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Willingness to Pay for WASH Contingent Valuation Method Study in Jacobabad
Willingness to Pay for WASH Contingent Valuation Method Study in Jacobabad
Disclaimer:
This publication was produced by UN Habitat with technical support from UNICEF for review by the United States Agency for International Development. The contents do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government.
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Table of Contents List of Tables and Figures ................................................................................................................... V List of acronyms ................................................................................................................................. VII Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................... VIII Chapter 1 .................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Purpose of Study ............................................................................................................................ 2 Analyzing demand side ................................................................................................................... 3
Analyzing the supply chain ............................................................................................................ 3
Identifying potential strategies ................................................................................................... 4
Chapter 2 .................................................................................................................................................. 5 2.1 Literature review: .......................................................................................................................... 5
Contingent Valuation Method and willingness to pay ........................................................ 5
Examples of Tariff Models implemented in other Districts ............................................... 7
Existing policies .............................................................................................................................. 11
Management of municipal services in Sindh ....................................................................... 12
Chapter 3 ............................................................................................................................................... 14 3.1 Methodological Approach ....................................................................................................... 14
Desk Review .................................................................................................................................... 14
Household Survey ......................................................................................................................... 14
Focus Group Discussions ............................................................................................................ 15
Key Informants Interviews ......................................................................................................... 15
Market Survey ................................................................................................................................ 15
Picture and Video Testimonials ................................................................................................ 15
Hiring and Training of Survey Teams ...................................................................................... 16
3.2 Sample ............................................................................................................................................ 16 3.3 Data Collection ............................................................................................................................ 17 3.4 Data Consolidation and Analysis ........................................................................................... 17 Chapter 4 ............................................................................................................................................... 18 4.1 Findings & Discussions of the Study: .................................................................................... 18
Theme 01. Demographic Profile of Communities .............................................................. 18
1.1.1. Types of Houses .................................................................................................. 18
1.1.2. Availability of electricity ................................................................................... 19
1.1.1. HH members in the family ............................................................................... 19
1.1.2. Average monthly income of HH ..................................................................... 19
1.1.3. Overall Expenses of HH ..................................................................................... 20
1.1.4. Health...................................................................................................................... 21
III
Theme 02. Willingness to pay for Drinking Water ............................................................. 22
1.1.5. Existing Source of Water for drinking purposes ....................................... 22
1.1.6. Preferred water source for drinking purpose ........................................... 23
1.1.6.1. Willingness to pay (Preferred Tariff) ........................................................... 24
1.1.7. Existing Water source for domestic purpose: ........................................... 26
1.1.7.1. How much Communities pay for existing Water Sources ................... 26
1.1.8. Willingness to Pay Water for domestic purpose: .................................... 27
1.1.8.1. Willingness to pay for domestic purpose (Preferred Tariff) ............... 27
Theme 03. Willingness to pay for Sanitation: ...................................................................... 28
1.1.9. Defecation Practices .......................................................................................... 28
1.1.10. Willingness to pay for construction of latrine ........................................... 29
1.1.11. Liquid Waste Management ............................................................................. 29
1.1.12. Willingness to Pay ............................................................................................... 31
Theme 04. Willingness to pay for Solid Waste Management: ....................................... 31
1.1.13. Willingness to pay: ............................................................................................. 33
Theme 05. Communication: ...................................................................................................... 34
Theme 06. Sanitation & Hygiene Products: ......................................................................... 34
Theme 07: Findings of Market Survey: .................................................................................. 35
1.1.14. Water related Products (Availability & Cost) ............................................ 36
1.1.15. Sanitation Related products (Availability & Cost) .................................... 37
1.1.16. Hygiene Related products (Availability & Cost) ........................................ 37
Theme 08. Supply Chain Management: ................................................................................ 37
Chapter 5 ............................................................................................................................................... 39 5.1 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 39 5.2 Recommendations: .................................................................................................................... 42
Proposed Tariff Models ............................................................................................................... 42
References: ........................................................................................................................................... 47
IV
List of Tables and Figures Table 1:Tarriff rate of sewerage services in major cities of Pakistan .............................. 9 Table 2: List of key informant interviews’ respondents ................................................ 15 Table 3: Number of personnel hired .............................................................................. 16 Table 4: Sample size calculation .................................................................................... 16 Table 5: Sampled households per Union Council .......................................................... 16 Table 6: Types of Houses and their size (N=414) ........................................................... 18 Table 7: Percent of household members according to age and gender (N=414) ......... 19 Table 8: Percentage distribution of income interval ..................................................... 19 Table 9: Average monthly expenses of households N=414 ........................................... 20 Table 10: Spending on diseases in last month ............................................................... 21 Table 11: Comparison of self-reporting disease incidence between baseline and current study .................................................................................................................. 21 Table 12: Main source of water for drinking purpose and level of satisfaction (N=414)........................................................................................................................................ 22 Table 13: Reasons of dissatisfaction of donkey cart water users .................................. 22 Table 14: Average cost of water services use for drinking purposes and its affordability......................................................................................................................................... 23 Table 15: Preference of Water source and its reason N=414........................................ 23 Table 16: Willingness to pay for improved piped water services .................................. 24 Table 17: Willingness to pay for safe, reliable, piped drinking water connection ........ 24 Table 18: Willingness to pay for installation and maintenance of metered piped water........................................................................................................................................ 25 Table 19: Willingness to pay for installation and maintenance of water filter plant .... 25 Table 20: Willingness to pay for electricity used for water source consumption ......... 25 Table 21: Main source of water for domestic use and level of dissatisfaction ............. 26 Table 22: Reason for dissatisfaction (N=334) ................................................................ 26 Table 23: Amount paid for existing water sources for drinking .................................... 26 Table 24: Percentage of preferred water source for domestic purpose and their reasons ........................................................................................................................... 27 Table 25: Willingness to pay for improving piped water connection ............................ 27 Table 26: Willingness to pay for improved, reliable, piped connection ........................ 28 Table 27: Willingness to pay for improving metered pipe ............................................ 28 Table 28: Defecation place at home .............................................................................. 28 Table 29: Defecation place at market ............................................................................ 29 Table 30: Willingness to pay for improving existing latrine .......................................... 29 Table 31: Willingness to pay for communal toilet and HWF ......................................... 29 Table 32: Waste water system and Reasons of dissatisfaction ..................................... 30 Table 33: Amount currently paying to manage sewerage water .................................. 30 Table 34: Willingness to pay for rehabilitation of existing drainage line network ........ 31 Table 35: Willingness to pay for improved drainage line and maintenance ................. 31 Table 36: Solid waste practice and level of dissatisfaction along with reasons for dissatisfaction ................................................................................................................ 32 Table 37: Amount currently paying for cleaning neighborhood ................................... 32
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Table 38: Scrap to garbage collectors ............................................................................ 32 Table 39: Amount of earning through sale of scrap garbage ........................................ 33 Table 40: Willingness to pay for improving cleaning of neighborhood ......................... 33 Table 41: Willingness to pay to have garbage bins near home ..................................... 33 Table 42: Effectiveness of various mediums of communication for disseminating information .................................................................................................................... 34 Table 43: Location and factors influencing purchase of sanitation & hygiene products........................................................................................................................................ 34 Table 44: Satisfaction with available WASH products ................................................... 35 Table 45: Types of shops in the market ......................................................................... 35 Table 46: Market summary of donkey cart water supplier ........................................... 36 Table 47: Indicative budget of construction of Latrine ................................................. 37 Table 48: Average amount willing to pay by communities ........................................... 44 Figure 1: Domestic Unmetered Tariff in different cities of Pakistan ............................... 7 Figure 2: Domestic Metered Tariff in different cities of Pakistan ................................... 8 Figure 3: Commercial Unmetered Tariff in different cities of Pakistan ........................... 8 Figure 4: Commercial Metered Tariff in different cities of Pakistan ................................ 9 Figure 5: Per capita income interval of sampled population......................................... 19 Figure 6: Source of income (N=414) .............................................................................. 20 Figure 7: Percentage distribution of household members suffer from disease in past (N=414) .......................................................................................................................... 21
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List of acronyms
BCC Behavior Change Communication
CLTS Community Led Total Sanitation
FGD Focus Group Discussion
GoP Government of Pakistan
GoS Government of Sindh
GPS Global Positioning System
HANDS Health And Nutrition Development Society
HH Household
HWF Hand Washing Facility
KII Key Informant Interviews
MSDP Municipal Services Development Project
SMS Short Messaging Service
TMA
UC
Taluka Municipal Administration
Union Council
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund
USAID United States Agency for International Development
WASH Water Sanitation and Hygiene
WTP Willingness to Pay
VII
Executive Summary The city of Jacobabad has a population of more than quarter of a million (275,000 est.) which
has more than doubled since last population census done in 1998. This increasing trend in
population has over stressed the city’s municipal structure which is already facing problems like
acute water shortage, bad road infrastructure, dreadful solid waste management system, and
crumpled sanitation structure. The overall municipal structure needs massive restructuring and
rehabilitation to improve poor service delivery and remove operational deficiencies. The
Municipal Services Development Project (MSDP) Jacobabad funded by USAID aims to improve
and upgrade water supply, sanitation and solid waste management of the city. UN-Habitat, in
partnership with UNICEF, has initiated a USAID funded WASH intervention in Sindh and will
provide soft components (e.g. Behavior Change Communication (BCC), social mobilization,
capacity development) to complement MSDP's infrastructure interventions. As part of its soft
components, UNHABITAT has initiated a research study to provide information on current
practices, the factors that influence people decisions regarding WASH products and services,
and analysis of local market for products and services related to WASH.
The study aimed at estimating appropriate tariff levels to ensure the sustainability of the
services of water, sanitation and solid waste management in the city of Jacobabad. Contingent
Valuation Method was used to estimate willingness of Jacobabad’s residents to pay for
upgrading municipal services. A household survey was used as a primary tool to assess
Willingness To Pay (WTP), complemented with key informant interviews and focus group
discussions.
The findings of the study suggest that people in Jacobabad are generally willing to pay for water
services, provided that their trust on such services is established. Because they are already
paying a high cost to obtain comparatively low quality of water (which is not treated for
biological or chemical contamination), they would be happy to pay decent amount for the
better water services. Through Contingent valuation method (CVM), three slabs of water tariff
identified based on the amount communities already paying, and their income level. Rs. 538,
Rs. 852 and Rs. 1274 are estimated for first, second and third quartiles respectively.
In case of sanitation services including sewerage maintenance and solid waste management,
the people are divided. Half of the population is not willing to pay for sanitation services, their
unwillingness to pay is rooted in their indifferent attitude towards clean and healthy
environment. A comprehensive behavioral change strategy is require to make the community
realize the long term benefits of safer sanitation practices.
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Jacobabad serve as junction to many surrounding cities and villages, therefore, it has a robust
and thriving market place. The WASH products are in abundance in the market, whether it is for
the hardware side i.e. availability of tools, machinery and raw material for infrastructure or
software side i.e. hygiene products like soap, detergent, chemical, etc. The municipal service
market is monotonous in nature.
Base tariff for the water services should not be more than rupees 500, which is a mean value of
first quartile of amount people are already paying to private vendors and also reflects the mean
value of people willing to pay. For sanitation purpose component sharing model, as suggested
in Pakistan Approach to Total Sanitation (PATS), should be encouraged, and the tariff shall only
focus on the external component of sanitation i.e. maintaining main drainage line and
treatment of sewerage water. Sanitation tariff should be embedded in water bill. For solid waste
management, base value for the tariff is rupees 100. Instead of providing the Solid waste
management through public sector, may be with more ownership of the community, a public
private partnership should be sought.
