Swedish College of Engineering & TechnologySwedish College of Engineering & TechnologyElectrical Engineering DepartmentElectrical Engineering Department

Power Generation - LabPower Generation - Lab

  

Project PresentationProject Presentation

Submitted to:Submitted to: Engr. M RukhamEngr. M Rukham

Group MembersGroup Members

Imad Hussain khan………UET.84Syed Ali Raza……............UET.03Bilawal Mumtaz…………..UET.38Bilal Khan………………...UET.86Tariq Khan………………...UET.75

44

Project titleProject title

Wind Power GenerationWind Power Generation

CONTENTSCONTENTS1.1. IntroductionIntroduction2.2. History of History of WindWind Machines Machines3.3. Wind ResourceWind Resource4.4. Wind Energy TechnologyWind Energy Technology

– Horizontal Axis turbineHorizontal Axis turbine– Vertical Axis turbineVertical Axis turbine

5.5. Wind power DesignWind power Design6.6. Wind turbine UseWind turbine Use 7.7. AdvantagesAdvantages8.8. EnvironmentEnvironment9.9. EconomicsEconomics10.10. ConclusionConclusion

1-INTRODUCTION1-INTRODUCTION

Wind energy, the world's fastest growing Wind energy, the world's fastest growing energy source, is a clean and renewable energy source, is a clean and renewable source of energy that has been in use for source of energy that has been in use for centuries in Europe and more recently in the centuries in Europe and more recently in the United States and other nationsUnited States and other nations [11] [11]. . And todays world wind is one of the And todays world wind is one of the cheapest and cleanest energy source.cheapest and cleanest energy source.

2-2-HISTORY of HISTORY of WWIND MACHINESIND MACHINES Throughout history people have harnessed the wind. Over 5,000 years Throughout history people have harnessed the wind. Over 5,000 years

ago, the ancient Egyptians used wind power to sail their ships on the ago, the ancient Egyptians used wind power to sail their ships on the Nile River. Later people built windmills to grind their grain. The earliest Nile River. Later people built windmills to grind their grain. The earliest known windmills were in Persia (the area now occupied by Iran). The known windmills were in Persia (the area now occupied by Iran). The early windmills looked like large paddle wheels.early windmills looked like large paddle wheels.

Centuries later, the people in Holland improved the windmill. They Centuries later, the people in Holland improved the windmill. They gave it propeller-type blades and made it so it could be turned to face gave it propeller-type blades and made it so it could be turned to face the wind. Windmills helped Holland become one of the world's most the wind. Windmills helped Holland become one of the world's most industrialized countries by the 17th century.industrialized countries by the 17th century.

American colonists used windmills to grind wheat and corn, to pump American colonists used windmills to grind wheat and corn, to pump water, and to cut wood at sawmills.water, and to cut wood at sawmills.

LastLast century, people used windmills to generate electricity in rural century, people used windmills to generate electricity in rural areas that did not have electric service. When power lines began to areas that did not have electric service. When power lines began to transport electricity to rural areas in the 1930s, the electric windmills transport electricity to rural areas in the 1930s, the electric windmills were used less and less.were used less and less.

Then in the early 1970s, oil shortages created an environment eager Then in the early 1970s, oil shortages created an environment eager for alternative energy sources, paving the way for the re-entry of the for alternative energy sources, paving the way for the re-entry of the electric windmill on the electric windmill on the worldworld landscape landscape [1]. [1].

3-Wind Resources3-Wind ResourcesWhat WindWhat Wind Is Is

Wind is simply air in motion. It is caused by Wind is simply air in motion. It is caused by the uneven heating of the earth's surface by the uneven heating of the earth's surface by the sun. Since the earth's surface is made the sun. Since the earth's surface is made up of land, desert, water, and forest areas, up of land, desert, water, and forest areas, the surface absorbs the sun's radiation the surface absorbs the sun's radiation differently differently [1].[1].

Wind ResourcesWind Resources

Global windsGlobal winds Local Winds Local Winds

– Land Breezes and Sea BreezesLand Breezes and Sea Breezes

Global WindsGlobal Winds The wind rises from the equator and moves north and south in The wind rises from the equator and moves north and south in

the higher layers of the atmospherethe higher layers of the atmosphere as shown in figure 1 as shown in figure 1 [2].[2].

