63 DEWI Magazin Nr. 26, Februar 2005 Summary The wind energy potentials of the Jilin province, China, is estimated by means of certain algo- rithms and procedures widely used for wind turbine siting, digital terrain maps and digitalisation of surface roughness on the basis of land use maps. For the necessary meteorological input data only such were used easily available from an ordinary meteorological network. On a grid of near- ly 1 x 1 km the mean annual wind speed and the power density 60 m above ground level were mapped. Generally, the most favourable wind resources are found in the central and western part of the province. High wind resource areas in the southern part are located on ridges or crests and mountain summits. 1. Introduction Wind is by no doubt one of the energy resources of the future, economically justified and technically accept- able. It's significance could be even greater in such countries, where the environmental situation often calls for use of clean, renewable energy as an alternative to the traditional fossil fuels or nuclear power, such reducing environmental pollution and CO2 output. Therefore China has already reacted to that challenge because the installations of Wind Turbine Generator Systems ("WTGS") are not only realized by the need of economic development but of environmental preservation too. An overview of the actual situation is given as follows. 1.1. Given Situation in China China is a country with a population of 1.3 billion and is quickly rising in economy. About 0.8 billion of the population live in the countryside and 65 million people live still under the poverty line and 11 million among them haven't ever used electricity. The environmental problems are becoming increasingly prominent. 75% of electric power is from traditional fossil fuels (mostly coal). Additionally, Beijing had become one among the ten cities in the world with very serious air pollution problems in certain years of the 1990's. The 1994 Rio Conference highlighted the importance of sustainable development as a concept and objective for future well-being of the planet. China was one of the first countries to come up with an Agenda 21 plan immediately following Rio. The developing way for China should not be "pollution first and then recovery", it should be a well-balanced development among economic growth, social development, making rational use of resources and environmental preservation. Therefore the energy industry in China is facing the double-pressure from economic growth and environ- mental preservation. To obviate this the plan "1996 - 2010 Developing Outline for New Energies and Renewable Energies in China" was drawn up by the Chinese government in 1995 as well as that on about "Advanced Developing Items for New Energies and Renewable Energies". Many other documents about the exploitation of renewable energy resources were published. These will push forward the utilization of new, clean, renewable energy utilisation. Wind energy is one of the most important renewable energy resources. Therefore already more than ten years wind energy issues have been given growing concern by people and government. In fact in this stage it is necessary to perform an objective and overall exploitation of wind energy potentials based on modern scientific techniques in China. 1.2. Potential of Wind Energy and Developing Plan in China. The total potential of wind energy in China is estimated with 1600 GW from which a quantity of about 250 GW can be used (Zhou Yong, 1998; Li Guanghui, 1998; Research group for economic polices in National Wind Energy Assessment in the Jilin Province, China Report: Project No. VI. A. 3 (2001-2003) in the Framework of the Bilateral Scientific and Technical Cooperation China - Austria H. Dobesch, H. V. Tran, Central Inst. for Meteorology and Geodynamics (ZAMG), Austria Shenbin Chen, Jiping Liu, Institute for Geographical Science and Natural Resource Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), China Externer Artikel
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DEWI Magazin Nr. 26, Februar 2005
Summary
The wind energy potentials of the Jilin province, China, is estimated by means of certain algo-rithms and procedures widely used for wind turbine siting, digital terrain maps and digitalisation ofsurface roughness on the basis of land use maps. For the necessary meteorological input dataonly such were used easily available from an ordinary meteorological network. On a grid of near-ly 1 x 1 km the mean annual wind speed and the power density 60 m above ground level weremapped. Generally, the most favourable wind resources are found in the central and western partof the province. High wind resource areas in the southern part are located on ridges or crests andmountain summits.
1. Introduction
Wind is by no doubt one of the energy resources of the future, economically justified and technically accept-able. It's significance could be even greater in such countries, where the environmental situation often callsfor use of clean, renewable energy as an alternative to the traditional fossil fuels or nuclear power, suchreducing environmental pollution and CO2 output. Therefore China has already reacted to that challengebecause the installations of Wind Turbine Generator Systems ("WTGS") are not only realized by the needof economic development but of environmental preservation too. An overview of the actual situation is givenas follows.
