14
Wind Power in Egypt Sector Overview September 2013 1 El Yemen St. Apt. 18, 7th Floor Dokki, Giza 12311, Egypt Tel: +2 0100 56 555 35 [email protected] www.caravelfinancial.com
| Date post: | 18-Nov-2014 |
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Wind Power in Egypt Sector Overview
September 2013
1 El Yemen St Apt 18 7th Floor Dokki Giza 12311 Egypt Tel +2 0100 56 555 35infocaravelfinancialcom wwwcaravelfinancialcom
Egyptrsquos Energy Mix
bull Total installed capacity of
27000 MW as of June
2012
bull Largest wind generation
capacity installed in Africa
and the Middle East with a
total of 547MW
2
Thermal87
Hydro10
Wind2
Solar1
Source Egyptian Electricity Holding Company Annual Report 20112012
Steady Expansion in Wind Farms Since 2000
0 MW
100 MW
200 MW
300 MW
400 MW
500 MW
600 MW
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
3
Source Egyptian Electricity Holding Company Annual Report 20112012ldquoWind Energy in Egyptrdquo Mohamed Salah El Sobki
National Wind Plan
Target to build
additional generation
capacity of 7200 MW
by 2020 making up
12 of national
power capacity
4
NREA2200 MW
31Private Sector5000 MW
69
TARGET CAPACITIES TO BE INSTALLED
New amp Renewable Energy Authority
Under development by New amp Renewable Energy Authority
ndash Gulf of Al Zayt 200MW under construction financed by KfW EIB EU
ndash Gabal Al Zayt 220MW by JBIC
ndash Gulf of Suez 120MW by Spain
ndash Gulf of Suez 200MW by JICA
ndash Gulf of Suez 180MW by Spain
ndash Western Nile Bank 200MW
Projects in Pipeline ndash Public Sector
5
bull Independent Power Producers
ndash Italgen 120MW (under construction)
bull Build Own Operate
ndash Gulf of Suez 250MW (bidding stage)
ndash Gulf of Suez 500MW
bull Auction System
ndash 6 lots at 100MW each (bidding stage)
Projects in Pipeline ndash Private Sector
6
7Source httpbitly1azzx06
Gulf of Suez 250MW Build Own Operate Concession
bull Design finance build own amp operate 250MW wind farm for 25
years in addition to a 220kv-MV transformer station
bull Off-taker is Egyptian Electricity Transmission Co (EETC)
bull Joint wind measurement campaign financed by shortlisted
bidders
bull Total plot area of 37 km2
bull Altitude between 100m and 250m above see level
bull Backed by a financing agreement from JICA
8
Gulf of Suez 250MW BOO continuedhellip
9
2009
bull May request for pre-qualifications issuedbull Nov 10 bidders shortlisted
2011bull Jan Site Measurement Framework Agreement signed
between bidders
2012
bull Nov end of wind topographical geotechnical studiesbull Dec sovereign guarantee secured
2013bull May request for proposals issued
Source ldquoStatus of the Wind Power Market in Egyptrdquo Dr Walid El-Khattam
Italgenrsquos IPP (subsidiary of Italcementi)
bull Developing 120MW farm to power cement factory (Suez Cement)
bull Total investment budgeted at about euro140 million
bull Land use agreement signed with NREA in 2012
bull located at Gabal-Al-Zeit
bull Commissioning expected in 2014
bull Expandable to 400MW
bull Contract signed with Egyptian Electricity Transmission Company for
connection to the national grid
bull Currently raising finance
Source httpbitly12dbL7X
10
The 6 x 100MW Auction Lots
bull Six 15 km2 land plots to host 100MW each in Gulf of Suez under 25 year
concessions
bull IPP system where each developer signs off-take agreements directly with end
clients (client list to be submitted with bid)
bull Government mandated high consumption factories to use renewable energy to
meet 50 of consumption starting from 2015 as pre-requisite to obtain licenses
bull Land allocation agreements on usufruct basis
bull A minimum of 2 of power output (or monetary equivalent) to be allocated to
government
bull Transmission fees to be paid to EETC
bull RFPQ launched in Dec 2012 submittal deadline Sep 30 2013
11
Source httpbitly1bkkiwE
Key Players - Suppliers
bull Gamessa (Spain)
ndash Installed 406MW capacity in Egypt since 2003
ndash Awarded contract in 2011 for a further 200MW
bull Vestas (Denmark) installed 77MW in Zaafarana
bull Nordex (Germany) installed 63MW in Zaafarana in 2001
bull El Sewedy for Wind Energy Generation (SWEG)
ndash Manufactures wind turbines towers and rotor blades
ndash Goal to develop operate and maintain wind farms
12
Key Players ndash Potential Developers
International Firms
Italgen (Italy) Toyota (Japan)
Mitsui (Japan) Alstom (France)
Siemens (Germany) Terna (Greece)
Mitsubishi (Japan) AES Corporation (US)
Mainstream Renewable Power Iberdrola (Spain)
Korea Electric Power Corporation EDF (France)
Renewable Energy Services (UK) Enel (Italy)
Kharafi National (Kuwait) General Electric (US)
Daewoo (Korea) Siemens (Germany)
13
Local Firms
El Sewedy Wind Energy Generation PICO Energy
Orascom Construction Industries Hassan Allam Holding
EK Holding AAW Consulting Engineers
Regulatory Environment
bull Sector regulated by the Egyptian Electric Utility and Consumer Protection Regulatory
Agency (EEUCPRA) also known as EgyptERA
bull Law 102-1986 forming NREA
bull Law 100-1996 authorizing private generation
bull Law 89-1998 setting out general tendering rules for public bidding
bull Proposed new electricity law liberalizing market (competitive bidding feed-in tariffs
take or pay contracts) awaiting ratification by parliament
bull 7600 km2 allocated for wind farms by presidential decree
bull Private sector plots allocated under usufruct agreements
bull Imported components exempted from custom duties
bull Government mandates high consumption factories to use renewable energy to meet
50 of consumption starting from 2015
14
Egyptrsquos Energy Mix
bull Total installed capacity of
27000 MW as of June
2012
bull Largest wind generation
capacity installed in Africa
and the Middle East with a
total of 547MW
2
Thermal87
Hydro10
Wind2
Solar1
Source Egyptian Electricity Holding Company Annual Report 20112012
Steady Expansion in Wind Farms Since 2000
0 MW
100 MW
200 MW
300 MW
400 MW
500 MW
600 MW
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
3
