AcknowledgmentsTomyreaders—ThePersonalTrainerseriesismyfirstsoloventureaftermorethan20yearsasaprofessionalauthorwithMicrosoft,O’Reilly,Macmillan,McGrawHill,andothertoppublishers.Thankyouforbeingtherewithmeandcomingalongfortheride!
ToeveryoneI’veworkedwithatMicrosoft—yoursupportofmybooksforthepastmanyyearshasmeantagreatdeal.It’sbeenwonderfultohearfromsomanyemployeeswhousemybookasindustrybenchmarksandtoprovideguidancefortheirowntrainingandfortrainingothers.
Tomyfamily—you’vebeentherewithmeformanybooks,manymillionsofwords,andmanythousandsofpagesshe’sbeenthere,providingsupportandencouragement.Thankyou!
SpecialthankstoTomandEdatL&L;Rachelle,LisaandMarieatAndover.AlsoaspecialthankstomysonWillforhisextensivecontributions.
—WilliamR.Stanek
Windows10:ThePersonalTrainer
2ndEdition
YourpersonalizedguidetoWindows10fromoneoftheworld’sforemostWindowsexperts!
WilliamR.Stanek
Windows10:ThePersonalTrainer2ndEdition
Copyright©2016WilliamR.Stanek
PublishedbyStanek&Associates,POBox362,EastOlympia,WA,98540-0362,www.williamrstanek.com.
Copyright©2016WilliamR.Stanek.Seattle,Washington.Allrightsreserved.
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Thisbookexpressestheviewsandopinionsoftheauthor.Theinformationcontainedinthisbookisprovidedwithoutanyexpress,statutoryorimpliedwarranties.
LIMITOFLIABILITY/DISCLAIMEROFWARRANTY:THEPUBLISHERANDTHEAUTHORMAKENOREPRESENTATIONSORWARRANTIESWITHRESPECTTOTHEACCURACYORCOMPLETENESSOFTHECONTENTSOFTHISWORKANDSPECIFICALLYDISCLAIMALLWARRANTIES,INCLUDINGWITHOUTLIMITATIONWARRANTIESOFFITNESSFORAPARTICULARPURPOSE.NOWARRANTYMAYBECREATEDOREXTENDDBYSALESORPROMOTIONALMATERIALS.THEADVICEANDDISCUSSIONINTHISBOOKMAYNOTBESUITABLEFOREVERYSITUATION.THISWORKISSOLDWITHTHEUNDERSTANDINGTHTATTHEPUBLISHERISNOTENGAGEDINRENDERINGPROFESSIONALSERVICESANDTHATSHOULDPROFESSIONALASSISTANCEBEREQUIREDTHESERVICESOFACOMPETENTPROFESSIONALSHOULDBESOUGHT.NEITHERTHEPUBLISHERS,AUTHORS,RESELLERSNORDISTRIBUTORSSHALLBEHELDLIABLEFORANYDAMAGESCAUSEDORALLEGEDTOBECAUSEEITHERDIRECTLYORINDIRECTLYHEREFROM.THEREFERENCEOFANORGANIZATIONORWEBSITEASASOURCEOFFURTHERINFORMATIONDOESNOTMEANTHATTHEPUBLISHERORTHEAUTHORENDORSESTHEINFORMATIONTHEORGANIZATIONORWEBSITEMAYPROVIDEORTHERECOMMENDATIONSITMAYMAKE.FURTHER,READERSSHOULDBEAWARETHATWEBSITESLISTEDINTHISBOOKMAYNOTBEAVAILABLEORMAYHAVECHANGEDSINCETHISWORKWASWRITTEN.