1.1. Given Situation in China
China is a country with a population of 1.3 billion and is quickly rising in economy. About 0.8 billion of thepopulation live in the countryside and 65 million people live still under the poverty line and 11 million amongthem haven't ever used electricity. The environmental problems are becoming increasingly prominent. 75%of electric power is from traditional fossil fuels (mostly coal). Additionally, Beijing had become one amongthe ten cities in the world with very serious air pollution problems in certain years of the 1990's. The 1994Rio Conference highlighted the importance of sustainable development as a concept and objective forfuture well-being of the planet. China was one of the first countries to come up with an Agenda 21 planimmediately following Rio. The developing way for China should not be "pollution first and then recovery",it should be a well-balanced development among economic growth, social development, making rationaluse of resources and environmental preservation.
Therefore the energy industry in China is facing the double-pressure from economic growth and environ-mental preservation. To obviate this the plan "1996 - 2010 Developing Outline for New Energies andRenewable Energies in China" was drawn up by the Chinese government in 1995 as well as that on about"Advanced Developing Items for New Energies and Renewable Energies". Many other documents aboutthe exploitation of renewable energy resources were published. These will push forward the utilization ofnew, clean, renewable energy utilisation.
Wind energy is one of the most important renewable energy resources. Therefore already more than tenyears wind energy issues have been given growing concern by people and government. In fact in this stageit is necessary to perform an objective and overall exploitation of wind energy potentials based on modernscientific techniques in China.
1.2. Potential of Wind Energy and Developing Plan in China.
The total potential of wind energy in China is estimated with 1600 GW from which a quantity of about 250GW can be used (Zhou Yong, 1998; Li Guanghui, 1998; Research group for economic polices in National
Wind Energy Assessment in the Jilin Province,ChinaReport: Project No. VI. A. 3 (2001-2003) in the Framework of theBilateral Scientific and Technical Cooperation China - Austria
H. Dobesch, H. V. Tran, Central Inst. for Meteorology and Geodynamics(ZAMG), AustriaShenbin Chen, Jiping Liu, Institute for Geographical Science and NaturalResource Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), China
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Committee for Economy and Trade, 1998; Liu Jiadeng, 2000). In China wind energy utilization started inthe 80's, small WTGSs have been used to support electricity for farmers and herdsmen living in remote dis-tricts. By now there are 140000 of such generators in China, but 85% alone in Inner Mongolia. For largeand average-sized WTGSs, commercial development started is in the early 90's. Table 1 contains thedevelopment plan for wind power utilization in China (Research group for economic polices in NationalCommittee for Economy and Trade, 1998). In fact the accumulative installed capacity was 166,6 MW bythe end of 1997. A rapid development of WTGSs took place during 1997 with new installed capacities of110 MW. By the end of 2002 accumulative installed capacity reached 444.4 MW. The adding installedcapacity is more than 60MW/year from 1997. The situation of accumulative installed capacity and develop-ing plan in China is in the following table.
In general there are good conditions for locating WTGSs in Xinjiang, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Jilin,Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Shangdong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Fujiang provinces with already good electricitymarkets in Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang. Especially in Inner Mongolia WTGSs are quickly spreadingbecause there are very good wind conditions. For Xinjiang, Gansu, Northeast of China, Hebei andShandong provinces the development is just going on.
Wind resource assessment is an essential part of the development of wind power utilisation. An accuratequantification and characterization of the available wind resources is necessary in order to design a windpower project optimally, providing the investors with the necessary confidence in financial feasibility andrisks. A first assessment of potentials of wind energy in China was done in the early 1980s. Since China isa large country with highly variable topography and not so many meteorological observation stations, thisfirst assessment had compiled only a macro scale estimation of the wind energy. But these results weretoo rough to keep up pace with the rapid development in wind energy utilization of today and its demandsfor a careful and concise estimation of the energy yield of a certain site.
1.3. Project Objectives
To demonstrate the possibilities China has in using wind power the Central Institute for Meteorology andGeodynamics in Vienna and the Institute for Geographical Science and Natural Resource Research inBeijing have cooperated for a thorough exploitation of wind energy potential in the Jilin province of Chinaon the base of the usual available climate data. This work is contributing to a better understanding of thesituation for wind energy utilization in China (potentials, given situation, policies and laws, developing direc-tion, etc.) on the basis of accurate wind climatologies and microclimatology (meso- and micro siting). It willfurther give concrete information about the possibilities using wind energy as a constant or supplementaryresource (at consumption peaks) as well as background information and data for scientific, technical andbusiness cooperation in the field of wind energy providing some preparatory work on future installation ofWTGSs, that will enhance interest, support and faith in the future of wind energy utilisation, even undernon-optimal climatological conditions.