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Chapter 1 1.1 Introduction The city of Jacobabad, located at 28°16′37.32″N, 68°27′05.04″E, has a population of
more than quarter of a million (275,000 est.). In past four decades more than half a
billion rupees have been spent on the water and sanitation system of the city1. Over the
past forty years, several infrastructure installations for example, a lagoon of 110 million
gallon capacity, 9 katcha (unlined) storage ponds, 10 filtration beds, 2 water clarification
tanks to transport water from two canals (Jamali Wah and Kirthar) to city works and 22
tube wells were built. Much of the infrastructure built between 1964 and 1984 was
tampered with or broken at several points. The filtration beds were without sand, the
distribution network was rusted, and the negative pressure in the distribution lines
caused ingress of wastewater from drains into the pipelines, resulting in tap water that
is smelly and unfit for human consumption.
The specified tenure of elected governments and the exceeded time of project
completion beyond the planned timeline has led to a peculiar outcome in Sindh where
the incentive structure of the elected leaders are in favor of introducing new schemes
but not necessarily in completing them. This has led to proliferation of new schemes,
without completing the old ones. The water supply project in Jacobabad also suffered
from the shifts in the executive agencies which has been changed several times, and
implementation responsibility moved between public health engineering department
(PHED), the Town Municipal Administration (TMA), the Local Government Department,
and the District Government, and sometimes the changes were carried out after
interventions at the highest level.
Jacobabad had showed an increasing trend in population and has been doubled since
19982.This increase in population over stressed the city municipal structure which is
1 ADB, Sindh Urban Sector Assessment, 2007 2 As per 1998 census, Jacobabad city population was ~139,000 which on recent estimated is around 275,000
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already facing problems like acute water shortage, bad road infrastructure, dreadful
solid waste management system, and crumpled sanitation structure. The overall
municipal structure needs massive restructuring and rehabilitation to improve poor
service delivery and remove operational deficiencies. The Municipal Services
Development Project (MSDP) Jacobabad funded by USAID aims to improve and upgrade
water supply, sanitation and solid waste management of the city. Through this project,
a holistic package for Jacobabad has been developed with an aim to provide
uninterrupted water supply with better quality, rehabilitation and up-gradation of the
existing sewerage system and introduction of solid waste management system3.
UN-Habitat, in partnership with UNICEF, initiated a USAID funded WASH intervention in
Jacobabad called the “Community Mobilization for Improved WASH Services and
Hygiene Behaviors in District Jacobabad”. The project is being implemented in
coordination with Municipal Services Development Project (MSDP), and provides soft
components (e.g. Behaviour Change (BC), social mobilization, capacity development) to
complement MSDP's hardware interventions.
As part of the component 1 of the project related to carryout baseline and research for
the MSDP’s hardware interventions, UNHABITAT was mandated to conduct research on
people’s willingness and ability to pay for improved water and sanitation services. The
research provides information on current practices, the factors that influence people’s
decisions regarding WASH products and services, and analysis of local market for
products and services related to WASH.
1.2 Purpose of Study Purpose of the study was to analyze demand and supply of WASH related products and
services focusing on willingness and the ability of the people of Jacobabad to pay for
such services. More specifically, the study focused on the following demand and supply
side indicators.
3 MSDP Monthly Bulletin October 2015
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Analyzing demand side The demand side of the study focused upon various inter-related notions.
Explore and synthesize key motivational factors for purchasing WASH household
(high and low income) related products and services and key barriers to
accessing desired products and services
Measure elasticity of demand of water consumption based on previous trends
of price change and quantity demand
Device varying cost packages of water supply keeping in mind the target
population
Measure the ability to pay based on the level of income
Assess the households’ willingness to pay for improved water/other services
using the Contingent Valuation Methodology
Provide qualitative information on existing demand on current services, as well
as the willingness and ability of households to purchase WASH related products
and services
Document the types of WASH products currently available, the material
necessary for their construction and their purchase price at the market and
prioritize them a/c to household preferences in terms of willingness and ability
to pay
Determine key characteristics of desirable water and sanitation products and
services based on different consumers' requirements, preferences and
aspirations.
Analyzing the supply chain
Map current suppliers and providers of water and sanitation and solid waste
management related material, products and services
Identify gaps in current water and sanitation material, products and services
supply
Identify potential suppliers/service providers who can reinforce or fill in gaps in
the provision of WASH services
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Identifying potential strategies
Develop tariff models with appropriate pro-poor tariffs
Propose potential supply chain for the identified water and sanitation products
and services
Draft implementation plan with proposed actions to be taken by the project to
support service providers/businesses in developing identified supply chains and
building capacities
Propose key communication channels for the promotion of water and sanitation
products and services to stimulate demand, building on UNICEF behaviour
change campaign activities
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Chapter 2 2.1 Literature review: Water supply is one of the most important services for households, it is not only used
for drinking purpose but also in other important household activities including cooking
a meal, washing dishes, bathing, laundry, cleaning, and watering the home gardens.
Access to safe water is a basic need for human survival and health. Households need
safe water and its availability on regular basis. Irregular and uncertain access to safe
water affects not only these activities directly but also households’ health and
workforce productivity indirectly. Thus, households give great importance to water, its
quality and regular supply. However, this commodity doesn’t come in abundance and
has direct and indirect cost. Whenever a water supply services is planned, a willingness
of the household to pay also comes in question. In order to discern WTP of the
household, different valuation techniques are utilized amongst which contingent
valuation method is the most widely used method.
Contingent Valuation Method and willingness to pay The literature on contingent valuation is vast (Gunatilake & Tachiiri, 2012) and a
complete review is beyond the scope of this write-up. CVM became popular for
valuation of infrastructure projects in developing countries since the early 1970s, the
CVM has proved to be a powerful and versatile tool for measuring the economic
benefits of the provision of wide range of non-marketed goods (Mitchell and Carson
1989), including recreation, amenity value, scenery, wetlands, air and water quality,
forest and wildlife conservation, etc. According to Birol et al. (2006), more than 5000
CVM studies have been conducted in over 100 countries to examine water related
issues and other resource. The CVM measures project benefits in monetary terms by
directly asking people's willingness to pay for such projects through a questionnaire by
giving them certain scenarios of the upcoming services and asking how much they are
willing to pay to avail the particular service.
In south Asia, a number of studies have been carried out by using CVM. Some of these
include Dhaka (Chowdhry, 1999), Calcutta (Guha, 2007), Srilanka (Gunatilake, H., et al.,
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2007), Khulna (Gunatilake & Tachiiri, 2012). In Pakistan such studies have also been
conducted for urban and rural part of the countries. Some of the studies carried out in
urban setting includes Abbottabad (Haq et al., 2007), Hyderabad (Sattar & Ahmad,
2007), Peshawar (Khan, 2010), Karachi (Sidrat & Lohano, 2008) and one for rural Punjab
(Altaf et al., 1992). Raheel (2013) also analyzes willingness to pay for solid waste
management in Islamabad.
Majority of the studies examined the factors that explained citizens’ willingness to pay
for WASH services, like Chowdhry (1999) in Bangladesh demonstrates that slum
dwellers are willing to pay enough for water to cover the costs of providing it, suggesting
that higher water charges would be a financially viable way to generate funds for water
system investments. Same findings were endorsed by Guha (2007) in India and it
suggests that water tariff is economically justifiable since the willingness to pay exceeds
the production and maintenance cost for the potable water supply scheme in his area
of study. In Srilanka, Gunatilage (2012) demonstrates that the willingness to pay
monthly charges and connection cost are higher in economically richer households, he
further asserts that the flat rate would not be feasible for the poor household provided
that the volumetric tariff could increase the connections in poor household. In Pakistan,
Haq et al. (2007) valued the reliability and quality of water services as an important
determinant for households’ willingness to pay. He further elucidates the importance
of awareness and knowledge in curbing averting behavior of households towards
quality improvement. Similarly, the strong relationship of the awareness of households
and willingness to pay was demonstrated by Sattar and Ahmed (2007). They also see
the strong effect of communication channels like print and electronic media on the
water purification behavior of the households. Khan et al. (2010) also confirms in
Peshawar that demand for environmental goods including safe drinking water could be
higher if income levels are high and if people have access to information and awareness
regarding the health risks associated with inferior environmental quality. Sidrat and
Lohano (2008) declare that in a metropolis like Karachi, the willingness to pay increases
as the income level increases. They also suggest that households would be willing to
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pay much more than what they currently pay for safe and reliable water. They also
advocate the imposition of cross subsidization.
Examples of Tariff Models implemented in other Districts There are different tariff categories; all residential houses and flats, where water is used
for the household requirements fall in domestic category. All establishments registered
as commercial units with local authorities or dealing in consumer items for direct
commercial sale like cafes, bakeries, milk shops, tea stalls, canteens, barber shops,
laundries, places of entertainment like cinemas, clubs, theaters and private offices,
clinics, maternity homes, etc., fall under commercial category. All consumers engaged
in the processing of industrial raw material into value added finished products
irrespective of the volume of water consumed, including hotel fall under industrial
category. Mosques, churches, temples, madrassas, and other religious places and
schools/hostels either government or semi government. In addition to these, all
government and semi-government offices and hospitals, government guest houses,
armed forces messes, universities, colleges, schools and private educational
institutions, orphanages and other charitable institutions along with hostels and
residential colonies are fall in charitable category.
1. Water:
The following graph shows the tariff structures of water applied in different categories
in the big cities of Pakistan.
Figure 1: Domestic Unmetered Tariff in different cities of Pakistan
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The graph only shows the tariff rates for small house sizes for comparison purpose. The
original tariff list even goes to more than 5000 sq.yds (karachi) and more than 8000
rupees per month. Graph indicates that the tariff rates in other parts of the country are
relatively on the same scale with little variation, however, the rates in karachi are
slightly higher than other parts of the country. The rise in tariff in karachi is a recent
phenomenon and almost 27% increase in tariff has been observed in last three years.
Most of the unmetered tariff connection are based on the plot size, wherer as in relative
small cities like Quetta and Sukkur size of pipe is the basis of tariff setting.
Figure 2: Domestic Metered Tariff in different cities of Pakistan
Metered connectin are comparatively a new phenomenon in Paksitan. Only few cities
have metered connection, and even there the proportion of metered connectin is less.
Only Lahore is a city where more than 60% connections are metered connection, and
those which are not metered are converting into metered connection. Graph suggests
a varied pattern of tarrif rates in different cities of the country. Lahore has the least
tariff rates as compared to other cities. Cost of meter is embeded in connection charges
and borne by consumer.
Figure 3: Commercial Unmetered Tariff in different cities of Pakistan
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Commercial unmetered connection are also based on plot size or pipe size. Faisalabad,
as a big industrial city, has comparatively more rates than other small cities.
Figure 4: Commercial Metered Tariff in different cities of Pakistan
In big cities, tariff for commercial is metered connection and follow more or less same
pattern, except karachi where price of water is relatively higher than other cities.
Sewerage:
The following tariff structures are applicable for the different categories in the big cities
in provinces of Pakistan for sewerage.
Table 1:Tarriff rate of sewerage services in major cities of Pakistan City Domestic Commercial Industrial Karachi The current sewerage
tariff rate for Karachi is Rs. 14.00 for un-metered (sq.yd) up to 61-->120, Rs. 23.00 for un-metered (sq.yd) up to 121-->200 and Rs. 13.0 for flats up to-501-->-800. The tariff rate for Metered (Per 1000 Gallons) is also 25% of water charges.
The current sewerage tariff rate in Karachi for Commercial (Un-Metered Connection) is 25% of Water Charges and tariff rate for Metered (Per 1000 Gallons) is also 25% of Water Charges.
The current sewerage tariff rate in Karachi for industrial (Un-Metered) is 25% of Water Charges and tariff rate for Metered (Per 1000 Gallons) is also 25% of Water Charges.
Lahore In Lahore, sewerage tariff rate for domestic metered connection is Rs.6.44 per 1000 GPM (Up to 5000) and Rs.10.43 for 5001 to 20000.
