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WINDOW AND DOOR SOLUTIONS FOR EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES PELLACOMMERCIAL.COM • 800-847-3552 Wayland Union Middle School, Wayland, MI Design Plus, Inc.
W I N D O W A N D D O O R S O L U T I O N S
F O R E D U C A T I O N A L F A C I L I T I E S
P E L L A C O M M E R C I A L . C O M • 8 0 0 - 8 4 7 - 3 5 5 2
Wayland Union Middle School, Wayland, MI
Design Plus, Inc.
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Today’s educational facility is the focal point for the entire community. It is used by all age groups — from the toddler in preschool to the senior citizen at a university extension class. This building has evolved to encompass much more than what we’ve traditionally understood the word “school” to mean.
The way windows are used in educational facilities has evolved, as well. More than simply providing natural light, a view and fresh air, a window’s function has expanded to include assuring a building’s energy efficiency, conservation, sustainability and user comfort. For example, the use of large expanses of glass in the building envelope — window walls — provides transparency and a high degree of visible light while high-performance options such as Low-E glass maintain energy efficiency.
In terms of educational facility design, the special building needs require an even more refined understanding of the design and function of windows. The multiple needs of students, teachers, administrators, maintenance personnel
and facility managers — along with the community at large
— must be taken into account. Flexibility is key. Schools
must be able to grow and evolve with a community’s
changing needs. And because they integrate the functions
of academics, athletics, arts and vocational training,
modern educational facilities — and their windows —
must be designed for adaptability and long life.
Aesthetics and design flexibility are often the prime
motivation in choosing a window. Other design criteria
for selecting windows in educational buildings include:
• Energy efficiency and environmental issues
• Comfort
• Safety/security
• Maintenance
• Budget
When choosing windows, you should also consider the
supplier’s ability to meet project schedules. For instance,
“We pushed sustainable design to the limit,” said Rick Petersen,
project designer with OZ Architecture, Denver, about the Prairie
Learning Center. To minimize energy costs, a system of south-
facing clerestory windows introduces daylight to virtually every
inhabited space in the building. Large roof overhangs extend
beyond the clerestories to maximize daylight while minimizing
solar heat gain and glare.
When it came to selecting resource-efficient windows, OZ
Architecture specified Pella® aluminum-clad wood windows
throughout. Petersen said, “We selected Pella because its …
[clad] wood windows — which [include] Low-E insulating glass
with argon and triple-glazing with integral blinds — met
all of our performance requirements.”
P r a i r i e L e a r n i n g C e n t e rPe l l a C a s e S t u d y
Neal Smith Wildlife Refuge/Prairie Learning Center, Prairie City, IA
OZ Architecture
DESIGNING EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES: A WINDOW ON THE FUTURE
Pe l l a C a s e S t u d y L a k e s i d e N a t u r e C e n t e r
Lakeside Nature Center, Kansas City, MO
International Architects Atelier
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Pella® wood-frame or fiberglass windows typically
have a lead time of less than five weeks.
And it is crucial to work with a supplier that has
a history of success with educational projects.
Your specified window manufacturer or supplier
should provide comprehensive technical assistance,
support and guidance, including:
• Initial consultation
• Budgeting assistance
• Design assistance and implementation, along
with green building certification
• Custom product design
• Specifications, product mock-ups and samples
• CAD details and installation shop drawings
• Performance analysis
• Assistance with code compliance
• Field measurements
• Flexible installation options and/or on-site
installation support
• Field testing
• Post-installation service, along with
replacement parts
CONTENTS
4 Energy Efficiency 14 Maintenance
8 Comfort in the Classroom 16 Budget and Costs
12 Safety and Security 20 Replacement and Renovation
Our highly qualified PELLA COMMERCIAL CONSULTANTS are ready to provide full
technical support to help you execute your project efficiently at every stage, from
schematic design to owner occupancy — on time and within budget requirements.
Visitors enter the Lakeside Nature Center through a single-story
cast-in-place concrete wall that offers little clue to what lies
beyond. Once inside, they are greeted with a view of a fully grown
woodland, framed by floor-to-ceiling glazing rising up to 28 feet.
Daylight from clerestory windows reinforces the illusion of being
in the woods by simulating diffused light penetrating through a
forest canopy. Transferring loads from the extensively overhung
roof to the cedar columns without deflecting and breaking glazing
was a major design challenge — as were the large spans of glazing
and multiplicity of shapes and sizes.
The Pella Commercial technical team worked with
the project team to develop a structural framing system of
wood-clad steel tubes to support required spans while
maintaining the center’s naturalistic imagery.