Source Egyptian Electricity Holding Company Annual Report 20112012ldquoWind Energy in Egyptrdquo Mohamed Salah El Sobki
National Wind Plan
Target to build
additional generation
capacity of 7200 MW
by 2020 making up
12 of national
power capacity
4
NREA2200 MW
31Private Sector5000 MW
69
TARGET CAPACITIES TO BE INSTALLED
New amp Renewable Energy Authority
Under development by New amp Renewable Energy Authority
ndash Gulf of Al Zayt 200MW under construction financed by KfW EIB EU
ndash Gabal Al Zayt 220MW by JBIC
ndash Gulf of Suez 120MW by Spain
ndash Gulf of Suez 200MW by JICA
ndash Gulf of Suez 180MW by Spain
ndash Western Nile Bank 200MW
Projects in Pipeline ndash Public Sector
5
bull Independent Power Producers
ndash Italgen 120MW (under construction)
bull Build Own Operate
ndash Gulf of Suez 250MW (bidding stage)
ndash Gulf of Suez 500MW
bull Auction System
ndash 6 lots at 100MW each (bidding stage)
Projects in Pipeline ndash Private Sector
6
7Source httpbitly1azzx06
Gulf of Suez 250MW Build Own Operate Concession
bull Design finance build own amp operate 250MW wind farm for 25
years in addition to a 220kv-MV transformer station
bull Off-taker is Egyptian Electricity Transmission Co (EETC)
bull Joint wind measurement campaign financed by shortlisted
bidders
bull Total plot area of 37 km2
bull Altitude between 100m and 250m above see level
bull Backed by a financing agreement from JICA
8
Gulf of Suez 250MW BOO continuedhellip
9
2009
bull May request for pre-qualifications issuedbull Nov 10 bidders shortlisted
2011bull Jan Site Measurement Framework Agreement signed
between bidders
2012
bull Nov end of wind topographical geotechnical studiesbull Dec sovereign guarantee secured
2013bull May request for proposals issued
Source ldquoStatus of the Wind Power Market in Egyptrdquo Dr Walid El-Khattam
Italgenrsquos IPP (subsidiary of Italcementi)
bull Developing 120MW farm to power cement factory (Suez Cement)
bull Total investment budgeted at about euro140 million
bull Land use agreement signed with NREA in 2012
bull located at Gabal-Al-Zeit
bull Commissioning expected in 2014
bull Expandable to 400MW
bull Contract signed with Egyptian Electricity Transmission Company for
connection to the national grid
bull Currently raising finance
Source httpbitly12dbL7X
10
The 6 x 100MW Auction Lots
bull Six 15 km2 land plots to host 100MW each in Gulf of Suez under 25 year
concessions
bull IPP system where each developer signs off-take agreements directly with end
clients (client list to be submitted with bid)
bull Government mandated high consumption factories to use renewable energy to
meet 50 of consumption starting from 2015 as pre-requisite to obtain licenses
bull Land allocation agreements on usufruct basis
bull A minimum of 2 of power output (or monetary equivalent) to be allocated to
government
bull Transmission fees to be paid to EETC
bull RFPQ launched in Dec 2012 submittal deadline Sep 30 2013
11
Source httpbitly1bkkiwE
Key Players - Suppliers
bull Gamessa (Spain)
ndash Installed 406MW capacity in Egypt since 2003
ndash Awarded contract in 2011 for a further 200MW
bull Vestas (Denmark) installed 77MW in Zaafarana
bull Nordex (Germany) installed 63MW in Zaafarana in 2001
bull El Sewedy for Wind Energy Generation (SWEG)
ndash Manufactures wind turbines towers and rotor blades
ndash Goal to develop operate and maintain wind farms
12
Key Players ndash Potential Developers
International Firms
Italgen (Italy) Toyota (Japan)
Mitsui (Japan) Alstom (France)
Siemens (Germany) Terna (Greece)
Mitsubishi (Japan) AES Corporation (US)
Mainstream Renewable Power Iberdrola (Spain)
Korea Electric Power Corporation EDF (France)
Renewable Energy Services (UK) Enel (Italy)
Kharafi National (Kuwait) General Electric (US)
Daewoo (Korea) Siemens (Germany)
13
Local Firms
El Sewedy Wind Energy Generation PICO Energy
Orascom Construction Industries Hassan Allam Holding
EK Holding AAW Consulting Engineers
Regulatory Environment
bull Sector regulated by the Egyptian Electric Utility and Consumer Protection Regulatory
Agency (EEUCPRA) also known as EgyptERA
bull Law 102-1986 forming NREA
bull Law 100-1996 authorizing private generation
bull Law 89-1998 setting out general tendering rules for public bidding
bull Proposed new electricity law liberalizing market (competitive bidding feed-in tariffs
take or pay contracts) awaiting ratification by parliament
bull 7600 km2 allocated for wind farms by presidential decree
bull Private sector plots allocated under usufruct agreements
bull Imported components exempted from custom duties
bull Government mandates high consumption factories to use renewable energy to meet
50 of consumption starting from 2015
14
Steady Expansion in Wind Farms Since 2000
0 MW
100 MW
200 MW
300 MW
400 MW
500 MW
600 MW
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
3
Source Egyptian Electricity Holding Company Annual Report 20112012ldquoWind Energy in Egyptrdquo Mohamed Salah El Sobki
National Wind Plan
Target to build
additional generation
capacity of 7200 MW
by 2020 making up
12 of national
power capacity
4
NREA2200 MW
31Private Sector5000 MW
69
TARGET CAPACITIES TO BE INSTALLED
New amp Renewable Energy Authority
Under development by New amp Renewable Energy Authority
ndash Gulf of Al Zayt 200MW under construction financed by KfW EIB EU
ndash Gabal Al Zayt 220MW by JBIC
ndash Gulf of Suez 120MW by Spain
ndash Gulf of Suez 200MW by JICA
ndash Gulf of Suez 180MW by Spain
ndash Western Nile Bank 200MW
Projects in Pipeline ndash Public Sector
5
bull Independent Power Producers
ndash Italgen 120MW (under construction)
bull Build Own Operate
ndash Gulf of Suez 250MW (bidding stage)
ndash Gulf of Suez 500MW
bull Auction System
ndash 6 lots at 100MW each (bidding stage)
Projects in Pipeline ndash Private Sector
6
7Source httpbitly1azzx06
Gulf of Suez 250MW Build Own Operate Concession
bull Design finance build own amp operate 250MW wind farm for 25
years in addition to a 220kv-MV transformer station
bull Off-taker is Egyptian Electricity Transmission Co (EETC)
bull Joint wind measurement campaign financed by shortlisted