In Lahore, sewerage tariff rate for commercial metered connection is Rs. 13.67 for (up to 5000 Gallons) and Rs. 24.42 for 5001 to 20000 Gallons.
In Lahore, sewerage tariff rate for Industrial metered connection is Rs. 13.67 for (up to 5000 Gallons) and Rs. 24.42 for 5001 to 20000 Gallons.
9
City Domestic Commercial Industrial Rawalpindi In Rawalpindi, sewerage
tariff rate for domestic is 50% of water rate.
In Rawalpindi, sewerage tariff rate for Commercial is 50% of water rate but for commercial categories of “petrol pump with service station” and, “only service station” the monthly sewerage rate is Rs. 1500 & 1000 respectively.
In Rawalpindi, sewerage tariff rate for industrial category is 50% of water rate.
Multan In Multan, sewerage tariff rate for domestic, commercial and industrial category is Rs.21 up to 75 sq.yd , Rs. 34 for 75 to 125 sq.yd and Rs. 56 for 125 to 250 sq.yd
Faisalabad In Faisalabad, sewerage tariff rate for domestic category is Rs. 55.00 (Up to 60 sq.yd, Rs. 83.00 for 60 to 90 sq.yd and Rs. 97.00 for 90 to 125 sq.yd.
In Faisalabad, sewerage tariff rate for different commercial categories (per point having one Toilet/Wash Basin/Sink/Tap etc.) are; shops/stores is Rs. 121, for hotel/ restaurants Rs. 81.00, for Private Hospitals /Clinics/Laboratories Rs. 58.00 and for Private Education Deptts/Schools/ Colleges/Institutions Universities Rs. 290.
Peshawar In Peshawar, sewerage tariff rate for domestic, commercial and industrial category is Rs. 10 (Up to 75 sq.yd), Rs. 16 for 125 sq.yd & 175 sq.yd, Rs.25 for 250 sq.yd and Rs. 50 for 350 to 500 sq.yd.
Quetta In Quetta, sewerage tariff rate for domestic, commercial and industrial category is Rs. 8 (10% of water bill ) per Connection
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Existing policies
Since 2003, after the first South Asian Conference on Sanitation (SACOSAN) and Dhaka
declaration, water sanitation and hygiene has gained its importance in the development canvas
of Pakistan. Consequently, in 2006 Pakistan had developed its national sanitation policy.
National sanitation policy on one side recognizes the issues pertaining to sanitation and solid
waste, but also provides guidance to achieve the set targets towards improved sanitation
condition in the country. For instance, policy was cognizant to engage the community for
sanitation purpose and set community lead total sanitation approach as one of the objectives
of the policy. Similarly, aiming to develop waste management system in urban areas was also
mentioned as a strategy. The policy emphasizes the component sharing model to be adopted
in all the government schemes and also provides the framework of applying such model4. As a
follow up of the national sanitation policy, a Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) core group
representing donors, civil society and government departments working in the area was formed.
The mandate of the group was to formulate the Pakistan specific “total sanitation’ strategy. The
working of core group resulted in the form of PATS (Pakistan Approach to Total Sanitation). The
PATS emphasizes the approach of enhancing demand side approach through behavior change
and social mobilization. PATS also suggests five models to achieve total sanitation. i.e.
Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), School Led Total Sanitation (SLTS), Sanitation Marketing,
Component Sharing and Disaster Response Approach. Through Component sharing model, the
PATS approach specifically emphasizes the inclusion of community in sanitation development
and suggests that the internal components of the sanitation which includes constructing
sanitary latrine, household connection and lane sewer should be owned and maintained by the
community where as external components which include construction of main sewer and
treatment work shall be the responsibility of external agencies including government and
NGOs5. In 2014, government of Sindh introduced the draft of Sindh sanitation policy, which
reiterates the guidelines of national policy and recommends the Gradual community cost-
sharing and introduction of economic pricing for Services. The draft also emphasizes the
component sharing model for all the development projects6.
4 Government of Pakistan, National Sanitation policy, 2006 5 Government of Pakistan, Pakistan Approach to Total Sanitation, 2009 6 Government of Sindh, Draft Sindh Sanitation policy, 2014
11
In the same year, National drinking water policy was also introduced. The policy aims to improve
the life of the people and provides specific guidelines for increasing access to safe drinking
water, protection and conservation of surface and groundwater resources, water treatment and
safety, appropriate technologies and standardization, community participation, public
awareness, capacity development, public-private partnership, research and development,
emergency preparedness and response and coordinated planning and implementation 7. In
December 2015, government of Pakistan indicated to introduce national water policy to
rationalize water tariff and mechanism8.
Management of municipal services in Sindh The management of municipal services in Sindh had a roller coaster ride with periodic transfer
of management power from provincial to local government. Although the constitution of
Pakistan provides exclusive jurisdiction to local government with respect to water supply,
drainage and sanitation, the 1979 provincial ordinances of local government paved the path to
structure and implement local government. Till 1990s, apart from Karachi where municipal
services come under the purview of Karachi Metropolitan Corporation, municipal services in
secondary cities had no formal mechanism to coordinate efforts of several government
departments and agencies active in these secondary cities. The fragmentation of development
responsibilities between the municipal Committees and Provincial Government Departments,
coupling with the separation of the maintenance function at municipal level was a major
concern on development progress of such town9.
Not until 2001 when provincial governments promulgated local government ordinance, an
integrated local government system was established. The broad framework of devolution, as
outlined in the 2001 ordinance gives Taluka Municipal Administration (TMA) responsibility to
provide a range of municipal services and the provincial government to monitor the TMAs in
the provision of services. Implicitly, there is an expectation that better performing TMAs will
receive greater incentives. It was a drastic transformation, both for the TMAs which had to
immediately acquire the technical and management expertise needed to deliver services, and
for the provincial government to change its outlook from provision to monitoring and oversight.
However, due to failure of TMAs to upgrade themselves from day to day matters to more
strategic and spatial planning, embedded in lack of capacities and over reliance on provincial
7 Government of Pakistan, National Drinking policy, 2009 8 Daily Dawn, http://www.dawn.com/news/1224730 accessed on 15-Jan-2016 9 World Bank, Sindh Urban sector memorandum 1984.
12
funds, local government ordinance of 2001 was abolished in 2014 and again the 1979 act was
enacted with commissionerate system through 2013 Sindh local government act. Through new
local government, the responsibility of municipality services came again under provincial
purview. Presently, wastewater in Cities of Karachi and Hyderabad, and some secondary cities
in North Sindh, is collected by KMC, HMC & NSUSC, respectively. In other secondary cities, the
responsibility of wastewater management rests with local governments / administration.
Whereas, for the solid waste management recently a province wide solid waste management
board has been established with the authority to look after every aspect of solid waste
management.
13
Chapter 3 3.1 Methodological Approach This study implemented a questionnaire survey using the “Contingent Valuation Method”
(CVM)10. It aimed at estimating appropriate tariff levels to ensure the sustainability of the
services of water, sanitation and solid waste management in the city of Jacobabad. This study
used the CVM for estimating Willingness to Pay (WTP) of Jacobabad residents for upgrading
municipal services. The results of the study would enable appropriate service pricing options to
be suggested regarding the estimated WTP for water and sanitation services.
In this study, a primary tool to assess WTP was a household survey, however overall a mixed
method approach was used by combining both quantitative and qualitative mode of enquiry. A
brief description of the methods applied during the detailed investigation is given below:
Desk Review Desk review involved a detailed study of documents relevant to the project. In the literature
review project MoU, program brief, presentation, local, national, regional studies and survey
reports related to Willingness to pay for WASH services were referred.
Household Survey
A survey questionnaire was developed and administered at community level. Through the
household survey, WASH practices and capacity and willingness to pay for WASH services were
assessed at community level. The tool had standardized questions with proper coding and data
entry friendly format. The respondent of the survey were the head of the household. However,
in case of non-availability or inability of the head to answer the questions, the second eldest
members were asked to answer the questions. All the relevant data sources were used to gain
the required data.
10 See literature review section for description on CVM
14
Focus Group Discussions The Focus Group Discussion (FGD) enables the evaluators to have a closer look at the knowledge,
attitudes, practices and motivations of people. Combined with other tools, FGD can give a
wealth of information about the issue under investigation. It was used to explore the meanings
of survey findings that could not be explained statistically and to gain in-depth understanding
of the findings of the survey. For the study, FGDs having 6-8 participants were conducted for
male and female separately from community members in each of the 8 targeted UCs.
Key Informants Interviews Key informant interviews were taken from different
stakeholders. These interviews were conducted in one
to one setting from program partners, community
representatives, traders, vendors and suppliers, and
government officials at both district and provincial
level. Table 2 presents the respondents of the
interviews carried out during the study.
Market Survey A market survey was conducted at both wholesale and
retail market level in order to identify available WASH materials, products, their purchase price
in the target district and the services for WASH, such as scrap dealer, septic tank cleaner.
Acquired information of the WASH products was compared with standardized WASH product
to discern the current state of product availability. Altogether data from 50 market vendors
including sanitary shops, chemical dealers, and general stores was collected. The detail is
mentioned in market survey section.
Picture and Video Testimonials During the fieldwork, a good quality digital camera was used to take pictures and, wherever
necessary, small video clips were recorded to highlight the different aspects of the situation.
Most relevant pictures are included in the research report, and others would be submitted to
UN-Habitat for any future use.
Table 2: List of key informant interviews’ respondents
Respondents Deputy Commissioner Jacobabad UN-Habitat Jacobabad office Representative of HANDS Jacobabad Chief Municipal Officer Jacobabad city Representative of MSDP Representative of Techno consultant Representative of WaterAid Secretary, Jacobabad Citizen Alliance Managing Director NSUSC Chief economist, GoS Chief PP&H, Gos Secretary Local government, GoS
15
Hiring and Training of Survey Teams The team of consultants was primarily responsible for managing and monitoring the household
survey. But in order to collect the data, local experienced field investigators were hired. Total
fourteen (14) personnel with past experience of conducting surveys specifically for WASH were
hired.
It was deliberately planned to hire
local data collectors so that they not
only know the city in general but also
had conducted household survey in
the vicinity. This makes them more
pervious to city environment and culture. Table 3 depicts the number of people employed for
each task.
Two day training was conducted with the field staff to ensure that they carry out their duties in
accordance with the survey plan. The first day of training was focused upon the tools orientation,
data collection protocols and mock exercise by using digital devices in the training hall. While,
on second day teams were divided in group and sent to nearby locality for piloting of the tools.
After the piloting, a detailed session was done with the data collectors to seek their
understanding of questions and its manifestation in data collected.
3.2 Sample The survey was conducted in eight urban
UCs of Jacobabad city. The sampling size
was generated by using standard sampling
formula with 95% confidence level and 5%
margin of error, and 50% response rate11
was considered.
Table 4 presents that with an estimated
population of 274,000 in approximately
39,000 households (estimating 6 persons
per household) survey of 414 households
were conducted.
11 Since there is a scarcity of willingness to pay surveys in Pakistan it is difficult to determine response rate. Hence for maximum sample size general rule of 50% or 0.5 probability was used.
Table 3: Number of personnel hired Task Number of Personnel Household survey 10 Marketing survey 3 Focus Group Discussions 1+core members Key informant interviews core members
Table 4: Sample size calculation District Jacobabad Estimated population 274,000 Number of household (6 person /HH) 39,214 Sample Households 414.
Table 5: Sampled households per Union Council
Union Council Frequency Dastgeer 52 Family Line 52 Jaffarabad 51 Lashari Muhalla 51 Mochi Basti 52 Phool Bagh 52 Shah Gazi Muhalla 52 Soomra Muhalla 52 Total 414
16
A systematic random sampling method to approach the households was used, in which every
100th household was interviewed in the designated locality. Table 5 presents the UC wise
distribution of household surveyed.
