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Learning about
Wind Power
(in India-2002)
CONTENTS
Wind resources: assessment,
monitoring, site selection
Energy conversion: wind turbine, gear,
generator, control
Tower : support at 50 m height with a
strong structure.
Potential in India :
Gross Potential :- 45,000 MW
Technical Potential :- 13,000 MW
Sites with Annual Average Wind Power
Density > 200 watts/m2 generally viable, 208
such sites in 13 states identified
States with high potential :
Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu,
Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, and
Maharashtra.
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India’s Installed Wind Power Gen Capacity
at end of 2001 was about 1500 MW
State Installed capacity, MW
Tamil Nadu 828
Maharashtra 236
Gujarat 167
Andhra 92
Karnataka 50
M.P. 23
All Others 111 3
Wind energy basics
Kinetic energy >
Mechanical [Rotational] >
Electrical energy
Wind is created by the unequal
heating of the Earth’s surface by
the sun. Wind turbines convert
the kinetic energy in wind into
mechanical power that runs a
generator to produce electricity.
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Performance of WECS
Firstly,the availability of wind resources are
governed by the climatic conditions of the
region concerned- for which wind survey is
extremely important to exploit wind energy.
Performance of W E C S depends upon:
Subsystems like
wind turbine (aerodynamic),
gears (mechanical),
generator (electrical) and Control (electronic)
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Wind resources
Apart from having a good wind turbine, the
most critical aspects for the success of
investment in the wind energy sector are
having a good site and
an accurate assessment of the wind
resource at the site over a period of time.
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Wind Resource Monitoring
Site selection
Wind Monitoring
Wind Resource Mapping
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anemometer
An instrument for measuring the force or velocity of wind. There are various types:
A cup anemometer, is used to measure
the wind speed from the speed of rotation
of a windmill which consist of 3 or 4
hemispherical or conical cups, each fixed
to the ends of horizontal arms attached to
a vertical axis.
A Byram anemometer is a variety of cup
anemometer.
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A counting anemometer has cups or a fan
whose rotation is transmitted to a counter which integrates directly the air movement speed.
A hand anemometer is small portable anemometer held at arm's length by an observer making a wind speed measurement.
A pressure tube anemometer (Dines anemometer) is an instrument that derives wind speed from measurements of the dynamic wind pressures. Wind blowing into a tube develops a pressure greater than the static pressure, while wind blowing across a tube develops a pressure less than the static. This pressure difference is proportional to the square of the wind speed.
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WIND
Wind Speed at 10 m height
SPEED
Beaufort scale
SCALE
Wind
0.0-0.4 m/s (0.0-0.9 knots) 0 Calm
0.4-1.8 m/s (0.9-3.5 knots) 1 Light
1.8-3.6 m/s (3.5-7.0 knots) 2 Light
3.6-5.8 m/s (7-11 knots) 3 Light
5.8-8.5 m/s (11-17 knots) 4 Moderate
8.5-11 m/s (17-22 knots) 5 Fresh
11-14 m/s (22-28 knots) 6 Strong
14-17 m/s (28-34 knots) 7 Strong
17-21 m/s (34-41 knots) 8 Gale
21-25 m/s (41-48 knots) 9 Gale
25-29 m/s (48-56 knots) 10 Strong Gale
29-34 m/s (56-65 knots) 11
>34 m/s (>65 knots) 12 Hurricane 15
Some definitions….
1 m/s = 3.6 km/h = 2.237 mph = 1.944 knots
1 knot = 1 nautical mile per hour = 0.5144 m/s =
1.852 km/h = 1.125 mph
average wind speed: The mean wind speed over a
specified period of time.
PITCH CONROL: A method of controlling the
speed of a wind turbine by varying the orientation,
or pitch, of the blades, and thereby altering its
aerodynamics and efficiency.
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For wind data from selected stations,
essential attributes are:
Station location
Local topography
Anemometer height and exposure
Type of observation (instantaneous or
average)
Duration of record.
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Topographic maps
provide the analyst with a preliminary look
at other site attributes, including:
Available land area
Positions of existing roads and dwellings
Land cover (e.g., forests)
Political boundaries
Parks
Proximity to transmission lines.
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For verifying site conditions items of
importance include:
Available land area
Land use
Location of obstructions
Trees deformed by persistent strong winds (flagged
trees)
Accessibility into the site
Potential impact on local aesthetics
Cellular phone service reliability for data transfers
Possible wind monitoring locations.
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WIND RESOURCE ASSESSMENT-
India- Implemented through :
(i) State Nodal Agencies
(ii) Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-
WET)
Financial Assistance :
(i) Full establishment costs of Wind Resource
Assessment Project (WRAP) of C-WET by
the Central Government.