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Version:2.0.0.5b
ContentsataGlanceIntroduction
Chapter1.GettingtoKnowWindows10
Chapter2.CustomizingtheWindows10Interface
Chapter3.PersonalizingtheAppearanceofWindows10
Chapter4.CustomizingBoot,Startup,andPowerOptions
Chapter5.Organizing,Searching,andIndexing
Chapter6.ManagingYourApps
Chapter7.TrackingSystemPerformanceandHealth
Chapter8.AnalyzingandLoggingPerformance
Chapter9.OptimizingPerformanceTipsandTechniques
OptimizingPerformance:FinalTune-upSuggestions
AbouttheAuthor
TableofContentsIntroduction
What’sThisBookAbout?
WhatDoINeedtoKnow?
HowIsThisBookOrganized?
CanIUsePrint&DigitalEditionsTogether?
WhatConventionsAreUsedinThisBook?
HowCanIGetSupportforThisBook?
WhatOtherResourcesAreAvailable?
Chapter1.GettingtoKnowWindows10
UsingTouchscreens
InstallationNotes
GettingSignedIn
LocalAccounts,DomainAccounts,MicrosoftAccounts,OhMy!
LocalandDomainAccounts
AccessingBusinessNetworks
GettingAroundtheNewDesktops
Cortana&Search
TaskView&ChangingDesktops
GettingAroundtheNewStartMenu
EnteringandExitingTabletMode
CustomizingUserAccounts
ChangingAccountPictures
ChangingAccountTypes
ChangingandRecoveringYourPassword
Chapter2.CustomizingtheWindows10Interface
BoostingYourDesktopIQ
OptimizingInterfacePerformance
MasteringDesktopEssentials
StretchingtheDesktop
ReadytoDitchSnap?
MakingtheStartMenuWorkforYou
PinningAppsandUsingFull-ScreenMode
CreatingSections
ResizingandReorganizingTiles
CustomizingtheMostUsedandRecentlyAddedLists
MakingtheTaskbarDance
PuttingtheTaskbarWhereYouWantIt
CustomizingTaskbarAppearance
PinningProgramstotheTaskbar
UsingFlipViewsandJumpLists
Chapter3.PersonalizingtheAppearanceofWindows10
CustomizingBasicInterfaces
PersonalizingControlPanel
Fine-TuningControlPrompts
CreatinganAlternateControlPanelView
CreatingaDedicatedAdministratorCommandPrompt
OptimizingBackgrounds,ThemesandMore
CustomizingandCreatingYourOwnDesktopBackgrounds
UsingPicturesforBackgrounds
UsingSolidColorsforBackgrounds
UsingSlideshowBackgrounds
CustomizingtheLockScreen
UsingPicturesontheLockScreen
UsingSlideshowsontheLockScreen
ConfiguringNotificationsontheLockScreen
SelectingandTuningThemes
ChoosingaTheme
SettingtheAccentColor
ConfiguringScreenTimeoutandScreenSavers
ConfiguringWhentheScreenTurnsOff
ConfiguringaScreenSaver
ConfiguringandCreatingYourSystemSounds
CustomizingYourMousePointers
SavingYourCustomThemesandCreatingThemePacks
CustomizingYourDisplays
AdjustingDisplaySizeandOrientation
ManagingMonitorandGraphicsCardProperties
CalibratingColorandUsingColorProfiles
Chapter4.CustomizingBoot,Startup,andPowerOptions
CustomizingYourComputer’sFirmwareInterface
GettingtoKnowYourComputer’sFirmwareInterface
AccessingandSettingYourComputer’sFirmwareInterface
TrackingandConfiguringPowerOnandResume
GettingFirmwareandPowerManagementInformation
CustomizingStartupandBootConfiguration
Fine-TuningStartupandRecoverySettings
ChangingYourComputer’sBootConfiguration
UsingtheSelectiveandDiagnosticStartupModes
ChangingtheWayYourComputerBoots
DisablingStartupApplicationsandServicesforTroubleshooting