3.3 Data Collection Data was collected through mobile data collection devices 12. An open source mobile data
collection application “kobo collect” was used to develop digital version of tool and to collect
the data. The survey form was translated in Sindhi language and transferred into digital devices.
Household survey data collection
Total five teams were formed for household survey with each team comprising one male and
one female member. However, every member of the team collected the data with the average
rate of six (6) forms per day. Reason for moving in teams was to ensure that in households
where respondents were female, the female team member collects the data.
Market survey
For the market survey, exact number of shops/outlets with WASH products was unknown.
However, since the products are not general household items and usually available in some
specialized hardware and sanitary shops, it has been assumed that the shops would not be in
large number. The marketing team worked exclusively for the market survey and spent a whole
day to recce the market for potential number of shop and based on their assessment, number
of market survey form were determined. Details are mentioned in marketing survey section.
3.4 Data Consolidation and Analysis Since the household data was collected through digital devices, the data entry phase was not
required. However the data consolidation, data consistency and data cleansing was carried out
to eradicate any discrepancies and missing information / observations. Later, the data was
transformed into SPSS datasets for tabulation and analysis purposes. For qualitative data,
theme matrix were developed to consolidate the data.
12 Data collection devices are standard android based tablets (Dany T220) with the features of standalone GPS, 5MP camera, Dual core, 1 GB Ram, WiFi and GPRS.
17
Chapter 4 4.1 Findings & Discussions of the Study:
Findings of the study are organized in eight distinct themes. The first theme presents the
demographic outlook of communities in the targeted areas. The next three themes present the
willingness of communities to pay with respect to water, sanitation and solid waste
management. The fifth theme will focus upon the communication pattern of communities vis-
à-vis WASH messages. The last three themes will focus upon the analysis of market of wash
related products.
Theme 01. Demographic Profile of Communities Before discussing communities’ WASH practices and willingness to pay, a demographic profile
reflecting socio-economic insights about the communities is discussed. Later, when examining
each of the willingness to pay themes these demographics were disaggregated for particular
WASH indicator to discern relationship of willingness to pay with the socio-economic level of
the communities.
1.1.1. Types of Houses
Data suggests that 71% population of the
communities is living in pakka or cemented
houses followed by 28% in semi-pakka houses.
Only 1% lives in thatched or mud based
houses. This shows the semi-urban outlook of
the city with the tendency of people to live in
small sizes bricked houses. The quality of
housing structure in terms of material are
important determinants of poverty and
reflects household consumption expenditure.
Moreover, housing congestion, represented
by households with more than 3 persons per
room (average 3.8 person per room), reflects
the stress of living in small houses. Such trend
is not different from other small cities, since
Table 6: Types of Houses and their size (N=414)
Type of house Count (%age) Kacha/thatched 4 (1.0)
Pakka/cement 294 (71.0)
Semi-pakka 116 (28.0)
Type of House No of rooms Count (%age) Kacha thatched 02 rooms 2 (0.5)
04 rooms 2 (0.5) Pakka cement 01 room 23 (5.6)
02 rooms 108 (26.1) 03 rooms 83 (20) 04 rooms 46 (11.1) more than 4 34 (8.2)
Semi pakka 01 room 14 (3.4) 02 rooms 63 (15.2) 03 rooms 25 (6) 04 rooms 10 (2.4) more than 4 4 (1)
18
the data from other urban centers in the same region for e.g. PSLM data for urban centers of
Kashmore and (73%) and Shikarpur (71%)13 shows the same roof structure14.
1.1.2. Availability of electricity Almost 100% of the household had electricity at their home, with 412 (99.5%) mentioned
electricity is available at their household. Those two who mentioned that they don’t have
electricity were due to the fact that their houses was located at the end of the town and had no
electricity provision.
1.1.1. HH members in the family Average household members in Jacobabad
city is 9.4 (S.D =±5.0), with most of the
members being female. The average
household members in Jacobabad city is
relatively higher which is also verified from
the baseline study conducted for the
project. The baseline study depicts 9.8
person per household which is deviated
from current findings with only (.04)
variance.
1.1.2. Average monthly income of HH Average monthly household income of targeted population is ~24,500 rupees only. However,
the standard deviation depicts a wide
13 Pakistan Social Living Measurement Survey 2012-13. 14 Although the PSLM data for urban parts of district shows little less percent but it’s not surprising since the PSLM data covers other small towns within the district instead of main city.
Table 7: Percent of household members according to age and gender
(N=414) Members Count (%)
Boys under 5 35 (0.8) Boys 5 to 17 years 1116 (28.5) Girls Under 5 620 (15.8) Girls 5 to 17 years 1206 (30.8) Male 18 and above 368 (9.4) Female 18 and above 567(14.5) Person with disability 380 (9.7) Total 3912
Table 8: Percentage distribution of income interval
Income interval %age Cumulative 1 to 5000 1.6 1.6 5001 to 10000 15.4 17.0 10001 to 15000 22.3 39.3 15001 to 20000 20.4 59.7 20001 to 25000 12.7 72.4 25001 to 30000 10.9 83.3 30001 to 35000 3.7 87.0 35001 to 40000 4.0 91.0 40001 to 45000 2.1 93.1 45001 to 50000 4.2 97.3 50000 or Above 2.7 100.0 Average income 24500 (SD 34889) Average per capita income 2869
Less than 6001 93%6001-9000 4%
9001-12000 1%
More than 12000 2%
Figure 5: Per capita income interval of sampled population
19
variation in data. The cumulative percent depicts that more than 70% of sampled population
have income under Rs. 25001. However since the average size of household is almost 10,
therefore, the per capita income of almost 93% of population is less than 6000 rupees, which is
less than 2$ standard of poverty line. Hence, majority of them are living below poverty line.
Source of income varies in the household as some (37%) have either government or private job, 41% have their own work like small business, petty trade or handicraft sale and 16% are involved in agriculture based labor. Comparing it with baseline data depicts that there are some variations in categories which are comparable. For e.g. pension allowance is mentioned by 1.7% in current study whereas 1.94% was depicted in baseline. The variance between the two is only 0.014.
1.1.3. Overall Expenses of HH Data was collected for the expenses household incurred last month. Though, the data may not
depict the actual expenditure, it may be indicative to
average expenses. The average amount of household
expenses in the last month was PKR.21,250 which
apparently shows that the respondents are generally
saving 17% of their income since average income as
mentioned earlier was PKR.24,500 however, on closer
scrutiny it is revealed that the expenses of around 33%
of the respondents spent more than their earning and
goes in to negative. The large part of respondents’
Table 9: Average monthly expenses of households N=414
Expenditure on Average monthly
Expense (PKR) Food 11,598
Health 2,920
Education 2,146
Utilities 1,725
Conveyance 1,195
Tobacco 1,001
Mobile Phone 722
0
5
10
15
20
25 22.4 21.4
14.612 11.8
7.84.1 2.4 1.7 1.5 0.2 0.2
Source of income (Percent)
Figure 6: Source of income (N=414)
20
income is spent for the food purpose, followed by health, education and utilities. On average,
households spend around 1700 rupees on utilities including electricity and gas, which is around
6-7 percent of their income. Some considerable amount around 10-12 percent of their income
is spent on health related expenditures.
1.1.4. Health Most of the households mentioned cough and fever (61%) as a most recurring disease in a past
year followed by malaria (37.4%) and diarrhea (14.5%). Some 8% of the respondents also
mentioned miscellaneous disease
like diabetics, blood pressure, heart
disease etc. It’s important to note
that the responses may be
influenced by respondents’ recent
experiences.
Therefore, high rate of cough/fever may have been the result of the fact that the data was collected in winter; if the same exercise had been done in summer, diarrhea would have been mentioned by more respondents. Comparing with baseline, the comparable figures of different diseases vary. For instance, malaria is mentioned as 37.4% where as in baseline it was 24%. Hence self-reporting incidence of malaria from two studies can be averaged to 30.7. Spending of household on these diseases shows varying pattern. For example, people spent minimum Rs. 100 and maximum Rs. 18000 for the treatment of diarrhea. On Average, spending on diarrhea is around Rs. 1939. More or less similar pattern is visible for other diseases where average spending is between Rs. 2000 to Rs. 3500 with the range of minimum=Rs. 100 and maximum =Rs. 20000.
Table 10: Spending on diseases in last month Disease
Avg. spending last month in Rs.
Min Max
Diarrhea 1939 100 18000 Typhoid 1505 100 21000 Skin disease 3118 100 20000 Malaria 2009 100 18000 Dysentery 3438 50 20000 Eye infection 3106 100 20000 Other 7665 100 100000
Table 11: Comparison of self-reporting disease incidence between baseline and current study
Disease Study Baseline Average Malaria 37.4% 24% 30.7
Diarrhea 14.5 21.7 18.1
Figure 7: Percentage distribution of household members suffer from disease in
21
Theme 02. Willingness to pay for Drinking Water Use of water usually characterized for drinking purposes and domestic usage. Considering this,
separate information were sought from the respondents for both drinking and domestic
purposes.
1.1.5. Existing Source of Water for drinking purposes Majority (82%) of respondents mentioned donkey cart vendors as primary source of drinking
water, followed by borehole with hand pump (12%). The use of piped water is negligible in
communities since less than 1%
mentioned it as a primary
source. Comparing with the
baseline, data depicts a little
variation. The baseline data
suggests 71% uses Donkey cart
vendors which is 10% different
from this data. Variation of data
may be attributed to sample size or the timings when data was collected. These findings were
also substantiated with the qualitative data, for e.g. one of the respondents during FGD
mentioned,
“Almost all of the people in our neighborhood purchase water from donkey carts, and
those who do not buy it from these carts, due to one reason or the other, also fetch their
water from same place where these carts fill their jerry cans for sale” (U7-FGD-Male).
Donkey cart vendors are the largest service
provider but 52% of the users who use water
through donkey cart were not satisfied with the
services. Out of the 52% unsatisfied respondents
79% mentioned bad water quality, 18%
expensiveness and 25% mentioned inadequate
quantity as reasons of their dissatisfaction. The cause of using water from donkey cart is out
of necessity as evident from the following quote;
“…We have seen the water tanks from where these donkey carts fill their water cans for
door delivery, we also know that the cans being used to deliver water are actually chemical
containers and not good for our health, but we have no other option” (FGD-Male-UC 1)
Table 12: Main source of water for drinking purpose and level of satisfaction (N=414)
Main source of water for drinking %age
Level of Dissatisfaction in %
Donkey cart vendors 342 (82%) 171 (52.2%) Borehole with hand pump 50 (12%) 10 (20.0%) bottled water from market 5 (1.2%) 0.0% Piped water 0.7% 66.3% Tube well 0.5% 50.0% Filter plant 0.2% 0.0%
Table 13: Reasons of dissatisfaction of donkey cart water users
Reason Percent Water quality not good 79.1 Quantity is not sufficient 25.4 Expensive 18.1 Reliability Timing distance 6.8
22
The communities pay 1000 rupees on average per month for drinking water services. For
donkey cart services, minimum amount mentioned was rupees 200 and maximum was
up to rupees 3000 per month. The spending of household on water primarily depends
upon the number of household members and their income level.
Table 14: Average cost of water services use for drinking purposes and its affordability.
Source Mean Minimum Maximum % Affordable
Borehole with hand pump 95 0 900 92 Bottled water from market 1560 800 3000 20 Donkey cart vendors 996 200 3000 24.6 Piped water 150 0 300 -
Only one-fourth of the respondents who uses donkey cart services mentioned it as affordable.
Those who are using borehole in general have found it affordable.
1.1.6. Preferred water source for drinking purpose Respondents were asked about the preferred water source for drinking purpose and what
would be the reason for their preference.
