Route 80 is Parting Ways, a94-acre ( m2) site that is notable for containing the remains of four former slaves who fought in the RevolutionaryWar and their families.[93]

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There are 21 locations in Plymouth that appear on the National Register of Historic Places, including PlymouthRock, Cole's Hill, and Pilgrim Hall.

Parks and recreation

Myles Standish State Forest, the Commonwealth's second largest state forest, is located in Plymouth. It is a campingand hiking destination, and contains 16 freshwater lakes and ponds.[35] Ellisville Harbor State Park, located in theextreme southern portion of the town, contains a natural beach inside Cape Cod Bay.[94] Plymouth is also home to 11public and private golf courses, which include Squirrel Run, Pinehills, Plymouth Country Club, and Southers Marsh,a course that runs through a series of actively maintained cranberry bogs.

Entertainment

Plymouth is also home to a vibrant music and arts community, including the Plymouth Center for the Arts,[95] theDriftwood Folk Cafe,[96] and three free summer concert series: The Project Arts Wednesday night series,[97] the L.Knife and Son Thursday night series,[98] and the School's Out Summer Concert Series.[99]

Notable residents

Comedian Dick Gregory has resided inPlymouth since 1973.

• Chris Alberghini, television producer-writer, born in Plymouth[100]

• Oliver Ames, Jr. (1807–1877), railroad official, former resident ofPlymouth[101]

• John Bartlett, publisher of Bartlett's Familiar Quotations, born inPlymouth[102]

• Amy Lynn Baxter, adult film star, born in Plymouth[103]

• David Chokachi, actor, born in Plymouth[104]

• Ken Coleman, sportscaster, died in Plymouth[105]

• Thomas Davee, United States Representative from Maine, born inPlymouth[106]

• Dave Farrell, bassist with Linkin Park, born in Plymouth[107]

• Peter J. Gomes, preacher and theologian at Harvard Divinity School,resident of Plymouth[108]

• Glen Gray, saxophonist, leader of the Casa Loma Orchestra, born inPlymouth[109]

• Dick Gregory, comedian, activist and nutritionist, current resident of Plymouth[110]

• Pee Wee Hunt, trombonist and co-founder of the Casa Loma Orchestra, died in Plymouth[111]

• Frederic Augustus Lucas (1852–1929), Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences museum director, author of manyscientific papers, born in Plymouth[112]

• David Maraghy Ceo of Sports Management International, LC. was born in Plymouth.• Aaron Matson (1770–1855), a United States Representative from New Hampshire, born in Plymouth[113]

• Violet Mersereau (1892–1975), silent film actress, died in Plymouth[114]

• Gary DiSarcina, former shortstop for the California Angels and manager of the single-A team Lowell Spinners,currently resides in Plymouth.

• Henry Picard, Professional golfer, won The Masters Tournament• James Warren, president of the Massachusetts provincial legislature and prominent colonial-era politician.• Chris Raab Member of the CKY crew.• Warren G. Phillips Inducted into the National Teachers Hall of Fame in 2010, taught in Plymouth

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Twin and sister cities

Plymouth House in Shichigahama,modeling after the recreated First Parish

Church in Plimoth Plantation

Since 2001, Plymouth has shared a twin-city status with: Plymouth, Devon,United Kingdom.[115] In addition, since 1990, Plymouth has shared asister-city status with Shichigahama, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan.[116]

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[3] U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Town of Plymouth (http:/ /geonames. usgs. gov/ pls/ gnispublic/ f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:618349). Geographic Names Information System. Retrieved on2007-07-31.

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[93] "Let Freedom Ring" (http:/ / www. partingwaysplymouth. org/ ). Parting Ways Museum. . Retrieved 2007-08-11.[94] "Ellisville Harbor State Park" (http:/ / www. mass. gov/ dcr/ parks/ southeast/ ells. htm). Massachusetts Department of Conservation and

Recreation. . Retrieved 2007-08-11.[95] http:/ / www. plymouthguild. com[96] http:/ / www. driftwoodfolkcafe. com[97] http:/ / www. projectarts. com[98] http:/ / www. wickedlocal. com/ plymouth/ opinion/ editorials/ x1043121216/

EDITORIAL-Threat-to-Thursday-concerts-raises-question-of-union-control[99] http:/ / www. brewsterproductions. com/ concertseries[100] "Profile of Chris Alberghini on Famous Like Me" (http:/ / www. famouslikeme. com/ 7306/ article. html). Famous Like Me.com. .

Retrieved 2007-08-21.[101] Who Was Who in America, Historical Volume, 1607-1896. Chicago: Marquis Who's Who. 1963.[102] "John Bartlett" (http:/ / www. bartleby. com/ people/ BartlettJon. html). Bartleby.com. . Retrieved 2007-07-31.[103] "Amy Lynn Baxter" (http:/ / www. tv. com/ amy-lynn-baxter/ person/ 497381/ summary. html). TV.com. CNET Networks, Inc.. . Retrieved

2008-04-18.[104] "About David" (http:/ / www. davidchokachi. net/ index_about. html). DavidChokachi.net. . Retrieved 2007-08-21.[105] "Ken Coleman, Former Red Sox Broadcaster, 1925 - August 21, 2003" (http:/ / www. americansportscastersonline. com/

colemanmemorial. html). American Sportscasters Online. . Retrieved 2007-07-31.[106] "Davee, Thomas" (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay. pl?index=D000068). Biographical Directory of the United States

Congress. . Retrieved 2007-07-31.[107] "Phoenix Farrell" (http:/ / www. nndb. com/ people/ 088/ 000030995/ ). NNDB. . Retrieved 2007-08-09.[108] "The Reverend Professor Peter J. Gomes" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080417000933/ http:/ / www. memorialchurch. harvard. edu/

preachers/ pjg. shtml). The Memorial Church of Harvard University. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. memorialchurch. harvard. edu/preachers/ pjg. shtml) on 2008-04-17. . Retrieved 2008-04-18.

[109] "Glen Gray and the Casa Loma Orchestra" (http:/ / nfo. net/ usa/ g3. html). American BigBands. . Retrieved 2007-08-21.[110] "Biography: Dick Gregory for the people... Activist, Philosopher, Anti-Drug Crusader, Comedian, Author, Actor Recording Artist,

Nutritionist" (http:/ / www. dickgregory. com/ about_dick_gregory. html). Dick Gregory Global Watch. . Retrieved 2007-07-31.[111] "Pee Wee Hunt" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20071103080536/ http:/ / musicstories. net/ Pee_Wee_Hunt. htm). MusicStories.net.

Archived from the original (http:/ / musicstories. net/ Pee_Wee_Hunt. htm) on 2007-11-03. . Retrieved 2009-07-17.[112] "Biography of Frederic Augustus Lucas" (http:/ / library. nybg. org/ finding_guide/ archv/ lucas_ppb. html). Frederic Augustus Lucas

Papers (PP). . Retrieved 2007-07-31.[113] "Matson, Aaron" (http:/ / bioguide. congress. gov/ scripts/ biodisplay. pl?index=M000247). Biographical Directory of the United States

Congress. . Retrieved 2007-07-31.[114] "Violet Mersereau" (http:/ / www. silentera. com/ people/ actresses/ Mersereau-Violet. html). Silent Era. . Retrieved 2007-08-21.[115] "Plymouth and its Twin Towns" (http:/ / www. devon. gov. uk/ environmentalhealth?url=localcontent. htm& site=2& ref=twintowns.

htm& ). Devon County Council. . Retrieved 2007-08-09.[116] "Sister City Plymouth" (http:/ / www. shichigahama. com/ ie/ guide2. html). Shichigahama Town Guide. . Retrieved 2007-08-09.

External links• Plymouth (Massachusetts) travel guide from Wikitravel• Destination: Plymouth tourism site (http:/ / www. visit-plymouth. com/ )• Plymouth Town Website (http:/ / www. plymouth-ma. gov/ Public_Documents/ PlymouthMA_WebDocs/ about/ )• Wicked Local Plymouth (http:/ / plymouth. wickedlocal. com/ )• Answer Book/Plymouth: Everything you need to know (http:/ / www. patriotledger. com/ answerbook/ plymouth)• Plymouth Public Library (http:/ / www. plymouthpubliclibrary. org)

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Thanksgiving

Thanksgiving Day

Saying grace before carving a turkey at Thanksgiving dinner, Pennsylvania, U.S., 1942Observed by Canada

Leiden, Netherlands Liberia Norfolk Island United States

Type National, cultural

Date 2nd Monday in October (Canada)1st Thursday in November (Liberia)Last Wednesday in November (Norfolk Island)4th Thursday in November (USA and Leiden, Netherlands)

2011 date October 17, 2011 (Canada);November 10, 2011 (Liberia);November 30, 2011 (Norfolk Island);November 31, 2011 (USA and Leiden, Netherlands)

2012 date October 15, 2012 (Canada);November 8, 2012 (Liberia);November 28, 2012 (Norfolk Island);November 29, 2012 (USA and Leiden, Netherlands)

Thanksgiving Day is a holiday celebrated primarily in the United States and Canada. Thanksgiving is celebratedeach year on the second Monday of October in Canada and on the fourth Thursday of November in the UnitedStates. Thanksgiving in Canada falls on the same day as Columbus Day in the United States. Because of thelongstanding traditions of the holiday, the celebration often extends to the weekend that falls closest to the day it iscelebrated.

HistoryThanksgiving in North America had originated from a mix of European and Native traditions.[1] Typically in Europe,festivals were held before and after the harvest cycles to give thanks for a good harvest, and to rejoice together aftermuch hard work with the rest of the community.[1] At the time, Native Americans had also celebrated the end of aharvest season.[1] When Europeans first arrived to the Americas, they brought with them their own harvest festivaltraditions from Europe, celebrating their safe voyage, peace and good harvest.[1] Though the origins of the holiday inboth Canada and the United States are similar, Americans do not typically celebrate the contributions made inNewfoundland, while Canadians do not celebrate the contributions made in Plymouth, Massachusetts.[2]

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In Canada

The Order of Good Cheer, 1606 by CharlesWilliam Jefferys, (1925).

The origin of the first Thanksgiving in Canada goes back to theexplorer, Martin Frobisher, who had been trying to find a northernpassage to the Pacific Ocean. Frobisher's Thanksgiving celebration wasnot for harvest, but in thanks for surviving the long journey fromEngland through the perils of storms and icebergs. On his third andfinal voyage to these regions in 1578 Frobisher held a formal ceremonyin Frobisher Bay in Baffin Island in present Day Nunavut to givethanks to God and in a service ministered by the preacher RobertWolfall they celebrated Communion, the first ever service in theseregions.[3] Years later, the tradition of a feast would continue as moresettlers began to arrive to the Canadian colonies.[4]

Oven roasted turkey

The origins of Canadian Thanksgiving can also be traced to the Frenchsettlers who came to New France with explorer Samuel de Champlainin the early 17th century, who also took to celebrating their successfulharvests. The French settlers in the area typically had feasts at the endof the harvest season and continued throughout the winter season, evensharing their food with the indigenous peoples of the area.[5]

Champlain had also proposed for the creation of the Order of GoodCheer in 1606.[6]

As many more settlers arrived in Canada, more celebrations of goodharvest became common. New immigrants into the country, such as the Irish, Scottish and Germans, would also addtheir own traditions to the harvest celebrations. Most of the U.S. aspects of Thanksgiving (such as the turkey) wereincorporated when United Empire Loyalists began to flee from the United States during the American Revolutionand settled in Canada.[5]

In the United States

The First Thanksgiving at Plymouth By Jennie A.Brownscombe (1914)

In the United States, the modern Thanksgiving holiday tradition tracesits origins to a 1621 celebration at Plymouth in present-dayMassachusetts. There is also evidence for an earlier harvest celebrationon the continent by Spanish explorers in Florida during 1565, as wellas thanksgiving feasts in the Virginia Colony. The initial thanksgivingobservance at Virginia in 1619 was prompted by the colonists' leaderson the anniversary of the settlement.[7] The 1621 Plymouth feast andthanksgiving was prompted by a good harvest. In later years, thetradition was continued by civil leaders such as Governor Bradfordwho planned a thanksgiving celebration and fast in 1623.[8] [9] [10]

While initially, the Plymouth colony did not have enough food to feed half of the 102 colonists, the WampanoagNative Americans helped the Pilgrims by providing seeds and teaching them to fish. The practice of holding anannual harvest festival like this did not become a regular affair in New England until the late 1660s.[11]

According to historian Jeremy Bangs, director of the Leiden American Pilgrim Museum, the Pilgrims may have beeninfluenced by watching the annual services of Thanksgiving for the relief of the siege of Leiden in 1574, while theywere staying in Leiden.[12]

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Contending origins

The claim of where the first Thanksgiving was held in the United States, and even the Americas has often been asubject of debate. Author and teacher Robyn Gioia and Michael Gannon, of the University of Florida, have arguedthat the earliest attested "Thanksgiving" celebration in what is now the United States was celebrated by the Spanishon September 8, 1565 in what is now Saint Augustine, Florida.[13] [14]

Similarly, many historians point out that the first thanksgiving celebration in the United States was held in Virginia,and not in Plymouth. Thanksgiving services were routine in what was to become the Commonwealth of Virginia asearly as 1607.[15] A day of Thanksgiving was codified in the founding charter of Berkeley Hundred in Charles CityCounty, Virginia in 1619.[16]

Fixing the date of the holidayThe reason for the earlier Thanksgiving celebrations in Canada has often been attributed to the earlier onset of winterin the north, thus ending the harvest season earlier.[17] Thanksgiving in Canada did not have a fixed date until thelate 19th century. Prior to Canadian confederation, many of the individual colonial governors of the Canadianprovinces had declared their own days of Thanksgiving. The first official Canadian Thanksgiving occurred on April15, 1872 when the nation was celebrating the Prince of Wales' recovery from a serious illness.[17] By the end of the19th Century, Thanksgiving Day was normally celebrated on November 6. However, when World War I ended, theArmistice Day holiday were usually held during the same week. To prevent the two holidays from clashing with oneanother, in 1957 the Canadian Parliament proclaimed Thanksgiving to be observed on its present date on the secondMonday of October.[5] Since 1971, when the American Uniform Monday Holiday Act took effect, the Americanobservance of Columbus Day has coincided with the Canadian observance of Thanksgiving.Thanksgiving in the United States, much like in Canada, was observed on various dates throughout history. Thedates of Thanksgiving in the era of the Founding Fathers until the time of Lincoln had been decided by each state onvarious dates. The first Thanksgiving celebrated on the same date by all states was in 1863 by presidentialproclamation. The final Thursday in November had become the customary date of Thanksgiving in most U.S. statesby the beginning of the 20th century. And so, in an effort by President Abraham Lincoln (influenced by thecampaigning of author Sarah Josepha Hale) to foster a sense of American unity between the Northern and Southernstates, proclaimed the date to be the final Thursday in November.[15]

It was not until December 26, 1941, that the unified date changed to the fourth Thursday (and not always final) inNovember -this time by federal legislation. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, after two years earlier offering his ownproclamation to move the date earlier, with the reason of giving the country an economic boost, agreed to sign a billinto law with Congress, making Thanksgiving a national holiday on the fourth (not final) Thursday in November.

Observance around the world

CanadaThanksgiving, or Thanksgiving Day (Canadian French: Jour de l'Action de grâce), occurring on the secondMonday in October, is an annual Canadian holiday to give thanks at the close of the harvest season. Although theoriginal act of Parliament references God and the holiday is celebrated in churches, the holiday is mostly celebratedin a secular manner. Thanksgiving is a statutory holiday in all provinces in Canada, except for Prince Edward Island,New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. While businesses may remain open in these provinces, the holiday is nonetheless,recognized and celebrated regardless of its status.[18] [19] [20] [21] [22]

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LiberiaIn the West African country of Liberia, Thanksgiving is celebrated on the first Thursday of November.[23]

The NetherlandsMany of the Pilgrims who migrated to the Plymouth Plantation had resided in the city of Leiden from 1609–1620,many of whom had recorded their birth, marriages and deaths at the Pieterskerk.[24] To commemorate this, anon-denominational Thanksgiving Day service is held each year on the morning of the American Thanksgiving Dayin the Pieterskerk, a Gothic church in Leiden, to commemorate the hospitality the Pilgrims received in Leiden ontheir way to the New World.[25]

Norfolk IslandIn the Australian external territory of Norfolk Island, Thanksgiving is celebrated on the last Wednesday ofNovember, similar to the pre-World War II American observance on the last Thursday of the month. This means theNorfolk Island observance is the day before or six days after the United States' observance. The holiday was broughtto the island by visiting American whaling ships.[26]

United StatesThanksgiving or Thanksgiving Day, currently celebrated on the fourth Thursday in November by federallegislation in 1941, has been an annual tradition in the United States by presidential proclamation since 1863 and bystate legislation since the Founding Fathers of the United States. Historically, Thanksgiving began as a tradition ofcelebrating the harvest of the year.[27]

References[1] Morill, Ann "Thanksgiving and Other Harvest Festivals" Infobase Publishing, ISBN 1-6041-3096-2 p.28[2] Morill, Ann "Thanksgiving and Other Harvest Festivals" Infobase Publishing, ISBN 1-6041-3096-2 p.29-30[3] "The three voyages of Martin Frobisher: in search of a passage to Cathai and India by the northwest AD 1576-1578" (http:/ / books. google.

com/ books?id=3F9MJjZN638C& printsec=frontcover& dq=Three+ voyages+ of+ martin+ frobisher#v=onepage& q& f=false). .[4] Morill, Ann "Thanksgiving and Other Harvest Festivals" Infobase Publishing, ISBN 1-6041-3096-2 p.31[5] Solski, Ruth "Canada's Traditions and Celebrations" McGill-Queen's Press, ISBN 1-5503-5694-1 p.12[6] "Port-Royal National Historic Site of Canada" (http:/ / www. pc. gc. ca/ lhn-nhs/ ns/ portroyal/ natcul/ histor. aspx). National Historic Sites.

Parks Canada. . Retrieved 8 December 2010.[7] "The First Thanksgiving Proclamation — June 20, 1676" (http:/ / www. covenantnews. com/ thanks01. htm). The Covenant News. . Retrieved

2008-11-27.[8] Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620-1647, pp. 120-121.[9] Bradford, History of Plymouth Plantation, pp. 135-142.[10] The fast and thanksgiving days of New England (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=u7c-AAAAYAAJ& ots=H3o5FFvV-K& dq=love

fast and thanksgiving days& pg=PA84#v=onepage& q=july thanksgiving& f=false) by William DeLoss Love, Houghton, Mifflin and Co.,Cambridge, 1895

[11] Kaufman, Jason Andrew "The origins of Canadian and American political differences" Harvard University Press, 2009, ISBN0-6740-3136-9 p.28

[12] Jeremy Bangs. "Influences" (http:/ / www. rootsweb. ancestry. com/ ~netlapm/ Page31K. htm). The Pilgrims' Leiden. . Retrieved2010-09-11.