CustomizingBootConfigurationwiththeBCDEditor
WorkingwithAutomaticRecoveryMode
PerforminganAdvancedorSafeModeBoot
ResolvingRestartorShutdownIssues
RecoveringfromaFailedResume
ForcingYourComputertoShutDown
RepairingaComputertoEnableStartup
Chapter5.Organizing,Searching,andIndexing
ExploringYourComputerinNewWays
SoLongLibraries,HelloQuickAccess
AddressBarTipsandTechniques
KeyboardTipsandTechniquesforFileExplorer
CustomizingFileExplorer
Fine-TuningViews&Details
CustomizingFolderOptions
SearchingandIndexingYourComputer
WindowsSearchEssentials
UnderstandingLocalizedSearches
Fine-TuningWindowsSearch
CustomizingSearchOptions
PerformingAdvancedSearcheswithFilters
SearchingbyKindorTypeofFile
SearchingUsingDate-RelatedFilters
SearchingUsingSize-RelatedFilters
SavingYourSearches
IndexingYourComputer
CustomizingIndexedLocations
IncludingorExcludingFilesbyType
ResolvingIndexingProblems
Chapter6.ManagingYourApps
WorkingwithDesktopApps
ZeroinginonApps
Getting,InstallingandRunningApps
ConnectingYourAccounttotheStore
FindingandInstallingYourApps
InstallingDesktopPrograms
CompliantversusLegacyApplications
SettingRunLevelsforApplications
ApplicationSetupandCompatibility
MakingProgramsAvailable
ResolvingCompatibilityIssues
ManagingDesktopProgramsandFeatures
AddingandRemovingWindowsFeatures
DesignatingDefaultPrograms
ConfiguringAutoPlayOptions
WorkingwiththeCommandPath
WorkingwithFileExtensionsandAssociations
Managing,Repairing,andUninstallingDesktopPrograms
ManagingCurrentlyRunningApps,ProgramsandProcesses
Chapter7.TrackingSystemPerformanceandHealth
GettingtoKnowYourComputer’sHardware
CheckingCurrentPerformanceLevels
TrackingApplicationsandProcesses
TrackingPerformanceandResourceUsage
EventLoggingandViewing
DiggingintotheEventLogs
ResolvingPerformanceIssueswiththeLogs
Chapter8.AnalyzingandLoggingPerformance
ResolvingFailuresandReliabilityIssues
CheckingforProblemsThatAreAffectingPerformance
AnalyzingReliabilityIssuesThatAreAffectingPerformance
DiagnosingandResolvingProblemswithTroubleshooters
ExaminingResourceUsageinDetail
RecordingandAnalyzingPerformanceData
LoggingPerformanceData
ChoosingCounterstoMonitor
IdentifyingPerformanceBottlenecks
Chapter9.OptimizingPerformanceTipsandTechniques
OptimizingPowerManagementSettingsforPerformance
SelectingandUsingPowerPlans
CreatingandOptimizingPowerPlans
ResolvingPowerProblemsThatAreAffectingPerformance
MaintainingPerformancewithUpdates
Fine-tuningAutomaticUpdates
ResolvingUpdateProblems
OptimizingPerformance:FinalTune-upSuggestions
DisablingUnnecessaryServicesandFeatures
Fine-TuningVirtualMemory
Fine-TuningDataExecutionPrevention
EnhancingPerformancewithReadyBoost
CleaningUpYourDiskDrives
AutomatingMaintenance
WhyAutomatedMaintenanceBreaks
OptimizingtheMaintenanceWindow
RunningMaintenanceManually
AbouttheAuthor
IntroductionWindows10:ThePersonalTrainer2ndEditionisarevisededitionoftheauthoritativequickreferenceguidetoWindows10writtenbyWilliamStanekandisdesignedtobeakeyresourceyouturntowheneveryouhavequestionsaboutWindows10.Tothisend,thebookzeroesinonthekeyaspectsofWindows10thatyou’llusethemost.