2. Data and Methods
2.1 Geographic Features, Climate and Surface Roughness
To derive the terrain roughness for the applied models it was necessary to consider the geographic fea-tures of Jilin province more precisely. This province is located in the middle of North-Eastern China. Its totalarea is 180 000 km². The characteristic of the topography of the province is that its altitude dwindles fromsoutheast to northwest, the plain area amounts about 35% of the total area, and the rest can be consid-ered as mountainous or hilly land. Most of the east part of Jilin belongs to the Changbaishan mountainchain, with peaks up to 2000 meters and with forests covering considerable large areas of land. The west-ern part of this mountain chain is a hilly zone, with elevations below 500 meters. The western part of theprovince is a plain area mostly used for agriculture and grass land, interspersed with some areas of alka-li-saline land or swamps and with an average elevation of about 200 meters. Climatologically the easternpart of Jilin province belongs to the temperate zone with moist to semiarid conditions and annual average
Tab. 1: The accumulative installed capacity and developing plan (in MW)
data are from http://www.xjwind.com/, data for 2010 is from the development plan.
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temperatures about 5°C and the western part has a more continental climate with rather cold winters (aver-age about 3°C). The frostless period ranges from 120 to 150 days, the annual average precipitationamounts between 350 mm in the western plains and up to 1000 mm in the mountains of the east.
The major cities and towns as Baicheng, Qianan, Tongyu and Changling are located in the Nunjiang allu-vial plain in the western part of Jilin province. In this area are many lakes, swamps and wetlands can befound. Lakes are mostly seasonal and are saline at different levels. Soil types mainly include chernozem,meadow soil, sand blown by the wind and saline soil etc. Woodland mainly includes shelter forests andsparsely distributed artificial broad-leaved forests. Natural vegetation includes deciduous robur forest,grass steppe and herbosa saline meadow etc. In summary the dominating land surface types of this areaare flat dryland, meadow grassland, reed land, agricultural land with sparse woodlands and large area ofalkali-saline land and some seasonal lakes.
The basic map used here was a digitalterrain map with contour lines of 10 mintervals for the whole province basedon digital elevation data with a horizon-tal grid spacing of 0,0083333 by0,0083333 degrees (corresponding to926,3 m x 926,3 m) provided by theCentre for International Earth SciencesInformation Network (CIESIN). Theterrain roughness length was digitisedfrom a 1:500.000 land-use map of theprovince.
2.2. Data
In this report hourly wind measure-ments of 14 stations in Jilin provincehave been used for the period of 1996-1998. The data comprise time series ofhourly averaged wind speed and direc-tion. These Stations are listed in thetable 2 together with their geographicalcoordinates and the WMO ID number.The measurement height for the windwas generally 10.5 m. Additionally, thelocation and dimension of shelteringobstacles in the vicinity of the measur-ing station for an accurate sitedescription were supplied fromthe Institute for GeographicalScience and Natural ResourceResearch in Beijing.
2.3. Used Models
The estimation of wind poten-tial in this study is based on thealgorithms from the Wind AtlasApplication Analysis Program(WAsP, (Mortensen et al.1993), release 7.2. This soft-ware package is recognisedpresently as an industrial stan-dard for wind turbine siting andwind resources assessmentand has been used in manyapplications (e.g. Dobesch etal., 1997). Further on a mass-
Fig. 1: Mean measured average wind speed in 10 m above ground for 4 refe-rence stations
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Tab. 2: Used wind measuring stations in Jilin Province
Station WMO Stationnumber
Longitude Latitude Altitudea.s.l.(m)
Tongyu 54041 123° 04’ 44° 47’ 150
Baicheng 50936 122° 50’ 45° 38’ 155
Changling 54049 123° 58’ 44° 15’ 1893
Qianan 50948 124° 01’ 45° 00’ 1463
Sanchahe 54063 126° 00’ 44° 58’ 198
Changchun 54161 125° 13’ 43° 54’ 239
Jiaohe 54181 127° 20’ 43° 42’ 295
Linjiang 54374 126° 55’ 41°48’ 333
Tonghua 54363 125° 54’ 41° 41’ 403
Songjiang 54285 128° 15 42° 32’ 592
Wangqing 54195 129° 46’ 43° 20’ 244
Yanji 54292 129° 28’ 42° 53’ 178
Huadian 54273 126° 45 42° 59’ 265
Dunhua 54186 128° 12’ 43° 22’ 526
Fig. 2: Wind speed distribution in 60 meters above ground level in Jilin province.
