WiMAX Handbook

2008MobileWiMAX Handbook

Mobile WiMAX Handbook

Call For Submissions

Handbook 2009’ to people in the industry or at trade shows free

of charge. The second version of the handbook will come out in

December 2008.

Telecoms Korea welcomes your contributed articles or editorials

for the handbook.

Market prospects, technology issues or service trends might be

good subjects, but any subject that can help our readers in

understanding mobile WiMAX will be welcomed.

The deadline for submissions is the end of October 2008.

There’ no specific rule regarding the length of the article, but 700-

1,400 words with graphics (tables, figures or photos) is

recommended.

Telecoms Korea will be really grateful if you share your insight and

knowledge about mobile WiMAX with mobile industry leaders.

Looking forward to your contribution through

[email protected]

Telecoms Korea is planning to publish and distribute the ‘Mobile WiMAX

Index

Introduction

Overview

Market Snapshot

Case Study - KT

Analyst View

Patent Overview

Sponsored Section - Beceem / Samsung Electronics

Device

Glossary

Overview

Introduction

It's Only a Beginning for

Mobile WiMAX

"Well begun is half done" is a well-known saying that means the first step is the mostdifficult to take.

South Korea, the IT powerhouse that takes pride in CDMA technology, also has a widecustomer base for broadband Internet. It is one of the most advanced nations in bothfixed-line and wireless communication technologies.

Unsatisfied with this result, Korea turned its eyes to Mobile WiMAX, also known as Wibro(Wireless Broadband), which was emerging as the new center of focus, and in 2006became the world’s first nation to run Mobile WiMAX service. Korea pioneered MobileWiMAX service, which is now operating in over 20 nations on trial or commercial bases.

However, there were no substantial results to match their grand beginning. It has beenalmost two years since the launch of Mobile WiMAX in Korea, but the number ofsubscribers is barely over 100,000 - an almost devastating result in light of the enormousinvestment.

It is premature, however, to talk about failure; nothing has been started yet. When theservice gets wider coverage and offers more applications next year, Mobile WiMAX willhave a fair chance of winning in Korea.

Long-term prospects are even brighter. The International Telecommunication Unionapproved Mobile WiMAX as a 3G standard, which strengthens its candidacy for the 4Gstandard as well.

The purpose of this handbook is to help you understand the basics of Mobile WiMAX,which is now at its starting point. In other words, we also have just begun. We will see asecond and third handbook full of encouraging contents as Mobile WiMAX continues tomake headway.

Seong-ju Lee, Editor-in-Chief of Telecoms Korea

[email protected]

M o b i l e W i M A X H a n d b o o k

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Mobile WiMAX systems offer scalability in both radioaccess technology and network architecture, thusproviding a great deal of flexibility in networkdeployment options and service offerings. Some ofthe salient features supported by Mobile WiMAX are:

- High Data Rates : The inclusion of MIMO antennatechniques along with flexible sub-channelizationschemes, Advanced Coding and Modulation allenable the Mobile WiMAX technology to supportpeak DL data rates up to 63 Mbps per sector andpeak UL data rates up to 28 Mbps per sector in a 10 MHz channel.

- Quality of Service (QoS) : The fundamental premise of the IEEE 802.16 MAC architecture is QoS.It defines Service Flows which can map to DiffServ code points or MPLS flow labels that enableend-to-end IP based QoS. Additionally, subchannelization and MAP-based signaling schemesprovide a flexible mechanism for optimal scheduling of space, frequency and time resourcesover the air interface on a frame-by-frame basis.

- Scalability : Despite an increasingly globalized economy, spectrum resources for wirelessbroadband worldwide are still quite disparate in its allocations. Mobile WiMAX technologytherefore, is designed to be able to scale to work in different channelizations from 1.25 to 20MHz to comply with varied worldwide requirements as efforts proceed to achieve spectrumharmonization in the longer term. This also allows diverse economies to realize the multi-faceted benefits of the Mobile WiMAX technology for their specific geographic needs such asproviding affordable internet access in rural settings versus enhancing the capacity of mobilebroadband access in metro and suburban areas.

- Security : The features provided for Mobile WiMAX security aspects are best in class with EAP-based authentication, AES-CCM-based authenticated encryption, and CMAC and HMAC basedcontrol message protection schemes. Support for a diverse set of user credentials existsincluding; SIM/USIM cards, Smart Cards, Digital Certificates, and Username/Password schemesbased on the relevant EAP methods for the credential type.

- Mobility : Mobile WiMAX supports optimized handover schemes with latencies less than 50milliseconds to ensure real-time applications such as VoIP perform without service degradation.Flexible key management schemes assure that security is maintained during handover.

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Overview

What is Wibro or Mobile WiMAX

Wireless Broadband (Wibro) is a telecom service that provides high-speed wireless Internetconnection anytime anywhere, even on the move. Inexpensive user of broadband wireless Internetwill enhance consumer convenience and provide basis for the usage of various application services.- MIC -

The term ‘WiMAX’ has been used generically to describe wireless systems that are based onthe WiMAX certification profiles of the IEEE 802.16-2004 Air Interface Standard. With

additional profiles pending that are based on the IEEE 802.16e-2005 Mobile Amendment, it isnecessary to differentiate between the two WiMAX systems. ‘Fixed’ WiMAX is used to describe802.16-2004-based systems and ‘Mobile’ WiMAX is used to describe 802.16e-2005-based systems. -WiMAX Forum-

Mobile WiMAX is a broadband wireless solution that enables convergence of mobile and fixedbroadband networks through a common wide area broadband radio access technology andflexible network architecture. The Mobile WiMAX Air Interface adopts Orthogonal FrequencyDivision Multiple Access (OFDMA) for improved multi-path performance in non-line-of-sightenvironments.

‘In an environment where diversetechnologies coexist, we should provide valuemore than the technology to our customers.WiBro can offer diverse services such as datatransmission, media, and communications,and these services will enrich the lives ofindividuals. The WiBro broadband willmarkedly activate those services which arerestricted in the mobile environment.’NamJoong-soo, President & CEO of KT


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The Future of WiBro and Mobile WiMAX

Further highlighting WiBro’s position within the Mobile WiMAX family, the entire ecosystem ofthe WiBro service including service providers, equipment vendors, TTA and the KoreanGovernment have all agreed that WiBro products will all be certified under the Mobile WiMAXcertification program when it becomes available. This decision guarantees globalinteroperability, ensures operators that WiBro will benefit from the economies of scale MobileWiMAX will provide, and also enables global roaming for users of the WiBro service. Inaddition, where regulatory frameworks permit, equipment certified under the certificationprofile that supports WiBro may be adopted in other countries around the world outsideKorea.

Korea is also playing a leading role in the Mobile WiMAX certification process, with TTA Labbeing announced as an official Mobile WiMAX certification laboratory at the February 2006 ParisWiMAX Forum, making it the second official Mobile WiMAX certification laboratory afterCETECOM (Centro de Tecnologia de las Comunicaciones) Spain.

Both TTA Lab and CETECOM are working aggressively with the WiMAX Forum CWG (CertificationWorking Group) and TWG (Technical Working Group) to meet the current target dates of1Q2007 for Mobile WiMAX certification Release 1 Wave 1 and 3Q2007 for Release 1 Wave 2.

The WiBro community has been and will continue to be a driving force in Mobile WiMAXstandards and certificationdevelopment and a keycontributor to the WiMAXForum. The Korean WiBrocommunity has provided oversixty members, from serviceproviders to equipment vendorsand many other areas ofindustry in Korea, to assist in awide range of working groupswithin the WiMAX Forum. WiBromember companies also haveserved on the Board of Directors.

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Overview

The Relationship between WiBro and Mobile WiMAX

The initial uncertainties surrounding WiBro and its relationship to Mobile WiMAX were driven byearly standard initiatives in Korea through the Telecommunication Technology Association (TTA);however, the WiBro requirements released by MIC in July 2004 harmonized WiBro under the MobileWiMAX baseline standard.

WiBro is the service name for Mobile WiMAX in Korea and uses the same standards, system andcertification profiles, and certification processes as Mobile WiMAX.

Wibro Technical Feature

Source : KT

What makes Mobile WiMAX, including WiBro, stronger than others? Mobile WiMAX has eightcompetitive advantages over existing technologies. Compared to Fixed WiMAX, Mobile WiMAX supports a wider range of devices and mobility. BesidesPDA, Smartphone, PCACIA card, and mobile router, the wireless broadband technology is alsocompatible with various mobile services, such as data and voice roaming, LBS, and mobile office.

In competition with HSDPA, dubbed 3.5G-service, Mobile WiMAX will gain the upper hand withsimple network architecture that is completely IP-based, low TCO, high throughput, and fastconnection time that will guarantee premium services. Mobile WiMAX technology is also superior to Wi-Fi (802.11) in seamless handover, QoS, security,and ease of maintenance.

MBWA (802.20) is no match either, considering the robust eco-system and advanced timing ofMobile WiMAX. The large number of WiMAX Forum members and commercial and test servicesprove the technological advantages of Mobile WiMAX.


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Mobile WiMAX Offers Benefits that Others Don't

802.16m standard

802.16m is the next generation standard beyond 802.16e-2005 and will be adopted by theWiMAX Forum once the standard is completed in the 2009 timeframe. 802.16m is considered tobe a strong candidate for a 4G technology. The IEEE has defined its expected parameters for802.16m, which can be found on their Web site.

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Overview

Fixed WiMAX vs. Mobile WiMAX

- WiMAX is also called Mobile WiMAX as it can serve all usage models from fixed to mobile with thesame infrastructure. Based on the IEEE 802.16e-2005 standard, Mobile WiMAX offers fixed,nomadic, portable and mobile capabilities

- Does not rely on line-of-sight transmissions in lower frequency bands (2 to 11 GHz) - Provides enhanced performance, even in fixed and nomadic environments - Currently uses Time Division Duplexing (TDD) - System bandwidth is scalable to adapt to capacity and coverage needs

Source : MIC

Frequency(GHz)

Channel (MHz)

Duplexing

Mutiple Access

Fixed WiMAX

3.5, 5.8

3.5, 7, 10, 14

TDD/FDD

TDMA

2.3, 2.5, 3.5, etc

3.5, 7, 8.75, 10, 14, etc

TDD

OFDMA

Wibro

2.3

8.75

TDD

OFDMA

Mobile WiMAX

WiMAX and Mobile WiMAX

Why Mobil WiMAX

Source : Posdata

Overview

Steps Toward 4G

WiBro Evolution transmits data at a speed of up to 400Mbps using 40ß÷ bandwidth in 2.3ß◊. ITU-Ris scheduled to select a 4G (IMT-Advanced) technology standard in 2010. As WiBro was designatedas 3G standard, WiBro Evolution is at an advantage in competing for the 4G standard. Currently, 3GLTE (Long-Term Evolution) and WiBro Evolution are thought to be the prime candidates for thenext-generation technology standard.

Market Snapshot

Mobile WiMAX Roadmap

Source : Samsung Electronics


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“Mobile WiMAX will connect 8% of the world’s 1.1 billion mobile broadband subscribers by 2012,accounting for nearly 88 million users worldwide. 52% of these subscribers will be from Asiancountries while North and South America will account for another 28%.”