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IslandWood (PSELC), Bainbridge Island, WA
Mithun
TO MINIMIZE HEAT GAIN/LOSS, windows with a whole-window U-Factor of 0.4
or lower and a solar heat gain coefficient of 0.5 or lower are recommended for use in schools.
A R C H I T E C T S E R I E S ®
Insulating Glass with Historical Grilles
Insulating Glass with Aluminum Grilles
D E S I G N E R S E R I E S ®
Triple-Glazing with Grilles, Blinds or Shades
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Triple-Pane Glass with Historical Grilles
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VISIBLE LIGHTINFRARED LIGHTULTRAVIOLET LIGHT
Triple-Glazing with Low-E Glass
P E L L A ® P R O L I N E 4 5 0 S E R I E S P E L L A I M P E R V I A ®
(fiberglass composite)
Insulating Glass with Aluminum Grilles
Insulating Glass with Aluminum Grilles
Insulating Glass with Applied Grilles
(available on fixed frames only)
Insulating Glasswith Applied Grilles
(select products only)
Window selection is critical in reducing a building’s HVAC and electrical requirements. To minimize heat gain/loss, windows with a whole-window U-Factor of 0.4 or lower and a solar heat gain coefficient of 0.5 or lower are recommended for use in schools. With few exceptions, dual- or triple-glazed systems should be specified.
The things that influence a window’s U-Factor are:
• Type of glazing (clear glass vs. tints or coatings)
• Type of frame (wood, aluminum or fiberglass)
• Glazing systems (sealed insulating systems vs. triple-glazed systems)
• Between-the-glass options (blinds and shades)
In ongoing research of energy-efficient buildings, the specification of the correct glass, in addition to the use of “daylighting,” resulted in energy savings of 10% to 25%. Analysis of winter U-Factors, solar heat gain, percentage of UV transmission and percentage of visible light transmission will help determine the best-performing glazing for your project.
Glazing Options
The two main types of glazing systems specified in school buildings today — sealed insulating glass systems and triple-glazed systems — offer low U-Factors. A window’s U-Factor is made up of three components — the center of the glass, the edge of
the glass, and the window sash and frame — so the U-Factor of the whole unit is more relevant than the glass-only value. Clear Low-E glass should also be considered. It transmits visible light while reflecting undesirable solar energy like heat and ultraviolet light.
NOTE: Optional high-density foam insulation represented by shaded areas.
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Between-the-glass blinds REDUCE SOLAR HEAT GAIN BY 43% compared to roomside blinds.
IslandWood (PSELC), Bainbridge Island, WA
Mithun
Between-the-glass blinds and shades in triple-glazed systems will enhance a building’s energy performance and aesthetics. These window treatments allow less solar heat gain than roomside blinds and shades — only 40% of absorbed heat is transmitted into the room compared to 100% for roomside treatments. Pella options include:
• Tilt-only blinds
• Raise-and-lower blinds
• Raise-and-lower shades
When between-the-glass blinds are closed, they offer a 43% reduction in solar heat gain when compared to closed roomside blinds. And unlike conventional roomside blinds and shades, between-the-glass options are less prone to damage, reducing maintenance and replacement costs.
IslandWood is an environmental learning center for young people
that combines ecology, technology and the arts. The architect’s
intent was to maximize the children’s exposure to the environment
while simultaneously achieving the highest sustainable design
goals. The building requires no active heating or cooling for eight
months of the year.
Since fenestration design was key to the project’s objectives, the
Pella Commercial team worked with the architects and engineers
from the beginning of design development through occupancy.
Pella is able to provide oversized operable windows required to
achieve optimum thermal comfort without air conditioning and
with minimal need for heating.
From conception through installation, Pella responds to the specific
needs of your project, no matter how simple or elaborate. From
providing custom solutions to meeting tight schedules, Pella will
help you meet your technical and design challenges.
Pe l l a C a s e S t u d y I s l a n d W o o d ( P S E L C ) E d u c a t i o n a l F a c i l i t y
Comparison of thermal performance for glazing with blinds.
Glass Type Solar Heat Gain Coefficient
Clear insulating glass with roomside blinds fully closed 0.51
Clear dual-glazing with between-the-glass blinds fully closed 0.29
Source: ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Between-the-Glass Options
(CONT.)