[13] Wilson, Craig (2007-11-21). "Florida teacher chips away at Plymouth Rock Thanksgiving myth" (http:/ / www. usatoday. com/ life/lifestyle/ 2007-11-20-first-thanksgiving_N. htm). Usatoday.com. . Retrieved 2011-09-05.

[14] Davis, Kenneth C. (2008-11-25). "A French Connection" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2008/ 11/ 26/ opinion/ 26davis. html?th& emc=th).Nytimes.com. . Retrieved 2011-09-05.

[15] Morill, Ann "Thanksgiving and Other Harvest Festivals" Infobase Publishing, ISBN 1-6041-3096-2 p.33[16] "The First Thanksgiving Proclamation — June 20, 1676" (http:/ / www. covenantnews. com/ thanks01. htm). The Covenant News. .

Retrieved 2008-11-27.[17] Kaufman, Jason Andrew "The origins of Canadian and American political differences" Harvard University Press, 2009, ISBN

0-6740-3136-9 p.29

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[18] "Paid public holidays" (http:/ / www. workrights. ca/ content. php?sec=9). WorkRights.ca. .[19] "Thanksgiving - is it a Statutory Holiday?" (http:/ / www. gov. ns. ca/ lwd/ employmentrights/ thanksgiving. asp). Government of Nova

Scotia. . Retrieved 2008-10-13.[20] "Statutes, Chapter E-6.2" (http:/ / www. gov. pe. ca/ law/ statutes/ pdf/ e-06_2. pdf) (PDF). Government of Prince Edward Island. .

Retrieved 2008-10-13.[21] "RSNL1990 Chapter L-2 - Labour Standards Act" (http:/ / assembly. nl. ca/ Legislation/ sr/ statutes/ l02. htm#14_). Assembly of

Newfoundland. . Retrieved 2008-10-13.[22] "Statutory Holidays" (http:/ / www. hrsdc. gc. ca/ en/ lp/ spila/ clli/ eslc/ stat_hol. pdf) (PDF). Ministry of Human Resources and Social

Development, Canada. .[23] "Vice President Boakai Joins Catholic Community in Bomi to Celebrate Thanksgiving Day" (http:/ / www. emansion. gov. lr/ press.

php?news_id=1709& related=). The Executive Mansion. Republic of Liberia. 2010-11-05. . Retrieved 2010-11-28.[24] Consulate General of the United States, Amsterdam. "Thanksgiving Day Events in the Netherlands, 2007" (http:/ / amsterdam. usconsulate.

gov/ thanksgiving_events. html). U.S. Department of State. . Retrieved 2010-10-02.[25] "Dutch town" (http:/ / www. theworld. org/ ?q=node/ 22856& answer=true). The World (radio program). . Retrieved 2008-11-28. "The

Pilgrims arrived in Leiden in 1609, after fleeing religious persecution in England. Leiden welcomed them because it needed immigrants tohelp rebuild its textile industry, which had been devastated by a long revolt against Spain. Here, the Pilgrims were allowed to worship as theywanted, and they even published their arguments calling for the separation of church and state. Jeremy Bangs directs the Leiden AmericanPilgrim Museum. He says the Pilgrims quickly adopted several Dutch customs, like civil marriage and Thanksgiving."

[26] Australian Government Attorney-General's Department website (http:/ / www. ag. gov. au/ www/ agd/ agd. nsf/ Page/TerritoriesofAustralia_NorfolkIsland_NorfolkIslandInformationandServices#Public)

[27] "Thanksgiving Day" (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ EBchecked/ topic/ 590003/ Thanksgiving-Day). Encyclopædia Britannica. . Retrieved2009-11-03.

Further reading• Dow (Abenaki), Judy; Slapin, Beverly (2006-06-12). "Deconstructing the Myths of "The First Thanksgiving""

(http:/ / www. oyate. org/ resources/ shortthanks. html). Oyate.org. Retrieved 2010-11-29.

External links• Thanksgiving (http:/ / www. dmoz. org/ Society/ Holidays/ Thanksgiving/ ) at the Open Directory Project

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Thanksgiving (United States)

Thanksgiving

The First Thanksgiving at Plymouthby Jennie A. Brownscombe. (1914)

Observed by United States

Type National

Date Fourth Thursday in November

2010 date November 32

2011 date November 31

2012 date November 29

Celebrations Giving thanks, spending time with family, feasting, football games, parades

Thanksgiving or Thanksgiving Day, celebrated on the fourth Thursday in November, has officially been an annualtradition in the United States since 1863, when during the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln proclaimed anational day of thanksgiving to be celebrated on Thursday, November 26.[1] As a federal and popular holiday in theU.S., Thanksgiving is one of the "big six" major holidays of the year (along with Christmas, New Year's Day,Memorial Day, Independence Day, and Labor Day). Together with Christmas and the New Year, Thanksgiving is apart of the broader holiday season.The event that Americans commonly call the "First Thanksgiving" was celebrated to give thanks to God for guidingthem safely to the New World.[2] The first Thanksgiving feast lasted three days, providing enough food for 53pilgrims and 90 Native Americans.[3] The feast consisted of fish (cod, eels, and bass) and shellfish (clams, lobster,and mussels), wild fowl (ducks, geese, swans, and turkey), venison, berries and fruit, vegetables (peas, pumpkin,beetroot and possibly, wild or cultivated onion), harvest grains (barley and wheat), and the Three Sisters: beans,dried Indian maize or corn, and squash.[2] [4] [5] [6] The New England colonists were accustomed to regularlycelebrating "thanksgivings"—days of prayer thanking God for blessings such as military victory or the end of adrought.[7]

HistoryThe first documented thanksgiving feasts in territory currently belonging to the United States were conducted bySpaniards in the 16th century.[8] [9] [10] Thanksgiving services were routine in what was to become theCommonwealth of Virginia as early as 1607,[11] with the first permanent settlement of Jamestown, Virginia holdinga thanksgiving in 1610.[8]

On December 4, 1619, 38 English settlers arrived at Berkeley Hundred, which comprised about 8000 acres (3200 ha)on the north bank of the James River, near Herring Creek, in an area then known as Charles Cittie, about 20 miles(32 km) upstream from Jamestown, where the first permanent settlement of the Colony of Virginia had beenestablished on May 14, 1607.

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The group's charter required that the day of arrival be observed yearly as a "day of thanksgiving" to God. On thatfirst day, Captain John Woodlief held the service of thanksgiving. As quoted from the section of the Charter ofBerkeley Hundred specifying the thanksgiving service: "We ordaine that the day of our ships arrival at the placeassigned for plantacon in the land of Virginia shall be yearly and perpetually kept holy as a day of thanksgiving toAlmighty God."[12]

During the Indian massacre of 1622, nine of the settlers at Berkeley Hundreds were killed, as well as about a third ofthe entire population of the Virginia Colony. The Berkeley Hundred site and other outlying locations wereabandoned as the colonists withdrew to Jamestown and other more secure points.After several years, the site became Berkeley Plantation, and was long the traditional home of the Harrison family,one of the First Families of Virginia. In 1634, it became part of the first eight shires of Virginia, as Charles CityCounty, one of the oldest in the United States, and is located along Virginia State Route 5, which runs parallel to theriver's northern borders past sites of many of the James River plantations between the colonial capital city ofWilliamsburg (now the site of Colonial Williamsburg) and the capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia atRichmond.

Thanksgiving observed by the Pilgrims at Plymouth

The First Thanksgiving 1621, oil on canvas byJean Leon Gerome Ferris (1863–1930). The

painting shows common misconceptions aboutthe event that persist to modern times: Pilgrimsdid not wear such outfits, and the Wampanoagare dressed in the style of Plains Indians.[13]

The modern Thanksgiving holiday traces its origins from a 1621celebration at the Plymouth Plantation, where the Plymouth settlersheld a harvest feast after a successful growing season. This wascontinued in later years, first as an impromptu religious observance,and later as a civil tradition.Squanto, a Patuxet Native American who resided with the Wampanoagtribe, taught the Pilgrims how to catch eel and grow corn and served asan interpreter for them (Squanto had learned English while enslaved inEurope and during travels in England). Additionally the Wampanoagleader Massasoit had donated food stores to the fledgling colonyduring the first winter when supplies brought from England wereinsufficient. The Pilgrims set apart a day to celebrate at Plymouthimmediately after their first harvest, in 1621. At the time, this was notregarded as a Thanksgiving observance; harvest festivals existed in English and Wampanoag tradition alike. Severalcolonists gave personal accounts of the 1621 feast in Plymouth, Massachusetts. The Pilgrims, most of whom wereSeparatists, are not to be confused with Puritans who established their own Massachusetts Bay Colony nearby(current day Boston) in 1628 and had very different religious beliefs.[14]

William Bradford, in Of Plymouth Plantation:Thus they found the Lord to be with them in all their ways, and to bless their outgoings and incomings,for which let His holy name have the praise forever, to all posterity. They began now to gather in thesmall harvest they had, and to fit up their houses and dwellings against winter, being all well recoveredin health and strength and had all things in good plenty. For as some were thus employed in affairsabroad, others were exercised in fishing, about cod and bass and other fish, of which they took goodstore, of which every family had their portion. All the summer there was no want; and now began tocome in store of fowl, as winter approached, of which this place did abound when they came first (butafterward decreased by degrees). And besides waterfowl there was great store of wild turkeys, of whichthey took many, besides venison, etc. Besides, they had about a peck a meal a week to a person, or nowsince harvest, Indian corn to the proportion. Which made many afterwards write so largely of theirplenty here to their friends in England, which were not feigned but true reports.

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Edward Winslow, in Mourt's Relation:Our harvest being gotten in, our governor sent four men on fowling, that so we might after a specialmanner rejoice together after we had gathered the fruits of our labor. They four in one day killed asmuch fowl as, with a little help beside, served the company almost a week. At which time, amongstother recreations, we exercised our arms, many of the Indians coming amongst us, and among the resttheir greatest king Massasoit, with some ninety men, whom for three days we entertained and feasted,and they went out and killed five deer, which we brought to the plantation and bestowed on ourgovernor, and upon the captain and others. And although it be not always so plentiful as it was at thistime with us, yet by the goodness of God, we are so far from want that we often wish you partakers ofour plenty.

The Pilgrims held an even greater Thanksgiving celebration in 1623, after a switch from communal farming toprivatized farming,[15] [16] a fast,[17] and a refreshing 14-day rain[17] [18] resulted in a larger harvest. William DeLossLove calculates that this thanksgiving was made on Wednesday, July 30, 1623, a day prior to the arrival of a supplyship with more colonists,[17] but prior to the fall harvest. In Love's opinion this 1623 thanksgiving was significantbecause the order to recognize the event was from civil authority,[19] (Governor Bradford) and not from the church,making it likely the first civil recognition of Thanksgiving in New England.[17]

Referring to the 1623 harvest after the nearly catastrophic drought, Bradford wrote:And afterwards the Lord sent them such seasonable showers, with interchange of fair warm weather as,through His blessing, caused a fruitful and liberal harvest, to their no small comfort and rejoicing. For whichmercy, in time convenient, they also set apart a day of thanksgiving…By this time harvest was come, and instead of famine now God gave them plenty … for which they blessedGod. And the effect of their particular planting was well seen, for all had … pretty well … so as any generalwant or famine had not been amongst them since to this day.[20]

— William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation

Irregular thanksgivings continued after favorable events and days of fasting after unfavorable ones. In the Plymouthtradition, a thanksgiving day was primarily a church observance, rather than a feast day. But thanksgiving days didhave a civil observance linked to the religious one, as in 1623. Gradually, an annual Thanksgiving after the harvestdeveloped in the mid-17th century. This did not occur on any set day or necessarily on the same day in differentcolonies in America.

Other coloniesThe Massachusetts Bay Colony (consisting mainly of Puritan Christians) celebrated Thanksgiving for the first timein 1630, and frequently thereafter until about 1680, when it became an annual festival in that colony; andConnecticut as early as 1639 and annually after 1647, except in 1675. The Dutch in New Netherland appointed a dayfor giving thanks in 1644 and occasionally thereafter.Charlestown, Massachusetts, held the first recorded Thanksgiving observance June 29, 1671, by proclamation of thetown's governing council.Later in the 18th century, individual colonies would periodically designate a day of thanksgiving in honor of amilitary victory, an adoption of a state constitution or an exceptionally bountiful crop. Such a Thanksgiving Daycelebration was held in December 1777 by the colonies nationwide, commemorating the surrender of British GeneralBurgoyne at Saratoga.During the 18th century, individual colonies commonly observed days of thanksgiving throughout each year. Wemight not recognize a traditional Thanksgiving Day from that period, as it was not a day marked by plentiful foodand drink as is today's custom, but rather a day set aside for prayer and fasting.

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The Revolutionary War to nationhoodDuring the American Revolutionary War the Continental Congress appointed one or more thanksgiving days eachyear, each time recommending to the executives of the various states the observance of these days in their states. TheFirst National Proclamation of Thanksgiving was given by the Continental Congress in 1777:

FOR AS MUCH as it is the indispensable Duty of all Men to adore the superintending Providence of AlmightyGod; to acknowledge with Gratitude their Obligation to him for Benefits received, and to implore such fartherBlessings as they stand in Need of: And it having pleased him in his abundant Mercy, not only to continue tous the innumerable Bounties of his common Providence; but also to smile upon us in the Prosecution of a justand necessary War, for the Defense and Establishment of our unalienable Rights and Liberties; particularly inthat he hath been pleased, in so great a Measure, to prosper the Means used for the Support of our Troops, andto crown our Arms with most signal success:It is therefore recommended to the legislative or executive Powers of these UNITED STATES to set apartTHURSDAY, the eighteenth Day of December next, for SOLEMN THANKSGIVING and PRAISE: That atone Time and with one Voice, the good People may express the grateful Feelings of their Hearts, andconsecrate themselves to the Service of their Divine Benefactor; and that, together with their sincereAcknowledgments and Offerings, they may join the penitent Confession of their manifold Sins, whereby theyhad forfeited every Favor; and their humble and earnest Supplication that it may please GOD through theMerits of JESUS CHRIST, mercifully to forgive and blot them out of Remembrance; That it may please himgraciously to afford his Blessing on the Governments of these States respectively, and prosper the publicCouncil of the whole: To inspire our Commanders, both by Land and Sea, and all under them, with thatWisdom and Fortitude which may render them fit Instruments, under the Providence of Almighty GOD, tosecure for these United States, the greatest of all human Blessings, INDEPENDENCE and PEACE: That itmay please him, to prosper the Trade and Manufactures of the People, and the Labor of the Husbandman, thatour Land may yield its Increase: To take Schools and Seminaries of Education, so necessary for cultivating thePrinciples of true Liberty, Virtue and Piety, under his nurturing Hand; and to prosper the Means of Religion,for the promotion and enlargement of that Kingdom, which consisteth "in Righteousness, Peace and Joy in theHoly Ghost.And it is further recommended, That servile Labor, and such Recreation, as, though at other Times innocent,may be unbecoming the Purpose of this Appointment, be omitted on so solemn an Occasion. GeorgeWashington, leader of the revolutionary forces in the American Revolutionary War, proclaimed aThanksgiving in December 1777 as a victory celebration honoring the defeat of the British at Saratoga.

Thanksgiving proclamations in the first thirty years of nationhoodAs President, on October 3, 1789, George Washington made the following proclamation and created the firstThanksgiving Day designated by the national government of the United States of America:

Whereas it is the duty of all Nations to acknowledge the providence of Almighty God, to obey his will, to begrateful for his benefits, and humbly to implore his protection and favor, and whereas both Houses ofCongress have by their joint Committee requested me "to recommend to the People of the United States a dayof public thanksgiving and prayer to be observed by acknowledging with grateful hearts the many signalfavors of Almighty God especially by affording them an opportunity peaceably to establish a form ofgovernment for their safety and happiness.Now therefore I do recommend and assign Thursday the 26th day of November next to be devoted by thePeople of these States to the service of that great and glorious Being, who is the beneficent Author of all thegood that was, that is, or that will be. That we may then all unite in rendering unto him our sincere and humblethanks, for his kind care and protection of the People of this Country previous to their becoming a Nation, forthe signal and manifold mercies, and the favorable interpositions of his providence, which we experienced in

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the course and conclusion of the late war, for the great degree of tranquility, union, and plenty, which we havesince enjoyed, for the peaceable and rational manner, in which we have been enabled to establish constitutionsof government for our safety and happiness, and particularly the national One now lately instituted, for thecivil and religious liberty with which we are blessed; and the means we have of acquiring and diffusing usefulknowledge; and in general for all the great and various favors which he hath been pleased to confer upon us.And also that we may then unite in most humbly offering our prayers and supplications to the great Lord andRuler of Nations and beseech him to pardon our national and other transgressions, to enable us all, whether inpublic or private stations, to perform our several and relative duties properly and punctually, to render ournational government a blessing to all the people, by constantly being a Government of wise, just, andconstitutional laws, discreetly and faithfully executed and obeyed, to protect and guide all Sovereigns andNations (especially such as have shown kindness unto us) and to bless them with good government, peace, andconcord. To promote the knowledge and practice of true religion and virtue, and the encrease of scienceamong them and Us, and generally to grant unto all Mankind such a degree of temporal prosperity as he aloneknows to be best.Given under my hand at the City of New York the third day of October in the year of our Lord 1789.[21]

George Washington again proclaimed a Thanksgiving in 1795.President John Adams declared Thanksgivings in 1798 and 1799. No Thanksgiving proclamations were issued byThomas Jefferson but James Madison renewed the tradition in 1814, in response to resolutions of Congress, at theclose of the War of 1812. Madison also declared the holiday twice in 1815; however, none of these was celebrated inautumn. In 1816, Governor Plumer of New Hampshire appointed Thursday, November 14 to be observed as a day ofPublic Thanksgiving and Governor Brooks of Massachusetts appointed Thursday, November 28 to be "observedthroughout that State as a day of Thanksgiving."[22]

A thanksgiving day was annually appointed by the governor of New York from 1817. In some of the Southern states,there was opposition to the observance of such a day on the ground that it was a relic of Puritanic bigotry, but by1858 proclamations appointing a day of thanksgiving were issued by the governors of 25 states and two territories.

Lincoln and the Civil War

Sketch by Alfred Waud of Thanksgiving in camp(of General Louis Blenker) during the U.S. Civil

War in 1861.

In the middle of the American Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln,prompted by a series of editorials written by Sarah Josepha Hale,[1]

proclaimed a national Thanksgiving Day, to be celebrated on the finalThursday in November 1863:

The year that is drawing towards its close, has been filled withthe blessings of fruitful fields and healthful skies. To thesebounties, which are so constantly enjoyed that we are prone toforget the source from which they come, others have been added,which are of so extraordinary a nature, that they cannot fail topenetrate and soften even the heart which is habitually insensibleto the ever watchful providence of Almighty God. In the midstof a civil war of unequalled magnitude and severity, which hassometimes seemed to foreign States to invite and to provoke their aggression, peace has been preserved withall nations, order has been maintained, the laws have been respected and obeyed, and harmony has prevailedeverywhere except in the theatre of military conflict; while that theatre has been greatly contracted

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Home To Thanksgiving, lithograph by Currier andIves. (1867)

by the advancing armies and navies of the Union. Needfuldiversions of wealth and of strength from the fields of peacefulindustry to the national defence, have not arrested the plough,the shuttle, or the ship; the axe had enlarged the borders of oursettlements, and the mines, as well of iron and coal as of theprecious metals, have yielded even more abundantly thanheretofore. Population has steadily increased, notwithstandingthe waste that has been made in the camp, the siege and thebattle-field; and the country, rejoicing in the consciousness ofaugmented strength and vigor, is permitted to expect continuanceof years, with large increase of freedom.