bidders
bull Total plot area of 37 km2
bull Altitude between 100m and 250m above see level
bull Backed by a financing agreement from JICA
8
Gulf of Suez 250MW BOO continuedhellip
9
2009
bull May request for pre-qualifications issuedbull Nov 10 bidders shortlisted
2011bull Jan Site Measurement Framework Agreement signed
between bidders
2012
bull Nov end of wind topographical geotechnical studiesbull Dec sovereign guarantee secured
2013bull May request for proposals issued
Source ldquoStatus of the Wind Power Market in Egyptrdquo Dr Walid El-Khattam
Italgenrsquos IPP (subsidiary of Italcementi)
bull Developing 120MW farm to power cement factory (Suez Cement)
bull Total investment budgeted at about euro140 million
bull Land use agreement signed with NREA in 2012
bull located at Gabal-Al-Zeit
bull Commissioning expected in 2014
bull Expandable to 400MW
bull Contract signed with Egyptian Electricity Transmission Company for
connection to the national grid
bull Currently raising finance
Source httpbitly12dbL7X
10
The 6 x 100MW Auction Lots
bull Six 15 km2 land plots to host 100MW each in Gulf of Suez under 25 year
concessions
bull IPP system where each developer signs off-take agreements directly with end
clients (client list to be submitted with bid)
bull Government mandated high consumption factories to use renewable energy to
meet 50 of consumption starting from 2015 as pre-requisite to obtain licenses
bull Land allocation agreements on usufruct basis
bull A minimum of 2 of power output (or monetary equivalent) to be allocated to
government
bull Transmission fees to be paid to EETC
bull RFPQ launched in Dec 2012 submittal deadline Sep 30 2013
11
Source httpbitly1bkkiwE
Key Players - Suppliers
bull Gamessa (Spain)
ndash Installed 406MW capacity in Egypt since 2003
ndash Awarded contract in 2011 for a further 200MW
bull Vestas (Denmark) installed 77MW in Zaafarana
bull Nordex (Germany) installed 63MW in Zaafarana in 2001
bull El Sewedy for Wind Energy Generation (SWEG)
ndash Manufactures wind turbines towers and rotor blades
ndash Goal to develop operate and maintain wind farms
12
Key Players ndash Potential Developers
International Firms
Italgen (Italy) Toyota (Japan)
Mitsui (Japan) Alstom (France)
Siemens (Germany) Terna (Greece)
Mitsubishi (Japan) AES Corporation (US)
Mainstream Renewable Power Iberdrola (Spain)
Korea Electric Power Corporation EDF (France)
Renewable Energy Services (UK) Enel (Italy)
Kharafi National (Kuwait) General Electric (US)
Daewoo (Korea) Siemens (Germany)
13
Local Firms
El Sewedy Wind Energy Generation PICO Energy
Orascom Construction Industries Hassan Allam Holding
EK Holding AAW Consulting Engineers
Regulatory Environment
bull Sector regulated by the Egyptian Electric Utility and Consumer Protection Regulatory
Agency (EEUCPRA) also known as EgyptERA
bull Law 102-1986 forming NREA
bull Law 100-1996 authorizing private generation
bull Law 89-1998 setting out general tendering rules for public bidding
bull Proposed new electricity law liberalizing market (competitive bidding feed-in tariffs
take or pay contracts) awaiting ratification by parliament
bull 7600 km2 allocated for wind farms by presidential decree
bull Private sector plots allocated under usufruct agreements
bull Imported components exempted from custom duties
bull Government mandates high consumption factories to use renewable energy to meet
50 of consumption starting from 2015
14
National Wind Plan
Target to build
additional generation
capacity of 7200 MW
by 2020 making up
12 of national
power capacity
4
NREA2200 MW
31Private Sector5000 MW
69
TARGET CAPACITIES TO BE INSTALLED
New amp Renewable Energy Authority
Under development by New amp Renewable Energy Authority
ndash Gulf of Al Zayt 200MW under construction financed by KfW EIB EU
ndash Gabal Al Zayt 220MW by JBIC
ndash Gulf of Suez 120MW by Spain
ndash Gulf of Suez 200MW by JICA
ndash Gulf of Suez 180MW by Spain
ndash Western Nile Bank 200MW
Projects in Pipeline ndash Public Sector
5
bull Independent Power Producers
ndash Italgen 120MW (under construction)
bull Build Own Operate
ndash Gulf of Suez 250MW (bidding stage)
ndash Gulf of Suez 500MW
bull Auction System
ndash 6 lots at 100MW each (bidding stage)
Projects in Pipeline ndash Private Sector
6
7Source httpbitly1azzx06
Gulf of Suez 250MW Build Own Operate Concession
bull Design finance build own amp operate 250MW wind farm for 25
years in addition to a 220kv-MV transformer station
bull Off-taker is Egyptian Electricity Transmission Co (EETC)
bull Joint wind measurement campaign financed by shortlisted
bidders
bull Total plot area of 37 km2
bull Altitude between 100m and 250m above see level
bull Backed by a financing agreement from JICA
8
Gulf of Suez 250MW BOO continuedhellip
9
2009
bull May request for pre-qualifications issuedbull Nov 10 bidders shortlisted
2011bull Jan Site Measurement Framework Agreement signed
between bidders
2012
bull Nov end of wind topographical geotechnical studiesbull Dec sovereign guarantee secured
2013bull May request for proposals issued
Source ldquoStatus of the Wind Power Market in Egyptrdquo Dr Walid El-Khattam
Italgenrsquos IPP (subsidiary of Italcementi)
bull Developing 120MW farm to power cement factory (Suez Cement)
bull Total investment budgeted at about euro140 million
bull Land use agreement signed with NREA in 2012
bull located at Gabal-Al-Zeit
bull Commissioning expected in 2014
bull Expandable to 400MW
bull Contract signed with Egyptian Electricity Transmission Company for
connection to the national grid
bull Currently raising finance
Source httpbitly12dbL7X
10
The 6 x 100MW Auction Lots
bull Six 15 km2 land plots to host 100MW each in Gulf of Suez under 25 year
concessions
bull IPP system where each developer signs off-take agreements directly with end
clients (client list to be submitted with bid)
bull Government mandated high consumption factories to use renewable energy to
meet 50 of consumption starting from 2015 as pre-requisite to obtain licenses