“Mobile WiMAX will be more successful with laptops, external laptop adaptors, and otherconsumer electronics than in phone handsets. It is these devices outside of the handset whereWiMAX provides the greatest competitive challenge to traditional cellular technologies.”2008.02 In-Stat

“The biggest opportunity for mobile WiMAX is the chance to develop a wider device ecosystemand worldwide subscriber base before LTE starts to do the same. However, LTE remains apotential threat to WiMAX since 3GPP-backed LTE will become the dominant 4G technology andis progressing quickly toward standardization.”2008.3 ABI Research

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“Mobile WiMAX will begin to take off over the 2010 to 2013 period, exceeding 80 million mobilesubscribers globally by 2013. Mobile WiMAX will represent a single digit proportion of the globalmobile broadband base by 2013.?The value of Mobile WiMAX service revenues globally will growto over $23bn per annum by 2013.”2007.12 Juniper Research

“WiMAX subscribers will increase worldwide from 3.40 million to 27 million between 2006 and2011. This forecast includes both 802.16e, and pre-802.16e subscribers, which use proprietarybroadband and wireless access and 802.16.2004 technologies. By 2011, of the total number ofWiMAX subscribers, 25.10 million will be using 802.16e.”2008.01 YankeeGroup

“The worldwide fixed and mobile WiMAX equipment market is forecast to grow at a phenomenal 5-year compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 89% between 2006 and 2010. 43% of all mobileWiMAX equipment revenue comes from Asia Pacific in 2Q07, 31% from North America, 17% fromEMEA, and 9% from CALA”2007.10 Infonetics Research

Mobile Broadband Subscribers by Technology

Who Is Interested in Mobile WiMAX?A variety of businesses, ranging from telecom companies to web portal companies, areoffering or planning mobile WiMAX service. Among others, tier 1 carriers like KT of Korea, BT and France Telecom of Europe want toventure into the wireless market with mobile WiMAX. Wireless carriers such as SKTelecom of Korea, Sprint Nextel of the U.S. and KDDI of Japan are also jumping into thebusiness to strengthen their data services. In addition, Service Operators and Internet Service Providers are eyeing mobile WiMAXto expand their business into thewireless arena. Omnivision,Arlalink, and TVA are among these.Satellite TV service providers andInternet portals such as DirecTV,Yahoo and Google are consideringmobile WiMAX. Greenfieldoperators including YTL and MVSNET also want to launch mobileWiMAX to introduce IP-basedTriple Play Service.

Source : Parks Associates

Case Study/KT


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Lessons to Learn from KT's Hardships Obstacle No. 1: Lackluster Competition At first, WiBro service licenses were granted to three service providers: KT, SK Telecom, andHanaro Telecom. Hanaro Telecom, however, gave up on the license due to business uncertainty,leaving the other two in the industry.

SK Telecom, the country's biggest mobile operator, is unhappy with the rapid growth of WiBrobecause WiBro seems capable of eating up the profits from SK Telecom’s current mobilesubscribers. Of course, no bold steps to develop new services or expand coverage are expectedfrom the mobile operator.

It's common knowledge that competition for better service quality leads to more customerchoices and industry growth. In the WiBro industry, however, that common knowledge does notapply. Industry observers say that the root cause of the competition problem is that thegovernment has decided to grant service licenses to fixed and wireless service providers whoinherently have different characteristics.

Obstacle No. 2: CoverageThe biggest reason for the sluggishness of subscriber growth is that the coverage is still limitedto Seoul and some surrounding cities.

KT is planning to expand the service area to 17 cities around Seoul°¬ including Incheon, Goyang,Sungnam, and Suwon. It also decided to offer a fixed rate to existing subscribers for the timebeing and providing USB devices to new subscribers for free.

SK Telecom, though reluctantly, plans to build 54 more hot zones in 42 cities across the nationthis year. It is preparing to release a DBDM device that supports WiBro and HSDPA (High-SpeedDownlink Packet Access) together and a USB-type modem.

Obstacle No. 3: Service DifferentiationWhen WiBro service was unveiled, the industry got into the controversy regarding its competitiveedge over HSDPA as both services offered high-speed wireless Internet on the move. WiBro'sbiggest advantage was the provision of high-speed data transmission with higher efficiency andlower cost than HSDPA, but HSDPA offered higher QoS and wider coverage than WiBro. At thepeak of the heated debate, KTF (the nation's leading WCDMA service provider) went all out forHSDPA, and SK Telecom also jumped into the competition, which in turn pushed WiBro to the

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Case Study/KT

For pioneers, the exploration of uncharted industry is a double-edged sword. In June 2006, whenKT (Korea's biggest broadband provider) and SK Telecom (the nation's largest mobile operator)launched WiBro (the Korean version of mobile WiMAX), there was nothing but excitement aboutbeing the ‘world's first’. Two years later, however, as of March 2008, the service is a failure by allmeans.

The result fell far short of both high and low expectations. In Korea, WiBro subscribers were slightlyover 100,000 as of December 2007. KT claims almost 100,000 subscribers while SK TELECOM hasless than 1,000 subscribers, which is almost non-existent.

Determined to make WiBro a new growth engine, KT aims to increase their amount of subscribers to400,000 by 2008. At least one million subscribers are needed to reach critical mass, they feel, whichwill be possible sometime in 2009. SK TELECOM, however, does not seem enthusiastic.

Some pessimists say that WiBro might not be able to cross the chasm like the public wireless LAN(PW-LAN) industry did. Common consensus held that the failure of PW-LAN proliferation is largelydue to the industry chasm despite the wide perception of its efficiency and convenience.

Back in 2006, the Communications Services Strategy Research Group of the Electronics andTelecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) rightly pointed out that marketing efforts arenecessary in order for WiBro to jump the chasm and spread. It said that the service had to removethe "value barrier" by offering more benefits than its competitors, overcome the "risk barrier" withhigher service quality, and break down the "image barrier" by raising public awareness.

KT

SK Telecom

Total

Source : MIC

2006.12

1,601

447

2,048

2007.6

21,723

822

22.545

2007.12

106,101

995

107,096

2008.12(E)

300,000

-

Mobile WiMAX Subscribers in Korea


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Case Study/KT

back burner. Since then, HSDPA has received all of the attention due to the perception that itensured high-speed data transmission with nationwide coverage. The fact that HSDPA is actuallyslower than WiBro did not mitigate this effect.

Obstacle No. 4: Broadband Service Still PrevailsIn Korea, almost everyone has access to 100Mbps broadband service. Therefore, mobile WiMAX,which has relatively weak transmission speed and service stability, is still at a disadvantage. Limitedcoverage prevented it from being complementary to broadband service. Also, it failed to appeal totargeted market segments, such as laptop users.

Obstacle No. 5 : Device Performance ProblemOne of the factors that prevented KT from making any additional investment in mobile WiMAX wasthe poor performance of wave-1 devices. The government also recognized the problem and gave agrace period for service providers to fulfill their investment obligation. Industry observers realizethat major investment decisions will be made after wave-2 equipment has been developed in thefirst half of this year.

Campuses are a New Target for KT WiBro

College campuses are the most ideal customer base for a

WiBro service provider in view of investment efficiency. The

wide coverage, high speed, and strong mobility of WiBro will

appeal best to college students. That is why KT is

concentrating efforts on campus areas in preparation for the

nationwide service.

With notebook computers becoming more widely used and college students' digital

life patterns changing, universities and colleges are hurrying to introduce U-Campus.

Pit is in the best interest of KT to penetrate into campus areas that are full of students

whose lifestyle perfectly suits the WiBro environment.

KT is now working on turning all universities and colleges in Seoul and 17 other cities in

the metropolitan districts into Ubiquitous Campuses with WiBro connectivity.

Using WiBro, students of target universities will be able to access school

administration, e-books, as well as video-based lectures from every corner of the

campus.

Besides the convenience and the broad choices that it offers, WiBro’s price is also

tempting. Students who subscribe to the affordable service for just 10,000 won per

month and add U-Campus service for 3,000 won per month will have unlimited access

to video lectures.

Encouraged by its success in colleges throughout Korea, KT is now providing WiBro

service for Stanford University in the United States. KT has established a WiBro Zone at

the university to support a mobile education project.

Stanford University School of Education, while running a mobile education project

named “Pocket School” for children in Mexico, Peru, Guatemala, and Vietnam, where

there is poor fixed-line infrastructure, enlisted the help of KT in establishing a wireless

Internet platform capable of supporting real-time transmission of mostly large-

capacity video images.

Accordingly, KT provides WiBro solutions and an e-learning platform of high efficiency

and low cost, while Stanford University is developing this education program. The

mobile education solution jointly developed by the two institutions will be used for

children in underdeveloped countries and mobile education programs in Korea as well.


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Applications for Mobile WiMAX

Mobile WiMAX operators can offer a wide array of fixed and mobile services to subscribers via asingle platform.

Based on the benefits offered by mobile WiMAX - mobility, broadband service, always-onfeature, personalization, portability, and low price - the various services listed below can beoffered. This is expected to result in an increase in sales for operators as well as a rise in ARPU(Average Revenue Per User), which will turn lead to improvements in ROI (Return OnInvestment).

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Case Study/KT

A Peep into WiBro Service - the Essential Services

KT defines WiBro service as threefold: a high-speed multimedia data service, affordable wirelessInternet access, and a high-capacity interactive service where users participate in creating andsharing content. Based on this definition, KT introduced UCC, Web Mail, My Web, Multi board, andPC control as its five core services.

UCC service enables users to upload large UCC files with its "quick and easy" user interface. As theupload speed is fast, large files can be easily uploaded so that users can post videos on their blogsor stream personal Web casts.

Web mail is a one-stop,integrated mailingservice allowingpeople to use severalmail accounts while onthe move.

My web is a mobileRSS designed to useRSS feeds from Webportals and pages. Youcan adopt informationyou like withouthaving to check all ofthe Web sites.

Multi board allows two-way multimedia communication based on mobile TPS. Uploading andmulticasting are provided for a better interactive service.

PC control enables portable devices to be used as if they were PCs. File transmission, storage, andplay are made possible thanks to remote access.

Source : Posdata

Source : Posdata


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More service licensesThe government decided to grant anadditional license for mobile WiMAXbusiness. Now that Hanaro Telecom hasbacked off, only two companies (i.e., KTand SK Telecom) currently provide theservice. The government plans to fill inthis space left by Hanaro Telecom byawarding the 2,363 Mhz-2390Mhzfrequency band to a candidate with astrong will and capability to offer theservice, expecting the newcomer tomake a difference in the industry andencourage competition. In the case thatthere is no candidate, the frequencyband will be diverted for otherpurposes.

MVNOMVNO is considered another way to bring new vitality to the industry. The government plannedto provide 30 percent of network capacity to wireless carriers and Internet access providers ifmore than five million people are subscribed to mobile WiMAX in three years, but the plan wasscrapped. Instead, the government decided to let the deliberation committee on ICT policiesconsider whether to adopt MVNO, when, and how much network capacity shall be open.

Mobile VoIPThe government thinks that Internet phone service on the mobile WiMAX network is a goodinducement to attract customers in that the service would cut the communication fee and offermore options. There are challenges, though. The law stipulates that the frequency band licensedfor mobile WiMAX service should only be used for portable Internet service, which prohibitstelephone service. Issues like coverage, service quality, device development, and frequencyband capacity should also be solved.