No human counsel hath devised nor hath any mortal hand worked out these great things. They are the graciousgifts of the Most High God, who, while dealing with us in anger for our sins, hath nevertheless rememberedmercy.It has seemed to me fit and proper that they should be solemnly, reverently and gratefully acknowledged aswith one heart and voice by the whole American people. I do therefore invite my fellow citizens in every partof the United States, and also those who are at sea and those who are sojourning in foreign lands, to set apartand observe the last Thursday of November next, as a day of Thanksgiving and Praise to our beneficent Fatherwho dwelleth in the Heavens. And I recommend to them that while offering up the ascriptions justly due toHim for such singular deliverances and blessings, they do also, with humble penitence for our nationalperverseness and disobedience, commend to his tender care all those who have become widows, orphans,mourners or sufferers in the lamentable civil strife in which we are unavoidably engaged, and ferventlyimplore the interposition of the Almighty Hand to heal the wounds of the nation and to restore it as soon asmay be consistent with the Divine purposes to the full enjoyment of peace, harmony, tranquility and Union.In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed.Done at the city of Washington, this third day of October, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundredand sixty-three, and of the independence of the United States the eighty-eighth."Proclamation of President Abraham Lincoln, October 3, 1863.[1]

Since 1863, Thanksgiving has been observed annually in the United States.

Post-Civil War EraDuring the second half of the 19th century, Thanksgiving traditions in America varied from region to region. Atraditional New England Thanksgiving, for example, consisted of a raffle held on Thanksgiving eve (in which theprizes were mainly geese or turkeys), a shooting match on Thanksgiving morning (in which unfortunate turkeys andchickens were used as targets), church services, and then the traditional feast which consisted of some familiarThanksgiving staples such as turkey and pumpkin pie, and some not-so-familiar dishes such as pigeon pie. Theearliest high school football rivalries took root in the late 19th century in Massachusetts, stemming from gamesplayed on Thanksgiving; professional football took root as a Thanksgiving staple during the sport's genesis in the1890s, and the tradition of Thanksgiving football both at the high school and professional level continues to this day.In New York City, people would dress up in fanciful masks and costumes and roam the streets in merry-makingmobs. By the beginning of the 20th century these mobs had morphed into "ragamuffin parades" consisting mostly ofchildren dressed as "ragamuffins" in costumes of old and mismatched adult clothes and with deliberately smudgedfaces, and by the late 1950s the tradition had vanished entirely.[23]

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1939 to 1941Abraham Lincoln's successors as president followed his example of annually declaring the final Thursday inNovember to be Thanksgiving. But in 1939, President Franklin D. Roosevelt broke with this tradition.[24] Novemberhad five Thursdays that year (instead of the usual four), and Roosevelt declared the fourth Thursday as Thanksgivingrather than the fifth one. Although many popular histories state otherwise, he made clear that his plan was toestablish the holiday on the next-to-last Thursday in the month instead of the last one. With the country still in themidst of The Great Depression, Roosevelt thought an earlier Thanksgiving would give merchants a longer period tosell goods before Christmas. Increasing profits and spending during this period, Roosevelt hoped, would help bringthe country out of the Depression. At the time, advertising goods for Christmas before Thanksgiving was consideredinappropriate. Fred Lazarus, Jr., founder of the Federated Department Stores (later Macy's), is credited withconvincing Roosevelt to push Thanksgiving back a week to expand the shopping season.[25]

Republicans decried the change, calling it an affront to the memory of Lincoln. People began referring to Nov. 30 asthe "Republican Thanksgiving" and Nov. 23 as the "Democratic Thanksgiving" or "Franksgiving".[26] Regardless ofthe politics, many localities had made a tradition of celebrating on the last Thursday, and many football teams had atradition of playing their final games of the season on Thanksgiving; with their schedules set well in advance, theycould not change. Since a presidential declaration of Thanksgiving Day was not legally binding, Roosevelt's changewas widely disregarded. Twenty-three states went along with Roosevelt's recommendation, 22 did not, and some,like Texas, could not decide and took both days as government holidays.In 1940 and 1941, years in which November had four Thursdays, Roosevelt declared the third one as Thanksgiving.As in 1939, some states went along with the change while others retained the traditional last-Thursday date.

1942 to present

John F. Kennedy unofficially spares a turkey onNovember 19, 1963. The practice of "pardoning"

turkeys in this manner becomes a permanenttradition in 1989.

On October 6, 1941, both houses of the U.S. Congress passed a jointresolution fixing the traditional last-Thursday date for the holidaybeginning in 1942. However, in December of that year the Senatepassed an amendment to the resolution that split the difference byrequiring that Thanksgiving be observed annually on the fourthThursday of November, which was sometimes the last Thursday andsometimes (less frequently) the next to last.[27] On December 26, 1941President Roosevelt signed this bill, for the first time making the dateof Thanksgiving a matter of federal law.[28] However, for several yearssome states continued to observe the last-Thursday date in years withfive November Thursdays, with Texas doing so as late as 1956.

Since 1947, the National Turkey Federation has presented thePresident of the United States with one live turkey and two dressedturkeys, in a ceremony known as the National Thanksgiving TurkeyPresentation. In a tradition that began as a one-off joke by RonaldReagan in 1987 and made permanent by George H. W. Bush in 1989, the live turkey is "pardoned" and lives out therest of its days on a nearby peaceful farm.[29] There are legends that state that the "pardoning" tradition dates to theHarry Truman administration or even to an anecdote of Abraham Lincoln pardoning his son's pet turkey; both storieshave been quoted in more recent presidential speeches, but neither has any evidence in the Presidential record.[30] Inmore recent years, two turkeys have been pardoned, in case the original turkey becomes unavailable for presidentialpardoning.[31] [32]

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Traditional celebrations

Foods of the season

Traditional Thanksgiving dinner

U.S. tradition compares the holiday with a meal held in 1621 by theWampanoag and the Pilgrims who settled in Plymouth, Massachusetts.It is continued in modern times with the Thanksgiving dinner,traditionally featuring turkey, playing a central role in the celebrationof Thanksgiving.

In the United States, certain kinds of food are traditionally served atThanksgiving meals. Firstly, baked or roasted turkey is usually thefeatured item on any Thanksgiving feast table (so much so thatThanksgiving is sometimes referred to as "Turkey Day"). Stuffing,mashed potatoes with gravy, sweet potatoes, cranberry sauce, sweetcorn, various fall vegetables (mainly various kinds of squashes), and pumpkin pie are commonly associated withThanksgiving dinner. All of these are actually native to the Americas or were introduced as a new food source to theEuropeans when they arrived. Turkey may be an exception. In his book Mayflower, Nathaniel Philbrick suggests thatthe Pilgrims might already have been familiar with turkey in England, even though the bird is native to the Americas.The Spaniards had brought domesticated turkeys back from Central America in the early 1600s, and the birds soonbecame popular fare all over Europe, including England, where turkey (as an alternative to the traditional goose)became a "fixture at English Christmases".[33]

The less fortunate are often provided with food at Thanksgiving time. Most communities have annual food drivesthat collect non-perishable packaged and canned foods, and corporations sponsor charitable distributions of staplefoods and Thanksgiving dinners.[34]

Giving thanks

Giving thanks to God before carving the turkey atThanksgiving dinner. (1942)

Thanksgiving was originally a religious observance for all themembers of the community to give thanks to God for a commonpurpose. Historic reasons for community thanksgivings are: the 1541thanksgiving mass after the expedition of Francisco Vásquez deCoronado safely crossing the high plains of Texas and findinggame,[35] [8] and the 1777 thanksgiving after the victory in theRevolutionary War Battle of Saratoga.[8] In his 1789 Proclamation,President Washington gave many noble reasons for a nationalThanksgiving, including "for the civil and religious liberty", for "usefulknowledge", and for God’s "kind care" and "His Providence".[36] Theonly presidents to inject a specifically Christian focus to theirproclamation have been Grover Cleveland in 1896,[36] and WilliamMcKinley in 1900.[36] Several other presidents have cited the Judeo-Christian tradition. Gerald Ford's 1975declaration made no clear reference to any divinity.[36]

The tradition of giving thanks to God is continued today in various forms. Various religious and spiritualorganizations offer services and events on Thanksgiving themes the weekend before, the day of, or the weekend afterThanksgiving.At home, it is a holiday tradition in many families to begin the Thanksgiving dinner by saying grace (a prayer before or after a meal).[37] The custom is portrayed in the photograph "Family Holding Hands and Praying Before a Thanksgiving Meal". Traditionally, grace was led by the hostess or host, though in later times it is usual for others to

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contribute.[38]

Vacation and travelOn Thanksgiving Day, families and friends usually gather for a large meal or dinner. Consequently, theThanksgiving holiday weekend is one of the busiest travel periods of the year.[39] Thanksgiving is a four-day orfive-day weekend vacation for schools and colleges. Most business and government workers (78% in 2007) aregiven Thanksgiving and the day after as paid holidays.[40] Thanksgiving Eve, the night before Thanksgiving, is oneof the busiest nights of the year for bars and clubs, as many college students and others return to their hometowns toreunite with friends and family.[41]

ParadesFor a more comprehensive list, see List of holiday parades.Since 1924, in New York City, the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade is held annually every Thanksgiving Day fromthe Upper West Side of Manhattan to Macy's flagship store in Herald Square, and televised nationally by NBC. Theparade features parade floats with specific themes, scenes from Broadway plays, large balloons of cartoon charactersand TV personalities, and high school marching bands. The float that traditionally ends the Macy's Parade is theSanta Claus float, the arrival of which is an unofficial sign of the beginning of the Christmas season.Also founded in 1924, America's Thanksgiving Parade in Detroit is one of the largest parades in the country. Theparade runs from Midtown to Downtown Detroit and precedes the annual Detroit Lions Thanksgiving football game.The parade includes large balloons, marching bands, and various celebrity guests much like the Macy's parade and isnationally televised on various affiliate stations. The Mayor of Detroit closes the parade by giving Santa Claus a keyto the city.There are Thanksgiving parades in many other cities, including:• 6abc IKEA Thanksgiving Day Parade (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)• Ameren Missouri Thanksgiving Day Parade[42] (St. Louis, Missouri)• America's Hometown Thanksgiving Parade (Plymouth, Massachusetts)• Belk Carolinas' Carrousel Parade (Charlotte, North Carolina)• FirstLight Federal Credit Union Sun Bowl Parade[43] (El Paso, Texas)• H-E-B Holiday Parade[44] (Houston, Texas)• McDonald's Thanksgiving Parade (Chicago, Illinois)• My Macy's Holiday Parade (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)• Parada de los Cerros Thanksgiving Day Parade[45] (Fountain Hills, Arizona)• UBS Parade Spectacular[46] (Stamford, Connecticut) - held the Sunday before Thanksgiving so it doesn't directly

compete with the Macy's parade 30 miles away.Most of these parades are televised on a local station, and some have small, usually regional, syndication networks;most also carry the parades via Internet television on the TV stations' websites.Several other parades have a loose association with Thanksgiving, thanks to CBS's now-discontinued All-AmericanThanksgiving Day Parade coverage. Parades that were covered during this era were the Aloha Floral Parade held inHonolulu, Hawaii every September, the Toronto Santa Claus Parade in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and the OprylandAqua Parade (held from 1996 to 2001 by the Gaylord Opryland Resort & Convention Center in Nashville); theOpryland parade was discontinued and replaced by a taped parade in Miami Beach, Florida in 2002. A Disneylandparade was also featured on CBS until Disney purchased rival ABC.

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FootballAmerican football is an important part of many Thanksgiving celebrations in the United States. Professional footballgames are often held on Thanksgiving Day; until recently, these were the only games played during the week apartfrom Sunday or Monday night. The National Football League has played games on Thanksgiving every year since itscreation; the tradition is referred to as the Thanksgiving Classic. The Detroit Lions have hosted a game everyThanksgiving Day since 1934, with the exception of 1939–1944 (due to World War II).For many college football teams, the regular season ends on Thanksgiving weekend, and a team's final game is oftenagainst a regional or historic rival. Most of these college games are played on the Friday or Saturday afterThanksgiving, but usually a single college game is played on Thanksgiving itself. The better-known Thanksgivingholiday weekend game traditions include:• Alabama State Hornets vs. Tuskegee Golden Tigers (the Turkey Day Classic)• Auburn Tigers vs. Alabama Crimson Tide (the Iron Bowl)• BYU Cougars vs. Utah Utes (the Holy War)• Clemson Tigers vs. South Carolina Gamecocks (since 2006)• Colorado Buffaloes vs. Nebraska Cornhuskers• Florida Gators vs. Florida State Seminoles (the Sunshine Showdown)• Georgia Bulldogs vs. Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets (Clean, Old-Fashioned Hate)• Grambling State Tigers vs. Southern Jaguars (the Bayou Classic)• Harvard Crimson vs. Yale Bulldogs (The Game)• Houston Cougars vs. Rice Owls (the Bayou Bucket Classic)• Kansas Jayhawks vs. Missouri Tigers (the Border Showdown)• LSU Tigers vs. Arkansas Razorbacks (the Battle for the Golden Boot)• Notre Dame Fighting Irish vs. USC Trojans (The Notre Dame – USC rivalry game has taken place in almost

every season since 1926, with the home team alternating from year to year. When USC hosts, the game takesplace on Thanksgiving weekend; when Notre Dame hosts, the game typically occurs sometime in October.)

• Ohio State Buckeyes vs. Michigan Wolverines (The Game)• Oklahoma Sooners vs. Oklahoma State Cowboys (the Bedlam Series)• Ole Miss Rebels vs. Mississippi State Bulldogs (the Egg Bowl)• Pittsburgh Panthers vs. West Virginia Mountaineers (the Backyard Brawl)• Texas Longhorns vs. Texas A&M Aggies (the State Farm Lone Star Showdown)• Virginia Tech Hokies vs. Virginia Cavaliers (the Commonwealth Cup)High school football games, and informal "Turkey Bowl" contests played by amateur groups and organizations, arefrequently held on Thanksgiving weekend. Games of football proceeding or following the meal in the back yard or anearby field are also common with during many family gatherings.

Other sportsIn college basketball, the annual 76 Classic and Old Spice Classic tournaments take place over Thanksgivingweekend, with many of the games being played on Thanksgiving itself. Games are televised on ESPN2 and ESPNUin marathon format. This is a relatively new "tradition," as these tournaments were founded in 2007 and 2006respectively. The National Basketball Association also has taken to playing on Thanksgiving, albeit in the evening,with a doubleheader airing Thanksgiving night on TNT, a practice that began in 2009; the Atlanta Hawks havehosted the early game each year, while the Los Angeles Clippers have been scheduled to host the late game in both2010 and 2011 (both of the 2011 NBA Thanksgiving games were canceled due to a labor dispute).Though golf and auto racing are in their off-seasons on Thanksgiving, there are events in those sports that take place on Thanksgiving weekend. The Turkey Night Grand Prix is an annual automobile race that takes place at the Toyota Speedway at Irwindale on Thanksgiving night; due in part to the fact that this is after the Sprint Cup Series and

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IZOD IndyCar Series have finished their seasons, it allows some of the top racers in the United States to participate.In golf, Thanksgiving weekend was the traditional time of the Skins Game from 1983 to 2008; the event wascanceled in 2009 due to a lack of sponsorship and a difficulty in drawing star talent.[47] A return was, at the time ofthe cancellation, planned for the next year, but no skins game was included when the PGA Tour released its schedulein 2010 or 2011, meaning the skins game is no more.The world championship pumpkin chunking contest, held in early November in Sussex County, Delaware, istelevised on Thanksgiving on Science Channel.In ice hockey, the National Hockey League announced, as part of its decade-long extension with NHL on NBC andVersus, that they would begin airing a game on the Friday night following Thanksgiving beginning the 2011–12NHL season. The NHL traditionally takes American Thanksgiving off, with none of the teams playing games thatday (even the Canadian teams take the day off, even though Thanksgiving is on a different day there).The Turkey Trot is a road running event held in numerous cities on Thanksgiving morning. Depending on theorganizations involved, these can range from one-mile fun runs to full marathons (although only the AtlantaMarathon currently uses the latter). Most Turkey Trots range from between three and ten miles.

FilmOccasionally, a Christmas-themed film will be released to theatres in the United States on or during theThanksgiving holiday. Such was the case with the 1935 Scrooge , the,[48] the 1951 film version of the Dickensclassic,[49] and with two film versions of The Nutcracker - the 1986 film version [50] and the famous GeorgeBalanchine version of the ballet [51] as well as the animated The Nutcracker Prince.[52]

Television and radioFor a more comprehensive list, see List of Thanksgiving television specials.While not as prolific as Christmas specials, which usually begin right after Thanksgiving, there are many specialtelevision programs transmitted on or around Thanksgiving. In some cases, Christmas films and specials begin to betelecast on Thanksgiving Day, since the day signals the beginning of the Christmas season in the U.S.Daytime television is a popular time slot for several Thanksgiving specials. NBC currently carries the Macy'sThanksgiving Day Parade nationwide by official license from Macy's; NBC also carries the National Dog Show,immediately after the Macy's Parade, followed by Miracle on 34th Street. CBS carries unofficial coverage of theMacy's parade and an NFL game; on odd-numbered years when CBS has the Dallas Cowboys game, the East Coastsees repeats of its daytime programs during the afternoons (on even-numbered when they have the Detroit Lionsgame, the West Coast programming is shuffled so that the extra time airs in late night hours). ABC has no daytimeThanksgiving specials; neither does FOX, although Fox also carries an NFL game. WGN America carries theMcDonald's Thanksgiving Parade and a special entitled Bozo, Gar and Ray: WGN TV Classics. Local televisionstations will occasionally preempt these programs in favor of local parades and events, while syndicators will offerThanksgiving-themed episodes of sitcom reruns.In prime time, ABC currently airs A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving and "The Mayflower Voyagers" from This isAmerica, Charlie Brown; until 2005 and again since 2008, A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving aired on Thanksgivingnight (though in 2006 and 2007, the network moved this to the Monday before so that they could competehead-to-head with CBS, who airs regularly scheduled programming, in a ratings war, as Thanksgiving lies within theNovember sweeps period). On Thanksgiving night, Fox usually carries a feature film (although this is expected toend because of the debut of The X Factor, which will air on Thursday nights during the fall, in 2011); NBC'sprogramming currently includes a news special entitled People of the Year but otherwise varies, including featurefilms, special episodes of NBC series, or music specials. Additionally, some series have over time featuredThanksgiving-themed episodes and specials, including WKRP in Cincinnati's famous episode "Turkeys Away".Music specials by popular artists are popular in the days leading up to Thanksgiving and on Thanksgiving itself.