Around 30°; latitude in both hemispheres the Around 30°; latitude in both hemispheres the Coriolis force Coriolis force prevents the air from moving much farther. At this latitude there prevents the air from moving much farther. At this latitude there is a high pressure area, as the air begins sinking down again. is a high pressure area, as the air begins sinking down again.

As the wind rises from the equator there will be a low pressure As the wind rises from the equator there will be a low pressure area close to ground level attracting winds from the North and area close to ground level attracting winds from the North and South. South.

At the Poles, there will be high pressure due to the cooling of the At the Poles, there will be high pressure due to the cooling of the airair [3]. [3].

Figure 1 Figure 1 Global windsGlobal winds..

Local Winds Local Winds

Land Breezes and Sea BreezesLand Breezes and Sea BreezesLand masses are heated by the sun more quickly Land masses are heated by the sun more quickly than the sea in the daytime. The air rises, flows than the sea in the daytime. The air rises, flows out to the sea, and creates a low pressure at out to the sea, and creates a low pressure at ground level which attracts the cool air from the ground level which attracts the cool air from the sea. This is called a sea breeze. At nightfall there sea. This is called a sea breeze. At nightfall there is often a period of calm when land and sea is often a period of calm when land and sea temperatures are equal. temperatures are equal. At night the wind blows in the opposite direction. At night the wind blows in the opposite direction. The land breeze at night generally has lower wind The land breeze at night generally has lower wind speeds, because the temperature difference speeds, because the temperature difference between land and sea is smaller at night between land and sea is smaller at night [2].[2].

4-4-WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGYWIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

Horizontal Axis TurbineHorizontal Axis Turbine Vertical Axis TurbineVertical Axis Turbine

Horizontal Axis Wind TurbineHorizontal Axis Wind Turbine

Most of the technology described in this project is related to Most of the technology described in this project is related to horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs,) horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs,) as shown in figure as shown in figure 2. 2.

The reason is simple: All grid-connected commercial wind The reason is simple: All grid-connected commercial wind turbines today are built with a propeller-type rotor on a turbines today are built with a propeller-type rotor on a horizontal axis (i.e. a horizontal main shaft). horizontal axis (i.e. a horizontal main shaft).

The purpose of the rotor, of course, is to convert the linear The purpose of the rotor, of course, is to convert the linear motion of the wind into rotational energy that can be used motion of the wind into rotational energy that can be used to drive a generator. The same basic principle is used in a to drive a generator. The same basic principle is used in a modern water turbine, where the flow of water is parallel to modern water turbine, where the flow of water is parallel to the rotational axis of the turbine blades the rotational axis of the turbine blades [5].[5].

Figure Figure 2 2 Horizontal axis Turbine Horizontal axis Turbine [6].[6].

Vertical Axis Vertical Axis Wind Wind Turbine Turbine As you will probably recall, classical water As you will probably recall, classical water

wheels let the water arrive at a right angle wheels let the water arrive at a right angle (perpendicular) to the rotational axis (shaft) (perpendicular) to the rotational axis (shaft) of the water wheel. of the water wheel.

Vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) are a Vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) are a bit like water wheels in that sense. (Some bit like water wheels in that sense. (Some vertical axis turbine types could actually vertical axis turbine types could actually work with a horizontal axis as well, but they work with a horizontal axis as well, but they would hardly be able to beat the efficiency would hardly be able to beat the efficiency of a propeller-type turbine). of a propeller-type turbine).

The only vertical axis turbine which has ever The only vertical axis turbine which has ever been manufactured commercially at any been manufactured commercially at any volume is the Darrieus machine, named volume is the Darrieus machine, named after the French engineer Georges Darrieus after the French engineer Georges Darrieus who patented the design in 1931. (It was who patented the design in 1931. (It was manufactured by the U.S. company FloWind manufactured by the U.S. company FloWind which went bankrupt in 1997). The Darrieus which went bankrupt in 1997). The Darrieus machine is characterized by its C-shaped machine is characterized by its C-shaped rotor blades which make it look a bit like an rotor blades which make it look a bit like an eggbeater. It is normally built with two or eggbeater. It is normally built with two or three bladesthree blades As shown in figure 3 [5]. As shown in figure 3 [5].