WhenyoustartworkingwithWindows10,you’llseeatoncethatthisoperatingsystemisvisuallydifferentfromearlierreleasesofWindows.Whatwon’tbereadilyapparent,however,isjusthowdifferent—andthat’sbecausemanyofthemostsignificantchangestotheoperatingsystemareunderthesurface.Thesechangesaffecttheunderlyingarchitecture,notjusttheinterfaces—andtheyweresomeofthehardestformetoresearchandwriteabout.
Insidethisbook’spages,you’llfindcomprehensiveoverviews,step-by-stepprocedures,frequentlyusedtasks,documentedexamples,andmuchmore.Oneofthegoalsistokeepthecontentsoconcisethatthebookremainscompactandeasytonavigatewhileatthesametimeensuringthatthebookispackedwithasmuchinformationaspossible—makingitavaluableresource.
What’sThisBookAbout?Windows10:ThePersonalTrainer2ndEditioncoversalleditionsofWindows10.Inthisbook,Iteachyouhowfeatureswork,whytheyworkthewaytheydo,andhowtocustomizethemtomeetyourneeds.Ialsoofferspecificexamplesofhowcertainfeaturescanmeetyourneeds,andhowyoucanuseotherfeaturestotroubleshootandresolveissuesyoumighthave.Inaddition,thisbookprovidestips,bestpractices,andexamplesofhowtofine-tuneallmajoraspectsofWindows10.Thisbookwon’tjustteachyouhowtoconfigureWindows10;itwillteachyouhowtosqueezeeverylastbitofpoweroutofitandmakethemostofthefeaturesandoptionsitincludes.
WhatDoINeedtoKnow?ThisbookisdesignedasaguidetowhatyouneedtoknowtogetthemostoutofWindows10.Togetpracticalandusefulinformationintoyourhandswithouttheclutterofatonofbackgroundmaterial,Ihadtoassumeseveralthings.Ifyouarereadingthisbook,IhopethatyouhavebasicnetworkingskillsandabasicunderstandingofWindowsoperatingsystems.IalsoassumethatyouarefairlyfamiliarwithWindowscommandsandproceduresaswellastheWindowsuserinterface.
HowIsThisBookOrganized?Makingthisbookeasytofollowandunderstandwasmynumberonegoal!Ireallywantanyone,skilllevelorworkscheduleaside,tobeabletolearnhowtouseWindows10effectively.
Tomakethebookeasytouse,I’vedivideditintochaptersthattakeaprogressivelydeeperlookatWindows10.AnyonewhowantstolearnhowtouseWindows10anditstoolseffectivelyshouldreadthisbook.Becausetheapproachusedinthisbookisideallysuitedtoreadersofallskilllevels,youdonothavetobeacomputerexperttounderstandandusetheconceptsexaminedinthisbook.
CanIUsePrint&DigitalEditionsTogether?Printeditionsofthisbookincludeanindexandsomeotherelementsnotavailableinthedigitaledition.Updatestothisbookareavailableonline.Visithttp://www.williamrstanek.com/windows10/togetanyupdates.Thiscontentisavailabletoallreaders.
Digitaleditionsofthisbookareavailableatallmajorretailers,atlibrariesuponrequestandwithmanysubscriptionservices.Ifyouhaveadigitaleditionofthisbookthatyoudownloadedelsewhere,suchasafilesharingsite,youshouldknowthattheauthordoesn’treceiveanyroyaltiesorincomefromsuchdownloads.Alreadydownloadedthisbookorothers?DonateheretoensureWilliamcankeepwritingthebooksyouneed:
https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=CPSBGLZ35AB26
WhatConventionsAreUsedinThisBook?I’veusedavarietyofelementstohelpkeepthetextclearandeasytofollow.You’llfindcodetermsandlistingsinmonospacetype,exceptwhenItellyoutoactuallytypeacommand.Inthatcase,thecommandappearsinboldtype.WhenIintroduceanddefineanewterm,Iputitinitalics.