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Cable stations usually carry marathons of their popular shows on Thanksgiving Day. The 1939 film version of TheWizard of Oz is often aired on Thanksgiving Day on Turner Broadcasting owned outlets (either TBS or TurnerClassic Movies).On the radio, the Friday before Thanksgiving has, in recent years, been the benchmark and standard date for adultcontemporary music stations to switch over to full-time Christmas music. There are a few Thanksgiving-themedspecials and songs for various formats; many classic rock stations, for example, have a tradition of playing ArloGuthrie's 1967 song "Alice's Restaurant" on Thanksgiving, as the song's lyrics are about an event that takes place onthe holiday, while many other stations will air Adam Sandler's "The Thanksgiving Song." In talk radio, The RushLimbaugh Show has a tradition known as "The Real Story of Thanksgiving," in which Limbaugh argues (based upontexts such as Of Plymouth Plantation) that the early Puritans were communalists who, upon near starvation in thewinter of 1621 with their system of common ownership of farm produce, switched to a free enterprise system andprospered. Westwood One carries all of the NFL Thanksgiving games, while the Sports USA Radio Network andUnited Stations Radio Networks carry several of the Friday rivalry games.

ControversyMuch like Columbus Day, Thanksgiving is seen by some as a celebration of the conquest and genocide of NativeAmericans by European colonists. Professor Dan Brook of UC Berkeley condemns the "cultural and politicalamnesia" of Americans that celebrate Thanksgiving, saying that "We do not have to feel guilty, but we do need tofeel something."[53] Professor Robert Jensen of the University of Texas at Austin is somewhat harsher, saying that"One indication of moral progress in the United States would be the replacement of Thanksgiving Day and itsself-indulgent family feasting with a National Day of Atonement accompanied by a self-reflective collectivefasting."[54]

Since 1970, the United American Indians of New England, a protest group led by Frank "Wamsutta" James that hasaccused the United States and European settlers of fabricating the Thanksgiving story and whitewashing a supposeddemocide and injustice against Indians, has led a National Day of Mourning protest on Thanksgiving at PlymouthRock in Plymouth, Massachusetts in the name of social equality and in honor of political prisoners.Another notable example of anti-Thanksgiving sentiment was when hundreds of supporters traveled to Alcatraz onThanksgiving Day to celebrate the Occupation of Alcatraz by Indians of All Tribes. The American Indian Movementalso holds a negative view of Thanksgiving and has used it as a platform of protest, most notably when they tookover a Mayflower float in a Thanksgiving Day parade.[55] Some Native Americans hold "Unthanksgiving Day"celebrations in which they mourn the deaths of their ancestors, fast, dance, and pray.[56] This tradition has beentaking place since 1975.[57]

However, the perception of Thanksgiving among Native Americans is not universally negative. Tim Giago, founderof the Native American Journalists Organization, seeks to reconcile Thanksgiving with Native American traditions.He compares Thanksgiving to "wopila," a thanks-giving celebration practiced by Native Americans of the GreatPlains. He writes in The Huffington Post that "the idea of a day of Thanksgiving has been a part of the NativeAmerican landscape for centuries. The fact that it is also a national holiday for all Americans blends in perfectly withNative American traditions." He also shares personal anecdotes of Native American families coming together tocelebrate Thanksgiving.[58] Jacqueline Keeler of the Dineh Nation and the Yankton Dakota Sioux also celebratesThanksgiving. She sees it as a celebration of Wampanoag generosity to starving, impoverished colonists while stilllamenting the violence that followed.[59] Members of the Oneida Indian Nation marched in the 2010 Macy'sThanksgiving Day Parade with a float called "The True Spirit of Thanksgiving."[60]

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DateSince being fixed at the fourth Thursday in November by law in 1941, the holiday in the United States can occur onany date from November 22 to November 28. When it falls on November 22 or 23, it is not the last Thursday, but thepenultimate Thursday in November. As it is a Federal holiday, all United States government offices are closed andemployees are paid for that day. It is also a holiday for the New York Stock Exchange and most other financialmarkets and financial services companies.

Thanksgiving dates, 2010–2021• November 25, 2010• November 24, 2011• November 22, 2012• November 28, 2013• November 27, 2014• November 26, 2015• November 24, 2016• November 23, 2017• November 22, 2018• November 28, 2019• November 26, 2020• November 24, 2021

Day after ThanksgivingThe day after Thanksgiving is a day off for some companies and many schools. It is popularly known as BlackFriday, because of the heavy shopping that day helps put retailers' books back into black. Black Friday has beenconsidered by retailers to be the start of the Christmas shopping season since as early as the 1930s.

Literature

Poetry• "Thanksgiving", by Florence Earle Coates• "Thanksgiving Day, Nov. 28, 1986", by William S. Burroughs in Tornado Alley

Music• "Thankgiving Day" a song by Ray Davies on his 2006 album Other People's Lives.

Notes[1] "Proclamation of Thanksgiving (October 3, 1863)" (http:/ / showcase. netins. net/ web/ creative/ lincoln/ speeches/ thanks. htm). Abraham

Lincoln Online. . Retrieved 2010-11-24.[2] Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620-1647, pp. 85-92.[3] Winslow, Edward. "Primary Sources for "The First Thanksgiving" at Plymouth" (http:/ / www. pilgrimhall. org/ 1stthnks. htm). Mourt's

Relation. Pilgrim Hall Museum. . Retrieved 2009-11-26.[4] "Thanksgiving Menu: Then & Now" (http:/ / www. teachervision. fen. com/ thanksgiving/ resource/ 3296. html#ixzz1615MmiJx).

TeacherVision. Pearson Education. 2010. . Retrieved 2010-11-22.[5] "The 1621 Thanksgiving" (http:/ / www. mayflowerhistory. com/ History/ thanksgiving. php). MayflowerHistory.com. 2010. . Retrieved

2010-11-22.[6] "The First Thanksgiving: Slideshow" (http:/ / www. scholastic. com/ scholastic_thanksgiving/ feast/ slideshow. htm). Scholastic Teachers.

Scholastic Inc. 2010. . Retrieved 2010-11-22.

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[7] "Thanksgiving Day" (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ EBchecked/ topic/ 590003/ Thanksgiving-Day). Encyclopædia Britannica. . Retrieved2010-11-24.

[8] "Thanksgiving" (http:/ / www. loc. gov/ teachers/ classroommaterials/ presentationsandactivities/ presentations/ thanksgiving/ #). TheTeachers Page. Library of Congress. . Retrieved 2010-11-26.

[9] Wilson, Craig (2007-11-21). "Florida teacher chips away at Plymouth Rock Thanksgiving myth" (http:/ / www. usatoday. com/ life/ lifestyle/2007-11-20-first-thanksgiving_N. htm). Usatoday.com. . Retrieved 2011-09-05.

[10] Davis, Kenneth C. (2008-11-25). "A French Connection" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2008/ 11/ 26/ opinion/ 26davis. html?th& emc=th).Nytimes.com. . Retrieved 2011-09-05.

[11] Morill, Ann "Thanksgiving and Other Harvest Festivals" Infobase Publishing, ISBN 1-6041-3096-2 p.33[12] "The First Thanksgiving Proclamation — June 20, 1676" (http:/ / www. covenantnews. com/ thanks01. htm). The Covenant News. .

Retrieved 2008-11-27.[13] "LET'S TALK TURKEY: 5 myths about the Thanksgiving holiday" (http:/ / www. wickedlocal. com/ capecod/ visitor_guide/ fun/

x1945267987/ LETS-TALK-TURKEY-5-myths-about-the-Thanksgiving-holiday?img=2). The Patriot Ledger. November 26, 2009. .Retrieved 2010-08-01.

[14] Hakim, Joy (2005). Making Thirteen Colonies: 1600-1740. A History of US. 2 (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.ISBN 978-0195188950.

[15] Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620-1647, pp. 120-121.[16] Bradford, History of Plymouth Plantation, pp. 135-136.[17] The fast and thanksgiving days of New England By William DeLoss Love, Houghton, Mifflin and Co., Cambridge, 1895 (http:/ / books.

google. com/ books?id=u7c-AAAAYAAJ& ots=H3o5FFvV-K& dq=love fast and thanksgiving days& pg=PA84#v=onepage& q=julythanksgiving& f=false)

[18] Bradford, History of Plymouth Plantation, p. 142.[19] Winslow, Edward (1624). "Good Newes from New-England: or, A true relation of things very remarkable at the plantation of Plimoth in

New-England … Together with a relation of such religious and civill lawes and customes, as are in practise amongst the Indians" (http:/ /www. mayflowerhistory. com/ PrimarySources/ GoodNews. pdf). MayflowerHistory.com. . Retrieved 2010-11-24.

[20] Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620-1647, p. 132.[21] "George Washington's Thanksgiving Proclamation. October 3, 1789" (http:/ / lcweb2. loc. gov/ ammem/ GW/ gw004. html). George

Washington Papers. Library of Congress. . Retrieved 2008-01-26.[22] [Zanesville Express, October 31, 1816.][23] Nigro, Cameron. "Thanksgiving Ragamuffin Parade" (http:/ / www. nypl. org/ blog/ 2010/ 11/ 23/ thanksgiving-ragamuffin-parade). .

Retrieved 25 October 2011.[24] "The Year We Had Two Thanksgivings" (http:/ / docs. fdrlibrary. marist. edu/ thanksg. html). Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library

and Museum. Marist College. . Retrieved November 2010-11-26.[25] "The Role of Fred Lazarus Jr. in Giving Us Department Stores Like Macy's and Bloomingdale's" (http:/ / www. atouchofbusiness. com/

business-topics/ success-stories/ fred-lazarus-jr-0080. html). ATouchofBusiness.com. . Retrieved 2010-11-26.[26] Kirkpatrick, Melanie (2009-11-24). "Happy Franksgiving" (http:/ / online. wsj. com/ article/

SB10001424052748704888404574548082613991744. html). The Wall Street Journal. . Retrieved 2010-11-26.[27] "Congress Establishes Thanksgiving" (http:/ / www. archives. gov/ legislative/ features/ thanksgiving/ ). The National Archives. U.S.

National Archives and Records Administration. . Retrieved 2010-11-25.[28] "5 U.S.C. 87b. Dec. 26, 1941, ch. 631, 55 Stat. 862" (http:/ / www. law. cornell. edu/ uscode/ html/ uscode05/

usc_sec_05_00006103----000-notes. html). Legal Information Institute. Cornell University. . Retrieved 2010-11-25.[29] "Presidential Turkey Pardon" (http:/ / www. snopes. com/ holidays/ thanksgiving/ pardon. asp). snopes.com. 2010-11-23. . Retrieved

2010-11-26.[30] Edwards, Cynthia (2003-12-05). "Did Truman pardon a Turkey?" (http:/ / www. trumanlibrary. org/ trivia/ turkey. htm). Truman Trivia.

Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum. . Retrieved 2006-09-20.[31] "President Bush Pardons "Flyer and Fryer" in National Thanksgiving Turkey Ceremony" (http:/ / georgewbush-whitehouse. archives. gov/

news/ releases/ 2006/ 11/ 20061122-2. html). Office of the Press Secretary. The White House Archives. 2006-11-22. . Retrieved 2010-11-26.[32] Dizikes, Cynthia (2008-11-27). "Pumpkin and Pecan off the Thanksgiving menu" (http:/ / articles. latimes. com/ 2008/ nov/ 27/ nation/

na-turkey-pardon27). Los Angeles Times. . Retrieved 2010-11-26.[33] Philbrick, Nathaniel (2006). Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War. New York: Penguin Books. p. 118.

ISBN 978-0143111979.[34] "Thanksgiving Day a Time for Reflection, Gratitude, Sharing" (http:/ / www. america. gov/ st/ pubs-english/ 2005/ November/

20051108163712jmnamdeirf0. 3664057. html). Bureau of International Information Programs. U.S. Department of State. 2009-11-23. .Retrieved 2010-11-26.

[35] "May 1541" (http:/ / timelines. ws/ 1525_1549. HTML). Timeline 1525-1549. Timeslines of History. . Retrieved 2010-11-26.[36] "Presidental Thanksgiving Proclamations" (http:/ / www. pilgrimhall. org/ ThanxProc. htm). Pilgrim Hall Museum. . Retrieved November

2010-11-26.[37] Warth, Gary (2007-11-15). "Many blessings: Throughout history, we have given thanks in various ways" (http:/ / www. nctimes. com/

lifestyles/ faith-and-values/ article_72afad14-37cf-5e05-96d5-56c0fe278e8b. html). North County Times. . Retrieved 2010-11-26.

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[38] Pilato, Donna (2010). "Giving Thanks and Saying Grace" (http:/ / entertaining. about. com/ cs/ etiquette/ a/ sayinggrace. htm). About.com:Entertaining Guide. The New York Times Company. . Retrieved 2010-11-26.

[39] "24 million expected to fly over Thanksgiving holiday period" (http:/ / www. eturbonews. com/ 19332/24-million-expected-fly-over-thanksgiving-holiday-period). eTurboNews. 2010-11-01. . Retrieved 2010-11-01.

[40] Cody, Karen James (2007-11-13). "Thanksgiving Holiday Leave Reaches New High; Turkey Stages a Comeback as Employer Holiday Gift"(http:/ / www. bna. com/ press/ 2007/ specialreports/ thanks07. htm). The Bureau of National Affairs. . Retrieved 2010-11-26.

[41] Ronan, Gayle B. (2005-11-23). "Bars, restaurants grateful for Thanksgiving Eve" (http:/ / www. msnbc. msn. com/ id/ 10154949).msnbc.com. . Retrieved 2010-11-26.

[42] "About the Parade" (http:/ / christmasinstlouis. org/ parade/ parade). Christmas in St. Louis Foundation. 2010. . Retrieved 2010-11-26.[43] "FirstLight Federal Credit Union Sun Bowl Parade" (http:/ / www. sunbowl. org/ game-a-events/ sun-bowl-parade). Sun Bowl Association.

2010. . Retrieved 2010-11-26.[44] "H-E-B Holiday Parade" (http:/ / www. hebparade. com/ GeneralInfo/ GeneralInfo. html). Houston Festival Foundation. 2010. . Retrieved

2010-11-26.[45] "Annual Events" (http:/ / www. fountainhillschamber. com/ Visitors/ VisitorsGuide/ AnnualEvents/ tabid/ 290/ Default. aspx). Fountain

Hills Chamber of Commerce. 2010. . Retrieved 2010-11-26.[46] "Event Calendar" (http:/ / www. stamford-downtown. com/ index. php?option=com_content& task=view& id=21& Itemid=45). Stamford

Downtown Special Services District. 2010. . Retrieved 2010-11-26.[47] "Skins Game to take year off due to economy" (http:/ / www. golf. com/ golf/ tours_news/ article/ 0,28136,1897049,00. html?eref=si_latest).

Golf.com. AP. 2009-05-09. . Retrieved 2010-11-26.[48] http:/ / www. imdb. com/ title/ tt0026972/ releaseinfo[49] Crowther, Bosley (1951-11-29). "THE SCREEN IN REVIEW; Dickens' 'A Christmas Carol,' With Alastair Sim Playing Scrooge, Unveiled

Here" (http:/ / movies. nytimes. com/ movie/ review?res=9C0DEEDB143BE03ABC4151DFB767838A649EDE). The New York Times. .[50] http:/ / www. imdb. com/ title/ tt0091658/[51] http:/ / www. imdb. com/ title/ tt0107719/ releaseinfo[52] http:/ / www. imdb. com/ title/ tt0100281/ releaseinfo[53] Counterpunch.org (http:/ / www. counterpunch. org/ brook1126. html)[54] Alternet.org (http:/ / www. alternet. org/ story/ 28584/ )[55] Encyclopedia.jrank.org (http:/ / encyclopedia. jrank. org/ articles/ pages/ 5950/ American-Indian-Movement-AIM. html)[56] Americanrivercurrent.com (http:/ / www. americanrivercurrent. com/ 2. 7848/ thanks-or-no-thanksgiving-1. 1107614?pagereq=2)[57] PBS.org (http:/ / www. pbs. org/ itvs/ alcatrazisnotanisland/ activism. html)[58] Huffingtonpost.com (http:/ / www. huffingtonpost. com/ tim-giago/ a-day-to-give-thanks-is-a_b_786399. html)[59] Purewatergazette.net (http:/ / www. purewatergazette. net/ nativeamericanthanksgiving. htm)[60] Oneidadispatch.com (http:/ / www. oneidadispatch. com/ articles/ 2010/ 11/ 24/ news/ doc4ced8bd0ccd0b433552173. txt#photo1)

References• Bradford, William (1856) [1620-1647]. Charles Deane. ed. History of Plymouth Plantation (http:/ / books. google.

com/ books?id=tYecOAN1cwwC& pg=PR1#v=onepage& q& f=false). Boston: Little, Brown and Co.OCLC 45416485.

• Bradford, William (1952) [1620-1647]. Samuel Eliot Morison. ed. Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620-1647 (http:/ /books. google. com/ books?id=tnMa1-t128gC& lpg=PP1& pg=PP1#v=onepage& q& f=false). New York: AlfredA. Knopf. ISBN 978-0394438955.

• Love, William DeLoss (1895). The Fast and Thanksgiving Days of New England (http:/ / books. google. com/books?id=u7c-AAAAYAAJ& pg=PR1#v=onepage& q& f=false). Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Co.OCLC 277223356.

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Further reading• "American as Pumpkin Pie: A History of Thanksgiving" (http:/ / backstoryradio. org/

american-as-pumpkin-pie-a-history-of-thanksgiving/ ). BackStory with the American History Guys. VirginiaFoundation for the Humanities. 2010-11-16. Retrieved 2010-11-26. An hour-long history public radio programexamining the roots of America's Thanksgiving rituals

• Armstrong, Elizabeth (2002-11-27). "The first Thanksgiving" (http:/ / www. csmonitor. com/ 2002/ 1127/p13s02-lign. html). The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2008-01-12.

• "Of Harvest, Prayer, and Football: A History of Thanksgiving" (http:/ / www. randomhistory. com/ 2008/ 10/23_thanksgiving. html). RandomHistory.com. 2008-10-23. Retrieved 2010-11-26.

• "Thanksgiving" (http:/ / www. freeaudio. org/ misc/ thanksgiving. html). FreeAudio.org. Retrieved 2010-11-26.Free audio readings of Thanksgiving proclamations by William Bradford, George Washington, and AbrahamLincoln

• "The Background Leading Up To and Story of the First Thanksgiving" (http:/ / pokanoket. us/ Thanksgiving.html). The Council of Seven / Royal House of Pokanoket / Pokanoket Tribe / Wampanoag Nation. Retrieved2010-11-26. Historical perspective from the Pokanoket Tribe

• "The First Thanksgiving" (http:/ / www. pilgrimhall. org/ f_thanks. htm). Plymouth, Massachusetts: Pilgrim HallMuseum. Retrieved 2010-11-26.