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Case Study/KT

What's the Magic Pill?

Government Struggling to Create a Mobile WiMAX BoomThe Korean government was very proud when the country launched a commercial mobile WiMAXservice before any other country in the world. The glory of being the first in the world, however,turned out to be short-lived as the results fell far short of expectations. The dark cloud that was castover the supposedly promising business did not seem to be temporary, so the government tried toinvigorate the lackluster industry.

Make a Big Reference .... Mobile WiMAX Goes to North KoreaNorth Korea, one of the least-connected regions in the world, is likely to have WiBro access soon.The South Korean government will carry out a WiBro establishment project in the North, which isexpected to bring about symbolic effects in boosting WiBro service.

A high-ranking official at the Ministry of Information and Communication of Korea said that thegovernment would provide full support so that the public sector can adopt WiBro in full swing. Firstof all, the ministry is seeking to construct a WiBro network in Gaeseong Industrial Complex andInternational Business Center in Songdo, where there will be demands for particular purposes.However, the official did not unveil any specific timetable for providing WiBro service in Gaeseong.

KT, the Korean WiBro service provider, plans to expand fixed-lineand wireless services in Gaeseong Industrial Complex andultimately provide communication services in other North Koreancities as well.

The Korean information ministry will set up a communicationscenter of 10,000 lines in the Industrial Complex for communicationservices, including the Internet. Expanding the service network innewly the established special economic zones, such as Mt.Geumgang and Haeju areas, the Ministry will conduct a feasibilitystudy for upgrading the communication network in North Korea inthe mid-long term.

Expanding the servicenetwork in newly theestablished specialeconomic zones, such asMt. Geumgang and Haejuareas, the Ministry willconduct a feasibility studyfor upgrading thecommunication network inNorth Korea in the mid-long term.

Analyst View

Case Study/KT

Experiencing KT WiBro Service ...

HSDPA Benefits from Limited Coverage of WiBro

Since WiBro and HSDPA were first introduced, there have been many debates over which wouldbecome more successful. The prevailing opinion was that HSDPA, which, despite its relativesluggishness, offered wider coverage, would outperform WiBro.

At this moment, I would agree with the "No need for WiBro" side unless you expect especially largetraffic. I recently subscribed to KT WiBro service, and the problem is that I have to wait for at leastfive months to use the service because my office is out of the range of their coverage. For thatreason, I opted for a service that bundled WiBro and HSDPA together in order to use HSDPA inplaces that are beyond the reach of WiBro coverage.

The HSDPA service was offered by KTF, the nation's biggest HSDPA provider and KT's affiliate. As I had used KTF's HSDPA service before, I am well aware of how convenient it is. The Internetconnection was seamlessly delivered in a vehicle running at 80 km/h.

KT claims that WiBro service isavailable everywhere in Seoul,but this is not true. In someplaces, transmission speedand access stability were farlower than HSDPA. As amatter of fact, no service wasavailable in quite a lot ofplaces.

When you want seamlessInternet connection on themove for Web surfing,mailbox checking, stocktrading, and other Internettasks, I must say that HSDPA isa better choice.


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The vendor’s perspective

More WiMAX sales? That should be the dream of anymanufacturer or vendor. In reality, the situation is morecomplex: the per-subscriber expenditure for telecom,computing, and entertainment equipment is remarkablystable as a percentage of the overall disposable income ofany country, and WiMAX is not going to change that. Ifsubscribers buy more WiMAX devices, will they necessarilystop buying other devices? It is unlikely that they will throwaway their iPods or trade them in for a tablet just because ithas built-in WiMAX ? they want a digital music player, not adata-centric device.

On the contrary, we expect that multimedia players like theiPod will have WiMAX embedded because connectivitymakes the device more attractive and expands itsfunctionality. End users are not likely to think of these asWiMAX devices (or 3G or Wi-Fi devices for that matter) but rather as devices they areaccustomed to (e.g., a PDA or multimedia player) with an additional feature.

The opportunity - and the challenge - for vendors will not be represented by a huge increase inoverall device sales, but in successfully addressing the shift in demand towards connecteddevices. This will require more than adding a WiMAX module to existing device types. They willneed to:

Keep devices affordable without reducing performance. WiMAX functionality has to beembedded into a wide range of devices at low cost while limiting the impact on batterylife and performance.

Hide WiMAX. Many devices with WiMAX connectivity are not primarily ‘WiMAX devices’,and the new functionality has to blend in well. The WiMAX connection should work rightout of the box, and it should be straightforward to add the device to an existing plan.

Optimize devices for mobile access. Vendors need to go beyond the mere addition of

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Analyst View

One WiMAX Subscriber, Multiple DevicesThe true disruptive power of mobile WiMAX may lie in breaking the one-

subscriber, one-ARPU, one-device rule

Most communications services are currently tied to one contract and one device. For instance, aGSM mobile subscriber has a pre- or post-paid account that is typically associated with a SIM card,and it is the SIM card that, when inserted into a particular device, designates that device as beinglive on the account. The subscriber can use a different phone by moving the SIM card, but only onephone can be used for communication at any one time. Even bundled services respect this rule;they offer a discount on the overall bill, but mostly treat devices and services as independentproducts.

WiMAX is set to change all this. WiMAX will be embedded into a wider group of devices than GSMor even HSPA or EV-DO. These devices will include deSK Telecomop modems, laptops, phones,gaming consoles, multimedia players, and other consumer electronic devices. Subscribers alreadyhave many of these devices, but most of devices still lack wireless connectivity or use variousinterfaces (i.e., Wi-Fi for laptops, but GSM for phones). As more devices with embedded WiMAXbecome available, subscribers will increasingly prefer to buy these devices over those that lackconnectivity, provided that the difference in price is small.

Initially, a subscriber may have a deSK Telecomop modem and possibly a laptop card. In a fewyears, however, the primary device is more likely to be mobile or portable (a laptop or other data-centric device), with consumer electronic devices, such as game consoles, multimedia players, orcameras, acting as most users’ secondary connection device or devices. According to our latestreport, "WiMAX: Ambitions and Reality", approximately 30% of WiMAX subscribers worldwide willhave more than one mobile WiMAX device by 2012. These subscribers will use WiMAX as an accesstechnology for multiple applications and services (e.g., enterprise applications, games, contentdownloads).

Multiple devices per subscriber is a good proposition for device manufacturers ? it translates intohigher WiMAX device sales, and for operators, it brings higher service stickiness and lower churn,however, this transition to multiple devices disrupts existing business models. The opportunity forWiMAX to attract subscribers is contingent upon the ability of device vendors and operators tofacilitate this trend towards multiple devices, even if this often entails a new approach to productdevelopment and marketing that marks a sharp departure from their current practices.


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Most operators appreciate the opportunity that theuse of multiple devices brings, and they plan toallow subscribers to add new devices to theiraccount since that would cause lower churn, amore attractive service proposition, and higherARPU. At the same time, however, they areaccustomed to associating each device with aseparate fee. Such an approach is likely to slowadoption of new devices and services becausesubscribers will find the overall service propositionless compelling if they are required to pay anadditional fee for each device.

It is also true that subscribers with multiple devicesmay share them with other subscribers (e.g., onesubscription in a household may allow all familymembers to use a connection) thereby maygenerate higher levels of traffic. But there are waysto avert abuse, other than charging separately foreach device, that also encourage the ownershipand use of multiple devices. For instance, operators may impose traffic caps or give lower priorityto traffic from heavy users after they exceed a defined limit. They could also allow only onedevice (or one device type) to be active at any point in time from a single account, as long asthey allow the subscriber to move quickly from one device to another.

The good news is that device subsidies will become less of a burden on operators. Subsidies arenot likely to disappear entirely since WiMAX operators will have to compete with other operatorsthat do offer subsidies. Subsidies are such a widespread marketing tool that a new technologyalone is unlikely to threaten their existence. However, subscribers are not likely to expectsubstantial subsidies on secondary devices. They may expect a lower price on the deSKTelecomop modem or a phone, but they will probably want to buy the laptop or gamingconsole that they like best. In most cases, operators will not even sell these devices, andsubscribers will buy them as they currently do through their favorite retail channels.

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Analyst View

WiMAX modules to theirexisting products. Newform factors that combinethe desired features andfunctionality with bettersupport for mobile usage(e.g., long battery life,appropriate trade-offsbetween overall device sizeand weight, or betweenscreen and keyboard size)are needed to accelerateadoption.

Make them easier to use. According to a recent survey by the Pew Internet and America LifeProject, 32% of end users need someone else's help to set up their electronic devices. Asmobile broadband and WiMAX move to address the mass market, vendors need to improveuser-interface design to be able to meet the demands of their new subscribers.

Allow users to preserve a single identity across multiple devices. Communications betweendevices is still very limited, even when they are all linked to the same local area network. Theability to sync a laptop and a phone or to manage phone settings and contents from a PCoften requires more effort than most end users are willing to exert. With an increasingnumber of connected devices, it is crucial for both vendors and operators to enablesubscribers to keep their identity across devices by sharing content (e.g., music, contacts, etc.)and by synchronizing information (e.g., calendar, email, etc.). Subscribers also want to addnew devices effortlessly to a single service plan and to have access to the same servicesregardless of the device used.

These features are crucial to enticing subscribers to move to devices with data connectivity and touse the new functionality effectively. If managing multiple devices becomes a nightmare, as it toooften is today, the overall adoption of mobile broadband and WiMAX may be delayed because itsvalue to the subscribers will be greatly reduced. Mobile broadband has the potential to reachpenetration rates comparable to those of cellular voice, but subscribers still have to be convincedthat they need more than basic wireless data connectivity (i.e., texting, messaging, and email). Theavailability of compelling, well-designed devices will play a crucial role in driving mobile broadbandadoption in the mass market ? even more so than the availability of mobile-focused applications.

The operator perspective

Mobile WiMAX is a wireless broadbandtechnology that is designed to operatemore than five times faster than today'sthird-generation wireless networks atlower cost. Mobile WiMAX technology isexpected to allow users to wirelesslydownload full-length movies and songs,conduct live video-conferences fromremote locations, and perform otherinteractive multi-media applicationsanywhere in the coverage area, mobilizingthe full power of the open Internet. Thetechnology is expected to be deployedubiquitously with embedded chipsets incomputing, consumer electronic devicesand other innovative access devices beingdeveloped by a global ecosystem. - Sprint Nextel -

Analyst View

Mobile operators are accustomed to ahigh degree of control over devices. Theysell them to subscribers, subsidize them,and control their interface andfunctionality. It is the mobile operatorthat decides which devices subscriberswill use. The balance will shift withWiMAX subsidy-free devices ? thesubscriber pays for them and feelsentitled to retain control over the device.While subscribers will still expect devicesto operate successfully in the network,they want to be free to use the device ona different network and are unlikely totolerate limitations on the applicationsthat they can access on their devices. Assubscribers are no longer a captiveaudience, the operator may find it moredifficult to successfully market value-added, application-based services tosubscribers and may see its rolerestricted as an access provider.