FigureFigure 3 3 Vertical axis Vertical axis wind turbine.wind turbine.

1919

Wind Power DesignWind Power Design

2020

Density = P/(RxT) P - pressure (Pa) R - specific gas constant (287 J/kgK) T - air temperature (K)

= 1/2 x air density x swept rotor area x (wind speed)3

A V3

Area = r2 Instantaneous Speed(not mean speed)

kg/m3 m2 m/s

Power in the Wind (W/mPower in the Wind (W/m22))

2121

Wind Energy Natural Wind Energy Natural CharacteristicsCharacteristics

Wind SpeedWind Speed– Wind energy increases with the cube of the wind speedWind energy increases with the cube of the wind speed– 10% increase in wind speed translates into 30% more electricity10% increase in wind speed translates into 30% more electricity– 2X the wind speed translates into 8X the electricity2X the wind speed translates into 8X the electricity

HeightHeight– Wind energy increases with height to the 1/7 powerWind energy increases with height to the 1/7 power– 2X the height translates into 10.4% more electricity2X the height translates into 10.4% more electricity

2222

Wind Energy Natural Wind Energy Natural CharacteristicsCharacteristics

Air densityAir density– Wind energy increases proportionally with air densityWind energy increases proportionally with air density– Humid climates have greater air density than dry climatesHumid climates have greater air density than dry climates– Lower elevations have greater air density than higher elevationsLower elevations have greater air density than higher elevations– Wind energy in Denver about 6% less than at sea levelWind energy in Denver about 6% less than at sea level

Blade swept areaBlade swept area– Wind energy increases proportionally with swept area of the bladesWind energy increases proportionally with swept area of the blades

Blades are shaped like airplane wingsBlades are shaped like airplane wings– 10% increase in swept diameter translates into 21% greater swept area10% increase in swept diameter translates into 21% greater swept area– Longest blades up to 413 feet in diameterLongest blades up to 413 feet in diameter

Resulting in 600 foot total heightResulting in 600 foot total height

2323

Betz LimitBetz Limit

Theoretical maximum energy extraction Theoretical maximum energy extraction from wind = 16/27 = 59.3%from wind = 16/27 = 59.3%

Undisturbed wind velocity reduced by 1/3Undisturbed wind velocity reduced by 1/3 Albert Betz (1928)Albert Betz (1928)

5-5-WIND TRIBUNE USEWIND TRIBUNE USE

Electricity for homes and farmsElectricity for homes and farms Electricity for communitiesElectricity for communities Electricity in industryElectricity in industry Supplying electricity for a nationSupplying electricity for a nation Remote communitiesRemote communities Energy to drive pumpsEnergy to drive pumps

Electricity from turbinesElectricity from turbines

As shown in figure 5As shown in figure 5 aa wind turbine consists of six major wind turbine consists of six major components :  components : 

A rotor that aerodynamically converts the wind energy into A rotor that aerodynamically converts the wind energy into mechanical energy on a slowly turning shaftmechanical energy on a slowly turning shaft..     

A gearbox that increases the rotor-shaft speed for the A gearbox that increases the rotor-shaft speed for the generator. Some specially designed generators run at rotor-generator. Some specially designed generators run at rotor-shaft speed and do not need a gearboxshaft speed and do not need a gearbox..     

A generator that produces electricityA generator that produces electricity..      A control and protection system that optimizes performance A control and protection system that optimizes performance

and keeps the machinery operating within safe limitsand keeps the machinery operating within safe limits..      A tower that raises the rotor high off the ground where the A tower that raises the rotor high off the ground where the

wind speed is greater and the effects of local obstructions wind speed is greater and the effects of local obstructions are lessare less..     

A foundation that supports the wind turbine system, A foundation that supports the wind turbine system, sometimes with the aid of guy wiressometimes with the aid of guy wires [7].[7].

Figure 5 Figure 5 Major components of horizontal Major components of horizontal and vertical axis wind turbinesand vertical axis wind turbines..