External links• Thanksgiving (http:/ / www. dmoz. org/ Society/ Holidays/ Thanksgiving/ ) at the Open Directory Project

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Thanksgiving (Canada)

Thanksgiving

Shopping for pumpkins for Thanksgiving in Ottawa's Byward MarketObserved by Canada

Type Cultural

Significance A celebration of being thankful for what one has and the bounty of the preceding year.

Date Second Monday in October

2010 date October 18

2011 date October 17

2012 date October 15

Celebrations Spending Time with Family, feasting, religious practice

Thanksgiving, or Thanksgiving Day (Canadian French: Jour de l'Action de grâce), occurring on the secondMonday in October (since 1957), is an annual Canadian holiday to give thanks at the close of the harvest season.On Thursday, January 31, 1957, the Canadian Parliament proclaimed:

“A Day of General Thanksgiving to Almighty God for the bountiful harvest with which Canada has been blessed – to be observed on the 2ndMonday in October. ”

Since 1971, Canadian Thanksgiving has coincided with the observance of Columbus Day in the United States.[1]

Traditional celebrationThanksgiving is a statutory holiday in most jurisdictions of Canada, with the Atlantic provinces of Prince EdwardIsland, Newfoundland and Labrador, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia being the exceptions. Companies that areregulated by the federal government (such as those in the telecommunications and banking sectors), recognize theholiday regardless of its provincial status.[2] [3] [4] [5] [6]

As a liturgical festival, Thanksgiving corresponds to the English and continental European Harvest festival, withchurches decorated with cornucopias, pumpkins, corn, wheat sheaves, and other harvest bounty, English andEuropean harvest hymns sung on the Sunday of Thanksgiving weekend, and scriptural selections drawn frombiblical stories relating to the Jewish harvest festival of Sukkot.While the actual Thanksgiving holiday is on a Monday, Canadians might eat their Thanksgiving meal on any day ofthe three-day weekend, though Sunday is the most common. Thanksgiving in Canada is also often a time forweekend getaways.Similar to the United States, traditions such as parades and football can be a part of Canadian Thanksgiving. The Kitchener-Waterloo Oktoberfest parade is the most widely known Canadian Thanksgiving Day parade and is broadcast nationwide on CTV. The Canadian Football League holds a nationally televised doubleheader known as the "Thanksgiving Day Classic". It is one of two weeks in which the league plays on Monday afternoons, the other

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being the Labour Day Classic. Unlike the Labour Day games, the teams that play on the Thanksgiving Day Classicvary each year.

HistoryVarious First Nations in Canada had long-standing traditions celebrating the harvest and giving thanks for asuccessful bounty of crops. Canada's First Nations and Native Americans throughout the Americas, including thePueblo, Cherokee, Cree and many others organized harvest festivals, ceremonial dances, and other celebrations ofthanks for centuries before the arrival of Europeans in North America.[7]

Canadian troops attend a Thanksgiving service inthe bombed-out Cambrai Cathedral, in France in

October 1918

The history of Thanksgiving in Canada can be traced back to the 1578voyage of Martin Frobisher from England in search of the NorthwestPassage. In this, his third, voyage to the Frobisher Bay area of BaffinIsland in the present Canadian Territory of Nunavut, it was also theintention to start a small settlement and his fleet of 15 ships were sofitted out with men, materials and provisions for this purpose.However, the loss of one of his ships through contact with ice alongwith much of the building material was to prevent him from doing so.The expedition was plagued by ice and freak storms which at times hadscattered the fleet and on meeting together again at their anchorage inFrobisher Bay, “..Mayster Wolfall, [ Robert Wolfall ] a learned man,appoynted by hir Majesties Councell to be theyr minister and preacher,made unto them a godly sermon, exhorting them especially to bethankefull to God for theyr strange and miraculous deliverance in thoseso dangerous places,…” . They celebrated Communion and “Thecelebration of divine mystery was the first signe, scale, andconfirmation of Christes name, death and passion ever known in allthese quarters.”[8]

Frobisher returned to England in the fall of the year with over a thousand tons of what he thought was precious goldore which turned out to be totally worthless, and minus “fortie”, or about ten percent of his ships’ compliment“whiche number is not great, considering howe manye ships were in the fleete, and how strange fortunes we passed."

The exact locations of Frobisher’s activities remained a bit of a mystery until the discoveries of the Americanexplorer Charles Francis Hall in Baffin Island nearly three centuries later in 1861.Years later, French settlers, having crossed the ocean and arrived in Canada with explorer Samuel de Champlain, in1604 onwards also held huge feasts of thanks. They even formed 'The Order of Good Cheer' and gladly shared theirfood with their First Nations neighbours.After the Seven Years' War ended in 1763 handing over of New France to the British, the citizens of Halifax held aspecial day of Thanksgiving. Thanksgiving days were observed beginning in 1799 but did not occur every year.[9]

After the American Revolution, American refugees who remained loyal to Great Britain moved from the newlyindependent United States and came to Canada. They brought the customs and practices of the AmericanThanksgiving to Canada.Lower Canada and Upper Canada observed Thanksgiving on different dates; for example, in 1816 both celebratedThanksgiving for the termination of the war between France and Great Britain, the former on 21 May and the latteron 18 June.[9] In 1838, Lower Canada used Thanksgiving to celebrate the end of the Lower Canada Rebellion.[9]

Following the rebellions, the two Canadas were merged into a united Province of Canada, which observedThanksgiving six times from 1850 to 1865.[9]

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The first Thanksgiving Day after Canadian Confederation was observed as a civic holiday on April 5, 1872 tocelebrate the recovery of the Prince of Wales (later King Edward VII) from a serious illness.[10]

Starting in 1879 Thanksgiving Day was observed every year, but the date was initially a Thursday in November. Thedate of celebration changed several times until, in 1957, it was officially declared to be the second Monday inOctober.[10] The theme of the Thanksgiving holiday also changed each year to reflect an important event to bethankful for. In its early years it was for an abundant harvest and occasionally for a special anniversary.[9]

After World War I, an amendment to the Armistice Day Act established that Armistice Day and Thanksgiving wouldboth be celebrated on the Monday of the week in which November 11 occurred, starting in 1921.[10] Ten years later,in 1931, the two days became separate holidays, and Armistice Day was renamed Remembrance Day. From 1931 to1957, the date was set by proclamation, generally falling on the second Monday in October, except for 1935, when itwas moved due to a general election.[10] [9] In 1957 Thanksgiving was permanently set to be the second Monday inOctober.[10]

References[1] The two holidays have been observed concurrently since the implementation of the American Uniform Monday Holiday Act of 1968, which

took effect in 1971. Outside the United States, where Columbus Day is celebrated as the Día de la Raza, the two holidays do not coincide,except when October 12 (the holiday's traditional date) falls on a Monday.

[2] "Paid public holidays" (http:/ / www. workrights. ca/ content. php?sec=9). WorkRights.ca. .[3] "Thanksgiving - is it a Statutory Holiday?" (http:/ / www. gov. ns. ca/ lwd/ employmentrights/ thanksgiving. asp). Government of Nova

Scotia. . Retrieved 2008-10-13.[4] "Statutes, Chapter E-6.2" (http:/ / www. gov. pe. ca/ law/ statutes/ pdf/ e-06_2. pdf) (PDF). Government of Prince Edward Island. . Retrieved

2008-10-13.[5] "RSNL1990 Chapter L-2 - Labour Standards Act" (http:/ / assembly. nl. ca/ Legislation/ sr/ statutes/ l02. htm#14_). Assembly of

Newfoundland. . Retrieved 2008-10-13.[6] "Statutory Holidays" (http:/ / www. hrsdc. gc. ca/ en/ lp/ spila/ clli/ eslc/ stat_hol. pdf) (PDF). Ministry of Human Resources and Social

Development, Canada. .[7] "The History of Thanksgiving - First Thanksgiving" (http:/ / www. history. com/ minisite. do?content_type=Minisite_Generic&

content_type_id=872& display_order=1& mini_id=1083). History.com. .[8] "The three voyages of Martin Frobisher: in search of a passage to Cathai and India by the northwest AD 1576-1578" (http:/ / books. google.

com/ books?id=3F9MJjZN638C& printsec=frontcover& dq=Three+ voyages+ of+ martin+ frobisher#v=onepage& q& f=false). .[9] "Proclamation and Observance of General Thanksgiving Days and reasons therefore." (http:/ / www. pch. gc. ca/ pgm/ ceem-cced/ jfa-ha/

graces-eng. cfm). Department of Canadian Heritage, Government of Canada. . Retrieved 2010-10-18.[10] "Canadian Heritage - Thanksgiving and Remembrance Day" (http:/ / www. pch. gc. ca/ pgm/ ceem-cced/ jfa-ha/ action-eng. cfm). .

Retrieved 2010-10-18.

External links• Canadian Thanksgiving (http:/ / www. dmoz. org/ Society/ Holidays/ Thanksgiving/ Canadian_Thanksgiving/ ) at

the Open Directory Project• "Thanksgiving" (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ eb/ article-9071936/ Thanksgiving-Day) Encyclopædia

Britannica

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Thanksgiving dinner

A traditional Thanksgiving dinner

The centerpiece of contemporaryThanksgiving in the United States andCanada is a large meal, generally centeredaround a large roasted turkey. The majorityof the dishes in the traditional Americanversion of Thanksgiving dinner are madefrom foods native to the New World, asaccording to tradition the Pilgrims receivedthese foods from the Native Americans.However, many of the classic traditionsattributed to the first Thanksgiving areactually myths introduced later.[1]

Historical menus

Men eating a Thanksgiving dinner during World War I

According to what traditionally is known as "The FirstThanksgiving," the 1621 feast between the Pilgrims and theWampanoag at Plymouth Colony contained turkey, waterfowl,venison, fish, lobster, clams, berries, fruit, pumpkin, and squash.William Bradford noted that, "besides waterfowl, there was greatstore of wild turkeys, of which they took many."[2] Many of thefoods that were included in that feast (except, notably, theseafood) have since gone on to become staples of the modernThanksgiving dinner.

The use of the turkey in the USA for Thanksgiving precedesLincoln's nationalization of the holiday in 1863. AlexanderHamilton proclaimed that no "Citizen of the United States should refrain from turkey on Thanksgiving Day," andmany of the Founding Fathers (particularly Benjamin Franklin) had high regard for the wild turkey as an Americanicon, but turkey was uncommon as Thanksgiving fare until after 1800. By 1857, turkey had become part of thetraditional dinner in New England.[3]

A Thanksgiving Day dinner served to the Civilian Conservation Corps in 1935 included: pickles, green olives,celery, roast turkey, oyster stew, cranberry sauce, giblet gravy, dressing, creamed asparagus tips, snowflake potatoes,baked carrots, hot rolls, fruit salad, mince meat pie, fruit cake, candies, grapes, apples, French drip coffee, cigars andcigarettes.[4]

.

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TurkeyBecause turkey is the most common main dish of a Thanksgiving dinner, Thanksgiving is sometimes colloquiallycalled “turkey day.” In 2006, American turkey growers were expected to raise 270 million turkeys, to be processedinto five billion pounds of turkey meat valued at almost $8 billion, with one third of all turkey consumptionoccurring in the Thanksgiving-Christmas season, and a per capita consumption of almost 18 pounds.[5]

Most Thanksgiving turkeys are stuffed with a bread-based stuffing and roasted. Sage is the traditional herb added tothe stuffing (also called dressing), along with chopped celery, carrots, and onions. Deep-fried turkey is rising inpopularity, requiring special fryers to hold the large bird, and reportedly leading to fires and bad burns for those whofail to take care when dealing with a large quantity of very hot oil. In more recent years it is also true that as the wildpopulation of turkeys has rebounded in most of the US, some will hunt and dress their turkey in the woods and thenfreeze it until meal preparation.Butterball, a national turkey producer, runs a well-known hotline (the "Turkey Talk Line") for those who needassistance cooking a turkey.[6]

Alternatives to turkeyNon-traditional foods other than turkey are sometimes served as the main dish for a Thanksgiving dinner. Goose andduck, foods which were traditional European centerpieces of Christmas dinners before being displaced, are nowsometimes served in place of the Thanksgiving turkey. Sometimes, fowl native to the region where the meal is takingplace is used; for example, an article in Texas Monthly magazine suggested quail as the main dish for a TexanThanksgiving feast. John Madden, who appeared on television for the Thanksgiving Classic every year from 1981 to2001, frequently advertised his fondness for the turducken, which is in fact three birds (turkey, duck and chicken)nested inside each other and cooked together; he has since disavowed the dish. In a few areas of the West Coast ofthe United States, Dungeness crab is common as an alternate main dish, as crab season starts in earlyNovember."Similarly, Thanksgiving falls within deer hunting season in the Northeastern United States, whichencourages the use of venison as a centerpiece. Sometimes a variant recipe for cooking turkey is used; for example, aChinese recipe for goose could be used on the similarly-sized American bird. Vegetarians or vegans may trytofurkey, a tofu-based dish with imitation turkey flavor. In Alaskan villages, whale meat is sometimes eaten.[7] Irishimmigrants have been known to have prime rib of beef as their centerpiece as beef was once a rarity back in Ireland;in the past, families would save up money for this as a special sign of newfound prosperity and hope. In the UnitedStates, a new globalist approach to Thanksgiving has become popular due to the impact of massive immigration onthe country. Some take the basic Thanksgiving ingredients, and reinvent them using flavors, techniques, andtraditions from their own cuisines, while others celebrate the holiday with a large festive meal with or withoutturkey.[8] POLAND Given the working holiday it is also common for immigrant communities in North America toparticipate in the holiday by launching their own celebrations of the holiday. Thus, it is not uncommon to findChinese and other large immigrant communities celebrating Thanksgiving in the same family spirit but with the foodof the feast being of their own respective cultures instead.[9] [10]

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Side dishes

A Thanksgiving meal in New England

Many other foods are alongside the main dish—so many that,because of the amount of food, the Thanksgiving meal issometimes served midday or early afternoon to make time for allthe eating, and preparation may begin at dawn or on days prior.

Traditional Thanksgiving foods are sometimes specific to the day,and although some of the foods might be seen at any semi-formalmeal in the United States, the meal often has something of a ritualor traditional quality. Many Americans would say it is"incomplete" without cranberry sauce; stuffing or dressing; andgravy. Other commonly served dishes include winter squash;yams; mashed potatoes; dumplings; corn on the cob or hominy;deviled eggs; green beans or green bean casserole; sauerkraut(among those in the Mid-Atlantic; especially Baltimore), peas andcarrots, bread rolls, cornbread (in the south and parts of NewEngland), or biscuits, rutabagas or turnips; and a salad. Fordessert, various pies are often served, particularly apple pie,mincemeat pie, sweet potato pie, pumpkin pie, chocolate creampie and pecan pie. In Québec, Tourtière is usually served alongsideas a traditional staple of Quebecois cuisine.

There are also regional differences as to the stuffing or dressing traditionally served with the turkey. Southernersgenerally make their dressing from cornbread, while those in other parts of the country make stuffing from white orwheat bread as the base. One or several of the following may be added to the dressing/stuffing: oysters, apples,chestnuts, raisins, celery and/or other vegetables, sausages or the turkey's giblets. The traditional Canadian versionhas bread cubes, sage, onion and celery. Rice is also sometimes used instead of bread in some parts of Canada.Other dishes reflect the region or cultural background of those who have come together for the meal. For example,many African Americans and Southerners serve baked macaroni and cheese and collard greens, along withChitterlings and sweet potato pie. while some Italian-Americans often have lasagne on the table and Ashkenazi Jewsmay serve noodle kugel, a sweet dessert pudding. It is not unheard of for Mexican Americans to serve their turkeywith mole and roasted corn. In Puerto Rico, the Thanksgiving meal is completed with arroz con gandules (rice withpigeon peas), pumpkin flan, potato salad, roasted white sweet potatoes and Spanish sparkling hard cider.Cuban-Americans traditionally serve the turkey alongside a small roasted pork and include white rice and blackbeans or kidney beans. Vegetarians or vegans have been known to serve alternative entree centerpieces such as alarge vegetable pie or a stuffed and baked pumpkin or tofurkey. Many Midwesterners (such as Minnesotans) ofNorwegian or Scandinavian descent set the table with lefse and green bean hotdish.

BeveragesThe beverages at Thanksgiving can vary as much as the side dishes, often depending on who is present at the tableand their tastes. Spirits or cocktails sometimes may be served before the main meal. On the dinner table,unfermented Apple cider (still or sparkling) and/or wine are often served. Beaujolais nouveau is sometimes served,as "Beaujolais day" falls before American Thanksgiving.]. As with any other day of the year, pitchers of sweet teaare common on Southern tables.[11] In some parts of French Canada it is tradition to serve watered down wine toyounger attendees of the Thanksgiving meal.

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References[1] Dickson, James G. (1992). The Wild Turkey: Biology and Management. National Wild Turkey Federation. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books.

p. 10. ISBN 978-0811718592.[2] Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation 1620-1647, p. 100.[3] Davis, Karen (2001). More Than a Meal: The Turkey in History, Myth, Ritual, and Reality. New York: Lantern Books. p. 53.

ISBN 978-1930051881.[4] Smith, Kathy M. (2001). Gold Medal CCC Company 1538: A Documentary. Paducah, KY: Turner Pub. Co. p. 98. ISBN 978-1563116421.[5] Briggs, Mike (2006-7-17). "Regional Farm Bill field hearing: Cape Girardeau, MO" (http:/ / agriculture. senate. gov/ Hearings/ hearings.

cfm?hearingid=2001& witnessId=5529). U.S. Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition & Forestry. .[6] Turkey Talk-Line® (http:/ / www. butterball. com/ tips-how-tos/ turkey-experts/ overview). Butterball.com. Retrieved August 14, 2011.[7] http:/ / hosted. ap. org/ dynamic/ stories/ A/ ALASKA_THANKSGIVING?SITE=NYPLA& SECTION=HOME& TEMPLATE=DEFAULT[8] Duffy, Gillian (2007-11-4). "The Globalist’s Thanksgiving" (http:/ / nymag. com/ guides/ holidays/ thanksgiving/ 40289/ ). New York

Magazine. . Retrieved 2010-11-24.[9] Wang, Frances Kai-Hwa (2009-11-22). "Creating our own multicultural Thanksgiving traditions" (http:/ / www. annarbor. com/

passions-pursuits/ creating-our-own-traditions-from-lebanese-thanksgiving-to-thanksgiving-eve/ ). AnnArbor.com. . Retrieved 2010-11-24.[10] Bo (2007-11-19). "The Day the Lees discovered Thanksgiving" (http:/ / www. 8asians. com/ 2007/ 11/ 19/

the-day-the-lees-discovered-thanksgiving/ ). 8Asians.com. . Retrieved 2010-11-24.[11] NPR (2002-08-02). "Making the Perfect Iced Tea" (http:/ / www. npr. org/ programs/ atc/ features/ 2002/ aug/ icedtea/ ). npr.org. . Retrieved

2010-12-26.

