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to be 18’97, in St. Louis 18-23, in San Francisco 17-02, and inNewark 16-49. A further ground for the belief that thedeficiency of recorded deaths in the United States did notexceed 30 per cent. is that the deaths of infants under one

year in Massachusetts during the census year were equal to17-05 per 100 births; "if this be taken," says Dr. Billings,"as the true average proportion for the United States,the deficiency in the number of deaths of childrenunder one year would be a little over 34 per cent.," and asthe deficiency at this age is known to be greater than at sub-sequent ages, it is assumed that the total deficiency can-not have been much more or less than 30 per cent., atwhich Dr. Billings places it. With reference to this line ofargument, it is worth pointing out that the recorded factsfor the United States show a rate of infant mortality of onlyll’lO per cent. of the births, against the 17-05 shown inMassachusetts, and that the value of the comparison de-pends in great measure upon the approximate accuracy ofthe record of deaths of infants in the latter State.

Full consideration, therefore, of the various elements ofdoubt that envelop all the bases of facts upon which Dr.Billings has had to deal, and upon which he has attemptedto construct trustworthy mortality statistics, makes it ex-ceedingly difficult to accept his final conclusion that "itwill be seen that the death-rate in the United States com-pares favourably with that of all other civilised countries."fit may readily be admitted that " since poverty andovercrowding are the chief causes of excessive mortality,and in the United States there is a more general andequable distribution of the means of supporting life, in-cluding especially a food-supply of good quality, and moreroom than in European countries," the death-rate might beexpected to be lower than in most of the countries of theold world. We cannot, however, accept Dr. Billings’figures and deductions as affording satisfactory evidencethat the death-rate in the United States in the census for1879-80 did not exceed 18 0 per 1000, although they abun-dantly prove that any conclusions based upon the recordeddeaths, except in a very small section of the States, in-cluding mainly a certain number of registration cities, areentirely untrustworthy.

It is matter for international regret that in such essential- departments of vital statistics as the registration of births:and deaths the United States should be so far behind mostother civilised countries. Until, however, son3e tolerablyuniform system for such registration be adopted throughoutthe States, we much doubt whether, either from a publichealth or a statistical point of view, the comparison ofAmerican and European mortality statistics can yield anyuseful result.

IRISH MEDICAL SCHOOLS AND GRADUATES’ASSOCIATION.

THE ninth annual meeting of the above Association washeld on the 17th inst. (St. Patrick’s Day), at 49, Berners-’street, the President, Dr. II. Macnaughton Jones, F.R.C.S.L,in the chair. There was a large attendance of members.The report, which extended over a period of less than eightmonths, was of a most satisfactory character. The number’of members had increased since July 29th last-when theeighth annual meeting was held at Cardiff-from 272 to355. Two members had died during that period-viz.,Drs. F. Helen Prideaux and J. J. Jennett. There had beenno resignations. The Council hoped that, their senior Vice-President, Dr. Balthazar Foster, being now an M.P., therewould be no delay in getting power for the King and Queen’s’College of Physicians to register its membership and theRoyal University of Ireland its degree of M.A.O. No stepshad yet been taken to secure rooms for the Associationin London, the Council thinking it better to wait till thenumbers on the roll had reached at least 500. The balancein the hands of the treasurer was declared to be over .S40.On the motion of Professor G. F. Yeo, M.D., Dr. Jones wasre-elected President in consideration of his services in con-nexion with the reorganisation and rapid development ofthe Association, and also because of the curtailment by thenew constitution of the period during which he had heldoffice. Brigade Surgeon W. Alexander, M.D., and W. II.White were elected to the two vacancies on the Council.Dr. James Thompson was re-elected Hon. Treasurer.

’ The annual dinner took place the same evening at theHolborn Restaurant. Ninety-two members and their friends(the latter including several ladies) sat down. The chairwas occupied by the President, who was supported by SirSpencer Wells, Bart., F.R.S., Sir Joseph Fayrer, K.C.S.T.(lIon. Physician to the Queen), Professor Ilumphry, F.R.S.(Cambridge), and other guests of the Association. Amongthe members present were Sir William Mac Cormac (Vice-President), Professor Gerald F. Yeo (Chairman of Council),Brigade Surgeons T. Wright and W. Alexander, Staff SurgeonO’Sullivan, R.N., Dr. S. J. Flood, A.M.S., Dr. Carte (Cold-stream Guards), Dr. James Thompson (Hon. Treasurer), andDrs. Daniell and Stewart (Hon. Secretaries).