WiMAX adoption will mean much morethan affordable mobile broadband. It isset to change the way vendors andoperators develop, market, and supportdevices and services. It represents a

unique opportunity for operators to bring more freedom and flexibility to subscribers ? and ahigher perceived value for the service than the one they are accustomed to with current cellulardata services.

Contributed by Monica Paolini, President, Senza Fili Consulting

Monica Paolini can be contacted at [email protected]


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We are seeing more and moreMobile WiMAX 802.16e trials andnetwork contracts ? over 50 wereannounced in 2007 alone, and themarket is very active in all regions ofthe world. We anticipate thatmobile usage will develop afterinitial demand for fixed andportable services ? WiMAX 802.16eis a flexible platform that canoperate in all three modes of usage.By 2013, mobile WiMAX willrepresent a single digit proportionof the global mobile broadbandbase. This will be a tremendousachievement for this newtechnology platform, which hasrecently been boosted by the ITU'sendorsement of it as an IMT2000specification.

Juniper Research forecasts that Mobile WiMAX 802.16e will begin to take off over the 2010 to2013 period, exceeding 80 million mobile subscribers globally by 2013. The value of the MobileWiMAX 802.16e service revenues market will grow to $23bn by the same year. Asia will accountfor over 50% of Mobile WiMAX 802.16e subscribers at that time, exceeding 40 million mobilesubscribers. Countries such as India, Korea, Pakistan, Taiwan, and Australia will drive the growthof Mobile WiMAX 802.16e. WiMAX will be well-suited to rapid deployment in many underservedareas, whilst government programmes in countries such as Taiwan will support growth. Over thenext year, licenses in countries such as India, Japan, and Thailand, as well as countries in otherregions, will be auctioned. Timely award of these licenses will accelerate market development.

Mobile WiMAX will be a device-based technology, and there are several wildcard factors thatcould significantly increase the size of the market, including the emergence of very-low-costlaptops and the addition of broadband capability to a range of devices, including portablemusic/MP3 players and games consoles. The twin challenges are for vendors to produce theright devices at the right time and price and for Mobile WiMAX service providers to differentiatetheir offerings from those of existing mobile operators. Successfully facing these challenges willaccelerate market development.

WiMAX is defined as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, which allows for broadbandwireless access of information in the form of packet data. It was introduced in October 2001 and isalso known as the IEEE 802.16 standard. The Mobile WiMAX standard has been established toprovide specifications for mobile broadband wireless access systems. The IEEE Working groupratified the standard in December 2005. Though the fixed version of WiMAX focuses on the point-to-multipoint broadband access and the last mile solution, the mobile version of WiMAX will focuson mobility for broadband. The strength lies in the fact that, apart from mobility, it will also supportfixed and nomadic access. The peak throughput rate is expected to be 75 Mbps.

The aim of the WiMAX standard is to ensure that interoperability is maintained among devices. TheWiMAX Forum will ensure that the standards, which are covered under WiMAX, are releasedaccording to their scheduled timelines and that guidelines are maintained by the vendors.

Global Mobile WiMAX Subscriber Forecast

An Assessment of Developments in the Near FutureTrends, Expectations, and Unpredictable Elements

WiBro Patent

In January 2007, the IEEE outlined a proposed work plan for a new version of the 802.16 standardthat could increase speeds to 1 Gbps while maintaining backwards compatibility with existingWiMAX products. The new version has been called 802.16m, and the IEEE aims to complete thestandard by September 2008 for approval by December 2008. The IEEE wants to develop a"competitive" and "significantly improved" radio-access technology that is "compliant with the ITUR/IMT advanced requirements for 4G" while keeping interoperability with mobile WiMAX. Potentialnew radio interfaces will need to support up to 100Mbps for high mobility services, such as mobileaccess, and up to 1Gbps for low mobility services, such as nomadic/local wireless access, by around2010. A step-change speed increase of this magnitude will enable service providers to offer a rangeof content-rich multimedia services, such as TV, fast music downloads, and streamed video, as wellas greatly improved VoIP performance and capacity.

Contributed by Howard Wilcox, Juniper Research Report Author: “Mobile WiMAX: Global Opportunities, Strategies & Forecasts, 2007-2013”December 2007

Analyst View

USB Modem Makes up 89% of Mobile WiMAX Access

Since its commercial launch in June 2006, KT WiBro has attracted over 100,000subscribers, the majority of whom use USB modems to access the service. According to KT's research results, 89% of WiBro subscribers are using notebookcomputers with USB modems, 10% PDAs and smartphones, and 1% ultra mobile PCs. The company attributes the predominance of USB modems to the convergencecapability of modems supporting terrestrial DMB, HSDPA, MP3 players, and portablestorage units as well as WiBro connectivity. The 3Mbps speed and monthly linear rates(10,000 to 19,800 won) also explain the preference for accessing WiBro through USBmodems, the company said.Mobile WiMAX service is offering the fastest data communication with full-mobility amongexisting telecommunication technologies. Since Mobile WiMAX technology is based on IEEE

802.16e OFDMA TDD and all IP-based, more effective andconvenient mobile broadband services are possible withalready existing IP infrastructure. Users can enjoy mobilebroadband services, anytime, anywhere, any device, evenon the move. - Samsung Electronics -


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Patent Applications for Major WiBro Technologies

WiBro technologies include OFDMA, hand-over, powercontrol, network interworking, scheduling, connectioncontrol, MIMO (Multi Input Multi Output), smart antenna,and VoIP.

In WiBro hand-over, South Korea and the United Stateshave filed the majority of patents. The U.S. patents aremostly for handover in IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) and arealmost evenly distributed amongst large companies, suchas Samsung, Nokia, Interdigital, Ericsson, and Motorola. InKorea, patent applications began to rise at about the timeof standardization, and over 90% of them were filed byKorean companies, such as Samsung, ETRI, KT, and SK TELECOM, while Interdigital is the mostactive among foreign companies.

Along with handover, power control is one of the most predominant technologies in terms ofthe number of patent applications. As in handover, South Korea and the Unites States are outin front. In Korea, patent applications gained momentum with the standardization, whereas inthe United States, there had been a lot of applications even before the standardization ofWiMAX. The distribution pattern of patent assignees in each country is similar to that ofhandover.

In network interworking, patent applications in the United States peaked at around the time ofWiMAX standardization, but they have been declining ever since, whereas in Korea, commercialWiBro service triggered the increase of applications. SK Telecom, running both mobile and fixed-line networks, is filing more applications than any other patent assignees in Korea. In particular,the number of patent applications for WiBro interworking with WLAN increased in Korea withthe development of IEEE 802.16m (WiBro Evolution) aimed at 4G standard.

WiBro scheduling is almost the same as handover or power control in terms of its patentapplication pattern. Patent fillings for packet scheduling combined with subcarrier allocation areon the rise.

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WiBro Patent Application Overview

In view of mobility and cellcoverage, WiBro is on themidpoint between voice-centered mobilecommunications and Wi-Fidata communications.Accordingly, WiBro has beenupgrading and takingadvantage of coretechnologies from bothsides.

WiBro has adoptedhandover, electric powercontrol, and connection

control from mobile communications as well as AMC, MIMO, and scheduling from Wi-Fi.

WiBro modified and integrated existing technologies from different areas rather than developingnew technologies. This goes for WiBro patents as well. Patents for original technologies werealready issued in Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) or WiMAX (IEEE 802.16). As WiBro began to receive publicity,applications for patents suitable to the service began to emerge.

While Korea led the approval of IEEE 802.16e as an international standard for WiBro and became thefirst nation to commercialize the technology, patents for WiBro in Korea were mostly filed byKorean companies or research institutes. Those who played a part in standardization or who arepresently carrying out WiBro service, such as Samsung Electronics, KT, SK Telecom, and ETRI,account for about 60% of patent applications.

In the United States, WiBro patent applications are filed by a wide range of companies, includingEricsson, Lucent, Samsung Electronics, and Nokia. Samsung Electronics chiefly applies fortechnologies of commercially use, whereas Ericsson, Lucent, and Nokia concentrate on WiMAX, thefundamental technology for WiBro.

OFDMA is one of the mostimportant elements of the WiBrosystem. Qualcomm and Adaptix,the owners of Flarion andBroadstorm, respectively, hold themajority of patents for OFDMAoriginal technologies. In Korea,Samsung and ETRI are taking thelead, but the patents are mostly forapplied technologies.


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WiBro (IEEE 802.16e) combines mobility and MIMO, building on WiMAX (IEEE802.16d). Therefore,the performance of WiBro depends on handover as well as MIMO and the smart antenna of theWiMAX system. These technologies existed even before the approval of the WiBro standard, butWiBro requires some special technologies to support 1Mbps-transmission in a vehicle moving at100km/hr without compromising handover, MIMO or smart antenna. So these specialtechnologies must be referred to as major technologies in the WiBro patent application.

For high-speed mobility, WiBro should support prompt handover. Accordingly, WiBro patentapplications for handover are mostly related to reducing L2/L3 handover time, minimizingpacket loss by forecasting handover, simplifying handover, and decreasing the overload that iscaused by scanning.

Since the WiBro system uses multi-carrier OFDM for uplink ? as well as downlink ? modulation,when the peak-to-average power ratio of the uplink grows, the terminal consumes more power.There is a patent application for the RF power amplifier that raises the average signal efficiencyof high-PAPR. A technology that weights different subcarriers to reduce power loss bycontrolling average power is also waiting for patent issue. Other related patent applications dealwith forecasting data scheduling and switching to sleep or idle modes.

WiBro Evolution (IEEE 802.16m), a strong candidate for 4G international standard, includesnetwork interworking. WiBro/W-LAN and WiBro/mobile communications are popular items forpatent applications. Specifically, most patent applications cover handoff between differentnetworks, MIH (Media Independent Handover), authentication process for interworking, andefficient connection methods.

In WiBro, scheduling is related to QoS and VoIP. In this area, patents are mostly filed forscheduling within the limited amount of resources. Scheduling methods include prioritizingservices, controlling transmission lag on L3, or allocating an exclusive channel. WiBro deploys themulticarrier method and some patent applications claim the method of subcarrier allocation andmodulation for certain types of users.

Patents for connection control mainly refer to advances in the ability to conduct synchronizingand ranging with accuracy and promptness. Mostly, they deal with improving the performance

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Patent applications for WiBro connectioncontrol have been surging in South Korea,the United States, and Europe since thestandardization. Connection controltechnologies are mostly related tosynchronizing, ranging, and channelestimation. Patents are filed mostly forconnection technologies in relation tohandover and power control. Patents forchannel estimation are based on IEEE802.16d and cover the method of channelestimation by means of MIMO.

Patent applications for WiBro MIMO, smartantenna, WiBro VoIP have taken off in Koreasince the standardization. The current WiBrostandard supports MIMO and VoIP, but there

no such services are available. However, patents for these technologies are increasingly being filedfor, especially in Korea, with better QoS and growingefforts to introduce the real-time voice serviceinvolved in commercial WiBro service.

Other technologies ranking high for patentapplication in Korea are interference cancellationthrough WiBro handsets and base-stations, I-Qmismatching, and offset/timing correction.