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Black Friday (shopping)

Black Friday Shopping

Day after Thanksgiving shopping at Walmart in 2009Observed by United States and Canada

Date Friday after U.S. Thanksgiving

2010 date November 26

2011 date November 25

2012 date November 23

Celebrations Shopping

Related to Cyber Monday, Boxing Day, U.S. Thanksgiving and Christmas

Black Friday is the day following Thanksgiving Day in the United States, traditionally the beginning of theChristmas shopping season. On this day, many retailers open very early, often at 4 a.m., or earlier, and offerpromotional sales to kick off the shopping season, similar to Boxing Day sales in many Commonwealth countries.Black Friday is not actually a holiday, but many employers give their employees the day off, increasing the numberof potential shoppers. It has routinely been the busiest shopping day of the year since 2005,[1] although news reports,which at that time were inaccurate,[2] have described it as the busiest shopping day of the year for a much longerperiod of time.[3]

The day's name originated in Philadelphia, where it originally was used to describe the heavy and disruptivepedestrian and vehicle traffic which would occur on the day after Thanksgiving[4] . Use of the term began by 1966and began to see broader use outside Philadelphia around 1975. Later an alternative explanation began to be offered:that "Black Friday" indicates the period during which retailers are turning a profit, or "in the black."[5]

Because Thanksgiving always falls on the fourth Thursday in November in the United States, the day after occursbetween the 23rd and the 29th of November.

ShoppingThe news media have long described the day after Thanksgiving as the busiest shopping day of the year.[3] In earlieryears, this was not actually the case. In the period from 1993 through 2001, for example, Black Friday ranked fromfifth to tenth on the list of busiest shopping days, with the Saturday before Christmas usually taking first place.[2] In2003, however, Black Friday actually was the busiest shopping day of the year, and it has retained that positionevery year since except 2004, when it ranked second.[1]

Black Friday is popular as a shopping day for a combination of several reasons. As the first day after the last major holiday before Christmas it inaugurates the Christmas season. Additionally, many employers give their employees the day off as part of Thanksgiving leave, increasing the potential number of shoppers. In order to take advantage of

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this, virtually all retailers in the country, big and small, offer various sales. Recent years have seen retailers extendbeyond normal hours in order to maintain an edge, or to simply keep up with competition. Such hours may includeopening as early as 4:00 a.m. or remaining open overnight on Thanksgiving Day and beginning sales prices atmidnight. In 2010, Toys 'R' Us began their Black Friday sales at 10:00 p.m. on Thanksgiving Day and further uppedthe ante by offering free boxes of Crayola crayons and coloring books for as long as supplies lasted. Other retailers,like Sears, Aéropostale, and Kmart, began Black Friday sales early Thanksgiving morning, and ran them through aslate as 11:00 p.m. Friday evening. Forever 21 went in the opposite direction, opening at normal hours on Friday, andrunning late sales until 2:00 a.m. Saturday morning.[6] [7] Historically, it was common for Black Friday sales toextend throughout the following weekend. However, this practice has largely disappeared in recent years, perhapsbecause of an effort by retailers to create a greater sense of urgency.The huge population centres around lake Ontario in Canada have always attracted cross border shopping in the U.SStates, and as Black Friday became more popular in the U.S after 2001, many were traveling for the deals across theborder. In 2009 several major Canadian retailers had their own version of the day by running promotions todiscourage shoppers from leaving for the U.S.[8] Canada's Boxing Day is comparable to Black Friday in terms ofretailer impact and consumerism, but Black Fridays in the U.S seems to provide some deeper or more extreme pricecuts that some Canadian retailers would not provide, even when its the same cross national retailer.More recently, Black Friday has been exported to nations outside of North America such as Australia and the UnitedKingdom by major online retailers like Amazon or Apple.[9] [10]

Origin of the termBlack Friday as a term has been used in multiple contexts, going back to the nineteenth century, where it wasassociated with a financial crisis in 1869 in the United States. The earliest known reference to "Black Friday" to referto the day after Thanksgiving was made in a 1966 publication on the day's significance in Philadelphia:

JANUARY 1966 -- "Black Friday" is the name which the Philadelphia Police Department has given tothe Friday following Thanksgiving Day. It is not a term of endearment to them. "Black Friday" officiallyopens the Christmas shopping season in center city, and it usually brings massive traffic jams andover-crowded sidewalks as the downtown stores are mobbed from opening to closing.[11]

The term Black Friday began to get wider exposure around 1975, as shown by two newspaper articles fromNovember 29, 1975, both datelined Philadelphia. The first reference is in an article entitled "Army vs. Navy: ADimming Splendor," in The New York Times:

Philadelphia police and bus drivers call it "Black Friday" - that day each year between ThanksgivingDay and the Army–Navy Game. It is the busiest shopping and traffic day of the year in the BicentennialCity as the Christmas list is checked off and the Eastern college football season nears conclusion.

The derivation is also clear in an Associated Press article entitled "Folks on Buying Spree Despite Down Economy,"which ran in the Titusville Herald on the same day:

Store aisles were jammed. Escalators were nonstop people. It was the first day of the Christmasshopping season and despite the economy, folks here went on a buying spree. ... "That's why the busdrivers and cab drivers call today 'Black Friday,'" a sales manager at Gimbels said as she watched atraffic cop trying to control a crowd of jaywalkers. "They think in terms of headaches it gives them."

The term's spread was gradual, however, and in 1985 the Philadelphia Inquirer reported that retailers in Cincinnatiand Los Angeles were still unaware of the term.[12]

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Accounting practiceMany merchants objected to the use of a negative term to refer to one of the most important shopping days in theyear.[12] By the early 1980s, an alternative theory began to be circulated: that retailers traditionally operated at afinancial loss for most of the year (January through November) and made their profit during the holiday season,beginning on the day after Thanksgiving. When this would be recorded in the financial records, once-commonaccounting practices would use red ink to show negative amounts and black ink to show positive amounts. BlackFriday, under this theory, is the beginning of the period where retailers would no longer have losses (the red) andinstead take in the year's profits (the black).[13] The earliest known use, which like the 1966 example above wasfound by Bonnie Taylor-Blake of the American Dialect Society, is from 1981, again from Philadelphia, and presentsthe "black ink" theory as one of several competing possibilities:

If the day is the year's biggest for retailers, why is it called Black Friday?Because it is a day retailers make profits -- black ink, said Grace McFeeley of Cherry Hill Mall."I think it came from the media," said William Timmons of Strawbridge & Clothier."It's the employees, we're the ones who call it Black Friday," said Belle Stephens of Moorestown Mall. "Wework extra hard. It's a long hard day for the employees."[14]

The Christmas shopping season is of enormous importance to American retailers and, while most retailers intend toand actually do make profits during every quarter of the year, some retailers are so dependent on the Christmasshopping season that the quarter including Christmas produces all the year's profits and compensates for losses fromother quarters.[15]

ViolenceWhereas the 1996 film Jingle All the Way depicted a comedic dramatization of somewhat chaotic antics that peoplemay go through in order to achieve their holiday shopping goals, recent years have seen a marked increase inextreme chaos resulting from people's desires to take advantage of Black Friday sales.In 2006, a man in Roanoke, Virginia shopping at Best Buy was recorded on video assaulting another shopper.[16]

Unruly Wal-Mart shoppers at a store outside Columbus, Ohio, quickly flooded in the doors at opening, pinningseveral employees against stacks of merchandise.[17] Nine shoppers in a California mall were injured, including anelderly woman who had to be taken to the hospital, when the crowd rushed to grab gift certificates that had beenreleased from the ceiling.[18]

In 2008 a crowd of approximately 2,000 shoppers in Valley Stream, New York, waited outside for the 5:00 a.m.opening of the local Wal-Mart. As opening time approached the crowd grew anxious and when the doors wereopened the crowd pushed forward, breaking the door down, and trampling a 34 year old employee to death. Theshoppers did not appear concerned with the victim's fate, expressing refusal to halt their stampede when otheremployees attempted to intervene and help the injured employee, complaining that they had been waiting in the coldand were not willing to wait any longer. Shoppers had begun assembling as early as 9:00 the evening before. Evenwhen police arrived and attempted to render aid to the injured man, shoppers continued to pour in, shoving andpushing the officers as they made their way into the store. Several other people incurred minor injuries, including apregnant woman who had to be taken to the hospital.[19] [20] [21] The incident may be the first case of a deathoccurring during Black Friday sales; according to the National Retail Federation, "We are not aware of any othercircumstances where a retail employee has died working on the day after Thanksgiving."[19]

During Black Friday 2010, a Madison, Wisconsin woman was arrested outside of a Toys 'R' Us store after cutting in line, and threatening to shoot other shoppers who tried to object.[22] A Toys for Tots volunteer in Georgia was stabbed by a shoplifter.[23] An Indianapolis woman was arrested after causing a disturbance by arguing with other Wal-Mart shoppers. She had been asked to leave the store, but refused.[24] A man was arrested at a Florida Wal-Mart when other shoppers waiting in line for the store to open noticed that he was carrying a handgun and reported the

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matter to police. He was discovered to also be carrying two knives and a pepper spray grenade.[25] A man in Buffalo,New York, was trampled when doors opened at a Target store and unruly shoppers rushed in, in an episodereminiscent of the deadly 2008 Wal-Mart stampede.[26]

HistoryThat the day after Thanksgiving is the "official" start of the holiday shopping season may be linked together with theidea of Santa Claus parades. Parades celebrating Thanksgiving often include an appearance by Santa at the end of theparade, with the idea that 'Santa has arrived' or 'Santa is just around the corner'.In the late 19th century and early 20th century, many Santa parades or Thanksgiving Day parades were sponsored bydepartment stores. These include the Toronto Santa Claus Parade, in Canada, sponsored by Eaton's, and the Macy'sThanksgiving Day Parade sponsored by Macy's. Department stores would use the parades to launch a big advertisingpush. Eventually it just became an unwritten rule that no store would try doing Christmas advertising before theparade was over. Therefore, the day after Thanksgiving became the day when the shopping season officially started.Later on, the fact that this marked the official start of the shopping season led to controversy. In 1939, retail shopswould have liked to have a longer shopping season, but no store wanted to break with tradition and be the one to startadvertising before Thanksgiving. President Franklin D. Roosevelt moved the date for Thanksgiving one week earlier,leading to much anger by the public who wound up having to change holiday plans.[27] Some even refused thechange, resulting in the U.S. citizens celebrating Thanksgiving on two separate days.[27] Some started referring to thechange as Franksgiving.

Online

Cyber Black FridayThe term Cyber Black Friday refers to the online version of Black Friday. According to Hitwise in 2010, [28]

Thanksgiving weekend offered a strong start, especially as Black Friday sales continued to grow inpopularity. For the 2nd consecutive year, Black Friday was the highest day for retail traffic during theholiday season, followed by Thanksgiving and Cyber Monday. The highest year-over-year increases invisits took place on Cyber Monday and Black Friday with growth of 16% and 13%, respectively.

Advertising tip sitesSome websites offer information about day after thanksgiving specials up to a month in advance. The text listings ofitems and prices are usually accompanied by pictures of the actual ad circulars. These are either leaked by insiders orintentionally released by large retailers to give consumers insight and allow them time to plan.In recent years, some retailers (including Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Target Corporation, OfficeMax, Big Lots, andStaples, Inc.) have claimed that the advertisements they send in advance of Black Friday and the prices included inthose advertisements are copyrighted and are trade secrets.[29]

Some of these retailers have used the take-down system of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act as a means toremove the offending price listings. This policy may come from the fear that competitors will slash prices, andshoppers may comparison shop. The actual validity of the claim that prices form a protected work of authorship isuncertain as the prices themselves (though not the advertisements) might be considered a fact in which case theywould not receive the same level of protection as a copyrighted work.[30]

The benefit of threatening Internet sites with a DMCA based lawsuit has proved tenuous at best. While some sites have complied with the requests, others have either ignored the threats or simply continued to post the information under the name of a similar sounding fictional retailer. However, as the DMCA allows websites 24 hours to comply with the take-down notice or file a counter notice, careful timing may mitigate the take-down notice. An Internet

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service provider in 2003 brought suit against Best Buy, Kohl's, and Target Corporation, arguing that the take-downnotice provisions of the DMCA are unconstitutional. The court dismissed the case, ruling that only the third-partyposters of the advertisements, and not the ISP itself, would have standing to sue the retailers.[31]

Usage of Black Friday Advertising Tip sites and buying direct varies by state in the U.S., influenced in large part bydifferences in shipping costs and whether a state has a sales tax.[32] However, in recent years, the convenience ofonline shopping has increased the number of cross-border shoppers seeking bargains from outside of the US,especially from Canada. Statistics Canada indicates that online cross-border shopping by Canadians has increased byabout 300M a year since 2002.[33] The complex nature of additional fees such as taxes, duties and brokerage canmake calculating the final cost of cross-border Black Friday deals difficult. Dedicated cross-border shoppingsolutions such as the Canadian shopping platform Wishabi [34] and Canada Post’s Borderfree exist to mitigate theproblem through estimation of the various cost involved.

Cyber ThanksgivingThe term Cyber Thanksgiving, refers to online retailer's Thanksgiving Day promotions. According to The Record(Bergen County, New Jersey):[35]

Thanksgiving Day is becoming increasingly important for online sales, according to e-commercewatchers. It has become the lead-in for five days of online deals experts say are causing some bargainhunters to shop online instead of standing in line at stores.“Thanksgiving interestingly enough has turned into a really big sales day for us in the last couple ofyears,” said Greg Ahearn, senior vice president, marketing and e-commerce, for Wayne, NewJersey-based Toys “R” Us. “Everybody’s looking for information about what’s going to happen on BlackFriday, but when they hit the Web sites they realize there’s a bunch of great deals there, and freeshipping,’’ he said. “And if they get the right deals on the products that they’re looking for, they actuallycreate a purchase on Thanksgiving Day as opposed to waiting for Black Friday.”

Cyber MondayThe term Cyber Monday, a neologism invented in 2005 by the National Retail Federation's division Shop.org, refersto the Monday immediately following Black Friday based on a clear consumer trend that retailers began to recognizein 2003 and 2004. At the time, retailers noticed that many consumers, who were too busy to shop over theThanksgiving weekend or did not find what they were looking for, shopped online that Monday from home or workto find bargains.

References[1] International Council of Shopping Centers. "Holiday Watch: Media Guide 2006 Holiday Facts and Figure" (http:/ / holiday. icsc. org/ 2006/

hw06_fullguide. pdf) (PDF). .; ShopperTrak, Press Release, ShopperTrak Reports Positive Response to Early Holiday Promotions BoostsProjections for 2010 Holiday Season (http:/ / www. shoppertrak. com/shoppertrak-reports-positive-response-early-holiday-promotions-boosts-projections-2010-holiday-seaso) (Nov. 16, 2010).

[2] International Council of Shopping Centers. "Daily Sales Comparison Top Ten Holiday Shopping Days (1996 - 2001)" (http:/ / www. icsc.org/ TopTen02. pdf) (PDF). ..

[3] E.g., Albert R. Karr, "Downtown Firms Aid Transit Systems To Promote Sales and Build Good Will," Wall St. J., p. 6 (Nov. 26, 1982);Associated Press, "Holiday Shoppers Jam U.S. Stores," N.Y. Times, p. 30 (Nov. 28, 1981).

[4] Martin L. Apfelbaum, Philadelphia's "Black Friday," (http:/ / listserv. linguistlist. org/ cgi-bin/ wa?A2=ind0804D& L=ADS-L& P=R5955&I=-3) American Philatelist, vol. 69, no. 4, p. 239 (Jan. 1966).

[5] Kevin Drum (November 26, 2010). "Black Friday" (http:/ / motherjones. com/ kevin-drum/ 2010/ 11/ black-friday). ..[6] "Black Friday deals for Target, H&M, Forever21, Old Navy, Radio Shack, and more" (http:/ / www. nydailynews. com/ money/ 2010/ 11/ 23/

2010-11-23_black_friday_deals_for_target_hm_forever21_old_navy_radio_shack_and_more. html). Daily News (New York). .[7] Yahoo! Finance - Financially Fit (http:/ / financiallyfit. yahoo. com/ finance/

article-111402-7507-6-post-thanksgiving-shopping-starts-earlier?ywaad=ad0035& nc)

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[8] "Canadian retailers test their own Black Friday" (http:/ / www. cbc. ca/ money/ story/ 2009/ 11/ 27/ consumer-black-friday. html). CBC News.November 27, 2009. .

[9] "Amazon brings Black Friday to the UK" (http:/ / www. blu-ray. com/ news/ ?id=5493). blu-ray.com. November 21, 2010. .[10] "Apple's Australian Store discounts most things by around 10 percent, foreshadows Black Friday deals" (http:/ / www. engadget. com/ 2010/

11/ 25/ apples-australian-store-discounts-everything-by-around-10-perce/ ). engadget.com. November 25, 2010. .[11] Martin L. Apfelbaum, Philadelphia's "Black Friday," (http:/ / listserv. linguistlist. org/ cgi-bin/ wa?A2=ind0804D& L=ADS-L& P=R5955&

I=-3) American Philatelist, vol. 69, no. 4, p. 239 (Jan. 1966).[12] Jennifer Lin, Why the Name Black Friday? Uh . . . Well . . . (http:/ / listserv. linguistlist. org/ cgi-bin/ wa?A2=ind0804D& L=ADS-L&

P=R7698& I=-3), Philadelphia Inquirer (Nov. 30, 1985).[13] Black Friday FAQ (http:/ / bfads. net/ Black-Friday-FAQ), BFAds.net.[14] Shoppers Flood Stores for "Black Friday," (http:/ / listserv. linguistlist. org/ cgi-bin/ wa?A2=ind0804D& L=ADS-L& P=R7698& I=-3)

Philadelphia Inquirer (Nov. 28, 1981).[15] E.g., Toys "R" Us, Inc., Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended Feb. 2, 2008 (http:/ / www. sec. gov/ Archives/ edgar/ data/

1005414/ 000119312508100880/ d10k. htm), p. 91.[16] Consumers Gone Wild: Roundup Of Black Friday Violence - The Consumerist (http:/ / consumerist. com/ 2006/ 11/

consumers-gone-wild-roundup-of-black-friday-violence. html)[17] Barbaro, Michael (November 25, 2006). "Attention, Holiday Shoppers: We Have Fisticuffs in Aisle 2" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2006/

11/ 25/ business/ 25shop. html?ex=1322110800& en=3b12a854964d3445& ei=5090& partner=rssuserland& emc=rss). The New York Times. .[18] http:/ / www. mercurynews. com/ mld/ mercurynews/ news/ local/ states/ california/ northern_california/ 16095281. htm[19] "Wal-Mart Worker Dies When Shoppers Break Down Doors" (http:/ / www. foxnews. com/ story/ 0,2933,458744,00. html). Fox News.