WILLS OF MEDICAL MEN.

THE Irish Probate, sealed at Dublin, of the will andcodicil or scheme of Barnewall Peter White, M.D., late ofSt. Columbs, co. Londonderry, who died on December 3rdlast, granted to Mr. Michael King, one of the survivingexecutors, was resealed in London on the 2nd inst., theaggregate value of the personal estate in England andIreland amounting to upwards of .631,000. The testator

gives annuities to his wife and his two sisters charged onhis Tamlaght estate, in the county of Londonderry; and thereare a few other bequests. The Tamlaght estate he devisesto the use of his half-brother, Richard White, for life, withremainder to his son, Thomas Earle White, for life, withremainder to his first born and other sons successivelyaccording to seniority in tail male. Certain plate, furniture,books, and effects are made heirlooms to go with the estate.His waterside estate in the city of Londonderry, he settles onhis half-brother, Thomas White, for life, then on his son, andin default of a son on the said Thomas Earle White. Heappoints as his residuary legatee the person who shallsucceed to the Tamlaght estate. Should the remainders tothe said estates fail, the testator gives them to the Superioress-General of the Sisters of Charity, Dublin, to found an asylumfor the families of professional and commercial men, smallproprietors and agriculturists afflicted with insanity, whoserelatives have insufficient means to pay the usual pensionfor them in private asylums.The will of Murdoch Kelburne King, M.D., late of

Kingston-upon-Hull, who died on January 2nd last, wasproved at the York District Registry on the 22nd ult. byMrs. Mary King, the widow, the executrix, the value of thepersonal estate amounting to over .614,000. The testatorbequeaths the marble bust of himself to his wife for life,and then to the General Infirmary, Hull; the oil painting ofhimself, in his mayor’s robes, to his wife for life, and thento the Mayor, Aldermen and Burgesses of the Borough ofKingston-upon-Hull in their corporate capacity, and a fewother legacies. The residue of his property he leaves as hiswife shall appoint.The will and codicil of Gavin Milroy, M.D., formerly of

30, Fizroy-square, late of 21, Church-road, Richmond,Surrey, who died on January llth last, were proved onJanuary 23rd by Mr. Edward Hawes and George BlundellLongstaff, :1I.B., the executors, the value of the personalestate amounting to over 10,000. The testator bequeaths£ 1000 each to the National Refuges for Homeless andDestitute Children, and the Asylum for Idiots, Earlswood ;£ 100 each to the British Medical Benevolent Fund and theMedical Missionary Society of Edinburgh; .61743, being theamount received by him in 1872 from the Colonial Office asremuneration for his tour to the West Indies, and a furthersum from his estate to make up X2000 in all, to the Presidentand Council of the Royal College of Physicians, to found andcontinue a yearly lectureship of three lectures on StateMedicine and Public Hygiene ; the silver cup presented tohim by the College for acting as honorary secretary of theLeprosy Committee, and certain papers and books, to thesaid College; and many other legacies. The residue of hisproperty he leaves to some nieces, the wife of a nephew,and the infant son of a deceased niece.The will of Edward Christopher Holland, M.D., late of

15, Catherine- place, Bath, who died on January 5th last, wasproved on the 10th inst. by Mrs. Anna Holland, thewidow, and Mrs. Eliza Henrietta Hartnell, the daughter, theexecutrixes, the value of the personal estate exceeding

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.64000. The only legatees under the will are testator’s wifeand said daughter.The will of Joseph Wyatt Crane, M.D., late of Leicester,

who died on September 30th last, was proved at the LeicesterDistrict Registry on the 19th ult., by Charles Albert Crane,M.D., and Alfred Wyatt Crane, the sons, two of the survivingexecutors, the value of the personal estate being under.62000. The only legatees under the will are testator’schildren and his granddaughter, Ethel Crane,The will and codicil of Frederic Gilder Julius, M.D., late

of 4, Portland-terrace, Richmond, who died on January 4thlast, were proved on the 8th ult. by Mr. Arthur OnslowJulius, the son, and Mr. William Adolphus Frederick Bate-man, the executors, the value of the personal estate

exceeding .66000. The testator gives legacies to his sons,the Ven. Archdeacon Julius and Arthur Onslow Julius, andto his daughters, Mrs. Annie Bateman and Miss Mary CarolineJulius; and the residue of his property to all his children inequal shares.The will of John McGrigor Augustus Thomas Croft, M.D.,