Bisque Muted Brown CharcoalUmberMochaGolden StormPewterPoplar WhiteWhite
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Sustainability/LEED® Certification. Windows can contribute to prerequisites and points in the LEED® Green Building Rating Systems, including the Energy and Atmosphere category. In addition, windows can contribute to points in sections for Materials and Resources, Indoor Environmental Quality, Innovation in Design, and Regional Priority:
• Certified wood • Increased ventilation • Recycled materials content
• Optimized energy performance • Controllability of systems • Daylight and views
As a member of the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), Pella encourages the use of the LEED® certification process and offers products that can contribute to LEED® points. Pella has been awarded the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) Chain-of-Custody (CoC) Certification. Pella® products have been used in a number of nationally recognized green projects, including the Phillip Merrill Environmental Center (LEED® Platinum) and The Leopold Center (LEED® Platinum).
TRIPLE-GLAZING OPTIONS
Grilles* Blinds Fabric Shades Grilles* andBlinds
Grilles* and Fabric Shades
BETWEEN-THE-GLASS BLIND COLORS
* Grilles illustrated with brown outline.
Pe l l a C a s e S t u d y W e s t E l e m e n t a r y S c h o o l
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Students learn better in a comfortable environment with fewer environmental distractions. Windows in educational facilities can help increase student performance through:
• Minimized glare
• Reduced summer heat gain
• Warm interior surfaces in winter
• Equal temperature throughout the room
• Natural ventilation
• Low noise levels
Natural Light for Better Learning
Current educational theory places great value on light and color in the learning environment. Maximizing the use of natural light, or “daylighting,” not only increases a building’s energy performance; it has also been shown to lead to higher test scores and improved attendance. Conversely, eye strain is a major distraction for students and teachers, so glare must be controlled. Floor and wall materials should be selected with light reflectance in mind, along with careful sizing, selection and placement of windows and window-shading devices.
West Elementary School in Laurel, MT, had original aluminum
windows that served as more of a hindrance than a help in
the learning process. Noise from the playground distracted
the students. Teachers struggled to control the temperature;
it was always either too hot or too cold. The school has no air
conditioning, and when the nonscreened single-pane windows
were opened, bees flew inside. The old aluminum windows
were also extremely drafty, costing the school extra money
on heating bills.
The administration for West Elementary wanted low-maintenance
replacement windows offering exceptional energy efficiency,
durability and value. Pella® Impervia® double-hung windows were
selected for the school. They’re made from Duracast® material,
an engineered fiberglass composite that is more durable than
aluminum, offers the thermal efficiency of wood, yet is priced
competitively with vinyl.*
Since having Pella Impervia windows installed, the school has
noticed a significant decrease in outside noise, as well as dramatic
savings in heating costs. The school district’s administrator
commented, “It’s hard to learn when the classroom isn’t
comfortable. We used to get emails all the time from teachers
saying the rooms were too hot or too cold. Since installing the
new windows, we haven’t had a single complaint like that.”
* In testing performed in accordance with ASTM testing standards, Pella’s Duracast material has displayed superior performance in strength, ability to withstand extreme heat and cold, and resistance to dents and scratches.
COMFORT IN THE CLASSROOM
Before After
West Elementary School, Laurel, MT
Optimal daylighting, reduced glare, lower UV
transmission and a lower solar heat gain coefficient
may also be achieved through:
• Careful site orientation, with north-/south-facing
windows and passive shade control such as
overhangs and foliage screening.
• Solar-control glazing options, such as Low-E glass.
• Window shading, including between-the-glass
blinds or shades.
• Integration of windows with overhead sources of
natural light, such as roof monitors and skylights.
The orientation of a building and the direction its
windows face are primary design considerations.
North- and south-facing windows are most preferred.
East-facing windows can benefit from the warming
effect of early-morning sun, but use of west-facing
windows should be minimized because of difficult
glare conditions in the afternoon. While overhangs
and foliage screens are often used to control light
entry, the window itself is crucial in reducing glare.
Daylight Zone
Vision Zone
Daylight Glazing
North-Facing Roof Monitor
Exterior Shading Device
Interior Light Shelf
Light Fixture with Sensorsand Dimming Controls
Vision Glazing60" maximum
Between-the-Glass
Blinds
30" minimum
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Midtown Elementary School, Neptune Township, NJ
SSP Architectural Group
Illustration source: LEED-NC Reference Guide. © 2005 U.S. Green
Building Council. Used with permission. To learn more about green
building and LEED®, visit usgbc.org.
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Choosing the Right Window Frame
While modern wood-, fiberglass- and metal-frame windows offer low U-Factors, aluminum conducts heat at a greater rate than wood or fiberglass. Areas of the classroom nearest aluminum windows may be colder in winter and hotter in the summer than those in other parts of the room. In addition, aluminum windows are more
likely to allow condensation that could damage interior finishes. Wood- and fiberglass-frame windows increase comfort levels for those seated closest to the windows in cold weather because the frames are warmer to the touch and the temperature at the edge of the glass remains higher than in aluminum-frame windows.