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WIND RESOURCE ASSESSMENT
Implemented through…. :
(ii) The cost of setting up the wind monitoring
stations would be shared between MNES and
State Nodal agencies in 80:20 ratio, except
for North-eastern and hilly States, where it
would be in 90:10 ratio.
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Resource Survey in India
Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET)
Chennai.
6 Volumes of “Wind Energy –Resource Survey in
India” , containing wind data have been published
Master Plans for 87 sites prepared and available
from C-WET at nominal cost.
Wind data available from C-WET on CD ROM.
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Government of India
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
(Wind Power Division)
Block No.14, CGO Complex,
Lodhi Road, New Delhi – 110003
•C-WET would evaluate the eligibility of manufacturer, who approaches for Type. Certification, as per the evaluation criteria in vogue, which is being followed by C-WET. •Validity of Self-Certification facility for models specified in the List of Models and Manufacturers thereof issued by C-WET is extended up to 30th September, 2007. •Self-Certification facility would be available for a maximum period of 18 months from the date of signing of the agreement with C-WET for the models hereinafter including in the category "Model under Testing and Certification at C-WET" in the List to be issued by C-WET.
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Choosing an exact location for the
monitoring tower:
Place the tower as far away as possible
from local obstructions to the wind
Select a location that is representative of
the majority of the site.
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Horizontal Axis upwind
Wind Turbine
Most turbines today are Horizontal Axis
upwind machines with two or three blades,
made of a composite material like
fiberglass.
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•The amount of power a turbine will produce depends primarily on the diameter of its rotor. •The diameter of the rotor defines its “swept area,” or the quantity of wind intercepted by the turbine. •The turbine‟s frame is the structure onto which the rotor, generator, and tail are attached. The tail keeps the turbine facing into the wind.
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Small WECS for Pumping Water
One- to 10-kW turbines can be used
in applications such as pumping
water.
Wind-electric pumping systems can
be placed where the wind resource is
the best and connected to the pump
motor with an electric cable.
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Small wind turbines
Usually machines under about 10 kW in output.
In developing countries small wind turbines are used for rural energy applications, and there are many "off-grid" applications in the developed world as well - such as providing power for navigation beacons.
Since most are not connected to a grid, many use DC generators and run at variable speed. A typical 100 W battery-charging machine has a shipping weight of only 15 kg
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The formula for calculating the
power from a wind turbine is:
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Operating Characteristics
All wind machines share certain operating
characteristics, such as cut-in, rated and cut-out wind speeds.
Cut-in Speed Cut-in speed is the minimum wind speed at which the wind turbine will generate usable power. This wind speed is typically between 7 and 10 mph.
Rated Speed The rated speed is the minimum wind speed at which the wind turbine will generate its designated rated power. For example, a "10 kilowatt" wind turbine may not generate 10 kilowatts until wind speeds reach 25 mph. Rated speed for most machines is in the range of 25 to 35 mph.
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Rated Speed…
At wind speeds between cut-in and rated, the
power output from a wind turbine increases
as the wind increases. The output of most
machines levels off above the rated speed.
Most manufacturers provide graphs, called
"power curves," showing how their wind
turbine output varies with wind speed.
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Cut-out Speed
At very high wind speeds, typically between
45 and 80 mph, most wind turbines cease
power generation and shut down. The wind
speed at which shut down occurs is called
the cut-out speed. Having a cut-out speed is
a safety feature which protects the wind
turbine from damage. Shut down may occur
in one of several ways. In some machines an
automatic brake is activated by a wind speed
sensor.
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Cut out speed & yaw
Some machines twist or "pitch" the blades to
spill the wind. Still others use "spoilers," drag
flaps mounted on the blades or the hub which
are automatically activated by high rotor
rpm's, or mechanically activated by a spring
loaded device which turns the machine
sideways to the wind stream. Normal wind
turbine operation usually resumes when the
wind drops back to a safe level.
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Tip Speed Ratio
The tip-speed is the ratio of the rotational
speed of the blade to the wind speed. The
larger this ratio, the faster the rotation of the
wind turbine rotor at a given wind speed.
Electricity generation requires high rotational
speeds. Lift-type wind turbines have
maximum tip-speed ratios of around 10
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number of blades
The number of rotor blades and the total area they
cover affect wind turbine performance. For a lift-
type rotor to function effectively, the wind must flow
smoothly over the blades.
To avoid turbulence, spacing between blades
should be great enough so that one blade will not
encounter the disturbed, weaker air flow caused by
the blade which passed before it.
It is because of this requirement that most wind
turbines have only two or three blades on their
rotors
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The Practical Action small
wind turbine ©Practical Action
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Transmission
The number of revolutions per minute (rpm)
of a wind turbine rotor can range between
40 rpm and 400 rpm, depending on the
model and the wind speed.