WiBro Patents for Major Technologies

"WiMAX will translate into people beingable to take their favorite Internetexperiences - be it watching videos,streaming music or doing research on theInternet - on the go without compromisingon quality,"- Ari Virtanen, Vice President,Nokia Multimedia

Spread Your Message throughout the IndustryTelecoms Korea suggests that you showcase your mobile WiMAX technologies, solutions,insights and opinions about the industry via the ‘Sponsored Editorial’ section of the ‘MobileWiMAX Handbook 2009.’ It will be a great opportunity to inform wireless carriers, developers and general consumerswho are interested in mobile WiMAX about what your company is doing and envisioningin a cost-efficient way.Looking forward to your contribution through [email protected]

WiBro Patent

of synchronizing and ranging in relation to handoff and repeating. Patent applications for channelestimation are filed continuously, but they are mostly for coding or attaching preambles to a sub-channel in order to adjust OFDMA-based channel estimation to a mobile environment.

For MIMO, it is important to prevent the coupling of separate antennas. Patents are filed either foravoiding damage to practical use that could be caused by physical size or for practical space-timecoding. Many patent applications combine space-time coding with the allocation of 1,024subcarriers to antennas and the enlargement of communication capacity.

Other main issues in WiBro patent applications are compensation for I-Q mismatching, frequencyoffset, and synchronization based on pilot information.

WiBro Handover Technology AdvancesWiBro service is capable of offering faster data transmission than mobile services.Subscription to the service, however, needs to be facilitated due to the fact that thecoverage is confined to certain areas of the country. Regarding the service, the industrywas reported to be increasingly interested in developing dual-mode devices that allowthe use of multiple wireless communication services on a single device. Among othertechnologies, it was reported that development of handover technology, which switchesto mobile service outside of the WiBro service area, has been on the rise. The Korean Intellectual Property Office (KIPO) said that license applications for handovertechnology between WiBro and mobile networks had continued to be filed ? 19 in 2004,16 in 2005, and 11 in 2006. Ten of the applications were filed by WiBro-relatedmanufacturers, 25 by communications service providers, 10 by research centers, and oneby academia, according to the KIPO. Most of the patents were about methods of determining handover timing, handovertechnology using mobile IP, and interoperation of mobile phone services. The KIPO said that the key to the handover between WiBro and mobile networks is toshorten handover time and build networks that allow for the use of mobile service in theWiBro network. The KIPO said that the technologies for reducing handover time arecrucial because handover between WiBro and mobile networks take a lot of time, whichcan affect the quality of call services. The agency said that interoperability between thetwo service networks is a prerequisite to using voice calling, SMS, and MMS service in theWiBro network.

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The Advantage of Mobile WiMAX

Economic Scalability, the strong ecosystem of the 529-member WiMAX Forum, will enable early spreading intothe market and economy of scale. Thanks to cost-effective solutions with lower frequency costs and simplenetwork configuration with 2-tier, a network can beconfigured at lower costs compared with othercompetitive technology offers. Enhanced service featureswith Multicast Broadcast Service (MBS) and high-efficientmobile Triple Play Service (TPS) can be provided, thusproviding new revenue sources. Business flexibility iscontingent on the service environment; fixed, nomadic,portable, and mobile services can be combined into anew service. Each service can be seamlessly migrated tomobile service.

The below factors explain why Mobile WiMAX is thebest solution for successful rollouts of mobilebroadband services:

Features of technology : The basic concept of Mobile WiMAX is to increase Internet accesswith mobility. It is developed and optimized for data services and offers some of the mostadvanced functionality and spectral efficiency features among all commercially availablewireless data technologies. Its IP network will make it easier and more economical to roll outnew data applications and inter-work with other IP-based technologies. Major technicalfeatures of 4G, such as OFDMA and Advanced Antenna technologies are already adopted inMobile WiMAX. Mobile WiMAX brings further enhancements in throughput and coveragerange.

A wide variety of devices : The IP architecture of Mobile WiMAX technology makesintegration easier due to the open feature. Mobile WiMAX can support a wide variety of newdevices. From external modems to Consumer Electronics (CE), the potential power of aMobile WiMAX device is unlimited. Currently, various types of devices, such as externalmodems (PC card, USB dongle, CPE), UMPC, PDA, PMP, and Mobile WiMAX embedded PCs,

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Best Partner for Mobile WiMAX

In October 2007, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Radiocommunication Assembly,the international union for telecommunication standards, officially recognized Mobile WiMAXtechnology as one of the 3G mobile technologies and part of the next evolution of 3G cellulartechnology. Mobile WiMAX brings telecom operators more opportunities for providing faster high-speed broadband data service, and gives end users more choices to experience true mobilemultimedia services.

The WiMAX Forum has attracted over 529 members representing the entire value chain, fromcomponent and silicon vendors to system vendors, service providers and other ecosystem players. Ithas expanded over 10 times since its foundation in 2001. It began the certification of the Mobile WiMAXproduct at the end of 2007, with the first certified products expected for the first quarter of 2008.

Sprint Nextel was committed to soft-launching the technology in early 2008 with the goal of abroader launch by the end of the year. Soft-launching service will be available in Chicago, Baltimoreand Washington, D.C.

UQ Communications is a consortium of six companies including KDDI, Intel, East Japan RailwayCompany, Kyocera Corp., Daiwa Securities Group Inc., and the Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd.This consortium acquired Mobile WiMAX business rights from Japan’s Ministry of Internal Affairs

and Communications in December2007. Samsung was chosen as thesupplier of Mobile WiMAXequipment for UQ Communicationsin Japan on March 3.

UQ Communications plans to run atrial service of Mobile WiMAX inFebruary 2009 in Tokyo andYokohama, and hopes to launchcommercial service there thefollowing summer.

"We will continue to introduceMobile WiMAX devices andexpand our portfolio of mobileconvergence devices.Samsung willcontinuously drive the marketwith pioneeringtelecommunication technologyand services not only in Korea butalso overseas. Samsung will meetthe demands of Mobile WiMAXservices and convergence devicesby delivering the products thatreflect consumers' demands." -Geesung Choi, President ofSamsung's Telecom NetworkBusiness-

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So what services can be supported by Mobile WiMAX? Basically Mobile WiMAX extends from awired broadband, so it can support all services of wired broadband in a mobile environment toreach broader areas with various devices. More enhanced services are available to customersthanks to the enhanced technical features of Mobile WiMAX. Customers can enjoy diversemultimedia services anytime, anywhere, with any device by Mobile WiMAX.

- Internet Connectivity: Internet access is a main service in Mobile WiMAX. Wherever you are andwhatever you do, you can maintain connectivity to the Internet while on the move.

- Communication: Mobile VoIP is another main service of Mobile WiMAX. Mobile WiMAX cansupport voice service through its IP network quite easily. With a minimal service fee, customerscan enjoy mobile communication.

- Multimedia: High throughput data downloading and uploading is possible. Various multimediaservices like mobile UGC, mobile gaming, mobile IPTV, mobile blogging, mobile karaoke,mobile LBS and other multimedia services are available to customers.

- Vertical Service: Mobile WiMAX can be useful for public safety by helping medical staffers andemergency crews. It can also be useful in isolated work areas such as construction sites and oilfields. In case of emergency, Mobile WiMAX can support very useful communication methodslike PTA.

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are available for Mobile WiMAX service. The unlimited flexibility of Mobile WiMAX devices willattract customers in general and those who are ready for unpredictable changes in the businessworld.

Cost effectiveness : Mobile WiMAX’s spectral efficiency, caused by TDD, enables network operatorsto manage more flexible networks. Also, it delivers a lower cost per bit than other competitivetechnologies. As the world’s most advanced mobile broadband standard, Mobile WiMAX will be agood choice for countries with inadequate infrastructure. Wired broadband is clearly not theanswer to democratizing the Internet in geographies such as deserts, jungles, etc. Mobilebroadband access is preferred in these conditions, because it can reduce initial infrastructure andmaintenance costs significantly, while providing service wherever desired.

Worldwide availability : Mobile WiMAX mainly operates in three spectrum bands (2.3GHz, 2.5GHzand 3.5GHz), which have common global allocation. Mobile WiMAX products, mobile stations andbase stations provide global interoperability through official certification tests. It can support globalroaming, so customers can enjoy worldwide mobile broadband service with one device thatsupports multiple bands. Also, the interoperability of Mobile WiMAX is an advantage for worldwideavailability. The not-for-profit organization WiMAX Forum was formed to certify and promote thecompatibility and interoperability of Mobile WiMAX. WiMAX Forum-certified products are fullyinteroperable and support mobile broadband services wherever you are.

Time to Market : The Mobile WiMAX standardwas globally approved in December 2005,and its service was first commercialized in theKorean market in June 2006. Since then, it hasshown significant growth and expansion inother global markets, such as the U.S. andJapan. Mobile WiMAX is timed to enter themarket as a global standard that appliesOFDMA technology for the first time. MobileWiMAX systems and terminals authenticatedby the WiMAX Forum will be supplied to themarket in the first quarter of 2008. MobileWiMAX enjoys a 2~3 year time advantagecompared to competitive technologies likeLTE. Early and abundant commercialexperience will allow customers to enjoymobile broadband service more freely.

What can you do with Mobile WiMAX?

Mobile WiMAX service is offering the fastest data communication with full-mobilityamong existing telecommunication technologies. Since Mobile WiMAX technology isbased on IEEE 802.16e OFDMA TDD and all IP-based, more effective and convenientmobile broadband services are possible with already existing IP infrastructure. Userscan enjoy mobile broadband services, anytime, anywhere, any device, even on themove. - Samsung Electronics -


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Technology Leadership

Through outstanding performances in solution development and commercial servicedeployments, Samsung has positioned itself as a pioneer of Mobile WiMAX technology.Samsung is actively involved in telecommunication industry forums and standard bodies toensure Mobile WiMAX global standardization. Samsung participates in the WiMAX Forum as aboard member with accumulated technological leadership. In the WiMAX Forum, Samsungplays an important role in the Technical Working Group and the Network Working Group. Itleads the IOT profiles, certification and evolution of the technology.

Samsung held the world’s first wave2 demonstration at the 3GSM World Congress 2007 inBarcelona. It proved the system can provide high-speed data of 37 Mbps for download and 10Mbps for upload. With this speed, users can download a 3MB MP3 music file within 0.7 secondsand a 700 MB movie in 2 minutes and 45 seconds.

By evolving from the 802.16e-based Mobile WiMAX to 4G service, Samsung also demonstratedthe world's first touch-and-feel experience of the 4G wireless technology during its 4G Forum in2006 and 2007. During these events, Samsung officials demonstrated 100 Mbps datatransmission in a bus moving at 60 kilometers per hour, and 1 Gbps data transfer.

Samsung has also been leading the push for Mobile WiMAX 802.16m standards in IEEE. Thetechnology leadership of Samsung Mobile WiMAX continues to usher in next-generationtechnology and 4G service.

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Market Leadership

Samsung has been developing Mobile WiMAX technology since 2002, actively contributing toMobile WiMAX standardization. Ever since Mobile WiMAX was approved as a global standard byIEEE and the WiMAX Forum at the end of 2005, Samsung has hosted many meaningful activities atinternational events such as the APEC (2005). Samsung is the first company to launch WiBrocommercial services in Korea. WiBro is a wireless broadband service based on Mobile WiMAX. KoreaTelecom (KT), Korea’s largest fixed line operator, and SKT, Korea’s largest mobile operator, haveoffered commercial WiBro services since June 2006. Currently there are over 100,000 WiBrosubscribers. Currently, about 10 different types of end user devices are providing it.