M.R.C.P., late of 15, Abbey-road, St. John’s Wood, who diedon Jan. 1st last, was proved on the 22nd ult., by Mr. HarrySmith Styan and Mr. William Henry Biss, the executors, thevalue of the personal estate amounting to over .62000. Thetestator leaves all his property, real and personal, to his son,John Bonham Croft.

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The following legacies have recently been left to hospitalsand other medical institutions :-Mr. George Redford, ofPortland-street, Southport, Lancashire, the residue of hisreal and personal estate to the Southport Infirmary, theOldham Infirmary, and the Southport Convalescent Hospital,in equal shares.-Mr. William Beale, of Manor House, StokeNewington, 100 guineas to the Stoke Newington Dispensary,and 50 guineas to the Invalid Asylum at Stoke Newington.-Mrs. Jemima Steuart Barclay, of 1, Gordon Villas, Snells-park, Edmonton, X200 each to the Tottenham Hospital, nearHigh-cross, and the Tottenham and Edmonton GeneralDispensary, Lower Edmonton; and £100 each to the BritishHome for Incurables, Clapham, the City of London Hospitalfor Diseases of the Chest, Victoria-park, the NationalHospital for the Paralysed and Epileptic, Queen’s-square,Bloomsbury, and the Royal Hospital for Incurables, Putney-heath.—Miss Hannah Domager, of 11, St. James’s-square,Bath, .6200 each to the Bath Royal United Hospital and theBath Mineral Water Hospital.—Miss Henrietta Hannah Bult,of 1, Houghton-place, Ampthill-square, .630 each to theRoyal Hospital for Incurables, West-hill, Putney, the RoyalFree Hospital, Gray’s-inn-road, the North London Consump-tion Hospital, Hampstead, and the National Hospital for theParalysed and Epileptic, Queen’s-square, Bloomsbury.-Mr. James Dorman, of Sandwich, Kent, £100 towards therepairs of the chapel of St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, Sandwich,and £15 to the Kent and Canterbury Hospital.—Mr. RichardTowne, of 8, Ormonde-terrace, Regent’s-park, £1000 to theNational Orthopasdic Hospital, Bolsover-street; X300 to theHospital for Incurables; X200 each to the Cancer Hospital,Brompton, the Hospital for Paralysed and Epileptic, Albert-road, Regent’s-park, and the North London ConsumptionHospital, Hampstead; and .6100 to the Hospital for SickChildren.-Mr. Alexander Bell, of Park-hill, Upper Tooting,£50 to the Hospital for Paralysis and Epilepsy.—Mrs. MaryGatley Litler, of Wallerscote, near Leamington, Warwick-shire, £1000 each to the National Hospital for the Paralysedand Epileptic, Queen’s-square, Bloomsbury, and the RoyalHospital for Incurables, West-hill, Putney-heath; .6600 tothe Warneford Hospital, Leamington; .6300 to the BritishHome for Incurables, Clapham; and S200 to the ConvalescentHome, Kenilworth.

VITAL STATISTICS.

HEALTH OF ENGLISH TOWNS.

IN twenty-eight of the largest English towns 6004 birthsand 5101 deaths were registered during the week endingMarch 20th. The annual death-rate in these towns, whichhad steadily increased in the seven preceding weeks from22-1 to 28’0, further rose last week to 29’3, and exceeded therate recorded in these towns in any week since February,1882. During the first eleven weeks of the current quarterthe death-rate in these towns averaged 24-4 per 1000, andexceeded by 0’2 the mean rate in the corresponding periods