November 28, 2008. .[20] "Worker dies at Long Island Wal-Mart after being trampled in Black Friday stampede" (http:/ / www. nydailynews. com/ ny_local/ 2008/

11/ 28/ 2008-11-28_worker_dies_at_long_island_walmart_after. html). Daily News (New York). .[21] "Wal-Mart worker dies in rush; two killed at toy store" (http:/ / www. cnn. com/ 2008/ US/ 11/ 28/ black. friday. violence/ index. html).

CNN. November 28, 2008. .[22] "Black Friday shopper accused of gun threat" (http:/ / www. cnn. com/ 2010/ CRIME/ 11/ 26/ wisconsin. shopper. threat/ ). CNN. November

26, 2010. .[23] http:/ / www. wrdw. com/ home/ headlines/ Black_Friday_and_a_stabbing_a_Best_Buy_110864544. html[24] Woman Arrested In Walmart Black Friday Dispute - Indiana News Story - WRTV Indianapolis (http:/ / www. theindychannel. com/ news/

25926942/ detail. html)[25] Black Friday shopper arrested on weapons, drug charges in Boynton Beach | boynton, arrested, beach - Top Story - WPEC 12 West Palm

Beach (http:/ / www. cbs12. com/ news/ boynton-4729776-arrested-beach. html)[26] "Black Friday shoppers trampled in New York" (http:/ / www. cnn. com/ 2010/ US/ 11/ 26/ new. york. shoppers/ index. html). CNN.

November 28, 2010. .[27] "Congress Establishes Thanksgiving" (http:/ / www. archives. gov/ legislative/ features/ thanksgiving/ ). . Retrieved 2009-11-15.[28] "Hitwise: Retail traffic up throughout holidays" (http:/ / weblogs. hitwise. com/ heather-dougherty/ 2010/ 12/

retail_traffic_up_throughout_h_1. html). December 28, 2010. .[29] "Sale fight no fright for area Web site," Charleston Gazette & Daily Mail (Nov. 26, 2002).[30] Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co., 499 U.S. 340 (1991).[31] Fatwallet, Inc. v. Best Buy Enterprises Services, 2004 WL 793548 (N.D.Ill. 2004).[32] "Online Shopping Savvy vs. Black Friday Online Shopping Savvy among the States" (http:/ / blackfriday. become. com/ news/ 2010/

black-friday-online-shopping-savvy. html). BlackFriday.Become.com News. November 15, 2010. .[33] Stats Can: "Canadian Economic Observer" (http:/ / www. statcan. gc. ca/ pub/ 11-010-x/ 01207/ 10464-eng. htm). . Retrieved Mar 18 2010.[34] Wishabi: "cross-border shopping" (http:/ / www. wishabi. ca). . Retrieved Mar 18 2010.[35] (http:/ / www. northjersey. com/ news/ business/ 112509_Cyber_shopping_on_Thanksgiving_Day_a_growing_tradition. html), Cyber

shopping on Thanksgiving Day a growing tradition.

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Article Sources and ContributorsPilgrims (Plymouth Colony) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=458946408 Contributors: (:yodudeimbrian, 2009138434sarah09, 21655, A.L. Boon, ABF, Abarry, Abeg92,Aided, Aitias, Ajraddatz, Alansohn, Alatari, Alex S, Anonymous Dissident, Antandrus, Antonio Lopez, Arbitrarily0, ArglebargleIV, Asfreeas, Atlant, Aude, BSTemple, Beland, Bkwillwm,Bluemoose, Bobet, Bobo192, Bogey97, Bongwarrior, Bornintheguz, Brianski, Bwolper, CWY2190, Calixte, Caltas, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Canderson7, Capricorn42, Captain panda,CarTick, Carlaude, Caza Macd, Ccirulli, Charles Matthews, Chris-gore, Chrislk02, Chzz, Civil Engineer III, Clonetrooper1998, Cnyborg, Colonies Chris, Cometstyles, Cowboytone, Cureden,Cwoyte, DTParker1000, Dachshund, Dangerous-Boy, Danski14, Darrenm540, Davemcle, Davewild, Dbachmann, Deb, Delldot, Dendeb, DerHexer, Dewey000, Dgies, Dhp1080, Dillard421,Dismas, Dreadstar, Dreamafter, Dw, Eoghanacht, Epbr123, Euchiasmus, Everyking, Exwhysee, FF2010, FeanorStar7, Fieldday-sunday, Fjbfour, Flewis, Flux.books, Flyguy33, Forestgarden,FrancoGG, Fred Bradstadt, Fredbauder, Funky Monkey, GRBerry, Gaius Cornelius, Geoff.green, Ghfj007, GhostPirate, Gilliam, Glenncheney, Gmax123, Gracenotes, GraemeLeggett, Grafen,Grenney, Grubel, Gwernol, Hayleym58, Hdt83, Hi Moto, Historical Perspective, Hmains, Hopiakuta, Ice Cold Beer, Ilyushka88, Indon, Ineffable3000, Infrogmation, Iridescent, Irishguy,Irvink56, Isis, Ixfd64, J.delanoy, JGHowes, JMK, JW1805, JaGa, Jahs, Jake Wartenberg, Janetellie, Jaqua79, Jaxl, Jennavecia, Jeterrocks374, Jftsang, JillandJack, Jm3106jr, Jmkleeberg, JohnQuiggin, JonHarder, Jonathanbrickman0000, Jonrock, Joshua Issac, JuJube, Jw 193, KC109, Kahzenu, Keith D, Keith-264, Ken Gallager, Kenyon, Khukri, Kinston eagle, Kinu, Kitia, Kmg90,Ktotam, KudukGirl, Kuru, L Kensington, Leandro Prudencio, LeaveSleaves, Leon7, Ligulem, Little Mountain 5, LouI, LtPowers, Lupo, Luxury-Yacht, MPS, Maddie!, Magicpiano, MagnusManske, Mais oui!, Majorly, MarcK, Marcbela, Marek69, Martin451, MattieTK, Mav, Mayfly may fly, McSly, Megaman en m, Mentifisto, Mets501, Mgdurand, Michael Snow,MichaelBillington, Mike Doughney, Mikeabond, Mileschen, Minnime2k6, Mlouns, Moonraker, Musphot, Mygerardromance, NameIsRon, Nareek, Natl1, NawlinWiki, Neddyseagoon,NekoDaemon, Nesnad, NewEnglandYankee, Noctibus, Ohnoitsjamie, Olie1993, Olivier, Omicronpersei8, PCHS-NJROTC, Parkwells, Paste, Perfect Proposal, Peyre, Pgk, Piledhigheranddeeper,Pill, Pitt the elder, Plasticup, Plumber, Pody911, Portillo, Prashanthns, Proofreader77, Pseudomonas, Psycho Kirby, Ptolemy Caesarion, Qeff, Quintote, Qxz, R'n'B, RJP, Raime, Random User937494, Razer64, Redfarmer, Redmarkviolinist, Rgough, Rhopkins8, Rjd0060, Rjwilmsi, Rmhermen, Roadrunner, RobertG, Rory096, Rosamindy, Roscelese, Rosiestep, Roundrupert, RoyBoy,Rozth, Ryulong, SMC89, Saga City, SaintFearxz, Saturn star, Scarian, Scewing, Schumi555, Scipius, Sciurinæ, Seb az86556, Shane craig, Sharkface217, Shauni, Shoeofdeath, SidP, Sifaka,SimonMayer, Sir Nicholas de Mimsy-Porpington, Sjc, Sm8900, Smalljim, Smartybutt1234, Smiggle16, Snailworld, SoWhy, Soccerchamp9804, Soliloquial, Spellbinder, Squeeze me, Stan Shebs,Starblind, Stephen C. Carlson, Steve802, SteveCrook, Stivo, Storm Rider, Stwalkerster, Suisui, Sunderland06, Superweapons, Swampyank, Swaq, TAKBALLER, TAKDAPiMPiNP0PiNPiMP,THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, TJDay, Tassedethe, Tempodivalse, The Thing That Should Not Be, The Wordsmith, TheSuave, TheUnforgiven, Thingg, Thurstonaw, Tide rolls, TimBentley,Titoxd, Tohd8BohaithuGh1, TommyBoi6439, TonyDodson, Trevor MacInnis, Tualha, TutterMouse, Ukexpat, Ulric1313, Uncle Dick, Unschool, Ussrvusa, Utcursch, Vanished User 1004,Vanished user 39948282, Vassyana, Veinor, Viajero, Vicki Rosenzweig, Viridian, Vsmith, Vstar3000, Wabesada, Walor, Wasabe3543, Wesley, Wgoodson, WhaleyTim, Wham2001, Why Not ADuck, Wiggster, Wiki alf, Will Beback, WillC, William Avery, Willking1979, Wimt, Witchkraut, WojPob, Wperdue, Wsiegmund, Wst, X!, Xavier86, Yanksox, Ydorb, ZX81, Zerbey, Zidanetribal, 894 anonymous edits

Plymouth, Massachusetts Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=458711051 Contributors: 7, Acntx, Acroterion, Ajd, Alanscottwalker, Alr5111, Amovrvs, Appraiser,ArnoldReinhold, Astanhope, Astral, Attilios, Badbilltucker, BanyanTree, Bellenion, Big iron, Bostonian Mike, Butters833, C628, CMags13, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Canglesea, CapitalR,Catinator, Cg41386, Chris the speller, Clariosophic, Cmr08, CookieMonster69, Curtholr, CutOffTies, Dalmatian Mommy, Daniel Case, Devohawks75, DigbyDalton, Docu, DrAwesome,Dratman, Droll, Dropkickmurph14, EarthPerson, Emw, Eoghanacht, Erasmussen, Eric Amthos, Escape Orbit, Fang Aili, Faolin42, Flyguy33, Frankenpuppy, Gaius Cornelius, Gkullberg, Goptex,GordonUS, Graham87, GreatWhiteNortherner, Greenshed, Guitar Hero Overlord Connor, Gurch, Gwil, Henry the heron, Hmains, Hooperbloob, Howcheng, Hugh Manatee, IRP, Intelati, Ixfd64,J.delanoy, JCpatriots, Jbergste, Jdorn, Jeeny, JeremyTraub, Jhoisington, Jm1106, Jmbcomms, Jmk4u14, Joelr31, John254, Jpittman, Jrcrin001, Ju66l3r, Jusdafax, Jza84, Ken Gallager, Khatru2,Kintetsubuffalo, Kkjkearney, Koavf, LGagnon, LOL, LarryQ, Lb34, Leftshore, Lightmouse, LilHelpa, Lindum, Luna Santin, Lzz, M2545, Marcbela, Mart572, Meaty Weenies, Metricopolus,Midori, Monty845, Morgan Riley, Mudson, Nancy, Naniwako, Nehrams2020, Neuropower, Neutrality, Nk, Notdamon, Nyttend, OldPine, Oldmaccy, Oldmangimper, Osmo250, Owen, Paukrus,Pentawing, Pepso, Petros63, Phoenixrod, Plastikspork, Plimoth, Postdlf, Purplemouse, R, RJN, Raime, Rancorbeast, RandomXYZb, Ravenswing, Refriedm, Rexodus, Rgoodermote, Rjwilmsi,Rossdegenstein, Rrius, Ruthiedee, Sahasrahla, Sapphire, Scjenne, Sk5893, Skopelos-slim, Snowmanpeachy, Southparkdude03, SpK, Special-T, Sportsjam3, Stilgar135, Tanthalas39, The Evil IPaddress, TheJazzDalek, TheNumberOneResource, Thingg, Tide rolls, Tjmather, ToddC4176, Tony1, Tuleytula, UniReb, Versageek, Welsh, Wickedlocal, Willjay, Xocutypie344xo, Zomic13, 295anonymous edits

Thanksgiving Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=458635409 Contributors: 0g1o2i3k4e5n6, 13acl13oy, 2D, 2fs, 72Dino, A Nobody, AJR, ARCitect, Abce2, Abfabmedia,Acalamari, Acroterion, Adambalmer27, Adamschneider, Ahoerstemeier, Aitias, Ajd, Akuindo, Alan Liefting, Alansohn, Alexander lau, AlexiusHoratius, Allstarecho, AlphaDogma, Alsd2,Altenhofen, Altzinn, AmericaIsNumberOne, Andredwane, Andrew Levine, Andrew c, Andrewpmk, AndySimpson, Andycjp, Animension, Animum, Anna Lincoln, Anonymous Dissident,Antandrus, Anupam, Arctic.gnome, Ari Rahikkala, ArielGold, Aristides, Arjun01, Arman Cagle, Arthree, Arunkumarbalakrishnan, Aseire, Avenged Eightfold, Avono, Aymatth2, B, BTH,Bdiddy, Bearnfæder, BeastmasterGeneral, BeebLee, Beetstra, Before My Ken, Ben Lunsford, Bhill2011, BigHaz, Bkonrad, Blaster009, Bobo192, Boffob, Bongwarrior, Bpg1968, Branddobbe,Brandmeister (old), Brjusa, Btjnark, Bushytails, Bxmuchacho, C8755, CIS, Calarch78, Calmer Waters, Caltas, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, CanadianLinuxUser, Canterbury Tail, CaptainPhoebus, Careful With That Axe, Eugene, Carl.bunderson, Casualtie, Catgut, CaveyCoUk, Cdojo78, Cedarkey1, Cgingold, [email protected], Chatsphilly, Cheesisgood, Cheezwzl,Chrisrlucas, Christian75, Chuck Sirloin, Clayoquot, Cmadler, Cogswobble, ComradeBilbo, Coriander, Cplbeaudoin, Cratbro, Cremepuff222, Crystal whacker, CuffX, Cymru.lass, D, DOSGuy,Daniel J. 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Thanksgiving (United States) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=459001228 Contributors: 041744, 1exec1, Aaronspook, Abductive, Acapelli, Ahuebner2004, Aidsoooo, AirdishStraus, AjaxSmack, Ajraddatz, Al-Nofi, Aladdinsane3, Alansohn, AlbertSM, Aleenf1, Alenux, AlexWolfx, Alyssapvr, Andy Marchbanks, AndyM1928, Anupam, Araveugnitsuga, Art Carlson, Arx Fortis, Aspensti, Attackoftheclones, Aubee91, Aubreyclark, Aus17, Avicennasis, Avoided, Awayforawhile, Awolf58, Azior, Azumanga1, B1atv, Backslash Forwardslash, Beetstra, Ben James Ben, BenFranske, Bencherlite, Between My Ken, Billy Hathorn, Blehfu, Blue-Haired Lawyer, Bobo192, Boffob, Bongwarrior, Brbigam, Brjusa, Brndnchpln, Bsherr, Bubba ditto, BuffaloChip97, Bunraku, CIS, Capricorn42, Captainkirk3, Centrx, Cgingold, Chopstickkitty, ChrisP2K5, Christopher Mann McKay, Chuck Sirloin, Chuunen Baka, Cimicifugia, Closedmouth, Courcelles, Craig Butz, Ctjf83, Cunno, Czrisher, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, DGtal, DK4, Dale Arnett, Dalexwats, Darp-a-parp, Dasani, Dathangy, DavidOaks, Davidboldt, Debresser, DeltaQuad,

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Deltabeignet, DerHexer, Dhp1080, Dicklyon, Digitallib, Discospinster, Dismas, Dlohcierekim, Doctorindy, Dojotony, Dougweller, DrAvery, DragonHawk, Dutch-Bostonian, Dysepsion,DéRahier, Długosz, ESkog, EamonnPKeane, Edward321, Efrafra, Ejl, Ekhaya2000, Electrolite, Elemesh, Elkman, Emeraldcityserendipity, Emmisa, Enigmaman, Epbr123, Erianna, Eric outdoors,EronMain, Escape Orbit, Exert, Faithlessthewonderboy, Faradayplank, Favonian, Ferdblivid, Finngall, ForeignQ, Francis Ocoma, Frecklefoot, Froid, Frozenevolution, Frtillman, Funandtrvl,Funnyfarmofdoom, Future2008, Fuze44, Ghostexorcist, Giraffedata, Glenncheney, Gobonobo, Gracehoper, Grahamec, Group29, Gzkn, Gökhan, HalfShadow, Halgin, Harveydrone, Hires aneditor, Hmains, Hmwith, Hohum, HolyT, Howard035, Howcheng, Hugobone, Ibtreerock, IceCreamAntisocial, Ichormosquito, Igoruha, Intelligentsium, Internet neighbor, InternetResearcher,Invertzoo, IronGargoyle, Itheodore, J.delanoy, JMyrleFuller, JNW, JaGa, Jab843, Jazz457, Jbl1975, Jconner999, Jcrocker15, Jdavidb, Jeffconn, Jennica, Jeremiestrother, Jessemv, Jevansen,JigsyQ, JimWae, Jimp, Jiu9, Jm3106jr, Jmcentire, Jnestorius, Joe Tremors, John M Baker, John.kraemer, John254, JohnCD, Jojhutton, Jonkerz, Jotomicron, JudahH, Julesd, Juliancolton, Jwc8,Kafziel, Kartano, Kazvorpal, Kellie-pickler, Keraunos, Killiondude, Kilonum, Kinema, Kingpin13, Kitfoxxe, Knthrak1982, Kontar, Kukini, Kumioko, Kylelovesyou, L Kensington, LADave, LaPianista, Ladyofwar, Lammidhania, Lazulilasher, Legokid, Levineps, Lightmouse, LightningMan, LilHelpa, Londonjackbooks, Lotje, MER-C, Machoking6, Malone23kid, Manassehkatz, MarcusBrute, Mardetanha, Marek69, Markadampeirano, Markb, Martin451, Master of Puppets, MattieTK, Maxamegalon2000, Mclosers, Mcorazao, Mdumas43073, MemeGeneScene, Mespejel2767,Mileage, Miller17CU94, MithraUnconquered, Mixsynth, Moby-Dick3000, Mr. Comodor, Mr. Prez, MrMontag, MrMoonshine, MrOllie, Mrquizzical, Mufka, Mwalimu59, Mwanner, Mário eDário, NJGW, Naniwako, Natty4bumpo, NawlinWiki, NickPenguin, Nina928, Noneedone, Notedgrant, Novioboy, OCNative, Ocanter, OlEnglish, Opheicus, Ophion, Owl-2011, PCHS-NJROTC,PJonDevelopment, Pats1, Paul August, Paul Bonneau, Petersam, Phil Strucely, Philip Trueman, Piledhigheranddeeper, PinchasC, Pinecar, Pinethicket, Pizzagoliath, Pol098, Prashanthns,Preslethe, Prlambert76, Prothonotar, Puchiko, PurpleChez, PurpleRain, Pwt898, RK, RSStockdale, Raime, Rairden, RandorXeus, Rannynm, Ravenswing, Ravi12346, Reaper Eternal,RedSoxFan274, RedSublime, Remember, ResearchExpert, Retired username, Reywas92, Ronhjones, Ronz, Roy Brumback, Rsl12, Ruby Rhod., RumliusIV, Ryan4314, RyguyMN, SGGH,SNIyer12, Sara.everywhere, SchuminWeb, SchutteGod, Scmtech, Scook2, Scottveirs, Seaphoto, Seb az86556, Servicio, Shane grindey, Shoaler, Simishag, Simon Peter Hughes, Skarebo, Skew-t,Smallbones, SoWhy, Socialservice, Sollosonic, Some thing, Spencer, Spidey3, Squirtlez, Ssilvers, Stepshep, Steve98052, SteveRamone, Steven Evens, Stewy5714, Stormwatch, Stratadrake,Sunkism, Swampyank, T2000tjt, Tbhotch, Tbolls, ThaddeusFrye, The Bay Area Lover, The Letter J, The Obento Musubi, The Thing That Should Not Be, The machine512, The-Scriptorium,TheAlmightyGuru, TheBaron0530, TheNewPhobia, TheWeakWilled, Thelmo, Thiseye, Thomas Blomberg, Tobei, Tom harrison, Triangular, Tulkoju, Turgan, TurtleCharlie, Ulric1313,Underpants, UnicornTapestry, UrbanGrill, Uruiamme, Vagsim, Van helsing, VernoWhitney, Very silly cat, VictorianMutant, Voidvector, Vranak, Vrenator, Walloon, Warrenmass, Wayne Slam,Websurfer246, Welsh, West wikipedia, Wideangle, Wikipe-tan, Wikipelli, Will Beback, William Avery, Willking1979, Willthacheerleader18, Wknight94, Woohookitty, Writer@Large,Xeonnyle, Xhaoz, Xtopherous, Zach82, Zappa26, Zeroicon, Zim64, Zomputer, Ztp912, Zvika, Zzyzx11, Тиверополник, 812 anonymous edits