Based onsuccessful trialsandcommercializationof the technologyin the globalmarket, Samsungwas selected as apartner of SprintNextel’s MobileWiMAX service.Sprint Nextel’sMobile WiMAXcommercial servicewill be launched inApril 2008 usingSamsung’s Mobile WiMAX equipments and devices. Samsung, a major provider of both system anddevices for Sprint Nextel, will cover Washington D.C. and Baltimore in the initial stage, and thenBoston, Providence, Philadelphia, and New York.

Meanwhile, Samsung is cooperating with many other global operators for widespread use of thetechnology, including in Europe, Latin America, the Middle East and Africa.

Best Partner for Mobile WiMAX

Samsung provides complete end-to-end Mobile WiMAX solutions for the gamut from chipset,devices and base stations to IMS solutions. Devices include CPE, PCMCIA cards, express cards,PDA, UMPC and embedded PCs. Samsung’s system solution provides a wide range of coverageoptions ? from macro-dense urban areas to remote rural areas ??supporting all frequency bands(2.3/2.5/3.5GHz). Combined with Samsung’s market leadership in the traditional consumerelectronics industry, Samsung Mobile WiMAX total solution enables an operator’s successfuldeployment of mobile broadband offerings. Customers can enjoy a variety of well-knownmobile devices with the Samsung brand.

Chip Solution

Samsung also has a chip solution, which is embedded in Mobile WiMAX devices.This chip has the advantage of providing low power and various interface solutions. Advancedtechnology, abundant experiences, a full system lineup and various devices make Samsung as yourbest partner for mobile broadband

Diverse Devices

Samsung has a wholeportfolio of Mobile WiMAXdevices to fit every user’sneed. At home, at the caf?, inthe office and in a vehicle, youcan enjoy Mobile WiMAXservice with Samsung MobileWiMAX devices such as PDAphones, PC cards, USBs, andMobile WiMAX embeddedPCs or tablet PCs (UMPC).Thus users can enjoy MobileWiMAX service anytime,anywhere.

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System solution

Samsung’s system solution covers all areas and all frequency bands. The coverage supported bybase stations and ASN gateways extend from macro zones to hot spots and in-building locations,and all licensed frequency bands (2.3GHz/ 2.5GHz/ 3.5GHz). Thanks to rich on-site knowledgeaccumulated during commercial service deployments and stabilizations, the Samsung system isoptimized for a variety of environments including in the subway, on the highway and in both urbanand rural areas.

Device


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SPH M8200Samsung Electronics

Dual mode (Wibro + EV-DO)Touch Screen2.8-inch 242k QVGAT-DMBWindows Mobile 5.0

LG KC1LG Electronics

Monahans 806Mhz CPUBluetoothT-DMB2.8-inch QVGATouch Screen Windows Mobile 5.0

SPH M8100Samsung Electronics

Dual mode (Wibro + EV-DO)Bluetooth

Dual Camera2.8-inch LCD

T-DMBWindows Mobile 5.0

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Everrun 60H/S6SRAON Digital

AMD 600Mhz Geode LX900Microsoft Windows XP Home editionQwerty Keyboard4.8-inch Touch ScreenWVGA802.11b/g WLANBluetooth 2.0Battery Life 7 hours

Q1 UltraSamsung Electronics

Intel CPU 800 MhzWindows Vista Home Premium7-inch LCDBluetooth 2.060GB HDD

SPH-P9200Samsung Electronics

VIA 1Ghz Windows XP Home Edition

5-inch LCDWiFi


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SPH-H1300Samsung Electronics

Wibro +HSDPA

KWD-U1100ModacomWibro + TDMB

Mobile WiMAX Device

SWT-W100KSamsung Electronics

Wibro + GPS

T-DMB4.3-inch WVGA TFT-LCD 2-megapixel camera, Bluetooth 2.0USB 2.0 8GB memory.

KWS-P1000Sodiff

Intel PXA270 Full BrowsingDual camera

4.3-inch Touch ScreenQwerty Keyboard

USB 2.0

SPH-H1200Samsung Electronics

Wibro + HSDPA

LG-KU1PLG Electronics

Wibro + MP3 Player + Memory

second), a given bandwidth is the differencein hertz between the highest frequency thesignal uses and the lowest frequency it uses.A tpical voice signal has a bandwidth ofapproximately three kilohertz (3 kHz); ananalog television (TV) broadcast videosignal has a bandwidth of six megahertz (6MHz) - some 2,000 times as wide as thevoice signal.

2) In computer networks, bandwidth is oftenused as a synonym for data transfer rate ?the amount of data that can be carried fromone point to another in a given time period(usually a second). This kind of bandwidth isusually expressed in bits (of data) persecond (bps). Occasionally, it’s expressed asbytes per second (Bps). A modem thatworks at 57,600 bps has twice thebandwidth of a modem that works at28,800 bps. In general, a link with a highbandwidth is one that may be able to carryenough information to sustain thesuccession of images in a videopresentation.

BPSKThe simplest PSK technique is called binaryphase-shift keying (BPSK). It uses two oppositesignal phases (0 and 180 degrees). The digitalsignal is broken up timewise into individualbits (binary digits). The state of each bit isdetermined according to the state of thepreceding bit. If the phase of the wave doesnot change, then the signal state stays thesame (0 or 1). If the phase of the wave changesby 190 degrees ? that is, if the phase reverses -then the signal state changes (from 0 to 1, orfrom 1 to 0). Because there are two possiblewave phases, BPSK is sometimes calledbiphase modulation.

C/I (Carrier to Interference Ratio)On the Base station of mobile communicationor lay our cell, calculate the Carrier tointerference Ration for considering parametera proximity.

Carrier1) In information technology, a carrier (or

carrier signal) is a transmittedelectromagnetic pulse or wave at a steadybase frequency of alternation on whichinformation can be imposed by increasingsignal strength, varying the base frequency,varying the wave phase, or other means.This variation is called modulation. With theadvent of laser transmission over opticalfiber media, a carrier can also be a laser-generated light beam on whichinformation is imposed. Types of analogmodulation of a carrier include amplitudemodulation (AM), frequency modulation(FM), and phase modulation. Types ofdigital modulation include varieties of pulsecode modulation (PCM), including pulseamplitude modulation (PAM), pulseduration modulation (PDM), and pulseposition modulation (PPM). Carrier detect isa control signal between a modem and acomputer that indicates that the modeldetects a ‘live’ carrier that can be used forsending or receiving information.

2) In the telecommunication industry, a carrieris a telephone or other company that sellsor rents telecommunication transmissionservices. A local exchange carrier (LEC) is alocal phone company and an inter-exchange carrier (IEC or IXC) carriers long-distance calls.

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glossary

AGCAutomatic gain control (AGC) is an electronicsystem found in many types of devices. Itspurpose is to control the gain of a system inorder to maintain some measure ofperformance over a changing range of realworld conditions.

AMPSAdvanced Mobile Phone System or AMPS isthe analog mobile phone system standard,introduced in the Americas during the early1980s. Though analog is no longer consideredadvanced at all, the relatively seamless cellularswitching technology AMPS introduced waswhat made the original mobileradiotelephone practical, and was consideredquite advanced at the time.

Antenna GainAntenna gain is the measurement of anantennas ability to amplify the incomingmicrowave signals in a particular direction,compared with the sensitivity of an isotropicantenna in any direction, or a dipole antennain the equatorial direction. The twomeasurements are measured in decibels anddenoted by dBi and dBd respectively.

ARQ (Automatic Repeat reQuest)Automatic Repeat-reQuest. It is an Errorcontrol method for data transmission in whichthe receiver detects transmission errors in amessage and automatically requests aretransmission from the transmitter.

ASKAmplitude-shift keying (ASK) is a form ofmodulation which represents digital data asvariations in the amplitude of a carrier wave.The simplest and most common from a ASKoperates as switch, using the presence of acarrier wave to indicate a binary one and itsabsence to indicate a binary zero. This ofmodulation is called on-off keying, and is usedat radio frequencies to transmit Morse code(referred to as continuous wave operation).

BandIn telecommunication, a band - sometimescalled a frequency band - is a specific range offrequencies in the radio frequency (RF)spectrum, which is divided among rangesfrom very low frequencies (vlf) to extremelyhigh frequencies (elf). Each band has adefined upper and lower frequency limit.Because two radio transmitters sharing thesame frequency band cause mutualinterference, band usage is.

Bandwidth1) In electronic communication, bandwidth is

the width of the range (or band) offrequencies that an electronic signal useson a given transmission medium. In thisusage, bandwidth is expressed in terms ofthe difference between the highest-frequency signal component and thelowest-frequency signal component. Sincethe frequency of a signal is measured inhertz (the number of cycles of change per

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generally a measure of the ratio between twoquantities, and can be used to express a widevariety of measurements in acoustics andelectronics. The decibel is a ‘dimensionlessunit’ like percent.

dBiThe expression dBi is used to define the gainof an antenna system relative to an isotropicradiator at radio frequencies. The symbol is anabbreviation for ‘decibels relative to isotropic.’The dBi specification is based on the decibel, alogarithmic measure of relative power.Suppose an antenna direction at a pointlocated some distance away. Also, suppose anisotropic antenna Q produces anelectromagnetic field of intensity IQ uW/m2 atthe same distance. Then the gain G of antennaA, in dBi, is G= 10 log10(IA /IQ)

dBmThe expression dBm is used to define signalstrength in wires and cables at RF and AFfrequencies. The symbol is an abbreviation for‘decibels relative to one milliwatt,’ where onemilliwatt (1 mW) equals 1/1000 of a watt(0.001 W). This unit is commonly used in testlaboratories.

Design houseMeaning of design house is Fab-less company,a professional design company without aproduction line but, it designs products. Thus,a term mainly being use of IC (direct circuit),production equipments constructs andmanagement of semiconductor takes hugebudgets so, including ASIC and, many directcircuit design companies aim of outsourcingto the professional FAB. A term Design house being used for smalldesign company which produce optimized

direct circuit with ASIC (demandsemiconductor). In RF field, most MMIC/RFIC design companyis form of organized design house excepthuge enterprise.

DiffractionDiffraction is the apparent bending andspreading of waves when they meet anobstruction. It can occur with any type ofwave, including sound waves, water waves,and electromagnetic waves such as light andradio waves. Diffraction also occurs when anygroup of waves of a finite size is propagating;for example, a narrow beam of light wavesfrom a laser must, because of diffraction of thebeam, eventually diverge into a wider beam ata sufficient distance from the laser.

DSPDigital Signal Processing (DSP) is the study ofsignals in a digital representation and theprocessing methods of these signals. DSP andanalog signal processing are subfields ofsignal processing. DSP has three majorsubfields: audio signal processing, digitalimage processing and speech processing.Since the goal of DSP is usually to measure orfilter continuous real-world analog signals, thefirst step is usually to convert the signal froman analog to a digital form, by using an analogto digital converter.