of the ten years 1876-85. The lowest rates in these townslast week were 18’7 in Norwich, 20.9 in Leeds, 21’0 in Bristol,and 21’3 in Leicester. The rates in the other towns rangedupwards to 35’7 in Manchester, 36.0 in Liverpool, 39.2 inBolton, and 39’6 in Blackburn. The deaths referred to theprincipal zymotic diseases in the twenty-eight towns, whichhad been 384, 403, and 430 in the previous three weeks, were427 last week; they included 195 from whooping-cough, 103from measles, 44 from diarrhoea, 32 from scarlet fever, 32from "fever" (principally enteric), 20 from diphtheria, and 1from small-pox. No death from any of these zymotic diseases.was recorded last week in Sunderland, Norwich, or Hudders-field ; whereas they caused the highest death-rates in Brighton,Portsmouth, Bolton, and Blackburn. Whooping-eough causedthe highest death-rates in Bolton, Portsmouth, and Brightonmeasles in Birmingham, Portsmouth, Bolton, and Blackburn, aand scarlet fever in Leeds. The 20 deaths from diphtheria inthe twenty-eight towns included 14 in London and 2 inBirmingham. Small-pox caused 1 death in Blackburn, andnot one in London or in any of the twenty-six other largeEnglish towns. The number of small-pox patients inthe metropolitan asylum hospitals situated in and aroundLondon, which had been 7 on each of the preceding twoSaturdays, was again 7 at the end of last week; 2 new caseswere admitted to these hospitals during the week, against 00and 1 in the previous two weeks. The Highgate Small-poxHospital contained 4 patients on Saturday last, one casehaving been admitted during the week. The deaths referredto diseases of the respiratory organs in London, which badincreased in the preceding eight weeks from 477 to 855,further rose last week to 917, and exceeded the correctedweekly average by 436. The causes of 137, or 2’7 per cent.,of the deaths in the twenty-eight towns last week werenot certified either by a registered medical practitioner orby a coroner. All the causes of death were duly certifiedin Portsmouth and Derby; and the largest proportions ofuncertified deaths were registered in Halifax, PlymouthBolton, and Oldham.

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HEALTH OF SCOTCH TOWNS.

The annual rate of mortality in the eight Scotch towns.which had increased from 22’3 to 27’5 per 1000 in the pre-ceding four weeks, further rose to 27’9 in the weekending March 20th, but was 1’4 below the mean rate duringthe same week in the twenty-eight English towns. Therates in the Scotch towns last week ranged from 17’8 and19’4 in Leith and Dundee, to 33’0 in Paisley, 33’4in Greenock,and 33’9 in Glasgow. The 690 deaths in the eight townsshowed a further increase of 12 upon the numbers returnedin recent weeks, and included 14 which were referred towhooping-cough, 11 to diarrhoea, 10 to measles, 6 to "fever " .(typhus, enteric, or simple), 1 to diphtheria, and not oneto small-pox; in all, 46 deaths resulted from these prin-cipal zymotic diseases, against 43 and 51 in the precedingtwo weeks. These 46 deaths were equal to an annual rateof 1’9 per 1000, which was 0’5 below the mean rate from thesame diseases in the twenty-eight English towns. The fatalcases of whooping-cough, which had been 19 and 20 in theprevious two weeks, declined last week to 14, of which 13’occurred in Glasgow. The 11 deaths attributed to diarrhœacorresponded with the number in the previous week, andincluded 4 in Glasgow and 3 in Edinburgh. The 10 deathsfrom measles showed a further increase upon the numbersin recent weeks, and included 8 in Edinburgh and 2 in Leith.The deaths referred to "fever," which had been 7 and4 in the previous two weeks, were 6 last week, of which2 occurred in Glasgow and 2 in Greenock. Three of the4 fatal cases of scarlet fever were returned in Glasgow. Thedeaths referred to acute diseases of the respiratory organsin the eight towns, which had steadily increased in thepreceding six weeks from 135 to 191, further rose last weekto 204, and exceeded the number in the correspondingweek of last year by no fewer than 80. The causes of 85, ormore than 12 per cent., of the deaths in the eight Scotchtowns last week were not certified.

HEALTH OF DUBLIN.

The rate of mortality in Dublin, which had been equalto 30-1 and 38’3 per 1000 in the preceding two weeks,further rose to 40’5 in the week ending March 20th.During the first eleven weeks of the current quarter thedeath-rate in the city averaged no less than 33’4 per