bull Land allocation agreements on usufruct basis
bull A minimum of 2 of power output (or monetary equivalent) to be allocated to
government
bull Transmission fees to be paid to EETC
bull RFPQ launched in Dec 2012 submittal deadline Sep 30 2013
11
Source httpbitly1bkkiwE
Key Players - Suppliers
bull Gamessa (Spain)
ndash Installed 406MW capacity in Egypt since 2003
ndash Awarded contract in 2011 for a further 200MW
bull Vestas (Denmark) installed 77MW in Zaafarana
bull Nordex (Germany) installed 63MW in Zaafarana in 2001
bull El Sewedy for Wind Energy Generation (SWEG)
ndash Manufactures wind turbines towers and rotor blades
ndash Goal to develop operate and maintain wind farms
12
Key Players ndash Potential Developers
International Firms
Italgen (Italy) Toyota (Japan)
Mitsui (Japan) Alstom (France)
Siemens (Germany) Terna (Greece)
Mitsubishi (Japan) AES Corporation (US)
Mainstream Renewable Power Iberdrola (Spain)
Korea Electric Power Corporation EDF (France)
Renewable Energy Services (UK) Enel (Italy)
Kharafi National (Kuwait) General Electric (US)
Daewoo (Korea) Siemens (Germany)
13
Local Firms
El Sewedy Wind Energy Generation PICO Energy
Orascom Construction Industries Hassan Allam Holding
EK Holding AAW Consulting Engineers
Regulatory Environment
bull Sector regulated by the Egyptian Electric Utility and Consumer Protection Regulatory
Agency (EEUCPRA) also known as EgyptERA
bull Law 102-1986 forming NREA
bull Law 100-1996 authorizing private generation
bull Law 89-1998 setting out general tendering rules for public bidding
bull Proposed new electricity law liberalizing market (competitive bidding feed-in tariffs
take or pay contracts) awaiting ratification by parliament
bull 7600 km2 allocated for wind farms by presidential decree
bull Private sector plots allocated under usufruct agreements
bull Imported components exempted from custom duties
bull Government mandates high consumption factories to use renewable energy to meet
50 of consumption starting from 2015
14
Under development by New amp Renewable Energy Authority
ndash Gulf of Al Zayt 200MW under construction financed by KfW EIB EU
ndash Gabal Al Zayt 220MW by JBIC
ndash Gulf of Suez 120MW by Spain
ndash Gulf of Suez 200MW by JICA
ndash Gulf of Suez 180MW by Spain
ndash Western Nile Bank 200MW
Projects in Pipeline ndash Public Sector
5
bull Independent Power Producers
ndash Italgen 120MW (under construction)
bull Build Own Operate
ndash Gulf of Suez 250MW (bidding stage)
ndash Gulf of Suez 500MW
bull Auction System
ndash 6 lots at 100MW each (bidding stage)
Projects in Pipeline ndash Private Sector
6
7Source httpbitly1azzx06
Gulf of Suez 250MW Build Own Operate Concession
bull Design finance build own amp operate 250MW wind farm for 25
years in addition to a 220kv-MV transformer station
bull Off-taker is Egyptian Electricity Transmission Co (EETC)
bull Joint wind measurement campaign financed by shortlisted
bidders
bull Total plot area of 37 km2
bull Altitude between 100m and 250m above see level
bull Backed by a financing agreement from JICA
8
Gulf of Suez 250MW BOO continuedhellip
9
2009
bull May request for pre-qualifications issuedbull Nov 10 bidders shortlisted
2011bull Jan Site Measurement Framework Agreement signed
between bidders
2012
bull Nov end of wind topographical geotechnical studiesbull Dec sovereign guarantee secured
2013bull May request for proposals issued
Source ldquoStatus of the Wind Power Market in Egyptrdquo Dr Walid El-Khattam
Italgenrsquos IPP (subsidiary of Italcementi)
bull Developing 120MW farm to power cement factory (Suez Cement)
bull Total investment budgeted at about euro140 million
bull Land use agreement signed with NREA in 2012
bull located at Gabal-Al-Zeit
bull Commissioning expected in 2014
bull Expandable to 400MW
bull Contract signed with Egyptian Electricity Transmission Company for
connection to the national grid
bull Currently raising finance
Source httpbitly12dbL7X
10
The 6 x 100MW Auction Lots
bull Six 15 km2 land plots to host 100MW each in Gulf of Suez under 25 year
concessions
bull IPP system where each developer signs off-take agreements directly with end
clients (client list to be submitted with bid)
bull Government mandated high consumption factories to use renewable energy to
meet 50 of consumption starting from 2015 as pre-requisite to obtain licenses
bull Land allocation agreements on usufruct basis
bull A minimum of 2 of power output (or monetary equivalent) to be allocated to
government
bull Transmission fees to be paid to EETC
bull RFPQ launched in Dec 2012 submittal deadline Sep 30 2013
11
Source httpbitly1bkkiwE
Key Players - Suppliers
bull Gamessa (Spain)
ndash Installed 406MW capacity in Egypt since 2003
ndash Awarded contract in 2011 for a further 200MW
bull Vestas (Denmark) installed 77MW in Zaafarana
bull Nordex (Germany) installed 63MW in Zaafarana in 2001
bull El Sewedy for Wind Energy Generation (SWEG)
ndash Manufactures wind turbines towers and rotor blades
ndash Goal to develop operate and maintain wind farms
12
Key Players ndash Potential Developers
International Firms
Italgen (Italy) Toyota (Japan)
Mitsui (Japan) Alstom (France)
Siemens (Germany) Terna (Greece)
Mitsubishi (Japan) AES Corporation (US)
Mainstream Renewable Power Iberdrola (Spain)
Korea Electric Power Corporation EDF (France)
Renewable Energy Services (UK) Enel (Italy)
Kharafi National (Kuwait) General Electric (US)
Daewoo (Korea) Siemens (Germany)
13
Local Firms
El Sewedy Wind Energy Generation PICO Energy
Orascom Construction Industries Hassan Allam Holding
EK Holding AAW Consulting Engineers
Regulatory Environment
bull Sector regulated by the Egyptian Electric Utility and Consumer Protection Regulatory
Agency (EEUCPRA) also known as EgyptERA
bull Law 102-1986 forming NREA
bull Law 100-1996 authorizing private generation
bull Law 89-1998 setting out general tendering rules for public bidding
bull Proposed new electricity law liberalizing market (competitive bidding feed-in tariffs
take or pay contracts) awaiting ratification by parliament