ESNThe Electronic Serial Number (ESN) is a 32-bitnumber assigned by the mobile stationmanufacturer which uniquely identifies themobile station equipment. The rules to be

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Channel 1. Frequency unitA signal or the number of times it happensduring a particular period. Just like we oftenreceive radio in the frequency of 89.1 MHz,91.9 MHz, a signal possess frequency is calledChannel.In information technology, the term channel isused in a number of ways.In telecommunications in general, a channel isa separate path through which signals canflow.In the public switched telephone network(PSTN), a channel is one of multipletransmission paths within a single linkbetween network points. For example, thecommonly used (in North America) T-carriersystem line service provides 24-64 channelsfor digital data transmission.In radio and television, a channel is a separateincoming signal or program source that a usercan select.In optical fiber transmission using densewavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM), achannel is a separate wavelength of lightwithin a combined, multiplexed light stream.

CNR (Carrier to Noise Ratio)Size of carrier wave and noise and (amplitude)it shows a difference. It is urnt generally andthe bell (dB) with it shows.

CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Code)A cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is a type ofhash function used to produce a checksum,which is a small number of bits, from a largeblock of data, such as a packet of networktraffic or a block of a computer file, in order todetect errors in transmission or storage. A CRCis computed and appended beforetransmission or storage, and verified

afterwards to confirm that no changesoccurred. CRCs are popular because they aresimple to implement in binary hardware, areeasy to analyze mathematically, and areparticularly good at detecting common errorscaused by noise in transmission channels.

CrosstalkThe Crosstalk each railway line or interferenceof Channel for happens from communicationand it is a terminology which is plentifullyused in the case where the cross becomes.

DABDigital audio broadcasting or DAB is adeveloping technology for broadcastingaudio programming in digital form. Broadcastradio has been in widespread use since the1920s, and to this time has remained largelybased on the analog ‘amplitudemodulation’(AM) technologies used at thebeginning and the ‘frequency modulation’(FM) technologies introduced in the mid-20thcentury. The objective of converting to digitalsystems is to enable higher fidelity, greaternoise immunity, and new services.The acronym DAB is used both to identify thegeneric technology of digital audiobroadcasting, and specific technical standard,particularly the Eureka 147 standard.Standardization of DAB technology ispromoted by the DAB Forum, whichrepresents more than 30 countries, notincluding the United States.

dBAlthough it is widely used as a measure of theloudness of sound, the decibel (dB) is more

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of times that a repeated event occurs per unittime. To calculate the frequency of an event,the number of occurrences of the event withina fixed time interval are counted, and thendivided by the length of the time interval. In SIunits, the result is measured in hertz (Hz)named after the German physicist HeinrichRudolf Hertz. 1 Hz means that an eventrepeats once per second, 1 Hz is twice persecond, and so on.

Frequecy DiversityTransmission and reception in which the sameinformation signal is transmitted and receivedsimultaneously on two or moreindependently fading carrier frequencies. Itmay be vary due to the frequencies. Even inthe similar communication conditions, thefrequency differences make differences inreceiving capacity. For these cases, frequencybandwidth should be widening in order tosolve this problem. However, unlike the FDMAwhich transmits each signal in individualfrequency, in CDMA, the signals share widefrequency bandwidth. Therefore, each signalcontains wide bandwidth in CDMA. Also, thishelps the signals in CDMA to be receivedwithout much fading when comparing withFDMA. This is called Frequency Diversity and itis one of the strengths of CDMA.

Frequency Shift KeyFrequency-Shift Keying (FSK) is a form offrequency modulation in which themodulating signal shifts the output frequencybetween predetermined values. Usually, theinstantaneous frequency is shifted betweentwo discrete values temed the mark frequencyand the space frequency. This is anoncoherent form FSK.

Gap FilerGap Filler is a main equipment for whenbroadcasting satellite send TDM signal of 12GHz (KU band) to the earth, Gap Fillet, one ofthe main equipment which changes TDMsignal to CDM of 2.6 GHz (S band) for DMBterminal, receives the signal and send it to theearth. This digital signal transferring orchanging requires high technology sodevelopment of this device closely related tothe success of satellite DMB business.

GPSThe Global Positioning System, usually calledGPS, is a satellite navigation system used fordetermining one’s precise location andproviding a highly accurate time referencealmost anywhere on Earth or in Earth orbit. Ituses an intermediate circular orbit (ICO)satellite constellation of at least 24 satellites.The GPS system was designed by and iscontrolled by the United States Department ofDefense and can be used by any one, free ofcharge. The GPS system is divided into threesegments : space, control, and user.

Hand OffHand-off is the term for synchronous and forasynchronous, hand-over is more commonlyused. When Mobile Station moves from oneBase Transceiver Station to another, in orderto keep the communication channel, onechanges its cell to the other and it is calledHand-over ( or Hand-off). Unlike the analogHard Hand-over method which disconnectedthe former one and connected to the new

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followed by manufacturers for assigning theESN are given in the IS-95 standard. Binarydigits are allocated for a manufacturer identitycode (8 bits), the equipment serial number (18bits), and 6 bits are reserved. ESN, and MIN1,along with other digital input, are used duringthe authentication process.

Evaluation BoardEvaluation board is a kind of Jig board fortesting IC and etc. Actual output might not bethe same but in order test the performance ofIC, the IC manufacturer make actual modelwith chips and jig board for gauge.

Frequency AssignmentIn telecommunication, the term FrequencyAssignment has the following meanings:1. Authorization, given by an Administration,

for a radio station to use a radio frequencyor radio frequency channel under specifiedconditions.

2. The process of authorizing a specificfrequency, group of frequencies, orfrequency band to be used at a certainlocation under specified conditions, such asbandwidth, power, azimuth, duty cycle, ormodulation.

FadingFrom radio reception grade, it has a multi sizeand the phase where the same signal isdifferent with each other and it is received thefact that pay ting as this. Like this pay ting it wascaused by under actual conditions and wasreceived the same signal by mistake to come tocombine, it is brought a distortion finally.

FDMAFDMA, or Frequency-Division Multiple Access,is the oldest and most importan of the threemain ways for multiple radio transmitters toshare the radio spectrum. The other twomethods are Time Division Multiple Access(TDMA), and Code Division Multiple Access(CDMA).In FDMA, each transmitter is assigned adistinct frequency channel so that receiverscan discriminate among them by tuning tothe desired channel. TDMA and CDMA independently of signals onother frequency channels.

FFTA Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is an efficientalgorithm to compute the Discrete FourierTransform (DFT) and its inverse. FFTs are ofgreat importance to a wide variety ofapplications, from digital signal processing tosolving partial differential equations toalgorithms for quickly multiplying largeintegers.

FirmwareIn computing, firmware is software that isembedded in a hardware device. Often it isprovided in flash ROMs and can be updatedby an end user.

Fourier TransformThe Fourier Transform, named after JosephFourier, is an integral transform that re-expresses a fuction in terms of sinusoidal basisfunctions, i.e. as a sum of integral of sinusoidalfunctions multiplied by some coefficients(‘amplitudes’).

FrequencyFrequency is the measurement of the number

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signals captured by an antenna. It is usuallylocated at the antenna. It is a key component,which is placed at the front-end of a receiversystem. As we know from the Friis’ formulathat the overall noise figure of the receiverfront-end is dominated by the first few stages.Using a LNA, the noise of all the subsequentstages is reduced by the gain of the LNA andthe noise of the LNA is injected directly intothe received signal. Thus, it is necessary for aLNA to boost the desired signal power whileadding as little noise and distortion as possibleso that the retrieval of this signal is possible inthe later stages in the system.

LOS When viewing a scene, as in optics,photography, or even hunting, the line ofsight is the straight line between the observerand the target. In astronomy, when thedistance between the observer and thedistant objects is large, the light of sight canoften be taken as the straight line between theearth and the target.

Maxwells EquationThe Maxwells Equation is the numericalformula which proves the existence of theelectromagnetic waves. The pulse which isdefined a lot with numerical formula of 4things. The Maxwells equation by themeaning union of the each field is proven theexistence of the electromagnetic waves and.

Microwave300 Mhz ~ 300 Ghz High frequency substituteactor

Microwaves are electromagnetic waves withwavelengths longer than those of infraredlight, but shorter than those radio waves.

ModulationModulation is the process of varying a carriersignal, typically a sinusoidal signal, in order touse that signal to convey information. One ofthe three key characteristics of a signal areusually modulated; its phase, frequency oramplitude. A device that performs modulationis known as a modulator and a device thatperforms demodulation is known as ademodulator. A device that can do bothoperations is a modem.

Multipath FadingMultipath Fading is simply a term used todescribe the multiple paths a radio wave mayfollow between transmitter and receiver. Suchpropagation paths include the ground wave,ionospheric refraction, reradiaton by theionospheric layers, reflection from the earth’ssurface or from more than one ionosphericlayer, and so on.

NoiseIn general usage, noise can be considereddata without meaning; that is, data that is notbeing used to transmit a signal, but is simplyproduced as an unwanted by-product ofother activities. In Information Theory,however, noise is still considered to beinformation.

Noise FactorNoise Factor has same meaning with NoiseFigure. Noise Factor = Input SNR / Output SNR

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one, in CDMA, it supports Soft Hand-overwhich allows to be connected to two BaseTransceiver Stations at a same time.

Hybrid Intermediate Frequency Most of the communication system usessuperheterodyne. In order to transfer thecarrier frequency to baseband, it must gothrough frequency changes twice-up anddown. In this case, the frequency which existsbetween carrier and baseband is calledIntermediate Frequency.

Inverse Fourier TransformThe Fourier transform relates a signal’s timeand frequency domain representations toeach other. The direct Fourier transform (orsimply the Fourier transform) calculates asignal’s frequency domain representationfrom its time-domain variant. The inverseFourier transform finds the time-domainrepresentation form the frequency domain.

Isotropic AntennaAn isotropic antenna is an ideal antenna thatradiates power with unit gain uniformly in alldirection and is often used to referenceantenna gains in wireless systems. There is noactual physical isotropic antenna; a closeapproximation is a stack of two pairs ofcrossed dipole antennas driven in quadrature.The radiation patten for the isotropic antennais a sphere with the antenna at its center.Antenna gains are often specified in dBi, ordecibels over isotgropic. This is the power inthe strongest direction divided by the powerthat would be transmitted by an isotropicantenna emitting the same total power.

JigUsually overall board/structure formeasurement is called Jig. As a measuring instrument measure each kinda characteristic of surface tensionmicroelectronics devices like SMD type, MMICchip, it is impossible. A measuring instrumentmust connect coaxial connector, it is difficultfor microelectronics devices to measurebecause of its size with several a column ofinput and output.

JitterIn telecommunication, jitter is an abrupt andunwanted variation of one or more signalcharacteristics, such as the interval betweensuccessive pulses, the amplitude of successivecycles, or the frequency or phase of successivecycles. Jitter has become a significant factor in thedesign of communications busses for computers.

Link Budget In wireless communication system, in order tomake successful communication betweentransmitter and receiver, one has to considerthe reduction of signal transferring channelwhile it is transmitting. Link budget is the workof adjusting the spec or the result of thecalculation for successful communication. Itmeans, by calculating the lose and gain foreach step, having a minimal demanding spec.