Table 15: Preference of Water source and its reason N=414 Source of water prefer Percent Reason to prefer this water source Percent Piped water at home 297 (71.7%) Quality would be good 55.1% Communal Water filter 72 (17.4%) Price would be less 53.6% Communal piped 37 (8.9%) Available all time 53.1% Water through donkey cart 7 (1.7%) Access would be easier 27.1%
Bottled water .2%
Some (72%) of the respondents mentioned piped water as a preferred water source provided
that the price would be less and quality is good. One female commented on her preference as:
“If piped water supply provided for 24 hours and quality is good then our major issue
will be resolved. (UC-Dastagir-Female)”
However, at the same time they also showed their distrust towards the system since they had
witnessed various water schemes failed in the city in last few decades. One of the respondent
mentioned it in these words:
“I have doubt that these water schemes will be a success, we have 5-6 previous pipelines
already laid in the town, but they are of no use, since water had never come through those
pipes” (FGD-UC Phoolbagh-Male)
23
1.1.6.1. Willingness to pay (Preferred Tariff) In order to seek opinion of households towards their willingness to pay for water services,
data was collected by providing them four scenarios.
Scenario One
Where the household have piped connection and they would have given opportunity for
improved pipe water services at household level then how much they would be willing to pay.
It’s important to distinguish here that the households do have water connection (10% have
piped water connection) but it’s not used as primary source for drinking purposes due to bad
quality, e.g. one of the respondent during FGD mentioned:
The quality of line water which was installed during Mian Muhammad Soomro’s
tenure has deteriorated over the period [and now drain water is mixed in pipelines].
We have to pump [out] gutter water from supply line for more than an hour and half
to get rid of contaminated water, and that too is not regular and is supplied after 3 to
4 days. (FGD-M-UC5)
Hence, among those who have piped water connection, 10% were with the opinion that they
are not willing to pay any money for improved water services. 13% were willing to pay
between 25-300 rupees and 21% willing to pay between 400-600 rupees. 36% of respondents
were willing to pay more than 1000 rupees for improved services.
Scenario Two Where the household does not have piped connection and they were given opportunity for
safe and reliable piped drinking water connection then majority of the respondents were
willing to pay for such services. 30% or respondents were willing to pay between 25-300
rupees, 27% willing to pay 400-600 and some 19% were willing to more than 1000 rupees for
such services. 19% of respondents were those who were not willing to pay any amount for
such services.
Table 17: Willingness to pay for safe, reliable, piped drinking water connection N=375 0 25-300 400-600 700-900 1000-1400 1600-2000 2200-3000 For safe reliable piped drinking water connection 21% 26% 28% 5% 12% 3% 4% Cumulative percent 21% 47% 75% 81% 93% 96% 100%
Table 16: Willingness to pay for improved piped water services N=39 0 25-300 400-600 700-900 1000-1400 1600-2000 2200-3000 For improved piped water services 10 % 13% 21% 10% 36% 7% 2% Cumulative percent 10% 23% 44% 54% 90% 98% 100%
24
Scenario Three
Where the household does not have piped connection and they would have been given
opportunity for and installation and maintenance of metered piped connection then majority
of them are not willing to pay since 56% of respondents are not willing to pay any money for
such services. 21% are willing to pay between 25-300 rupees followed by 12% (400-600) and
9% for more than 1000 rupees.
Table 18: Willingness to pay for installation and maintenance of metered piped water 0 25-300 400-600 700-900 1000-1400 1600-2000 2200-3000 For Installation and maintenance of Metered piped water 56% 21% 12% 2% 5% 1% 3% Cumulative percent 56% 77% 89% 91% 96% 97% 100%
Scenario 4
Where household would have been given opportunity for communal water filter plant then
majority of them are not willing to pay since 67% are not willing to pay any money for such
services. Most to most, 16% of respondents mentioned to pay between 25-300 rupees only.
Table 19: Willingness to pay for installation and maintenance of water filter plant 0 25-300 400-600 700-900 1000-1400 1600-2000 2200-3000 For deployment and maintenance of Communal Water Filter Plant 67% 16% 7% 2% 4% 0% 3%
Cumulative percent 67% 83% 90% 92% 96% 97% 100%
When the respondents were asked if they would pay charges for electricity, in case water
source consumes power, then again 60% are not willing to pay any money. 20% are willing to
pay 100 rupees followed by 12% up to 300 and 8% up to 600 rupees.
Table 20: Willingness to pay for electricity used for water source consumption 0 25-300 400-600 700-900 1000-1400 1600-2000 2200-3000 If water source consumes electricity willingness to pay bill on monthly-basis 60% 32% 8% 0% 0% 0% 0% Cumulative percent 60% 92% 100%
25
1.1.7. Existing Water source for domestic purpose: Around 81% of the respondents mentioned that their water source is different for drinking
purposes and domestic purposes. Nevertheless, 85.6% mentioned that for domestic purpose
they use hand pump followed by 11.1% piped water, 3% also mentioned donkey cart as their
primary source for domestic purposes.
Most of the respondents are not satisfied with the water supply services for domestic
purposes as more than 65% expressed their dissatisfaction, mostly reasoned to bad water
quality (87%), and followed by cost (7%).
Table 22: Reason for dissatisfaction (N=334)
Reason Percent Water quality not good 87.60% Expensive 6.80% Quantity is not sufficient 5.20% Reliability time distance 0.40%
1.1.7.1. How much Communities pay for existing Water Sources For domestic purposes most of the respondents do not pay any amount, since in most of the
cases the hand pump is used and once installed there is no recurring cost. For the same reason,
the mean cost for borehole is rupees 76 only, which is used for maintenance purposes.
Table 23: Amount paid for existing water sources for drinking Source Mean Minimum Maximum Affordable %
Borehole with hand pump 76 0 1200 89.5%
Donkey cart vendors 750 0 3000 Data is negligible due to small number of responses.
Other 124 0 1000
Piped water 129 0 400
Table 21: Main source of water for domestic use and level of dissatisfaction
Water source Percent Level of dissatisfaction in % Borehole with hand pump 85.6% 64.7% Donkey cart vendors 3.0% 30.0%
Piped water 10.3% 90.5%
26
1.1.8. Willingness to Pay Water for domestic purpose: 75% of the respondents mentioned piped water as a preferred source of water, follows by
filter plant (16%).
The respondents conditioned the preferred sources with the assumption that It will provide
better quality of water (31%), it will be available all the time (28%) and it will be economical.
1.1.8.1. Willingness to pay for domestic purpose (Preferred Tariff) Like drinking water services, responses were sought from households’ willingness to pay for
domestic water use services.
For scenario one, which is, if the household has piped water connection and not satisfied with
water connection then what amount they would be willing to pay for improved reliable, safe,
24 hours supply of water. Majority of them 55% are not willing to pay any money. Only 11%
are willing to pay between 50-300 rupees followed by 14% between 400-600 rupees. 15% are
those who are willing to pay for more than 1000 rupees.
Table 25: Willingness to pay for improving piped water connection 0 50-300 400-600 700-900 1000-1400 1600-2000 2200-3000
If not satisfied with piped water connection WTP to
improve it 55% 11% 14% 5% 12% 1% 2% Cumulative percent 55% 66% 80% 85% 97% 98% 100%
In the second scenario where households do not have piped water connection then what they
would be willing to pay for reliable piped connection, varied responses were observed. 26%
respondents are willing to 50-300 rupees, 28% b/w 400-600 and 16% are willing to pay for
Table 24: Percentage of preferred water source for domestic purpose and their reasons
Preference for sources of water Percent Bottled water 0.3% Communal piped 5.4% Piped water at home 77.5% Water filter plant 15.9% Water through donkey cart 0.9% Reason for preferred water source Percent Because the access would be easier 13.7% Because the price would be less 25.9% Because the quality of water would be better 30.6% Because the water would be available 28.1% Other 1.7%
27
more than 1000 rupees. 25% respondents are not willing to pay any money for the piped
water connection.
Table 26: Willingness to pay for improved, reliable, piped connection 0 50-300 400-600 700-900 1000-1400 1600-2000 2200-3000
If do not have piped water WTP for reliable piped connection 24.60% 25.70% 28.30% 5.30% 11.40% 1.90% 2.80% Cumulative percent 25% 50% 79% 84% 95% 97% 100%
In third scenario questions, where if household is not satisfied with existing water source then
what they are willing to pay for metered pipe connection, majority (57%) of them are not
ready to pay any money for such connection. 18% are willing to pay between 50-300 rupees,
13% b/w 400-600 rupees, and only 6% are willing to pay more 1000 or more rupees.
Table 27: Willingness to pay for improving metered pipe 0 50-300 400-600 700-900 1000-1400 1600-2000 2200-3000
If not satisfied with existing water source WTP for Metered pipe 57.00% 18.90% 13.20% 2.40% 4.80% 1.20% 0.024 Cumulative percent 57% 76% 89% 92% 96% 98% 100%
Theme 03. Willingness to pay for Sanitation: This section discusses the sanitation practices of household and their willingness to pay for
sanitation purposes.
1.1.9. Defecation Practices In most of the households, proper latrine in the form of Pit and Flush latrine are available.
Open defecation practices are virtually non-existent. “We construct toilets for cleaning and
everyone has toilet here.” (FGD-UC Mochi Basti. male).
The defecation practices are not different for male and female and both uses same facility
within the household.
Table 28: Defecation place at home Available place for
defecation Combine Male Female
Open defecation 0.5% 1.2 0.8 Latrine at home 99.5% 98.8 99.2
28
For defecation practices in the market, male have more choices than females.
Although Communal toilets are mentioned by both male (30%) and female (27%), in most
(49%) of the cases female use toilet after coming back from the market. For male, toilet in
mosques is the most (42%) used choice in the market place.
1.1.10. Willingness to pay for construction of latrine For the sanitation purpose, three scenarios provided to the households was to seek their
willingness to pay for construction of latrine at home and market place.
In Scenario one, where respondents were asked for their willingness to pay for the
improvement of already constructed latrine, again majority (83%) is willing to pay 1000-3000
rupees only.
Table 30: Willingness to pay for improving existing latrine <1000 1000-3000 4000-6000 8000-12000
How much your WTP to improve your existing latrine
0% 82% 11% 7%
Cumulative percent 0% 82% 93% 100%
In second scenario willingness of respondents were asked to contribute for communal toilet
and Hand Washing Facility (HWF). Majority (87%) of respondent are not willing to pay more
than rupees 500 for the communal cause.
Table 31: Willingness to pay for communal toilet and HWF 100-500 600-1000 1500-3000 4000-8000 10000 and above
If you have been asked to contribute for communal toilet and HWF
87% 10% 3% 0% 0%
Cumulative percent 87% 97% 100% 1.1.11. Liquid Waste Management Another component of sanitation is the liquid waste management, that is how the liquid
waste is managed from household to secondary sewerage line and then to primary sewerage
line. The conditions and design of sewerage line is not good, faults like uneven drainage and
Table 29: Defecation place at market Place for defecation Male defecation in markets Female defecation in markets
Communal toilets 30.0% 27.1% Coming back to home 8.0% 48.6% Open defecation 14.7% 6.8% Toilets in mosque 41.5% 3.4% Do not respond 5.7% 14.2%
29
construction of drainage line without considering the slope level causes issues of line
blockage, back pressure and overflowing.