bull 7600 km2 allocated for wind farms by presidential decree
bull Private sector plots allocated under usufruct agreements
bull Imported components exempted from custom duties
bull Government mandates high consumption factories to use renewable energy to meet
50 of consumption starting from 2015
14
bull Independent Power Producers
ndash Italgen 120MW (under construction)
bull Build Own Operate
ndash Gulf of Suez 250MW (bidding stage)
ndash Gulf of Suez 500MW
bull Auction System
ndash 6 lots at 100MW each (bidding stage)
Projects in Pipeline ndash Private Sector
6
7Source httpbitly1azzx06
Gulf of Suez 250MW Build Own Operate Concession
bull Design finance build own amp operate 250MW wind farm for 25
years in addition to a 220kv-MV transformer station
bull Off-taker is Egyptian Electricity Transmission Co (EETC)
bull Joint wind measurement campaign financed by shortlisted
bidders
bull Total plot area of 37 km2
bull Altitude between 100m and 250m above see level
bull Backed by a financing agreement from JICA
8
Gulf of Suez 250MW BOO continuedhellip
9
2009
bull May request for pre-qualifications issuedbull Nov 10 bidders shortlisted
2011bull Jan Site Measurement Framework Agreement signed
between bidders
2012
bull Nov end of wind topographical geotechnical studiesbull Dec sovereign guarantee secured
2013bull May request for proposals issued
Source ldquoStatus of the Wind Power Market in Egyptrdquo Dr Walid El-Khattam
Italgenrsquos IPP (subsidiary of Italcementi)
bull Developing 120MW farm to power cement factory (Suez Cement)
bull Total investment budgeted at about euro140 million
bull Land use agreement signed with NREA in 2012
bull located at Gabal-Al-Zeit
bull Commissioning expected in 2014
bull Expandable to 400MW
bull Contract signed with Egyptian Electricity Transmission Company for
connection to the national grid
bull Currently raising finance
Source httpbitly12dbL7X
10
The 6 x 100MW Auction Lots
bull Six 15 km2 land plots to host 100MW each in Gulf of Suez under 25 year
concessions
bull IPP system where each developer signs off-take agreements directly with end
clients (client list to be submitted with bid)
bull Government mandated high consumption factories to use renewable energy to
meet 50 of consumption starting from 2015 as pre-requisite to obtain licenses
bull Land allocation agreements on usufruct basis
bull A minimum of 2 of power output (or monetary equivalent) to be allocated to
government
bull Transmission fees to be paid to EETC
bull RFPQ launched in Dec 2012 submittal deadline Sep 30 2013
11
Source httpbitly1bkkiwE
Key Players - Suppliers
bull Gamessa (Spain)
ndash Installed 406MW capacity in Egypt since 2003
ndash Awarded contract in 2011 for a further 200MW
bull Vestas (Denmark) installed 77MW in Zaafarana
bull Nordex (Germany) installed 63MW in Zaafarana in 2001
bull El Sewedy for Wind Energy Generation (SWEG)
ndash Manufactures wind turbines towers and rotor blades
ndash Goal to develop operate and maintain wind farms
12
Key Players ndash Potential Developers
International Firms
Italgen (Italy) Toyota (Japan)
Mitsui (Japan) Alstom (France)
Siemens (Germany) Terna (Greece)
Mitsubishi (Japan) AES Corporation (US)
Mainstream Renewable Power Iberdrola (Spain)
Korea Electric Power Corporation EDF (France)
Renewable Energy Services (UK) Enel (Italy)
Kharafi National (Kuwait) General Electric (US)
Daewoo (Korea) Siemens (Germany)
13
Local Firms
El Sewedy Wind Energy Generation PICO Energy
Orascom Construction Industries Hassan Allam Holding
EK Holding AAW Consulting Engineers
Regulatory Environment
bull Sector regulated by the Egyptian Electric Utility and Consumer Protection Regulatory
Agency (EEUCPRA) also known as EgyptERA
bull Law 102-1986 forming NREA
bull Law 100-1996 authorizing private generation
bull Law 89-1998 setting out general tendering rules for public bidding
bull Proposed new electricity law liberalizing market (competitive bidding feed-in tariffs
take or pay contracts) awaiting ratification by parliament
bull 7600 km2 allocated for wind farms by presidential decree
bull Private sector plots allocated under usufruct agreements
bull Imported components exempted from custom duties
bull Government mandates high consumption factories to use renewable energy to meet
50 of consumption starting from 2015
14
7Source httpbitly1azzx06
Gulf of Suez 250MW Build Own Operate Concession
bull Design finance build own amp operate 250MW wind farm for 25
years in addition to a 220kv-MV transformer station
bull Off-taker is Egyptian Electricity Transmission Co (EETC)
bull Joint wind measurement campaign financed by shortlisted
bidders
bull Total plot area of 37 km2
bull Altitude between 100m and 250m above see level
bull Backed by a financing agreement from JICA
8
Gulf of Suez 250MW BOO continuedhellip
9
2009
bull May request for pre-qualifications issuedbull Nov 10 bidders shortlisted
2011bull Jan Site Measurement Framework Agreement signed
between bidders
2012
bull Nov end of wind topographical geotechnical studiesbull Dec sovereign guarantee secured
2013bull May request for proposals issued
Source ldquoStatus of the Wind Power Market in Egyptrdquo Dr Walid El-Khattam
Italgenrsquos IPP (subsidiary of Italcementi)
bull Developing 120MW farm to power cement factory (Suez Cement)
bull Total investment budgeted at about euro140 million
bull Land use agreement signed with NREA in 2012
bull located at Gabal-Al-Zeit
bull Commissioning expected in 2014
bull Expandable to 400MW
bull Contract signed with Egyptian Electricity Transmission Company for
connection to the national grid
bull Currently raising finance
Source httpbitly12dbL7X
10
The 6 x 100MW Auction Lots
bull Six 15 km2 land plots to host 100MW each in Gulf of Suez under 25 year
concessions
bull IPP system where each developer signs off-take agreements directly with end
clients (client list to be submitted with bid)
bull Government mandated high consumption factories to use renewable energy to
meet 50 of consumption starting from 2015 as pre-requisite to obtain licenses