WOOD, FIBERGLASS OR ALUMINUM
Thermal Comfort/Resistance to Condensation. Wood is a natural insulator and insulates better than aluminum. Pella’s Duracast® fiberglass
composite offers similar thermal performance to wood. Aluminum conducts heat at a greater rate than wood and fiberglass, so it may cause
window areas to be uncomfortably warm or cool. Pella window’s thermal performance allows students seated next to the windows to be as
comfortable as students seated elsewhere in the room, helping them to perform and concentrate better.
0.0° 17.5° 35.0° 52.5°
8.7° 26.2° 43.7° 61.2°
Aluminum-Clad Wood
75.0°
90° F 75° F
78.7° 82.5° 86.2° 90.0°
76.9° 80.6° 84.4° 88.1°
0° F 70° F
Thermally Broken AluminumFrame U-Factor = 1.67
26° F
86° F
Thermally Broken Aluminum
90° F 75° F
87° F
Fiberglass CompositeFrame U-Factor = 0.41
0° F 70° F
62° F
39° F
Fiberglass Composite
90° F 75° F
86° F
70.0°
ExteriorTemperature
0° F
InteriorTemperature
70° F
38° F
66° F
Aluminum-Clad WoodFrame U-Factor = 0.45
W I N T E R
0.0° 17.5° 35.0° 52.5°
8.7° 26.2° 43.7° 61.2°
Aluminum-Clad Wood
75.0°
90° F 75° F
78.7° 82.5° 86.2° 90.0°
76.9° 80.6° 84.4° 88.1°
0° F 70° F
Thermally Broken AluminumFrame U-Factor = 1.67
26° F
86° F
Thermally Broken Aluminum
90° F 75° F
87° F
Fiberglass CompositeFrame U-Factor = 0.41
0° F 70° F
62° F
39° F
Fiberglass Composite
90° F 75° F
86° F
70.0°
ExteriorTemperature
0° F
InteriorTemperature
70° F
38° F
66° F
Aluminum-Clad WoodFrame U-Factor = 0.45
S U M M E R
The thermal models shown above represent an aluminum-clad,
wood-frame window; a fiberglass composite-frame window; and
a thermally broken, aluminum-frame window with a polyurethane
thermal break. The models are based on NFRC Winter Design
Conditions of 0° F outside and 70° F inside. All windows have
the same type of low-emissivity insulating glass.
The coldest point on the wood-frame window is 38° F because
of the conductive aluminum spacer at the edge of the insulating
glass. The warmest point is 66° F, which is nearly the same as the
room temperature. The fiberglass composite window performs
similarly — with 39º F at its coldest point and 62º F at the warmest.
The coldest point on the aluminum-frame window is 26° F, and
condensation may start to appear at 18% relative humidity. This
condensation needs to be considered when detailing the materials
around the window so that moisture damage to adjacent finishes
like drywall returns and plastic laminate sills can be minimized.
The thermal models shown above represent an aluminum-clad,
wood-frame window; a fiberglass composite-frame window; and
a thermally broken, aluminum-frame window. However, in this
case, the models are based on NFRC Summer Design Conditions
of 90° F outside and 75° F inside. Again, the windows have the
same type of low-emissivity insulating glass.
Note how the inside temperature of the frame near the glass is
about the same for all windows. But as you move roomside, the
frame temperature of the aluminum window gets hotter to the
touch, while the frame temperatures of the aluminum-clad wood
and fiberglass composite windows get cooler.
It’s also interesting to compare the differences in the exterior
frame temperatures. The temperature on the exterior aluminum
cladding of the wood window and the exterior of the fiberglass
frame are nearly the same as the outside air temperature. The
frames effectively insulate, reducing the heat transferred from
the hot exterior to the cooler, air-conditioned interior. Since
the outside and inside temperatures are nearly the same for
the aluminum window, it’s clear that the aluminum frame is not
as effective at insulating the hot exterior from the cool interior.
COMFORT IN THE CLASSROOM (CONT.)
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The Benefits of Operable Windows
The era of the windowless classroom is over. Natural ventilation is an important element in climate control, increasing comfort as well as energy efficiency. Operable windows are key. Contemporary-style, dual-glazed windows — with a large upper sash and small lower sash that is easy to open and close — are an ideal solution.
Noise Control
Noise control is also important for classroom comfort. The three primary factors that affect sound transmission through windows are:
• Glass thickness
• Size of airspace between panes
• Damping of the glass by lamination
Between-the-glass fabric shades and blinds can help reduce outside noise — like lawn mowers and traffic.
Wayland Union Middle School was designed with the primary
goal of creating a highly effective learning environment.