Thanksgiving (Canada) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=458295111 Contributors: 21stCenturyGreenstuff, 5mil5, ACEOREVIVED, Aladdinsane3, Alansohn, Allisongryski,Amchow78, Americanpatriot911, Andycjp, Angel caboodle, Anupam, Arthena, Arthurian Legend, Auntof6, Bamsefar75, Baseballhedges, Bdoserror, Bearspirit, Bentonia School, Bhill2011,Black1987, Bob bobato, Bobblehead, Bobo192, Boffob, Brianann MacAmhlaidh, CIS, Cahk, Calvinhrn, CanadianLinuxUser, Capricorn42, Chang772, Cplbeaudoin, CuffX, Cunard, DJClayworth, Discospinster, Djsasso, Dpu, Dredel of clay, Dub8lad1, Edward321, El aprendelenguas, Epbr123, Eric-Wester, Esrever, EuclidR, EvanProdromou, Eveningmist, FFM784,Faradayplank, Farmerman, Fetchcomms, Funandtrvl, Fæ, GateKeeper, George2001hi, Gilliam, Ginsengbomb, Glane23, Gr8wight, Grampasandgrandmaswrinkly, Gurch, HappyGoLuckyClear,Homely, Imaninjapirate, InternetResearcher, J.delanoy, JMyrleFuller, Jane Bennet, Jeff G., Jessegajer, Jlin, Jmac099, Jruderman, Judgeking, Julesd, Juliancolton, Justin W Smith, KJS77, KdeK2,Kevlar67, Krm500, Krupo, Kudret abi, Kukini, Lando1212121, Lawlmeup, LeadSongDog, Lightmouse, Lilac Soul, Lotje, Ludwigs2, Luk, MER-C, Mausy5043, Maxamegalon2000, Mcorazao,Mebden, Mecandes, Michaelkourlas, MiltonP Ottawa, Mindmatrix, Moonlight Mile, Morgan.johns, Moxy, Mrfroddo, Ms2150, Mshanson, MySemenIsMagic, N5iln, NYArtsnWords,Ncmvocalist, Neurolysis, NewEnglandYankee, NiZhiDao, NorthernThunder, OlEnglish, Oogabooga007, Palaeozoic99, PaulNovitski, Pepper, Persian Poet Gal, Petersam, Pharaoh of the Wizards,Philip Trueman, PinchasC, Pinecar, Plastikspork, Possum, Preslethe, PurpleRain, Quantling, RUL3R, Radagast, Remember, Rmsst62, Rrburke, SchuminWeb, Secretsquirrelle, Shirik,Skeezix1000, Slp1, Soliloquial, Some thing, SquidSK, Stfx kid, Ted.invictus, TheTruthiness, Thingg, Thirty-seven, Trafford09, Trevor MacInnis, Trivialist, Trusilver, Ttaawow, Tyrol5, Wantnot,Wavelength, Wayne Slam, Whileupper, William Avery, Willscaldwell, Woohookitty, Zidonuke, Zzyzx11, АлександрВв, 329 anonymous edits

Thanksgiving dinner Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=458663900 Contributors: 2D, 4twenty42o, 8th best thing, AaronPaige, Alansohn, Alcinoe, Alexabat, Alexisrios1976,Alexius08, Amin10, Andycjp, Angr, Annoyance134, Antandrus, Atrian, Beetstra, Big iron, Bobo192, Bongwarrior, Brianmacian, Califman831, Capricorn42, CarDepot, Carnildo, Ckatz, Daniel J.Leivick, December21st2012Freak, Dekimasu, Denni, Dgies, Doc9871, Dominus, Dpbsmith, Drawn Some, Durova, DutchECK, Emersoni, Eoswald, Epbr123, Erianna, Euchiasmus, Excirial,Fayenatic london, Fram, Fremte, Funandtrvl, Galaxiaad, Glen, Glenncheney, Gurch, Guy Harris, Halgin, Helicoptor, Hu12, Iamsuspicious, Irayo, J.delanoy, JForget, JHunterJ, JMyrleFuller,JNW, Jeff3000, Jmiyake, Jmlk17, JohnI, Johnuniq, Jreconomy, Justitiasana, KFP, Kemet, Kevlar67, Koavf, L Kensington, Labinski, Leftsixe, Loonymonkey, LorenzoB, Maladroitmortal,Marek69, Materialscientist, Microcell, Mr.whiskers, Nburden, Noe, Nucleusboy, Nyjets1028, O^O, Ollie the Magic Skater, Orange Suede Sofa, PatDaisyFlowers, Persian Poet Gal, Piano nontroppo, PigFlu Oink, Polarbear97, Quagga82, QuesterLEJ, Reahad, Remember, Rjwilmsi, Rockfang, Romeisburning, S h i v a (Visnu), SK 1993, SMC, Science3456, Shadow Scythe ofStrongbadia?!, Shadowcat60, Shadowkittie5460, Shadowpuppet23, Shookus1992, Soliloquial, Some jerk on the Internet, Some thing, Stephenb, SteveJothen, Sultec, Taco325i, ThaneofFife, Thewub, TheWeakWilled, Tinton5, Tkynerd, Triangular, Trivialist, UberScienceNerd, UncleDouggie, Veinor, Voyageur, Vrenator, Wayne Slam, Webdrops, Woohookitty, Zeamays, Zzyzx11, 296anonymous edits

Black Friday (shopping) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=458943229 Contributors: 007kz, 108Reliant, 4twenty42o, ABF, Abc kop l, AdjustShift, Aerotive, Agent-marge,Ahinks, Ahoerstemeier, Alansohn, Alphachimp, Amitch, Anskas, Antandrus, Arakunem, Aralvarez, Arjun01, Ark25, ArmadilloFromHell, Arthur Rubin, AshwiniKalantri, Atarisnerd, Atlas1977,Auric, AuthorityTam, Baron von Rassilon, BazookaJoe, Becritical, Ben James Ben, Bento00, Bertramanda, BhaiSaab, BigBadSanta, Billare, Billyjobilly, Birdhombre, Blanchardb, Blue SquareThing, BobTheMad, Bobblewik, Bobo192, Bokbok, Bradolson, BruceGrubb, Bryan Derksen, Bsherr, C.Fred, CIS, CRKingston, CSMR, Calamarain, Calliopejen, Calmer Waters, Caltas,CanadianNine, Canadiana, Capricorn42, Caspian, Caspian blue, Cedian, Cha5on, ChronoKinetic, Coffee, Commander Keane, Common Good, CommonsDelinker, Conmiro, Coralmizu,Coupcoup, Courcelles, Crumley, Curious Blue, Cvaneg, Cybercobra, Czj, Dadude3320, Dale Arnett, Damian Yerrick, Dan Parnell, Dasani, Davewild, DeanHarding, Deblock1376, DennisBratland, Digitallib, Dina, Dinidj, Discospinster, DividedByNegativeZero, Dlwh, Doc Strange, Dogposter, Dotforward, Dpparekh, Drmies, Dspuller, Duncan, Dycedarg, Dylan620, Dynamic1,Earle Martin, Echosmoke, Edward, Ehn, El C, Elassint, Elisa Woods, Elmyr, Elonka, Enviroboy, Epbr123, Evb-wiki, EveryDayJoe45, Everyking, Evice, Excirial, FF2010, Falcon9x5, Fancysteve, Fdg812000, Fleagle11, Flowanda, Friedo, Frscght, Fun Guy Fungi, Fyrael, Gary King, Gbcue, Gdola, Gekaap, Gemini 925, GeneLesterisaMan, Geni, Gfoley4, GhostPirate, Giftlite,GoldDragon, Graham87, Great Scott, Greenman, Gurch, Gustavb, Hairymon, HalfShadow, HamburgerRadio, He Who Laughs Last, Heckofit, Henryodell, Hmains, Hooriaj, HorsePunchKid,Howard035, Hstevens86, Hurricane111, Huseyx2, IRiteGood, Iaagteacher, Iceberg3k, Icydesign, Inogenius, Ironholds, Ithizar, J-beda, J.delanoy, J4lambert, JDoorjam, JMyrleFuller, JZH, JaGa,Jackflash23, Jag123, JameyBM, Jay Gatsby, Jbl1975, Jdbsa05, Jeff G., Jengod, Jhd, Jls038, Jmendez, John Broughton, John M Baker, Johnelwaq, JonathanDP81, Jorm (WMF), Joshritchie,Jpgordon, Jreferee, Jruderman, Jstohler, Juliancolton, Jusdafax, Justo, Jwikipro, Jwinters, KKL, Kaiba, Kawika, Kchishol1970, Kelly Martin, Keraunos, Kip the Dip, Kirkjerk, Kizor, Klicka8333,Kmg90, Kostmo, Kshuyler, Kvn8907, L Kensington, LGagnon, Leapday, LibLord, Lifung, LightAnkh, Linda robinett, Little Professor, Loren, Ltt26, Lu33, MJEH, Mahanga, Mandarax,ManekiNeko, Manicsleeper, Marek69, Mariordo, Markaci, Mattbrundage, Mattworld, MaxForce, McSly, Meadowbrook, Meaghan, Mecandes, Mercury McKinnon, Messy Thinking,Midnightcomm, Minimac, Mjrmtg, Mmmready, Modemac, Moeron, MrCodeDude, MrConstantin, MyBigFatButt, Myounesi, MyrddinEmrys, Narpole, NawlinWiki, Neiltheslayer, NellieBly,NocturneNoir, Nongubpalm, Nsteinberg, NuclearWarfare, Nuggetboy, Nyttend, O'Dea, OLP1999, OmniRaden, Onore Baka Sama, Ortzinator, Oxymoron83, PHDrillSergeant, Patrickjolliffe,Pb30, Pbaez, Petersam, Pgerrity, Philip Trueman, Pi zza314159, Pinethicket, PrivacyT, Qiq, Quantling, Quixotic Rick, R'n'B, RJFJR, Radagast, RanEagle, RattleandHum, Redthoreau,RegentsPark, Remember, Retired username, Rexhammock, Rhobite, Rholton, Rich Farmbrough, Richiekim, Richmeister, RideRallyFlyball, Rjwilmsi, Robby.is.on, Ronhjones, Rsm99833,SCEhardt, SD5, Sarner, SchfiftyThree, Schneelocke, Scottru, Seaphoto, Sebsmoot, Seresin, Sfphotocraft, Shepd, Shirik, Shirulashem, Shyran, Silver Edge, Silverwind, Skier Dude, Skomorokh,SlackerMom, Slowking Man, Smeans2, Sobreira, SolidVersed, Some jerk on the Internet, Sortior, Sportstdh, Student7, Suicidalhamster, SuperHamster, Superm401, Surachit, Swazland,SweynAsleiffson, Tariqabjotu, Tartan, Tdowns14, Tekgeek09, Teucer, That-Vela-Fella, The wub, TheHungryTiger, TheTruthiness, Theaveng, Theseven7, Thespian, Thomm1622, Thug3,Thumperward, Tide rolls, Tiki God, Tim1357, Timbudtwo, Timhood, Timmmahhhh, TimmmmCam, Tinss, Tom Randolph, Tom harrison, Too Human, Toropop, Tregoweth, Trickytruck,Triesault, Trivialist, Trulystand700, TutterMouse, Tutwabee, TwistOfCain, Ulric1313, Uncle G, Va girl2468, Victuallers, Vitamin b, Vlad788, Waggers, Walloon, Warrah, Wayne Slam,Wealjays, Webinvestor, Whitepaw, WikHead, Wiki-mod, Wikipedian314, Wikisofia, Woohookitty, WotherspoonSmith, Woudloper, X96lee15, Xanzzibar, Y2kcrazyjoker4, Yoda4peace, Zariane,Zzyzx11, 936 anonymous edits

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Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsImage:Brewster COE Treatise.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Brewster_COE_Treatise.png License: Public Domain Contributors: William Brewster (1567-1644),publisherImage:17th-century-merchantman.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:17th-century-merchantman.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: MusphotFile:Embarkation of the Pilgrims.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Embarkation_of_the_Pilgrims.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Robert W. Weir(photograph courtesy Architect of the Capitol)File:Landing of the Pilgrims by Cornè - circa 1805.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Landing_of_the_Pilgrims_by_Cornè_-_circa_1805.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: ScewingImage:Cape Cod 1620.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cape_Cod_1620.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:IMeowbotImage:Port St Louis Annotated.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Port_St_Louis_Annotated.png License: Public Domain Contributors: -File:Court Street Plymouth MA2.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Court_Street_Plymouth_MA2.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: RaimeFile:Flag of Plymouth, Massachusetts.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Plymouth,_Massachusetts.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Originaluploader was Raime at en.wikipediaFile:Seal of Plymouth, Massachusetts.gif Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Seal_of_Plymouth,_Massachusetts.gif License: Public Domain Contributors: Originaluploader was Henry the heron at en.wikipedia Later versions were uploaded by Pharos04 at en.wikipedia.File:Plymouth_ma_highlight.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Plymouth_ma_highlight.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors:Deadstar, Olivier2, Petros63File:Landing-Bacon.PNG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Landing-Bacon.PNG License: Public Domain Contributors: Henry A. BaconFile:The First Thanksgiving cph.3g04961.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_First_Thanksgiving_cph.3g04961.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Docu,Howcheng, 5 anonymous editsFile:Cordage Park Tower.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cordage_Park_Tower.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: MarcbelaFile:Plymouth Landsat.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Plymouth_Landsat.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: RaimeFile:Plymouth Beach, Massachusetts.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Plymouth_Beach,_Massachusetts.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike3.0 Unported Contributors: RaimeFile:Town Square Plymouth.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Town_Square_Plymouth.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors:RaimeFile:Monument to the Forefathers 1.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Monument_to_the_Forefathers_1.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: T.S. Custadio aka ToddC4176 at en.wikipediaFile:Plymouth County Courthouse.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Plymouth_County_Courthouse.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: RaimeFile:The Pinehills Village Green.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_Pinehills_Village_Green.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: RaimeFile:Nathaniel Morton Elementary School.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nathaniel_Morton_Elementary_School.JPG License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: RaimeFile:Jordan Hospital Plymouth, MA Cropped Version.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jordan_Hospital_Plymouth,_MA_Cropped_Version.JPG License: CreativeCommons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: RaimeFile:Plymouth MBTA Station.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Plymouth_MBTA_Station.JPG License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: RaimeFile:Plymouth Airport2.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Plymouth_Airport2.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: RaimeFile:Plymouth Rock Monument.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Plymouth_Rock_Monument.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0Unported Contributors: RaimeFile:Plimoth Plantation 2002.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Plimoth_Plantation_2002.JPG License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: NancyFile:Plymouth Mayflower II.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Plymouth_Mayflower_II.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Docu, Ibn Battuta, Jérôme,OldPine, Trycatch, Verica Atrebatum, 2 anonymous editsFile:Dick Gregory.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dick_Gregory.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Herman Hiller, World Telegram staff photographerFile:Plymouth House at Shichigahama Kokusai-mura.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Plymouth_House_at_Shichigahama_Kokusai-mura.JPG License: PublicDomain Contributors: neuropowerFile:Thanksgiving grace 1942.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Thanksgiving_grace_1942.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Marjory Collins, photographerfor Farm Security Administration.File:Flag of Canada.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Canada.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: AnomieFile:Leiden flag.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Leiden_flag.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: John-cFile:Flag of Liberia.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Liberia.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Government of LiberiaFile:Flag of Norfolk Island.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Norfolk_Island.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Avala, Bapho, ChongDae, DavidKernow, Dbenbenn, Denniss, George McFinnigan, Himasaram, Homo lupus, Nightstallion, Ninane, Pumbaa80, Slomox, Telim tor, Zscout370, 2 anonymous editsFile:Flag of the United States.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: AnomieFile:CW Jefferys The Order of Good Cheer.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:CW_Jefferys_The_Order_of_Good_Cheer.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors:Asclepias, Dr Wilson, Jeangagnon, Skeezix1000, 4 anonymous editsFile:RoastTurkey.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:RoastTurkey.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: Photo by M. RehemtullaFile:Thanksgiving-Brownscombe.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Thanksgiving-Brownscombe.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Jennie A. Brownscombe(1850-1936)File:Thanksgiving 1861 croped.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Thanksgiving_1861_croped.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Waud, Alfred R. (AlfredRudolph), 1828-1891, artist.File:Home To Thanksgiving, Currier and Ives.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Home_To_Thanksgiving,_Currier_and_Ives.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: FloNight, Jarekt, M2545, P. S. Burton, Skeezix1000, WutsjeFile:John F. Kennedy, turkey pardon.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:John_F._Kennedy,_turkey_pardon.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Docu,Infrogmation, Jatkins, Steven Walling, TCYFile:TraditionalThanksgiving.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:TraditionalThanksgiving.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike Contributors: BenFranskeFile:Shopping for pumpkins in Ottawa.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Shopping_for_pumpkins_in_Ottawa.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike2.0 Contributors: Lars Plougmann from United KingdomFile:A Thanksgiving Service Attended by Canadian Troops Being Held in the Cambrai Cathedral.jpg Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:A_Thanksgiving_Service_Attended_by_Canadian_Troops_Being_Held_in_the_Cambrai_Cathedral.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors:Canadian Expeditionary Force albums - Unknown photographerImage:TraditionalThanksgiving.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:TraditionalThanksgiving.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike Contributors:Ben Franske

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Image:Thanksgiving 1918.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Thanksgiving_1918.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Underwood & Underwood. (War Dept.)File:New England Thanksgiving Dinner.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:New_England_Thanksgiving_Dinner.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Originaluploader was Alcinoe at en.wikipediaFile:Black-friday-walmart-bfcom.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Black-friday-walmart-bfcom.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Dustin

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