bull Land allocation agreements on usufruct basis
bull A minimum of 2 of power output (or monetary equivalent) to be allocated to
government
bull Transmission fees to be paid to EETC
bull RFPQ launched in Dec 2012 submittal deadline Sep 30 2013
11
Source httpbitly1bkkiwE
Key Players - Suppliers
bull Gamessa (Spain)
ndash Installed 406MW capacity in Egypt since 2003
ndash Awarded contract in 2011 for a further 200MW
bull Vestas (Denmark) installed 77MW in Zaafarana
bull Nordex (Germany) installed 63MW in Zaafarana in 2001
bull El Sewedy for Wind Energy Generation (SWEG)
ndash Manufactures wind turbines towers and rotor blades
ndash Goal to develop operate and maintain wind farms
12
Key Players ndash Potential Developers
International Firms
Italgen (Italy) Toyota (Japan)
Mitsui (Japan) Alstom (France)
Siemens (Germany) Terna (Greece)
Mitsubishi (Japan) AES Corporation (US)
Mainstream Renewable Power Iberdrola (Spain)
Korea Electric Power Corporation EDF (France)
Renewable Energy Services (UK) Enel (Italy)
Kharafi National (Kuwait) General Electric (US)
Daewoo (Korea) Siemens (Germany)
13
Local Firms
El Sewedy Wind Energy Generation PICO Energy
Orascom Construction Industries Hassan Allam Holding
EK Holding AAW Consulting Engineers
Regulatory Environment
bull Sector regulated by the Egyptian Electric Utility and Consumer Protection Regulatory
Agency (EEUCPRA) also known as EgyptERA
bull Law 102-1986 forming NREA
bull Law 100-1996 authorizing private generation
bull Law 89-1998 setting out general tendering rules for public bidding
bull Proposed new electricity law liberalizing market (competitive bidding feed-in tariffs
take or pay contracts) awaiting ratification by parliament
bull 7600 km2 allocated for wind farms by presidential decree
bull Private sector plots allocated under usufruct agreements
bull Imported components exempted from custom duties
bull Government mandates high consumption factories to use renewable energy to meet
50 of consumption starting from 2015
14
Gulf of Suez 250MW Build Own Operate Concession
bull Design finance build own amp operate 250MW wind farm for 25
years in addition to a 220kv-MV transformer station
bull Off-taker is Egyptian Electricity Transmission Co (EETC)
bull Joint wind measurement campaign financed by shortlisted
bidders
bull Total plot area of 37 km2
bull Altitude between 100m and 250m above see level
bull Backed by a financing agreement from JICA
8
Gulf of Suez 250MW BOO continuedhellip
9
2009
bull May request for pre-qualifications issuedbull Nov 10 bidders shortlisted
2011bull Jan Site Measurement Framework Agreement signed
between bidders
2012
bull Nov end of wind topographical geotechnical studiesbull Dec sovereign guarantee secured
2013bull May request for proposals issued
Source ldquoStatus of the Wind Power Market in Egyptrdquo Dr Walid El-Khattam
Italgenrsquos IPP (subsidiary of Italcementi)
bull Developing 120MW farm to power cement factory (Suez Cement)
bull Total investment budgeted at about euro140 million
bull Land use agreement signed with NREA in 2012
bull located at Gabal-Al-Zeit
bull Commissioning expected in 2014
bull Expandable to 400MW
bull Contract signed with Egyptian Electricity Transmission Company for
connection to the national grid
bull Currently raising finance
Source httpbitly12dbL7X
10
The 6 x 100MW Auction Lots
bull Six 15 km2 land plots to host 100MW each in Gulf of Suez under 25 year
concessions
bull IPP system where each developer signs off-take agreements directly with end
clients (client list to be submitted with bid)
bull Government mandated high consumption factories to use renewable energy to
meet 50 of consumption starting from 2015 as pre-requisite to obtain licenses
bull Land allocation agreements on usufruct basis
bull A minimum of 2 of power output (or monetary equivalent) to be allocated to
government
bull Transmission fees to be paid to EETC
bull RFPQ launched in Dec 2012 submittal deadline Sep 30 2013
11
Source httpbitly1bkkiwE
Key Players - Suppliers
bull Gamessa (Spain)
ndash Installed 406MW capacity in Egypt since 2003
ndash Awarded contract in 2011 for a further 200MW
bull Vestas (Denmark) installed 77MW in Zaafarana
bull Nordex (Germany) installed 63MW in Zaafarana in 2001
bull El Sewedy for Wind Energy Generation (SWEG)
ndash Manufactures wind turbines towers and rotor blades
ndash Goal to develop operate and maintain wind farms
12
Key Players ndash Potential Developers
International Firms
Italgen (Italy) Toyota (Japan)
Mitsui (Japan) Alstom (France)
Siemens (Germany) Terna (Greece)
Mitsubishi (Japan) AES Corporation (US)
Mainstream Renewable Power Iberdrola (Spain)
Korea Electric Power Corporation EDF (France)
Renewable Energy Services (UK) Enel (Italy)
Kharafi National (Kuwait) General Electric (US)
Daewoo (Korea) Siemens (Germany)
13
Local Firms
El Sewedy Wind Energy Generation PICO Energy
Orascom Construction Industries Hassan Allam Holding
EK Holding AAW Consulting Engineers
Regulatory Environment
bull Sector regulated by the Egyptian Electric Utility and Consumer Protection Regulatory
Agency (EEUCPRA) also known as EgyptERA
bull Law 102-1986 forming NREA
bull Law 100-1996 authorizing private generation
bull Law 89-1998 setting out general tendering rules for public bidding
bull Proposed new electricity law liberalizing market (competitive bidding feed-in tariffs
take or pay contracts) awaiting ratification by parliament
bull 7600 km2 allocated for wind farms by presidential decree
bull Private sector plots allocated under usufruct agreements
bull Imported components exempted from custom duties
bull Government mandates high consumption factories to use renewable energy to meet
50 of consumption starting from 2015
14
Gulf of Suez 250MW BOO continuedhellip
9
2009
bull May request for pre-qualifications issuedbull Nov 10 bidders shortlisted
2011bull Jan Site Measurement Framework Agreement signed
between bidders
2012
bull Nov end of wind topographical geotechnical studiesbull Dec sovereign guarantee secured