The Chief Municipal Officer of the city shared the same issue in these words
“The slope level of the Sewerage system is not proper according to findings of the
survey which we have carried out……it is causing problems of overflowing and
blockage.” (CMO-JCB)
Most (61%) of the households link with open drainage line network for waste water
management, where as in 29% cases covered drainage line connected to municipal sewerage is
used. Only in few (6%) cases septic tank or pit hole is used. Almost 50% of the household
respondents, with open drainage line, are not satisfied with the services, since open drainage is
susceptible to cause disease and difficulty in maintenance. Usually respondents with covered
drainage line are more satisfied 58% than the open drainage line, those who are dissatisfied
with the drainage line is due to difficulty in keeping it clean and maintained. Reflecting on this
one community member also share the responsibility in these words, “Drainage system
is damages but it’s also our fault everyone do not clean its drainage. We pay sweepers
by ourselves to clean lines.” (FGD UC Mochi Basti male)
Table 32: Waste water system and Reasons of dissatisfaction Waste water system % Satisfaction
level Reasons of Dissatisfaction %
open drainage line network 61.8% 52.0% Cause disease 45.8 covered drainage line 29.2% 57.9% Septic tank or Pits filled after some time 16.0 septic tank 4.3% 22.2% Open drainage network block easily 12.6 pit hole 2.4% 0% Difficult to clean 10.3 open in field or street 1.9% 12.5% Difficult to maintain 7.7 Need repair 7.4 Currently most (79%) of the respondents are not paying any money to manage the sewerage
water. Around 14% pay rupees 50-100 for the management of sewerage water. Similarly 70%
of the respondents do not think that they can pay for the connection of latrine to the
sewerage line. Some 21% of the household could pay from 50 to 500 for the connection and
only 10% can pay more than 500 rupees.
Table 33: Amount currently paying to manage sewerage water 0 50-100 200-300 400-500 More than 500 Already paying to manage sewerage water 78.70% 13.70% 5.10% 1.70% 0.70% How much can pay for the connection of latrine with sewerage 69.10% 6.50% 8.90% 5.80% 9.60%
30
1.1.12. Willingness to Pay For willingness to pay two scenarios were provided, in scenario 1 if the household already
have drainage line then how much they are willing to pay for the rehabilitation, cleaning and
maintenance. Majority 61% of the respondents are not willing to pay any money for the
rehabilitation and maintenance. Some 15% are willing to pay from 50-100 and 21% are willing
to pay from 200-500 rupees on monthly basis.
Table 34: Willingness to pay for rehabilitation of existing drainage line network 0 50-100 200-300 400-500 More than 500
If have existing drainage line network WTP to rehabilitate 61.8% 14.5% 14.0% 6.8% 2.9% Cumulative percent 61.8% 76.3% 90.3% 97.1% 100%
In scenario two, if the households don’t have drainage line network how much they are willing
to pay for improved drainage line and maintenance, again majority 65% are not willing to pay
any money. 16% are willing to pay between 50-100 and 16% between 200-500 rupees only.
Table 35: Willingness to pay for improved drainage line and maintenance 0 50-100 200-300 400-500 More than 500
If do not have existing drainage line network WTP for improved drainage line and maintenance 64.7% 15.7% 10.6% 5.3% 3.4% Cumulative percent 65% 80% 91% 96% 100%
Theme 04. Willingness to pay for Solid Waste Management: Solid waste management practices of households are mostly on self-help basis, since majority
(95%) of the households dispose their solid waste by themselves either near to the house or
far from the house. Only in very few cases, municipal collection bin are available to dispose
the solid waste.
Those who dispose their solid waste far from house seem content with current situation, since
65% of them show their satisfaction towards the current arrangement. This indicates the
indifference towards communal cleanliness. It is also visible through the comments of one of
government respondent,
“We have installed buckets at different places, but still you will notice that the trash is
thrown outside the buckets, the citizens have to respond to the installations. NGOs can
make people aware of this matter”. (JCB- CMO)
31
Those who throw their waste close to house show
more discontent with the arrangement as 66% of
them are not satisfied. Satisfaction towards the
municipal services is negligible. Main reasons of
dissatisfaction are improper service (54%), lack of
cleanliness (21%) and improper disposal of waste
(20%). Some comments from community are;
“We have no proper places or Garbage Bins to dump solid waste”. (FGD-UC-Phoolbagh-Male)
“There is lot of smell because of Solid Waste everywhere and animals’ dead bodies and
people become sick. (FGD-UC-Shah ghazi mahallah-Female)
Most (72%) of the respondents do not pay anything to clean their neighborhood. Only few
(10%) pay 50 rupees and 7% pay 100 rupees, usually when the streets are cluttered then
people use to call sweeper and pay them for
cleaning. None of the respondents mentioned
monthly payment for such services. This
practice is well aligned with their dump practices as most of them do it by themselves.
Another source of garbage collection is the scrap dealer15. 96% of the household mentioned
that they do utilize the services of scrap dealer.
15 The local term use for scrap dealer is ‘Kabari wala’
Table 36: Solid waste practice and level of dissatisfaction along with reasons for dissatisfaction
Solid waste
practice Level of
Dissatisfaction Reasons for
dissatisfaction Percent Far from house 48.7% 35.1% Improper service 53.9% Close to house 46.7% 66.2% No cleanliness in streets 21.2% Municipal collection bin 2.3% 94.8% Improper disposal 20.2% Burn solid waste 1.2% 100.0% Distance to dumping point 2.1% Municipal collectors from home 1.2% 89.9% No frequency of collection 1.8% Private collectors from home 0.0% Expensiveness .5%
Table 37: Amount currently paying for cleaning neighborhood
Already paying per month to clean neighbor Percent
0 71.5% 50 9.4%
100 7.0% 200 7.7%
More than 200 4.3%
Table 38: Scrap to garbage collectors No Yes
Scrap to Garbage collector 4.3% 95.7%
32
Most often the households earn rupees 50 (34%) to
rupees 100 (30%) from the garbage disposal to scrap
dealer. Some 17% also mentioned that they don’t earn
from scrap dealer only dispose their garbage to the scrap
dealer. Garbage and Waste from Market, Hospitals or
Hotels are also treated in a same manner, the secretary
of Jacobabad citizen Alliance commented on this issue in these words;
“In market people throw their waste in open plot or open area, sometimes municipal
committee collect waste from there. Scrap dealers also purchase waste from
markets…similarly Hospital waste is treated like normal waste, they put waste in the
garbage bins and municipal committee collects and throws along with normal waste.
There is no proper disposal mechanism for hospital waste. Scrap dealers also purchase
waste directly from hospitals. (Sec-JCA)
1.1.13. Willingness to pay: Two scenarios were given to households to show their willingness to pay towards solid waste
disposal. In the first scenario willingness to pay per month to improve cleaning of
neighborhood was asked. 61% of the households were not willing to pay any money for the
cleanliness of their neighborhood. Few (23%) mentioned up to 100 rupees and some (11%) up
to 200 rupees.
Table 40: Willingness to pay for improving cleaning of neighborhood 0 50 100 200 More than 200
Willingness to pay per month to improve cleaning of your neighborhood 61% 9% 14% 11% 5% Cumulative percent 61% 70% 84% 95% 100%
In scenario two, where willingness to pay per month was sought to have garbage bin near to
home and removed garbage once a week, 50% of respondent are not willing to pay any
money. Some 24% are willing to pay up to 100 rupees and few (11%) up to 200 rupees.
Table 41: Willingness to pay to have garbage bins near home 0 50 100 200 More than 200
Willingness to pay per month to have garbage bin near to home and removed garbage once a week 51% 15% 14% 11% 11% Cumulative percent 51% 66% 80% 91% 100%
Table 39: Amount of earning through sale of scrap garbage
Earn every month for sale of scrap garbage Percent
0 17.2% 50 34.3% 100.00 29.3% 200 12.9% More than 200 6.4%
33
Theme 05. Communication:
Preferences were sought from the respondents about the effective means for disseminating
information and communicating messages for safe and appropriate WASH practices. The use
of television ads, cable TV were rated highly effective means for the dissemination of
information. Pamphlets, banners, personal selling and radio ads all were rated low or poor
medium of communication by the respondents. SMS messaging had been rated equally for
highly effective (44%) medium and poor medium (47%) of communication. Those who can
read may have rated it more effective than those who can’t read the messages.
Table 42: Effectiveness of various mediums of communication for disseminating information
Effective for disseminating info Exceptional High Low Moderate Poor
Television ads 7.00% 51.70%16 7.20% 14.30% 19.80%
Radio ads 4.10% 8.50% 34.30% 14.00% 39.10%
Pamphlets 1.00% 10.60% 25.60% 14.00% 48.80%
Bannering 1.00% 12.80% 27.80% 12.10% 46.40%
Personal selling 4.10% 7.50% 30.40% 8.00% 50.00%
Cable 8.00% 59.90% 7.00% 7.70% 17.40%
SMS messages 8.00% 35.50% 14.00% 9.70% 32.90%
Theme 06. Sanitation & Hygiene Products:
Almost all of the households purchase sanitation and hygiene products from the shops in the
city, and usually they buy the products out of necessity (84%). Price and quality factors are
relatively low influence in buying products.
16 Figures in Red shows comparative higher percentages in the table.
Table 43: Location and factors influencing purchase of sanitation & hygiene products
Location Percent Factors influencing
purchasing Percent
From shop in the city 99.0% Price 9.2% From shop out of city 1.0% Quality 16.4%
Need 84.1%
34
42% of the respondents feel that the WASH products are costly, few (14%) opined that they
are not available and very few (5%) have reservations on the quality. Usually respondents are
satisfied (47%) with the WASH products.
Theme 07: Findings of Market Survey: Jacobabad city finds a very important place in the surrounding locality which for all sort of
their supplies, depends entirely upon the Markets of the city. The markets are in direct
communication with all the important markets of the country. The consumer goods are
supplied from here on demand, ordered to and from any other market of the country. Smiths,
workshops, hard-ware commodities and every other house-
hold items are available on stores of the city. Thousands of
people come to buy or sale at the markets or the
commercial centers every day.
During the initial recce of the market structure of the city, it
was found that the commercial area of the city which
includes sonarki bazaar, shahi bazaar, bano bazaar, tower
road and sabzi mandi hosts a variety of products ranging
from clothes, electronics, hardware, grocery, etc. The
Quaid-e-Azam road a central road links several markets in the city.
An extensive market survey was carried out to document the available services and products
related to WASH in Jacobabad city. Overall, the market outlook of Jacobabad seem promising,
with almost every related product available in the market. Although local manufacturers are
not available, which is understandable due to non-industrial outlook of Jacobabad city,
however, products from other nearby cities, especially Sukkur are easily transportable to the
city. Overall, 60 different shops and vendors were surveyed ranging from water supplier,
hardware stores, general stores, chemical store, hotel, plastic store etc. Table depicts the type
of shops and vendors visited.
Table 44: Satisfaction with available WASH products Feeling on WASH product Percent Satisfaction level Percent
Costly 40% Yes 46.6% Not available 14% No 38.6% Quality is not good 5% To some extent 14.7%
Table 45: Types of shops in the market
Type Number General stores 18 Hardware stores 14 Donkey carts 6 Jerry can sellers 3 Chemical 2 Plastic 2 Hotel 2 Water cooler 1 Surgical 1 Rickshaw 1 Distributor 1
35
Below is the brief description of WASH related products separate for water, sanitation and
hygiene.
1.1.14. Water related Products (Availability & Cost)
Water service, as discussed earlier, is primarily done through donkey carts. There are around
10 donkey cart points across the city from
where water is filled in jerry cans and then
distributed to households. At each point
water is filled by means of pipes attached to
the water tank and the tank is filled by
means of bore pump. The water points are
usually near canal or water stream and bore
pump usually draw water at shallow depth. On visiting some points, it was observed that the
water quality is more likely contaminated both biologically and chemically. However, there is a
need to run a laboratory test for each water point. Estimated number of donkey carts in the
city are 200 couple with few motorized cart by transforming rickshaw or ching chee. For each
trip, donkey carts pay 30 to 40 rupees to fill all the jerry cans which they, in turn, sell for 15-20
rupees per jerry can. Each donkey cart usually has 10-12 jerry cans. Hence, in one trip donkey
cart vendors earn around 100 to 120 rupees. Each day 3-4 trips are done by one donkey cart.