Stacked configurations of rectangular and arch-top windows
allow an abundance of natural light into the interior. Stained
wood interiors add warmth and character and contribute
to the building’s noninstitutional atmosphere. Classroom
distractions are kept to a minimum by a dual-glazed system
that reduces outside noise and provides insulation for comfort
on even very hot or cold days.
In order to minimize maintenance and safety concerns,
the design team specified windows with Pella’s exclusive
between-the-glass commercial blinds. The tilt-only window
treatments have no roomside cords and are protected from
dust and damage. As an added benefit, the windows expand
the “tackable” wall space in the classroom for displaying
student artwork and other classroom decorations. At the
same time, the blinds may be opened or closed to control
the flow of light — and the window sash may be opened
or closed to control ventilation.
W a y l a n d U n i o n M i d d l e S c h o o lPe l l a C a s e S t u d y
Wayland Union Middle School, Wayland, MI
Design Plus, Inc.
IslandWood (PSELC), Bainbridge Island, WA
Mithun
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McGinnis School, Perth Amboy, NJ
Vitetta Group Architects
SAFETY AND SECURITY
The renovation of McGinnis School in Perth Amboy, NJ,
was a study in historical aesthetics combined with modern
performance. “We wanted to restore this inner-city school
to its original 1899 character, at least on the exterior,”
said Steve Carlidge of Vitetta Group Architects. Window
replacement was a priority — the existing aluminum
windows from the ’60s were literally crashing down
and “an absolute hazard,” according to Carlidge. When
it came time to select new windows, Carlidge stressed that
“we wanted to capture that turn-of-the-century feeling,
but we also needed [them to be] low-maintenance.”
The architect chose custom Pella® double-hung and
circlehead windows with taupe cladding — research
shows this was the original window color. A custom
muntin [grille] pattern was also created to evoke the
1890s era. “None of the windows were ‘out of the
catalog.’ We needed somebody like Pella that could
customize the job with a subframe installation,” Carlidge
said. To further reduce maintenance costs, the architect
specified Pella’s unique Designer Series® dual-glazed
system with Slimshade® blinds. Installed between the
panes of glass, the blinds are protected from dust, dirt,
allergens ... and the temptations of youthful destruction.
M c G i n n i s S c h o o lPe l l a C a s e S t u d y
School safety is a bigger issue than ever and includes:
• Fire
• Evacuation/emergency preparedness
• Vandalism
Local building codes dictate safety requirements for educational facilities. The use of wood-, aluminum- or fiberglass-frame windows is generally approved for exterior walls in educational facilities. When renovating school buildings without sprinkler systems, codes may require installation of one window that is a legal means of egress in each
classroom. In the past, wired glass was the common solution for fire-rated glazing for interior school windows. However, the International Building Code prohibits the use of wired glass because of the danger of laceration from the sharp wire if the glass is broken.
Damage by vandalism can affect a window’s frame, glass or both, so cost and ease of replacement are primary considerations. Maintenance and repair are other primary considerations, as discussed in the next section.
McGinnis School, Perth Amboy, NJ
Vitetta Group Architects
Breathe easy. Windows with ordinary roomside blinds
accumulate 10 times more of certain airborne allergens than
Pella Designer Series windows with between-the-glass blinds.*
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* Based on data from research conducted by the Department of Occupational
and Environmental Health at The University of Iowa.
Educational facilities are high-traffic environments where budgets are strictly controlled. Maintenance weighs heavily into life-cycle costs. When specifying windows, look for:
• Reduced breakage opportunities
• Reglazing ease
• Reparability
• Ease of cleaning
While aluminum- and wood-frame windows have been the default choice in many educational applications, there are a number of reasons to consider aluminum-clad wood-frame or fiberglass-frame windows as additional options for educational facilities. Although the incidence of glass breakage in most other building types is less than 1%, it can be higher in school buildings — especially college dormitories.
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If sealed insulating glass with simulated divided lights is required to match the
appearance of a historical window, it is wise to order extra “attic” stock so that
the SASH AND GLASS CAN BE REPAIRED QUICKLY when glass is broken.
The tilt-only window treatments have no roomside cords and are protected from dust and damage. As an added benefit, the windows expand
the “tackable” wall space in the classroom for displaying student artwork and other classroom decorations. At the same time, the blinds may be
opened or closed to control the flow of light — and the window sash may be opened or closed to control ventilation.
Wayland Union Middle School, Wayland, MI
Design Plus, Inc.
MAINTENANCE
If sealed insulating glass with simulated divided lights is required to match the appearance of a historical window, it is wise to order extra “attic” stock so that the sash and glass can be repaired quickly when glass is broken.