Generators typically require rpm's of 1,200
to 1,800. As a result, most wind turbines
require a gear-box transmission to increase
the rotation of the generator to the speeds
necessary for efficient electricity production.
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Generators
It converts the turning motion of a wind
turbine's blades into electricity. Inside
this component, coils of wire are rotated
in a magnetic field to produce electricity.
Different generator designs produce
either alternating current (AC) or direct
current (DC),
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range of output power ratings.
Generators are available in a large range of
output power ratings.
The generator's rating, or size, is dependent
on the length of the wind turbine's blades
because more energy is captured by longer
blades.
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Applications adapted to run on
DC.
• Storage systems using batteries store DC
and usually are configured at voltages of
between 12 volts and 120 volts in USA.
A typical 100 W battery-charging machine
has a shipping weight of only 15 kg.
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Generators…..
• Generators that produce AC are generally
equipped with features to produce the correct
voltage (120 or 240 V) and
• constant frequency (60 / 50 cycles) of
electricity, even when the wind speed is
fluctuating.
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Induction generator
Induction generator offers many advantages over a
conventional synchronous generator as a source of
isolated power supply.
Reduced unit cost, ruggedness, brush less (in
squirrel cage construction), reduced size, absence
of separate DC source and ease of maintenance,
self-protection against severe overloads and short
circuits, are the main advantages
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induction generator…
Further induction generators are loosely
coupled devices, i.e. they are heavily damped
and therefore have the ability to absorb slight
change in rotor speed and drive train
transient to some extent can therefore be
absorbed.
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drawback of the induction
generator
Reactive power consumption and poor
voltage regulation under varying speed are
the major drawback of the induction
generators, but the development of static
power converters has facilitated the control of
induction generator, regarding output voltage
and frequency.
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Synchronous generator
Synchronous generators are closely coupled
devices and when they are used in wind
turbines which is subjected to turbulence and
requires additional damping devices such as
flexible couplings in the drive train or to
mount gearbox assembly on springs and
dampers.
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Towers
Tower on which a wind turbine is mounted is
not just a support structure. It also raises the
wind turbine so that its blades safely clear
the ground and so it can reach the stronger
winds at higher elevations.
Maximum tower height is optional in most
cases, except where zoning restrictions
apply. The decision of what height tower to
use will be based on the cost of taller towers
versus the value of the increase in energy
production resulting from their use.
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The tower must be strong enough to
support the wind turbine and to sustain
vibration, wind loading and the overall
weather elements for the lifetime of the
wind turbine.
Tower costs will vary widely as a function
of design and height.
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Towers….
Studies have shown that the added
cost of increasing tower height is often
justified by the added power generated
from the stronger winds.
Larger wind turbines are usually
mounted on towers ranging from 40 to 70
meters tall.
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Environmental Aspects of
Power Generation Using WECs
Wind turbines are most environment friendly method
of producing electricity.
They do not pose any adverse effect on the global
environment, unlike the conventional coal or oil-fired
power plants. The pollution that can be saved per
year from a typical 200 kW wind turbine, involving of
substitution of 120 - 200 tonnes of coal which
contain pollution contents as, Sulphur dioxide
(SO2): 2 –3 tonnes, Nitrogen oxide (NOX): 1.2 to
2.4 tonnes, and other particulates of 150-300 kg. .
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Audible noise
The wind turbine is generally quiet. The wind turbine
manufacturers generally supply the noise level data
in dB versus the distance from the tower.
A typical 600 kW wind turbine may produce 55 dB
noise at 50 meter distance from the turbine and 40
dB at a 250 meter distance [4, 22] comparable with
the noise level in motor car which may be
approximately 75 dB.
This noise is, however, is a steady state noise. The
wind turbine makes loud noise while yawing under
the changing wind direction. Local noise ordinance
must be compiled with.
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Research and development
Research and development is going on to make wind power competitive with fossil fuel and nuclear power in strict sense, without taking into account of wind power‟s social factors such as environment benefits.
Efforts are being made to reduce the cost of wind power by: design improvement, better manufacturing technology, finding new sites for wind systems, development of better control strategies (for output and power quality control), development of policy and instruments, human resource development, etc
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About Enercon- E-30-230 kW-
Gearless type--1
Variable speed drive, Continuous pitch regulation,
Starts gen. at low speed of 2.5 m/s,
Gearless construction, no transmission loss,
Synchronous gen., draws < one % reactive power from grid,
By using AC_DC_AC conversion, pumps the power at „grid frequency‟,
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About Enercon - E-30-230 kW-
Gearless type--2
Produces power at all loads at near unity
power factor without using capacitors
Supply reactive power to the grid to improve
grid power factor
Slow speed generator of maximum 50 rpm
Three independent air breaks, no
mechanical breaks
Lightning protection
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