Apart from donkey cart, water is also transported through water tank, however, there are only
2-3 water tanks and they usually supply water to ice factory. Another source of water is
bottled water, sold through general stores and cold drink shops. Bottled water is widely used
in hotel and restaurants. Different brands of bottles are available in market like well-known
Aquafina, Nestle, and some local brands are also available.
For donkey carts, jerry can are also available in the local market. Usually shopkeepers buy
used jerry cans from Karachi, Sukkur market for the price of 250 rupees per piece and sell it to
rupees 275 to 300 rupees. For household use, water coolers of different sizes are also
available in the market.
The city market also provides range of tools that could be used for piping of water supply,
hand pumps, and large storage tanks.
Table 46: Market summary of donkey cart water supplier
Donkey cart points 10 Estimated number of donkey carts 200 Cost bear by donkey cart per trip Rs.30-40 Average number of Cans per cart 10-12 Cost of selling water per jerry can Rs.13-20 Volume of water per jerry can 30 Ltrs
36
1.1.15. Sanitation Related products (Availability & Cost) Jacobabad city hosts some good number of hardware stores and sanitary stores. Some 14
hardware stores were visited and data was collected for the time of material available in
market and their prices.
The hardware stores have all necessary equipment and
products used for water and sanitation purposes. List
of the products is extensive (See annexure for list and
prices) but some notable products available in market
are Valves, Handle, Fiber, Water Closet, P-Trap, PVC
pipe, Pre-cast pipe, Grave, Sand, Cement, Machine tap,
Handle, Solution, Teflon tape, plumbing tape, Water
motors etc. Hence availability of equipment and tools
is not an issue in the city. During the survey, a couple
of Masons were also contacted and asked about the cost of the latrine in the city. An
indicative budget of latrine in the city is as shown in Table 48.
1.1.16. Hygiene Related products (Availability & Cost) The hygiene related products are also available in various qualities and brands. For example,
in soap category, a variety of soap is available ranging from Safeguard, Lifebuoy, Lux, Dove,
Medicam, Diva, Faiza, etc. etc. Similarly, other stuff like nail cutter, Dettol, laundry soap,
detergent, are all available in general stores of the city. For the women sanitation products
like Trust, Butterfly, Veet cream etc. are also available easily. Prices of the products are not
different than other parts of the province/country since the standard prices mentioned in the
product tags were demanded by the shopkeepers. The most selling items are soap and
toothpaste.
Theme 08. Supply Chain Management: Shopkeepers and Vendors were also asked about the supply chain of the products they sell.
For water supply, different brands of bottled water are available in the market. The availability
of Nestle, Aquafina, Kinley and some local brands are available in general stores. These major
brands have their own distributors assigned in the city, and distribute bottles to the general
stores, hotels and restaurants. Some local brands available in the market are of Sukkur origin
and mostly come through truck bilty or small Suzuki.
17 The market survey reveals that the cost of latrine construction varies from Rs. 36000 to Rs. 47000.
Table 47: Indicative budget of construction of Latrine
Sand 3500 Iron bar 15000 Gravel 2500 Cement 6000 W/C 1000 P-Trap 300 Pipe 1200 Roof 500 Door 3000 Teeter 2500 Misc. fitting 1500 Labor charges 10000 Total: 4700017
37
The prices of the bottles are retail prices and are as same as any other city.
The Hardware products are in abundance and usually found in hardware and sanitary shops
located in central shahi bazar. Most of the shops outlook is like a wholesale shop and many of
them have direct link with the producers in Gujranwala, Hyderabad and Karachi. Mostly
electric motors are from Punjab origin where as other hardware and sanitary items are
brought from Hyderabad and Karachi. Usually the bilty system is used for the transportation of
these goods. Since the goods are generally available and shops are also available quite in
number, therefore the prices are pretty stable and competitive as any other city.
Like water, distributors for general hygiene items of good brands are available in the city.
Brands like Lux, Colgate, Tibet, Reckitt and Coleman have their distributors, and prices are set
as retail price by the companies. Some imported soaps smuggled through Iran are also
available and brought in the city from Sukkur city. Since Sukkur is in proximity to Quetta via
Kashmore, Loralai route, therefore, such products are usually come via Sukkur. However,
some items are also sent through whole sellers in Sukkur and Hyderabad.
The service of kabariwala is organized by means of three tiers. In the first tier the kabariwalas
wander street to street and buy garbage from households. These kabariwalas then sell their
garbage to garbage vendors (second tier), these vendors have a dumping place where they
put the garbage they bought from kabariwalas, these garbage vendors then sort out the
garbage and sell it in bulk to even larger vendors (third tier) in larger cities like Sukkur and
Hyderabad who, in turn, sell out the garbage to factories and other processing unit for
recycling or reuse purpose.
The services of cleaning septic tank is usually done by local sweepers or janitors. These
janitors who usually work for the local municipality also clean septic tank or open sewerage of
households. They are usually on call and whoever wants to hire their services calls them and
pays them one time amount (ranges from 200 rupees to 500 rupees) for cleaning septic tank.
Usually the garbage or waste they clear from the septic tank is dumped into secondary
sewerage line.
38
Chapter 5 5.1 Conclusion The Jacobabad city has witnessed series of failed municipal service projects, resulting in
communities moving towards the alternate sources. The water is one commodity which is
necessary for the survival of human life, and people would be ready to pay anything if it is
scarce. The case of Jacobabad shows that the people are obtaining low quality water in a
much higher cost just out of necessity and compulsion. Would they have a better choice, they
would not hesitate to avail it. This attitude is evident from their willingness to pay for the
water services. If the clean and safe water is reliably provided to the communities, then they
would definitely avail the service. Price would have a lesser issue in case of water supply, since
they are already paying high cost.
People living in Jacobabad belong to lower and lower middle class and they do not have luxury
to buy products or services which are not essential. They drink contaminated water, live in a
filthy environment but have less consideration to get safe water or clean their surrounding
and home. In fact most of their earning consumed in basic necessities of life for e.g. food,
health, utilities and education. The people are so occupied in fulfilling basic necessities, like
food and shelter, that they do not prioritize the issue of cleanliness or safe and secure water
facility in their life. A vegetable monger during FGD shared,
“I sell vegetable all day, and then get enough money to fulfill the basic necessities of
life, then how can I think about other things like the construction of our own latrines or
cleaning the street”. (FGD-10-M)
The issue of solid waste is another area, where practice of dumping the waste out in open
space is a common sighting; even if a proper dumping sight is available, people tend to dump
their waste in a careless fashion. This attitude depicts that they would always look towards
some external agent like the government or the development organizations to carry out such
services. Sense of community led or community owned sanitation services is still lacking in
these communities, which indicates the need of comprehensive behavior change strategies for
them. Literature suggests that both internal and external barriers shapes up the attitude and
behaviors of the community. Socio-economic conditions, lack of economic activity, scarcity of
water sources, indifferent attitude of government, are some of the external factors. Similarly,
lack of responsibility, the inter-generational practices, lack of education, indifferent behavior
39
towards the communal betterment and attitude of being suffered than to remove suffering
are also impeding factors towards the good WASH practices.
Anything for which the communities have to bear some cost will not be desirable to them.
This attitude can only be changed if the messages would focus more on the affordable
practices and demonstrates the effects of good practices. The concept of short term loss and
long term gain is essential to make them realize that in a long run the economic benefits are
greater, like reduction in expenditure on disease and healthier life.
Data suggests that the use of television would be more effective and suitable channel to
disseminate the knowledge and creating positive attitude towards WASH services. But it
requires some significant planning and variety of ways to utilize the electronic media. For
example, locally developed documentaries showing the state of WASH services and their
effect on city life, dramas on WASH themes, talk shows with local leaders and notables, and
news by journalist air through local cable channel could be an effective way to change
people’s attitude towards the WASH practices. Secondly, the use of mobile SMS services could
be useful in disseminating information, provided that they are in Sindhi language and provide
variety of services like information for WASH products, Health and sanitation messages,
problem solving services, complain filing and follow-up of complain etc. With the increasing
usage of smart phone the mobile application for WASH services and complaining mechanism
could be develop to increase the ownership and participation of local population. Table below
provides the conclusion in Tabular form.
Description Conclusion
Socio- Economic status of communities
Most of the population belongs to lower income group with less than 2$ per capita income.
The average household size is 9.4 Source of income varies from government job to business to petty trade etc. Communities suffer from various disease like Cough/fever, Diarrhea,
Malaria, Hepatitis etc. On average people spend 2,500 to 3,000 for health purpose
Water for Drinking purpose
82% of people uses donkey cart water for drinking purpose 52% of people are dissatisfied with water from donkey cart purpose Communities pays 1000 rupees on average per month for drinking water
services. Three-fourth of the respondents cannot afford, but paying out of necessity. 72% of respondents would prefer piped water as a primary source for
drinking water provided that price is less and quality is good Average amount that people are willing to pay for safe, reliable piped
drinking water connection is rupees 500.
40
Description Conclusion
Water for Domestic purpose
81% of people have different source of water for domestic purpose than the drinking water.
86% uses borehole with hand pump for domestic purpose. 10% uses piped water connection for domestic purpose 65% of people are dissatisfied with water from borehole, whereas 91% are
dissatisfied with existing piped water Communities pays 250 rupees on average per month for domestic purposes 90% of the respondents mentioned that water for domestic use is
affordable. 75% of respondents would prefer piped water as a primary source for
domestic use provided that quality is good and access is easier Average amount that people are willing to pay for reliable piped water
connection is rupees 500. Sanitation 99.5% of household have latrine at home
Use of communal toilet during outdoor activities are very low Communities are willing to spend an average amount of rupees 1000-3000
for the improvement of constructed latrine 87% of respondent are willing to pay 100-500 rupees for the communal
cause Liquid Water Management
Drainage lines in Jacobabad have design issues like uneven slope causes , blockage, backpressure and overflowing
61% of household link with open drainage line network 50% of respondents are not satisfied with existing drainage line 79% or respondents are not paying any money to manage the sewerage
water 14% pay rupees 50-100 for the management of sewer water 61% are not willing to pay any money On average 150-250 rupees can be paid, mentioned by 36% or respondent
Solid Waste Management
95% of respondents dispose of their solid waste by themselves 49% disposes off the waste far from house and 47% disposes off close to
house 66% of those who disposes off waste near the house are not satisfied with
current arrangement 72% are not paying any money for solid waste management 95% of household utilize the services Scrap dealer and on average earn
between 50-100 rupees per month Waste from Market and Hospital has no special arrangement and have same
practices like the household 61% are not willing to pay any money. Those who are willing would pay on
average of 100 rupees Communication Electronic media was mentioned as highly effective means for the
dissemination of information. Pamphlets, banner, personal selling were not rated high by the community
for communication purpose Market The local market is well equipped with sanitation and hygiene products
99% of respondent buy such products from local market
41
Description Conclusion
For water purposes around 200 donkey carts supply water to the city from 10 different water points
Cost of per 30 ltrs jerry can water varies from rupees 13-20 The city market act as a hub for adjoining cities and hence, have stock of
hardware and sanitary products Average cost for building latrine is between 35,000 to 40,000 rupees Hygiene related products like soap, sanitation, and other personal care
items different brands of are easily available Supply Chain Water related products are available for different brand in local market
Some recognized brands for water bottle e.g. Nestle, Aquafina are available either through local distributors or through whole sale vendors. Local brands from Sukkur origin are also available
The hardware and sanitation products are in abundance and many wholesale shops exist in local market. These shops have direct link with the manufacturers in Gujranwala, Hyderabad and Karachi
Usually the bilty system is used for the transportation of these goods Service of Scrap dealer have three tiers namely collector from home, local
garbage vendor and bulk garbage vendor.
5.2 Recommendations:
Based on the conclusion following recommendations can be made.