Repair or replacement of window components is typically less expensive than window replacement. Many wood and fiberglass window components such as hardware, balances and sash can be repaired or replaced so the entire window doesn't need to be replaced. In addition, scratches on the interior of wood or fiberglass frames can be
easily sanded and refinished. Finally, it is important to note that when steel or aluminum window components fail, all too often the original supplier is no longer in business. Parts to repair the window are unobtainable, so entire window replacement is the only alternative.
Between-the-glass options ease maintenance and improve energy performance. Not only do blinds, shades and grilles between panes of glass make cleaning much easier; they eliminate the need for roomside window treatments that can be damaged through accidental or deliberate action.
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PELLA® UNIT ID LABELS make repair fast and easy. Broken windows are particularly dangerous in a school
environment. If your product ever needs service or repair, a unique identification number on your Pella
products will give us exact information so we can efficiently and effectively repair the window — the first time.
The roomside blinds shown in the left photo collect dust and are easily damaged. In contrast, Pella’s between-the-glass blinds (shown in the right photo) reduce long-term maintenance costs and
improve energy performance. Not only do Pella’s blinds, shades and grilles between panes of glass make cleaning much easier; they also eliminate the need for roomside window treatments that can
be damaged through accidental or deliberate action.
Pella continues to make replacement parts for most products manufactured — some dating back to the 1950s. So you can buy replacement parts instead of replacing an entire window.
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F. M. Kirby Shakespeare Theatre, Drew University, Madison, NJ
Ford Farewell Mills and Gatsch, Architects
BUDGET AND COSTS
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Initial construction costs must be weighed against potential annual or lifetime costs. Windows are a clear example of how a small increase in initial costs can significantly reduce a school building’s life-cycle costs. When specifying, look at and compare these window attributes:
• Longevity
• Life-cycle costs
– Energy efficiency
– Ease of maintenance
Longevity
Prior to the 1920s, wood was virtually the only window frame material available. Wood-frame windows on historical buildings have lasted for centuries — a testimony to wood’s incredible durability. Today the most common reasons to replace wood-frame windows are not because of structural or material failure, but rather to:
• Replace single-glazing with more efficient dual-glazing
• Improve weatherstripping to reduce air infiltration
• Provide exterior aluminum cladding to help eliminate the need for exterior repainting
After nearly 100 years of service, the historical site-built wood window above was replaced — but not because of material failure. The painted wood exterior needed repainting. The clear single-glazing resulted in high energy costs and cold surface temperatures. And the deteriorated weatherstripping allowed excessive air infiltration.
In contrast, the modern factory-built Pella® aluminum-clad wood window above offers several advantages over the historical wood window. These benefits include a low-maintenance aluminum-clad exterior, significant reductions in energy costs as a result of high-performance Low-E dual-glazing, and a weatherstripping system that reduces air infiltration to a level that is about five times less than the original window.
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Both aluminum and wood windows are available with the glazing systems shown above. Insulating glass relies on sealant and desiccant to help keep moisture out of the airspace between the panes of glass. However, eventually moisture may appear on the internal surfaces of the insulating glass, and the view through the glass is impaired. At this point, the insulating glass is irreparable and must be replaced.
There are many approaches to sealing the edges of an insulating glass unit (IGU) — most of which are single-sealant or dual-sealant systems. The longevity of the IGU is directly related to the materials and techniques used.
The sash moves toward the center of the frame on Pella’s casement windows, making it easy to clean exterior glass from inside the building. Standard stainless-steel operating arm and hinges provide excellent resistance to rust and corrosion.
Pella’s wash feature allows exterior glass on double-hung windows to be cleaned from inside the building, reducing maintenance costs.
Current
Pella products are backed by one of the best warranties in the business: 20 years on insulating glass,
10 years on products and two years on labor. See written warranty for complete details at pella.com/warranty.
Pella® Architect Series® with Insulating Glass
Triple-Glazing with Grilles, Blinds or Shades
BUDGET AND COSTS (CONT.)
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Generally, the single-sealant system has a five-year warranty, and the dual-sealant system a 10-year warranty, with some suppliers, like Pella, offering 20-year warranties.
The initial cost of a between-the-glass blind or shade is slightly higher than using roomside blinds of similar quality — but energy efficiency is increased and life-cycle costs from cleaning and replacement are substantially lowered.
Life-Cycle Costs
R. S. Means Building Construction Cost Data shows that initial costs for wood-frame windows are equivalent or lower than for aluminum-frame windows. Fixed windows are often similar in price, while operable wood windows typically cost less than operable aluminum windows.