2013bull May request for proposals issued
Source ldquoStatus of the Wind Power Market in Egyptrdquo Dr Walid El-Khattam
Italgenrsquos IPP (subsidiary of Italcementi)
bull Developing 120MW farm to power cement factory (Suez Cement)
bull Total investment budgeted at about euro140 million
bull Land use agreement signed with NREA in 2012
bull located at Gabal-Al-Zeit
bull Commissioning expected in 2014
bull Expandable to 400MW
bull Contract signed with Egyptian Electricity Transmission Company for
connection to the national grid
bull Currently raising finance
Source httpbitly12dbL7X
10
The 6 x 100MW Auction Lots
bull Six 15 km2 land plots to host 100MW each in Gulf of Suez under 25 year
concessions
bull IPP system where each developer signs off-take agreements directly with end
clients (client list to be submitted with bid)
bull Government mandated high consumption factories to use renewable energy to
meet 50 of consumption starting from 2015 as pre-requisite to obtain licenses
bull Land allocation agreements on usufruct basis
bull A minimum of 2 of power output (or monetary equivalent) to be allocated to
government
bull Transmission fees to be paid to EETC
bull RFPQ launched in Dec 2012 submittal deadline Sep 30 2013
11
Source httpbitly1bkkiwE
Key Players - Suppliers
bull Gamessa (Spain)
ndash Installed 406MW capacity in Egypt since 2003
ndash Awarded contract in 2011 for a further 200MW
bull Vestas (Denmark) installed 77MW in Zaafarana
bull Nordex (Germany) installed 63MW in Zaafarana in 2001
bull El Sewedy for Wind Energy Generation (SWEG)
ndash Manufactures wind turbines towers and rotor blades
ndash Goal to develop operate and maintain wind farms
12
Key Players ndash Potential Developers
International Firms
Italgen (Italy) Toyota (Japan)
Mitsui (Japan) Alstom (France)
Siemens (Germany) Terna (Greece)
Mitsubishi (Japan) AES Corporation (US)
Mainstream Renewable Power Iberdrola (Spain)
Korea Electric Power Corporation EDF (France)
Renewable Energy Services (UK) Enel (Italy)
Kharafi National (Kuwait) General Electric (US)
Daewoo (Korea) Siemens (Germany)
13
Local Firms
El Sewedy Wind Energy Generation PICO Energy
Orascom Construction Industries Hassan Allam Holding
EK Holding AAW Consulting Engineers
Regulatory Environment
bull Sector regulated by the Egyptian Electric Utility and Consumer Protection Regulatory
Agency (EEUCPRA) also known as EgyptERA
bull Law 102-1986 forming NREA
bull Law 100-1996 authorizing private generation
bull Law 89-1998 setting out general tendering rules for public bidding
bull Proposed new electricity law liberalizing market (competitive bidding feed-in tariffs
take or pay contracts) awaiting ratification by parliament
bull 7600 km2 allocated for wind farms by presidential decree
bull Private sector plots allocated under usufruct agreements
bull Imported components exempted from custom duties
bull Government mandates high consumption factories to use renewable energy to meet
50 of consumption starting from 2015
14
Italgenrsquos IPP (subsidiary of Italcementi)
bull Developing 120MW farm to power cement factory (Suez Cement)
bull Total investment budgeted at about euro140 million
bull Land use agreement signed with NREA in 2012
bull located at Gabal-Al-Zeit
bull Commissioning expected in 2014
bull Expandable to 400MW
bull Contract signed with Egyptian Electricity Transmission Company for
connection to the national grid
bull Currently raising finance
Source httpbitly12dbL7X
10
The 6 x 100MW Auction Lots
bull Six 15 km2 land plots to host 100MW each in Gulf of Suez under 25 year
concessions
bull IPP system where each developer signs off-take agreements directly with end
clients (client list to be submitted with bid)
bull Government mandated high consumption factories to use renewable energy to
meet 50 of consumption starting from 2015 as pre-requisite to obtain licenses
bull Land allocation agreements on usufruct basis
bull A minimum of 2 of power output (or monetary equivalent) to be allocated to
government
bull Transmission fees to be paid to EETC
bull RFPQ launched in Dec 2012 submittal deadline Sep 30 2013
11
Source httpbitly1bkkiwE
Key Players - Suppliers
bull Gamessa (Spain)
ndash Installed 406MW capacity in Egypt since 2003
ndash Awarded contract in 2011 for a further 200MW
bull Vestas (Denmark) installed 77MW in Zaafarana
bull Nordex (Germany) installed 63MW in Zaafarana in 2001
bull El Sewedy for Wind Energy Generation (SWEG)
ndash Manufactures wind turbines towers and rotor blades
ndash Goal to develop operate and maintain wind farms
12
Key Players ndash Potential Developers
International Firms
Italgen (Italy) Toyota (Japan)
Mitsui (Japan) Alstom (France)
Siemens (Germany) Terna (Greece)
Mitsubishi (Japan) AES Corporation (US)
Mainstream Renewable Power Iberdrola (Spain)
Korea Electric Power Corporation EDF (France)
Renewable Energy Services (UK) Enel (Italy)
Kharafi National (Kuwait) General Electric (US)
Daewoo (Korea) Siemens (Germany)
13
Local Firms
El Sewedy Wind Energy Generation PICO Energy
Orascom Construction Industries Hassan Allam Holding
EK Holding AAW Consulting Engineers
Regulatory Environment
bull Sector regulated by the Egyptian Electric Utility and Consumer Protection Regulatory
Agency (EEUCPRA) also known as EgyptERA
bull Law 102-1986 forming NREA
bull Law 100-1996 authorizing private generation
bull Law 89-1998 setting out general tendering rules for public bidding
bull Proposed new electricity law liberalizing market (competitive bidding feed-in tariffs
take or pay contracts) awaiting ratification by parliament
bull 7600 km2 allocated for wind farms by presidential decree
bull Private sector plots allocated under usufruct agreements
bull Imported components exempted from custom duties
bull Government mandates high consumption factories to use renewable energy to meet
50 of consumption starting from 2015
14
The 6 x 100MW Auction Lots
bull Six 15 km2 land plots to host 100MW each in Gulf of Suez under 25 year
concessions
bull IPP system where each developer signs off-take agreements directly with end