Proposed Tariff Models
The government of Sindh is committed to provide better municipal services to the secondary
cities of the province. Apart from the infrastructure development cost which is one time cost,
the recurring cost of operation and maintenance through tariff setting is always a challenge. If
the operational and maintenance cost is high enough that the people would not able to pay
the bill, the sustainability of the system becomes questionable and the assurance of sustained
services is not guaranteed. Therefore, it is important to set the tariff which would at least
cover the operational and maintenance cost. But since the interest of the vulnerable and poor
section of society cannot be ignored, therefore, a pro-poor model of tariff needs to be the
ultimate aim. Such sentiments are wide spread in the public offices of the Sindh government
where they are not only cognizant of the need of the poor but also concerned about the
sustained delivery of services. Following are some of the considerations that need to be taken
into account for setting the tariff.
42
A: Build the trust of community
Firstly there is a need to build the trust of the communities towards the provision of
facilities, and for this purpose demonstration of ability and capacity to deliver regular and
clean water is required. May be at the initial phase, pilot of water services in some areas
is carried out to demonstrate the working of water services in the city. Once the people
observe the continuation of water supply and its quality. Services would be open on scale
B: Phase wise Tariff increment approach
Phase wise tariff imposition approach shall be used, which is also practiced by NSUSC in
Sukkur. In Sukkur, NSUSC is used to get fund from ADB for operational support due to
which NSUSC is able to subsidize tariff and maintain operational and maintenance cost.
However, after 2018 when subsidy ends, NSUSC will need to impose higher tariff. For this
reason they are planning to implement phase wise tariff imposition. In the same line
initial support may be required to meet the Operation and Maintenance (O&M) cost
which will be phased out eventually when the public starts using the utility and bill
recovery mechanism is matured.
C: Water Tariff model
The attitude of the communities is positive and they are willing to pay for the water
connection, data suggests that variable price packages on the basis of usage would not be
desired by them (Scenario 3), since 56% were not willing to pay for metered connection.
However, this non-willingness needs to be taken with the perspective that these
communities are not used to get water through piped connection and the notion of
policing associated with the metered connection may apprehend them without realizing
that the metered connection needs to be seen as a controlling water by the communities
instead of policing by the authorities. The control would give them the choice of water
usage and control on water bill. Nevertheless, since the volumetric tariff required to get a
metered connection which in itself is an expensive solution with the implications of both
one time connection cost and system wide maintenance cost, the tariff based on flat rates
could be the starting point.
43
D: Water Tariff Rates
For a piped water connection the tariff rates have been computed by creating a model
that includes the living cost18 of water combined for drinking and domestic and income
level of the household.
Table 48: Average amount willing to pay by communities Income groups Willing to pay Already paying
Mean SD N Mean SD N 1-13000 326.70 293.61 103 407.28 283.14 103 13001-22000 408.57 394.93 140 446.96 382.81 140 22001-30000 476.88 456.25 80 505.63 364.92 80 30001 and above 936.67 861.37 90 663.89 598.69 90 Total 516.46 570.95 413 495.70 425.69 413
Average amount people are willing to pay is approximately ~515 rupees. However for
different income groups (based on quartiles) average willing to pay amount ranges varies
from as low as 326 rupees and as high as rupees 936.
General quadratic equation (See Annexure A for details) shows positive relation between
monthly income and willingness to pay suggesting that a percentage increase in the
monthly income will increase the willingness to pay by .1.5% and a percentage change in
already paying household will increase the willing to pay by 57.1%.
WTP=-43.81+0.0151m_inc+0.571ALPAY-7.19m_inc2-0.000055ALPAY2
Moreover, the analysis of elasticity suggests that monthly income has .35 and already
paying has .32 elasticity. The elasticity is low as the income of most of the household is
below 25000 which confirms our analysis of low elasticity.
Further, the model of piped water connection on the basis of pipe size, as practiced in
Sukkur would be the starting point in Jacobabad city. Having said this, NSUSC also adopts
the strategy of phase wise adoption of metering system, started with the metering at
pumping site and at distribution node level. Later, on the basis of studying area wise
volumetric pattern, consumer level metering would be initiated. The provision of
connection on the basis of plot size would not work in the city, since majority of the city
belongs to low or middle income strata with more or less same house size and structure.
18 The cost already paying for the service
44
For the commercial areas like hotels, restaurants, and markets again the tariff rate could
be made simple and can be based on fixed rate volumetric tariff. Since number of the
commercial entities would be far less than the domestic consumers and can be
maintained in limited resources, the volumetric tariff would ensure to control the
exploitation of consumers to use excessive water. The tariff rates should be made fixed
for first three years. Once the usage of piped water increases and people gain more trust
then the rate shall increase gradually. May be at starting the service, company would
need to provide subsidy on the water tariff, since the management cost of the services
may not be achievable from the beginning.
Tariff for Sanitation
Tariff for sanitation should follow the policy directions, as given by PATS and Sindh
sanitation policy. Although data suggests that majority of people are not willing to pay for
the maintenance of sewerage lines. Nevertheless, with successful BCC campaign and
more sensitization, communities are supposed to get the ownership and lead the
sanitation initiative. Therefore, strategy needs to follow the PATS component sharing
model where internal component of sanitation should be the responsibility of the
community, whereas, external component should be agency’s responsibility. Conversely,
the tariff of sanitation shall focus the external component. As far as the tariff model for
drainage and sewerage collection and treatment is concerned, it is more feasible to
embed it with the water tariff because majority of the community members would not be
willing to pay for the services on the outset. However, if it is embedded in water tariff
then they would be involuntary paying it along the water. The cumulative rate of
Willingness to Pay suggests that the amount should not be more than Rs. 100.
Tariff for Solid Waste Management
Tariff for solid waste management shall be demand-driven and community centered.
Although, half of the community is not willing to pay any money, paying 100 rupees should
not be an issue provided that impact of safe and clean environment is realized by them.
Creating public private partnership for solid waste management services shall also be
considered to ensure the consistency in services. Establishment of Solid Waste
Management Board at provincial level is an important initiative of the government, which
would enable to streamline the solid waste management cycle from collection to proper
disposal. However, since the board is initially focusing on big cities, as mentioned by the
45
representative of Planning and Development department, “Initially the board is focusing on
three cities Karachi, Larkan and Nawabshah only” (Int-P&D), therefore small cities like
Jacobabad need to devise interim mechanism for SWM.
While the communication tools like TV, Cable and SMS can be used to disseminate
information, the attitude and behaviours can only change when the change agents are from
within the community by means of strengthening, supporting and following up the
community based organisations working for the behaviour change. Further, the practices
can only change when the viable and sustainable option is available to public. Once the
option is available, the communities’ practices would also start to change with the passage
of time.
46
References: BIROL, E., KAROUSAKIS, K. & KOUNDOURI, P. 2006. Using economic valuation techniques to inform water resources
management: A survey and critical appraisal of available techniques and an application. Science of the total environment, 365, 105-122.
CHOWDHURY, N. T. 1999. Willingness to pay for water in Dhaka slums: A Contingent Valuation Study. Ahmad et al., IUCN-The World Conservation Union, Association of Green Accounting, Environmental Economics in Bangladesh, 105-116.
GoP, National Sanitation policy, 2006 GoP, Pakistan Approach to Total Sanitation, 2009 GoP, National Drinking policy, 2009 GoS, Draft Sindh Sanitation policy, 2014 GUHA, S. 2007. Valuation of clean water supply by willingness to pay method in a developing nation: a case study in
Calcutta, India. Journal of Young Investigators, 17. GUNATILAKE, H. & TACHIIRI, M. 2012. Willingness to pay and inclusive tariff designs for improved water supply
services in Khulna, Bangladesh. GUNATILAKE, H., YANG, J.-C., PATTANAYAK, S. & CHOE, K. A. 2007. Good practices for estimating reliable
willingness-to-pay values in the water supply and sanitation sector. HAQ, M., MUSTAFA, U. & AHMAD, I. 2007. Household's willingness to pay for safe drinking water: A case study of
Abbottabad district. The Pakistan Development Review, 1137-1153. JONES, K. 2006. Unpackaging demand for water service quality: Evidence from conjoint surveys in Sri Lanka, World
Bank Publications. KHAN, H., IQBAL, F., SAEED, I. & KHAN, I. 2010. Estimating Willingness to pay for improvements in drinking water
quality: Evidence from Peshawar, Northern Pakistan. J. Environ. Econ, 2, 38-43. MITCHELL, R. C. & CARSON, R. T. 1989. Using surveys to value public goods : the contingent valuation method,
Washington, D.C. Baltimore, Resources for the Future ; Distributed worldwide by the Johns Hopkins University Press. MSDP 2015. MSDP Monthly Bulletin, October 2015. MUSTAFA, U., HAQ, M. & AHMAD, I. 2009. Consumer Perceptions, Practices, Willingness to Pay and Analysis of
Existing Laws for Safe Drinking Water of Abbottabad District, Pakistan. Critical Issues in Environmental Taxation, 7, 395-412.
SOCIAL, P. 2013. Living Standards Measurement Survey (PSLM) 2012-13. Government of Pakistan, Federal Bureau of Statistics, Islamabad.
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Annexure A: Computation for Willingness to Pay for water supply The willingness to pay for water supply has been computed by putting two independent variables i.e average household income and amount of money already paying for the water services. For the analysis generalized quadratic regression was computed.
Equation for WTP WTP=-43.81+0.0151m_inc+0.571ALPAY-7.19m_inc2-0.000055ALPAY2 Above table shows general quadratic equation which shows the general trend of willingness to pay in the Jacobabad. The results shows positive relation between m_inc (monthly income) and willingness to pay suggesting that a percentage increase in the m_inc will increase the willingness to pay by .1.5% and if a percentage change in already paying household will increase the willing to pay by 57.1%. While the negative sign of squared variables confirms that the relationship is quadratic as both are also significant at 5% level. Elasticity of Willingness to Pay
In the above table the coefficient of elasticity are calculated for the purpose of analysis which suggest that that lm_inc (monthly income) has .35 while lPAY (already paying) has .32 elasticity. The elasticity is low as the income of most of the household is below 25000 which confirms our analysis of low elasticity.
LWTP=0.610+0.352lm_inc+0.328lALPAY LWTP = log of willingness to pay Lm_inc=Log of monthly income lALAPY=log of already paying
_cons -43.81144 77.13838 -0.57 0.570 -195.4486 107.8257
sq_m_inc -7.19e-08 3.79e-08 -1.90 0.059 -1.46e-07 2.63e-09
sq_Pay_DRI_DOM -.0001064 .0000559 -1.91 0.057 -.0002162 3.36e-06
avg_PAY_DRI_DOM .5717295 .1232217 4.64 0.000 .3295027 .8139563
m_inc .0151519 .004133 3.67 0.000 .0070273 .0232764
avg_WTP_DRI_DOM Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval]
Total 134540030 413 325762.785 Root MSE = 505.23
Adj R-squared = 0.2164
Residual 104400974 409 255259.106 R-squared = 0.2240
Model 30139055.7 4 7534763.94 Prob > F = 0.0000
F( 4, 409) = 29.52
Source SS df MS Number of obs = 414
. reg avg_WTP_DRI_DOM m_inc avg_PAY_DRI_DOM sq_Pay_DRI_DOM sq_m_inc
_cons .6106367 .6409901 0.95 0.342 -.6507023 1.871976
lPAY .3287415 .0663097 4.96 0.000 .1982574 .4592256
lm_inc .352926 .0555007 6.36 0.000 .2437118 .4621401
lWTP Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval]
Total 175.659406 306 .574050346 Root MSE = .6798
Adj R-squared = 0.1950
Residual 140.486156 304 .462125512 R-squared = 0.2002
Model 35.17325 2 17.586625 Prob > F = 0.0000
F( 2, 304) = 38.06
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