For multistory educational buildings, it is wise to specify windows that can be cleaned from inside the building. This reduces the labor-intensive and expensive processes required to wash windows from the exterior.
By working with a well-established, reputable manufacturer or supplier, a school’s long-term investment will be protected and life-cycle costs reduced. It is wise to select a manufacturer that offers at least a 10-year warranty on materials and workmanship and two years on labor.
Sealed insulating glass may eventually fail, so it is best to specify Pella’s insulating glass with a 20-year warranty against seal failure.
As shown in the pie chart, the life-cycle costs over the life of the building are defined in terms of:
• Initial costs
• Repair and maintenance costs
• Energy costs
For most buildings, repair and maintenance costs represent the highest percentage of life-cycle costs — 67% versus just 16% and 17% for energy costs and initial costs — and can be reduced by selecting windows with the following characteristics:
• Aluminum-clad wood windows or fiberglass windows
• Triple-glazed systems with or without between-the-glass blinds
• Long-term warranties on glass, materials and workmanship, and labor
• Unit ID labels that make repair fast and easy
• Interior wash features for multistory facilities
• Long-term availability of replacement parts — so replacing the entire window can be avoided
Single-SealantInsulating Glass
Dual-SealantInsulating Glass
Glass
Metal Spacer
Desiccant
Sealant
Primary Sealant
Secondary Sealant
17%16%
67%
Repair and Maintenance Costs
Can be reduced by selecting:
• Aluminum-clad wood or fiberglass
• Triple-glazing
• Between-the-glass blinds
• Warranties
• Unit ID labels
• Interior wash features
• Replacement parts
Energy Costs
Can be reduced by selecting:
• Aluminum-clad wood
or fiberglass
• Double- or triple-glazing
• Low-E coatings
• Low rates of air infiltration
Initial Costs
• Similar for aluminum-clad wood and aluminum
• Less for fiberglass windows
Life-Cycle Costs
Walsh University is a private college in Canton, OH. Alexis Hall
was built in 1968. When it came time to replace the dormitory’s
windows, the university had high expectations. First, the project
demanded extremely durable and low-maintenance windows that
could handle use and abuse by students, as well as complement
the architectural style of the hall and other campus buildings. The
windows also had to be affordable and highly energy-efficient — so
students would have a comfortable living environment and the
school would save on energy costs. Pella Impervia® windows —
made from Duracast® material, an engineered fiberglass composite
— met the school’s needs and were chosen for the project.
Installation of the dormitory’s windows proved to be a challenge.
The 40-year-old, clear, anodized-aluminum windows had been
caulked several times and had a brown aluminum panel at each
floor line. The existing windows sat flush with precast floors,
complicating the installation of new windows. To make sure the
new windows were watertight, Pella developed an innovative
installation solution at the spandrel locations to cover the precast
slab, seal the windows and prevent joints from showing. The new
dark-brown Pella Impervia windows give a consistent, modern and
clean look to the building — and create a place students can be
proud to call home.
Pe l l a C a s e S t u d y A l e x i s H a l l , W a l s h U n i v e r s i t y
New schools will continue to be constructed to replace outdated structures and to meet student population shifts. However, most existing educational facilities will be in use far into the 21st century. Today’s buildings must be able to evolve into more flexible learning environments and take advantage of new energy-efficient technologies.
Many school buildings built before 1970 feature large, nonenergy-efficient windows made with nonthermal steel or aluminum frames, single-glazing and inadequate weatherstripping. Replacing these windows will have a huge impact on energy and maintenance costs. Savings can be demonstrated in an estimated energy-payback
calculation, generated by an energy consultant using information from the window manufacturer.
In the past, windowless classrooms were mandated by law in the mistaken belief that this would save energy. More current legislation requires that classrooms have operable windows to encourage broad use of natural ventilation and daylighting. Window replacement and retrofitting must comply with these code changes. Renovation and historical school restoration place special demands on the architect. In some cases, there must be absolute adherence to historical authenticity. In others, a simple respect for the scale and design language of another era is desired.
20
Before After
Alexis Hall, Walsh University, Canton, OH
Motter & Meadows Architects
Window replacements in educational facilities often take place during the summer months when students are not in school. Short lead times are key to completing the replacement before students return. Orders for Pella® products generally ship in less than four weeks.
REPLACEMENT AND RENOVATION
The Office of Facilities Design at Rutgers University continually
works to renovate campus buildings. When it came time to
improve the Waksman Institute facility, the objective was
to update the building with low-maintenance and energy-
efficient materials — while staying true to the style of the three-
story Georgian Colonial building.
The original wood windows were replaced with Pella®
aluminum-clad wood windows, providing a low-maintenance,
high-performance solution while blending in perfectly with
the character of the original design.