Wind turbine generators produce a range of Wind turbine generators produce a range of electricity. Rotors that have diameters of electricity. Rotors that have diameters of about 1m produce a few hundred watts of about 1m produce a few hundred watts of electricity. Rotors that have diameters that electricity. Rotors that have diameters that approach 75approach 75 m can produce over one m can produce over one megawatt [7].megawatt [7].

Wind Power Generation:-Wind Power Generation:- The power extracted from the wind can be calculated by the given The power extracted from the wind can be calculated by the given

formula: formula: PW=0.5ρπRPW=0.5ρπR33VwVw33CP(λ,β) CP(λ,β)    Pw = extracted power from the wind, Pw = extracted power from the wind, ρ= air density, (approximately 1.2 kg/mρ= air density, (approximately 1.2 kg/m3320 $C at sea level) R = blade radius 20 $C at sea level) R = blade radius

(in m), (in m),  Vw = wind velocity (m/s) (velocity can be controlled between 3 to 30 m/s) Vw = wind velocity (m/s) (velocity can be controlled between 3 to 30 m/s) Cp = the power coefficient which is a function of both tip speed ratio (λ), and Cp = the power coefficient which is a function of both tip speed ratio (λ), and

blade pitch angle, (β)(deg.)  blade pitch angle, (β)(deg.)   Power coefficient (Cp) is defined as the ratio of the output power Power coefficient (Cp) is defined as the ratio of the output power

produced to the powerproduced to the power available in the wind.available in the wind.

Advantages of Wind Power

• The wind blows day and night, which allows windmills to produce electricity throughout the day. (Faster during the day)

• Energy output from a wind turbine will vary as the wind varies, although the most rapid variations will to some extent be compensated for by the inertia of the wind turbine rotor.

• Wind energy is a domestic, renewable source of energy that generates no pollution and has little environmental impact. Up to 95 percent of land used for wind farms can also be used for other profitable activities including ranching, farming and forestry.

• The decreasing cost of wind power and the growing interest in renewable energy sources should ensure that wind power will become a viable energy source in the United States and worldwide.

7-7-ENVIROENVIRONNMENTMENT

Wind energy is considered a green power Wind energy is considered a green power technology because it has only minor impacts technology because it has only minor impacts on the environment. Wind energy plants on the environment. Wind energy plants produce no air pollutants or greenhouse produce no air pollutants or greenhouse gases. However, any means of energy gases. However, any means of energy production impacts the environment in some production impacts the environment in some way, wind energy is no different way, wind energy is no different [8].[8].

8-8-ECONOMICSECONOMICS

Ecomomics of wind energy based on Ecomomics of wind energy based on followings as shown in figure 7 followings as shown in figure 7

Wind source.Wind source. Capital cost.Capital cost. Wind energy market.Wind energy market. Technology [10].Technology [10].

Figure 7 Economics of wind energy.Figure 7 Economics of wind energy.

The cost of electricity from utility-scale wind The cost of electricity from utility-scale wind systems has dropped by more than 80% over the systems has dropped by more than 80% over the last 20 years last 20 years as seen in figure 8 and graph 1.as seen in figure 8 and graph 1.

GraphGraphicic ((11)) kwh cost kwh cost ($/kwh) ($/kwh) vsvs year graphic [10]. year graphic [10].

A simple tribune cost inA simple tribune cost in

Figure 8 cost of wind energy [11]Figure 8 cost of wind energy [11]

Wind energy is one of the Wind energy is one of the cheapest energy sourcecheapest energy sourceWe can compare wind We can compare wind energy source with another energy source with another sources in graphic 2 [10].sources in graphic 2 [10].

Graphic (2) cent/kwh&energy sourcesGraphic (2) cent/kwh&energy sources..

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

This is true that today's world need more This is true that today's world need more clean and more cheap energy. As I try to clean and more cheap energy. As I try to mentioned in this project wind energy is the mentioned in this project wind energy is the one of the best way of clean and cheap one of the best way of clean and cheap energy. And also it is understood that in the energy. And also it is understood that in the future most of our energy source will based future most of our energy source will based on wind energy.on wind energy.