clients (client list to be submitted with bid)
bull Government mandated high consumption factories to use renewable energy to
meet 50 of consumption starting from 2015 as pre-requisite to obtain licenses
bull Land allocation agreements on usufruct basis
bull A minimum of 2 of power output (or monetary equivalent) to be allocated to
government
bull Transmission fees to be paid to EETC
bull RFPQ launched in Dec 2012 submittal deadline Sep 30 2013
11
Source httpbitly1bkkiwE
Key Players - Suppliers
bull Gamessa (Spain)
ndash Installed 406MW capacity in Egypt since 2003
ndash Awarded contract in 2011 for a further 200MW
bull Vestas (Denmark) installed 77MW in Zaafarana
bull Nordex (Germany) installed 63MW in Zaafarana in 2001
bull El Sewedy for Wind Energy Generation (SWEG)
ndash Manufactures wind turbines towers and rotor blades
ndash Goal to develop operate and maintain wind farms
12
Key Players ndash Potential Developers
International Firms
Italgen (Italy) Toyota (Japan)
Mitsui (Japan) Alstom (France)
Siemens (Germany) Terna (Greece)
Mitsubishi (Japan) AES Corporation (US)
Mainstream Renewable Power Iberdrola (Spain)
Korea Electric Power Corporation EDF (France)
Renewable Energy Services (UK) Enel (Italy)
Kharafi National (Kuwait) General Electric (US)
Daewoo (Korea) Siemens (Germany)
13
Local Firms
El Sewedy Wind Energy Generation PICO Energy
Orascom Construction Industries Hassan Allam Holding
EK Holding AAW Consulting Engineers
Regulatory Environment
bull Sector regulated by the Egyptian Electric Utility and Consumer Protection Regulatory
Agency (EEUCPRA) also known as EgyptERA
bull Law 102-1986 forming NREA
bull Law 100-1996 authorizing private generation
bull Law 89-1998 setting out general tendering rules for public bidding
bull Proposed new electricity law liberalizing market (competitive bidding feed-in tariffs
take or pay contracts) awaiting ratification by parliament
bull 7600 km2 allocated for wind farms by presidential decree
bull Private sector plots allocated under usufruct agreements
bull Imported components exempted from custom duties
bull Government mandates high consumption factories to use renewable energy to meet
50 of consumption starting from 2015
14
Key Players - Suppliers
bull Gamessa (Spain)
ndash Installed 406MW capacity in Egypt since 2003
ndash Awarded contract in 2011 for a further 200MW
bull Vestas (Denmark) installed 77MW in Zaafarana
bull Nordex (Germany) installed 63MW in Zaafarana in 2001
bull El Sewedy for Wind Energy Generation (SWEG)
ndash Manufactures wind turbines towers and rotor blades
ndash Goal to develop operate and maintain wind farms
12
Key Players ndash Potential Developers
International Firms
Italgen (Italy) Toyota (Japan)
Mitsui (Japan) Alstom (France)
Siemens (Germany) Terna (Greece)
Mitsubishi (Japan) AES Corporation (US)
Mainstream Renewable Power Iberdrola (Spain)
Korea Electric Power Corporation EDF (France)
Renewable Energy Services (UK) Enel (Italy)
Kharafi National (Kuwait) General Electric (US)
Daewoo (Korea) Siemens (Germany)
13
Local Firms
El Sewedy Wind Energy Generation PICO Energy
Orascom Construction Industries Hassan Allam Holding
EK Holding AAW Consulting Engineers
Regulatory Environment
bull Sector regulated by the Egyptian Electric Utility and Consumer Protection Regulatory
Agency (EEUCPRA) also known as EgyptERA
bull Law 102-1986 forming NREA
bull Law 100-1996 authorizing private generation
bull Law 89-1998 setting out general tendering rules for public bidding
bull Proposed new electricity law liberalizing market (competitive bidding feed-in tariffs
take or pay contracts) awaiting ratification by parliament
bull 7600 km2 allocated for wind farms by presidential decree
bull Private sector plots allocated under usufruct agreements
bull Imported components exempted from custom duties
bull Government mandates high consumption factories to use renewable energy to meet
50 of consumption starting from 2015
14
Key Players ndash Potential Developers
International Firms
Italgen (Italy) Toyota (Japan)
Mitsui (Japan) Alstom (France)
Siemens (Germany) Terna (Greece)
Mitsubishi (Japan) AES Corporation (US)
Mainstream Renewable Power Iberdrola (Spain)
Korea Electric Power Corporation EDF (France)
Renewable Energy Services (UK) Enel (Italy)
Kharafi National (Kuwait) General Electric (US)
Daewoo (Korea) Siemens (Germany)
13
Local Firms
El Sewedy Wind Energy Generation PICO Energy
Orascom Construction Industries Hassan Allam Holding
EK Holding AAW Consulting Engineers
Regulatory Environment
bull Sector regulated by the Egyptian Electric Utility and Consumer Protection Regulatory
Agency (EEUCPRA) also known as EgyptERA
bull Law 102-1986 forming NREA
bull Law 100-1996 authorizing private generation
bull Law 89-1998 setting out general tendering rules for public bidding
bull Proposed new electricity law liberalizing market (competitive bidding feed-in tariffs
take or pay contracts) awaiting ratification by parliament
bull 7600 km2 allocated for wind farms by presidential decree
bull Private sector plots allocated under usufruct agreements
bull Imported components exempted from custom duties
bull Government mandates high consumption factories to use renewable energy to meet
50 of consumption starting from 2015
14
Regulatory Environment
bull Sector regulated by the Egyptian Electric Utility and Consumer Protection Regulatory
Agency (EEUCPRA) also known as EgyptERA
bull Law 102-1986 forming NREA
bull Law 100-1996 authorizing private generation
bull Law 89-1998 setting out general tendering rules for public bidding
bull Proposed new electricity law liberalizing market (competitive bidding feed-in tariffs
take or pay contracts) awaiting ratification by parliament
bull 7600 km2 allocated for wind farms by presidential decree
bull Private sector plots allocated under usufruct agreements
bull Imported components exempted from custom duties
bull Government mandates high consumption factories to use renewable energy to meet
50 of consumption starting from 2015
14