To re-create the appearance of the original divided-light
windows, the design team chose Pella Architect Series®
windows with a custom grille pattern. The windows utilize
Pella’s Integral Light Technology®, which permanently bonds
grilles to the interior and exterior surfaces of insulating glass.
A spacer is installed between the insulating glass panels and
underneath the grilles.
White finished aluminum cladding on the exterior of the
windows complements the building’s existing decorative
exterior trim and sills. The result is a historically accurate
appearance combined with modern energy efficiency.
W a k s m a n I n s t i t u t e o f M i c r o b i o l o g y , R u t g e r s U n i v e r s i t yPe l l a C a s e S t u d y
21
ContemporaryTraditionalCottage
Pella offers a unique solution for renovation projects that require the replacement of original fixed-over-awning window configurations — the contemporary double-hung window. This nonsymmetrical unit features a larger top sash and smaller lower sash. It replaces two existing windows with one unit and eliminates exterior protrusion of open awning units. The window lets in maximum daylight, and the smaller bottom sash is lightweight and easy to operate.
Most existing educational facilities will be in use far into the 21st century. Today’s buildings
must be able to evolve into more flexible learning environments and take advantage of
NEW ENERGY-EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIES.
Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
The Office of Facilities Design at Rutgers University
22
Pocket Installation
When the existing frames are in good condition and only the sash need to be replaced, fully assembled Pella® aluminum-clad wood or fiberglass replacement windows are excellent options. They slide easily into many existing window pockets with no damage to existing trim, paint or plaster, eliminating the cost and inconvenience of a complete tear-out.
Replacement of Wood Windows
Pella’s standard subframe system consists of aluminum components that are preassembled and installed into openings, concealing the existing wood window frame, to become a “receptor” for the new window.
Replacement of Metal Windows
Pella’s T-subframe system consists of aluminum components that are preassembled and installed into openings, concealing the existing metal window frame, to become a “receptor” for the new window.
McGinnis School
St. Charles Hospital
Pella’s standard subframe and T-subframe systems for window replacement reduce labor costs of installation of new window sash with minimal disturbance to existing construction. These systems allow installation of new units from inside the building, eliminating the need for — and expense of — exterior scaffolding.
REPLACEMENT OF SASH ONLY — INSTALLATION FROM INTERIOR OF BUILDING
REPLACEMENT AND RENOVATION
Existing Construction
T-Subframe
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Existing Construction
Subframe
Head
Existing Construction
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(CONT.)
23
COMPLETE TEAR-OUT OF EXISTING SASHES AND FRAMES
Pella Commercial can provide custom-size aluminum-clad wood or fiberglass windows to fit into virtually any existing openings when historical, aesthetic or structural considerations dictate a complete tear-out.
Utilicorp United World Headquarters
REPLACEMENT OF SASH ONLY — USING FRAME EXPANDERS
When the windows are accessible from the exterior, Pella’s frame expanders provide an economical method of window replacement. Made of low-maintenance aluminum cladding that matches Pella® products, these frame expanders can be used to update the exterior trim or cover existing
trim that is in poor condition.
Waksman Institute of Microbiology
• When existing frames are in good condition and only the sash need to be replaced, fully assembled Pella aluminum-clad wood or fiberglass replacement windows are excellent options. They slide easily into many existing window pockets, usually with no damage to existing trim, paint or plaster — no complete tear-out needed.
• Standard subframe and T-subframe systems allow installation of new windows from the inside of the building. This reduces labor costs and minimizes disturbance to existing construction.
• Custom-sized windows can be built to fit virtually any existing openings when historical, aesthetic or structural considerations dictate a complete tear-out.
• Frame expanders provide an economical method of window replacement when replacing the sash only and refurbishing frames. They can be used to update exterior trim or cover existing trim in poor condition.
Innovative Solutions for Educational Facility Windows
Whether a completely new design or the refurbishing of an existing educational facility, specifying the correct windows is vitally important. It will contribute to increased energy efficiency, classroom comfort, enhanced safety and security, ease of maintenance, and low life-cycle costs.
An established, dependable manufacturer or supplier can be your partner in determining the optimum window solution — from selection of the proper glazing system, to consideration of innovative options such as between-the-glass blinds and shades, to long-term support after installation. Good window design will contribute to a learning environment that can evolve to meet the ever-changing needs of school and community.
Replacement and renovation installation systems are available for partial or complete tear-out of existing windows.
Head
Head
Existing Construction
Frame Expander
Brickmould
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the expertise to help you realize your design vision. With in-house architectural, engineering
and project management services, we provide project support from start to finish.