LNAThe Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) is a special typeof electronic amplifier or amplifier used incommunication systems to amplify very weak

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sinusoids, are out of phase with each other by90°Δ and are thus called quadrature carriers ?hence the name of the scheme. As with allmodulation schemes, QAM conveys data bychanging some aspect of a base signal, thecarrier wave, (usually a sinusoid) in response toa data signal. In the case of QAM, theamplitude of two quadrature wave is changed(modulated or keyed) to represent the datasignal. Phase modulation (analogue PM) andphase-shift keying (digital PSK) can beregarded as a special case of QAM, where theamplitude of the modulating signal isconstant, with only the phase varying. This canalso be extended to frequency modulationand frequency-shift keying, as this can beregarded as a special case of phasemodulation.

ReflectionReflection in electricity is the result ofimpedance mismatch in electrical signals.When voltage hits a discontinuity, someenergy is reflected. This occurs in any changein a material’s final stop. Impedancediscontinuities cause attenuation because aportion of a transmitted signal will be reflectedback to the transmitting device rather thancontinuing to the receiver, much like an echo.The effect is compounded if there are multiplediscontinuities causing additional portions ofthe remaining signal to be reflected back tothe transmitter. This is a fundemental problemwith the daisy chain method of connectingelectronic components.

RefractionRefraction in geometric optics is the change in

direction of a wave due to a change invelocity. It happens when waves travel from amedium with a given refractive index to amedium with another. At the boundarybetween the media the wave changesdirection; its wavelength increases ordecreases but frequency remains constant.For example, a light ray will refract as it entersand leaves glass; understanding of thisconcept led to the invention of the refractingtelescope.

Return LossIn telecommunication, return loss is the ratio,at the junction of a transmission line and aterminating impedance or other discontinuity,of the amplitude of the reflected wave to theamplitude of the incident wave. The returnloss value describes the reduction in theamplitude of the reflected energy, ascompared to the forward energy. Forexample, if a device has 15dB of return loss,the reflected energy from that device is always15dB lower than the energy presented. For alldevices that are not perfect transmission lines,or purely resistive loads (perfect black-bodies),the return loss value varies with frequency.

RFIDRadio Frequency Identification (RFID) is amethod of storing and remotely retrievingdata using devices called RFID tags ortransponders. An RFID tag is a small objectthat can be attached to or incorporated into aproduct, animal, or person. RFID tags containantennas to enable them to receive andrespond to radio frequency queries from anRFID transceiver. Passive tags require nointernal power source, whereas active tagsrequire a power source.

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Noise FigureNoise Figure is the ratio of the output noisepower of a device to the portion thereofattributable to thermal noise in the inputtermination at standard noise temperature(usually 290 K).

OFDMOrthogonal frequency-division multiplexing(OFDM), also sometimes called discretemultitone mojulation (DMT), is a transmissiontechnique based upon the idea of frequency-division multiplexing (FDM). In FDM, multiplesignals are sent out at the same time, but ondifferent frequencies. Most people are familiarwith FDM from the use of radio and television:normally, each station is designated tobroadcast at a particular frequency or channel.OFDM takes this concept further. In OFDM, asingle transmitter transmits on many differentorthogonal (independent) frequencies(typically dozens to thousands). (Because thefrequencies are so closely spaced, each oneonly has room for a Narrowband signal). This,coupled with the use of advanced modulationtechniques on each component, results in asignal with high resistance to interference.

Omnidirectional AntennaAn omnidirectional antenna is an antennasystem which radiates maximum poweruniformly in all directions. The perfectlyomindirectional antenna is the isotropicantenna, a theoretical construct derived fromactual antenna radiation patterns and used asa reference for specifying antenna gain andradio system effective radiated power.

PCBA printed circuit board or PCB interconnectselectronic components without discrete wires.Alternative names are printed wiring board orPWB or etched wiring board. A PCB consists of‘etched conductors’ attached to a sheet ofinsulator. The conductive ‘etched conductors’are called ‘traces’ or ‘traces’ or ‘tracks.’ Theinsulator is called the substrate.

PCMPulse-code modulation (PCM) is a digitalrepresentation of an analog signal where themagnitude of the signal is sampled regularlyat uniform intervals, then quantized to a seriesof symbols in a digital (usually binary) code.PCM is used in digital telephone systems andis also the standard form for digital audio incomputers and various compact disc formats.

PLLIn electronics, a phase-locked loop (PLL) is aclosed-loop feedback control system thatmaintains a generated signal in a fixed phaserelationship to a reference signal. Since anintegrated circuit can hold a complete phase-locked loop building block, the technique iswidely used in modern electronic devices,with signal frequencies from a fraction of acycle per second up to many gigahertz.

QAMQuadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is amodulation scheme which conveys data bychanging (modulating) the amplitude of twocarrier waves. These two waves, usually

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making it possible to integrate all componentsof a system in a single chip. This can be donein a number of technologies.

Space Diversity After dropping two reception antennae atschedule one distance, it is a Diversity methodwhich receives a signal. After receiving a samesignal with the antenna cranium, it synthesizesagain at one.

SpectrumThe noun spectrum has a variety of meanings,some of which are listed at spectrum(disambiguation). In most modern usages,there is a unifying theme of a variety ofpossible cases between extremes at eitherend. Older usages were not necessarily on thesame unifying theme, but nonetheless led tothe modern ones through a sequence ofevents set out below. Some modern usages inmathematics evolved out of that unifyingtheme but may be difficult to recognize asfitting into it.

Spread SpectrumSpread-spectrum techniques and electronicdevices are those in which energy generatedat a single frequency is deliberately spreadover a wide band of frequencies. This done fora variety of reasons, including resistance tointerference and the prevention ofeavesdropping

Spurious Spurious comes from pseudo. Spurious is aword for all extra frequencies which are notnecessary for communication purpose.Therefore it must be suppressed under certainlimit. It is distinguishable from other soundswhich can be analyzed since its source is fixed.

StabilityStability defined here as the index of stabilityor instability of something. In RF circuit,stability pairs with oscillation by perforce. Ifthe stability is good, then there will be nooscillation and vice versa.

Synchronism In telecommunication, the term synchronismhas the following meanings : 1. The state of being synchronous.2. For repetitive event the same, multiple, or

submultiple repetition rates, a relationshipamong the events such that a significantinstant of one event bears a fixed timerelationship to a corresponding instant inanother event.

3. The simultaneous occurrence of two ormore events at the same instant on thesame coordinated time scale.

TDD (Time Division Multiplexing)Supports interactive communications using thesame frequency bandwidth unlike FDD thatuses different frequency bandwidth in uplinkand downlink for interactive communications Provides services with half frequencies of FDD,and is appropriate for Internet services of a largevolume of asymmetric application transmissiondue to dynamic allocation of time slots

TDMATime Division Multiple Access (TDMA) is atechnology for shared medium (usually radio )networks. It allows several users to share thesame frequency by dividing it into defferenttime slots. The users to share the sametransmission medium (e.g. radio frequency)

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RoamingRoaming is a general term in wirelesstelecommunication that refers to theextending of connectivity service in a networkthat is different than the network with which astation is registered. The canonical example of‘roaming’ is for cellular phones, when you takeyour phone to an area where your serviceprovider does not have coverage (eg, anothercountry). In order for a mobile device to roamto another network, a number of processesneed to be performed. The very first necessityfor inter-network roaming is that your serviceprovider must have a roaming agreementwith the network to which you have moved.

RSSIReceived Signal Strength Indication (RSSI) is ameasurement of the strength (not necessarilythe quality) of the received signal strength in awireless environment, in arbitrary units. RSSIcan be used internally in a wireless networkingcard to determine when the signal is below acertain threshold at which point the networkcard is clear to send (CTS). Once the card isclear to send, a packet of information can besent. The end-user will likely observe an RSSIvalue when measuring the signal strength of awireless network through the use of a wirelessnetwork monitoring tool like NetworkStumbler.

SchematicA schematic is a diagram, drawing, or sketchthat details the elements of a system, such asthe elements of an electrical or electroniccircuit or the elements of a logic diagram for acomputer or communications system.

SectorSector is the term for method or the structurewhen Base Transceiver Station does not usesthe omni directional antenna but divides itssections and posting directional antenna.

Smart AntennaSmart Antenna refers to a system of antennaarrays with smart signal processing algorithmsthat are used to identify the direction of arrival(DOA) of the signal, and use it to calculatebeamforming vectors, to track and locate theantenna beam on the mobile/target. Theantenna could optionally be any sensor. Smartantenna techniques are used notably in acousticsignal processing, track and scan RADA, Radioastronomy and Radio Telescpes, and mostly incellular system like WCDMA and UMTS.

SNRSignal-to-noise ratio is an engineering term forthe power ratio between a signal (meaningfulinformation) and the background noise:Because many signals have a very widedynamic range, SNRs are usually expressed interms of the logarithmic decibel scale.

SoCSystem-on-a-chip (SoC) is an idea ofintegrating all components of a computersystem into a single chip. It may containdigital, analog, mixed-signal, and often radio-frequency fuctions - all on one chip. A typicalapplication is in the area of embeddedsystems. A typical computer system consists ofa number of integrated circuits that performdifferent tasks. These are : microprocessor,memory, UARTs, parallel ports, DMA controllerchips, etc. The recent improvements insemiconductor technology have allowed VLSIintegrated circuits to grow in complexity,

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whilst using only the part of its bandwidththey require. Used in the GSM, PDC and iDENdigital cellular standards, among others.TDMA is also used extensively in satellitesystems, local area networks, physical securitysystems, and combat-net radio systems.

UbiquitousUbiquitous is derived from Latin which meansit exist anywhere and everywhere. This is theterm for the directivity and the goal for thefuture electronic technology market and alsoit is the term used overall computerenvironment based on Broadband-integratedServices Digital/wireless Network andsemiconductor manufacture.

VoIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol)Voice over IP (also called VoIP, IP Telephony,Internet telephony, and has also beenbranded Digital Phone) is the routing of voiceconversations over the internet or any other IPnetwork. The voice data flows over a general-purpose packet-switched network, instead ofthe traditional dedicated, circuit-switchedvoice transmission lines.

VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio)In telecommunication, standing wave ratio(SWR) is the ratio of the amplitude of a partialstanding wave at an antinode (maximum) tothe amplitude at an adjacent node (minimum). The SWR is usually defined as avoltage ratio called the VSWR, for voltagestanding wave ratio. It is also possible to

define the SWR in terms of current, resulting inthe ISWR, which has the same numericalvalue. The power standing wave ratio (PSWR)is defined as the square of the SWR. Thevoltage component of a standing wave in auniform transmission line consists of theforward wave superimposed on the reflectedwave.

White NoiseWhite noise a random signal (or process) witha flat power spectral density. In order words,the signal’s power spectral density has equalpower in any band, at any centre frequency,having a given bandwidth. An infinite-bandwidth white noise signal is purely atheoretical construct. By having power at allfrequencies, the total power of such a signal isinfinite. In practice, a signal can be ‘white’ witha flat spectrum over a defined frequencyband.

WiBroWireless Broadband. A standard developed forthe Korean market that is essentially 802.16dwith limited 802.16e functionality offeringsupport for device mobility at speeds of up to60 km per hour. The standard is expected tosupport 1 to 2 Mbps throughput persubscriber, and will operate in the 2.3-GHzband.

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