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consistent air flow model ZAWIMOD2 (Dobesch et al. 1998) was used to estimate the spatial distributionof the wind field in the area of consideration. The WAsP model has been used to create wind climatologiesfrom the time series and to take into account local land surface properties. These properties are used toaccount for the modifications induced into the air flow of the boundary layer by the shelter effect of obsta-cles of different kind, the effects of different roughness and its changes in the upwind direction and the bythe topography (e.g. speed-up effects at mountain crests). With the ZAWIMOD2 model wind fields werecalculated for typical meteorological conditions in some areas of the province where no wind data wereavailable. The wind resource estimation by WAsP comprises basically of 2 procedures: 1- The analysis procedure: Wind data measured at a specific point are corrected and then transformed
into a data set describing the wind climate of a region - the so called wind climatologies (or "wind atlasdata" set).
2- The application procedure: It is designed to be as close as possible to the inverse of the analysis model.Here the atlas data sets are used to estimate the wind conditions at any particular site and height in theregion, in principle by applying the same models for local shelter, roughness and topography, using theobstacle list, the roughness distribution and topographic data of the site or area under consideration.
3. Results
On the basis of the above men-tioned data and consideringthe local geographic character-istis, the wind potential in theJilin province was estimated ona 926,3 m x 926,3 m grid, i.e.the same resolution as the dig-ital terrain map (see paragraph2.1).
The variations of monthly windspeed at measuring height(10.5 m) for four reference sta-tions derived from the climato-logical data are shown inFigure 1. Here a marked year-ly course can be observed witha spring maximum and a sum-mer minimum and a secondarymaximum in autumn and a sec-ondary minimum in winter as itis typical for the meso climaticsituation of the Jilin province.
The spatial distribution of windspeed and wind power density,estimated with the mentionedmodels, both for 60 metersabove ground level is mappedin Figure 2 and 3. Here it canbe seen that the highest aver-age wind speed prevails in thecentral and eastern flatlands aswell as on the mountain sum-mits in the east and south. Hereare the highest wind speedswith values between 6 and 8m/s. Correspondingly to thispattern the most favourablewind resources are found in the flatlands of the northern and western part of the province ranging from 200- 250 W/m² (Figure 3) with larger areas reaching 300 W/m² in extended areas east and northeast of thecity of Changchung. In the mountainous southern and eastern part of Jilin province the low wind potential
Fig. 3: Wind power density in 60 meters above ground level in Jilin province
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Fig. 4: Magnified details from Figure 3
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in the valleys can be easily recognized whereas the areas with high wind resources are located on ridgesor crests and mountain summits reaching up to 500 W/m² in altitudes between 800 and 2000 m above sealevel. A magnification of this area (Figure 4) is showing very well this condition.
4. Conclusion
The results found here and the fact that in the Jilin Province the already installed wind capacity (only inTongyu County) of 7260 kW with 11 WTGSs by the end of 1999 give a good yield clearly shows that a muchhigher utilization of the given wind energy potentials in Jilin Province is possible. This especially in the flatareas of the western and central parts of the province, despite the fact that in the mountainous regions inthe east at some places higher potentials are available (see Figure 4). However extreme winds, icing, dif-ficult accessibility for transportation and maintenance purposes as well as a lack of easy grid connectionmay restrict the suitability of these areas for wind energy utilisation.
5. References
Dobesch H, G. Kury (1997): Wind Atlas of the Central European Countries. Austrian Contribution toMeteorology and Geophysics, Vol.16, Vienna.
Dobesch H., H.V.Tran (1998): The Diagnostic Wind Field Model ZAWIMOD2. Austrian Contribution toMeteorology and Geophysics, Vol.22, Vienna.
Li Guanghui (1998): Exploitation and Utilization of Wind Power in Guangdong Province, Energy of China,No. 8, p.38-39 (in Chinese).
Liu Jiadeng (2000): Status quo for installed wind energy converters in China. Energy of China, No. 8, p.22-23 (in Chinese).
Mortensen, N.G., I. Landsberg, I. Troen, (1993): Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program (WasP),Risoe National Laboratory , Roskilde, Denmark.
Research group for Economic Politics in National Committee for Economy and Trade (1998): A study ofeconomically encouraged polices for renewable energy resource development in China; ChineseEnvironmental Sciences (in Chinese).
Zhou Yong (1998): Analysis for Construction of Wind Energy Plants and Forecast for its Development inChina, Energy of China, No. 6, 1998, p.39-42 (in Chinese).
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