Thisbookalsosidebarelementsthatprovideadditionaldetailsonpointsthatneedemphasis,including:
Notes
CautionsandTroubleshooting
Tips
ProTipsandRealWorldadvice
HowCanIGetSupportforThisBook?Everyefforthasbeenmadetoensuretheaccuracyofthecontentsofthisbook.Ascorrectionsarereceivedorchangesaremade,theywillbeaddedtotheonlinepageforthebookavailableat:
http://www.williamrstanek.com/windows10/
Ifyouhavecomments,questions,orideasregardingthebook,orquestionsthatarenotansweredbyvisitingthesiteabove,sendthemviae-mailto:
Otherwaystoreachtheauthor:
Facebook:http://www.facebook.com/William.Stanek.Author
Twitter:http://twitter.com/williamstanek
It’simportanttokeepinmindthatMicrosoftsoftwareproductsupportisnotoffered.IfyouhavequestionsaboutMicrosoftsoftwareorneedproductsupport,pleasecontactMicrosoft.
MicrosoftalsoofferssoftwareproductsupportthroughtheMicrosoftKnowledgeBaseat:
http://support.microsoft.com/
WhatOtherResourcesAreAvailable?Althoughsomebooksareofferedasall-in-oneguides,there’ssimplynowayonebookcandoitall.Thisbookisintendedtobeusedasaconciseandeasy-to-useresource.ItcoverseverythingyouneedtoperformcoretasksforWindows10,butitisbynomeansexhaustive.
Asyouencounternewtopics,takethetimetopracticewhatyou’velearnedandreadabout.Seekadditionalinformationasnecessarytogetthepracticalexperienceandknowledgethatyouneed.
ItrulyhopeyoufindthatWindows10:ThePersonalTrainer2ndEditionhelpsyouuseWindows10successfullyandeffectively.
Thankyou,
WilliamR.Stanek
Chapter1.GettingtoKnowWindows10ReadytokickthetiresandgettoknowWindows10?Windows10isn’tlegacyWindows.IthasanallnewlookandaninterfacethathassomefeaturesofWindows7,somefeaturesofWindows8andmanynewoptions.Somuchhaschanged,infact,thatfromlogintologout,you’llberequiredtoworkinnewwaystogettasksdone.Don’tworrythough,step-by-stepinthischapter,I’llteachyoutheabout:
InputoptionsThenewloginscreenThenewstartmenuThenewdesktopMore
Ifyoudon’tneedhelpwiththebasics,jumpaheadtoChapters2and3,whereI’llteachyouallaboutcustomizingandpersonalizingWindows10.
Note Windows10runsontablets,desktops,laptops,smartphonesandothertypesofcomputingdevices.RatherthanmentioningallofthesetypesofdeviceseachtimeItalkabouttheoperatingsystem,I’llsimplysayyourcomputer,yourdeviceorImayrefertoyourWindows10device.WhenIdothis,I’mtalkingaboutallofthevarioustypesofdevicesWindows10runson.
UsingTouchscreensWindows10supportstwoprimaryinputtypes:
KeyboardandmouseTouchscreen
Whilethekeyboardandmousearestandard,atouchscreenallowsyoutomanipulateon-screenelementsinnewways.Youcan:
Tap Touchanon-screenelementwithyourfinger.Atapordouble-tapofelementsonthescreengenerallyistheequivalentofamouseclickordouble-click.Pressandhold Pressyourfingerdownonanon-screenelementandleaveitthereforafewseconds.Pressingandholdingelementsonthescreengenerallyistheequivalentofaright-click.Pan(slidetoscroll) Touchanddragacrossthescreenwithoneortwofingers.Panningshowsanotherpartofawindowthathasscrollbars.Alsoreferredtoasslidingtoscroll.Pinch Touchanitemwithtwoormorefingersandthenmovethefingerstowardeachother.Pinchingshowslessinformation.Rotate Touchtwopointsonthescreenandthentwist.Rotatingturnsanitemonscreeninaclockwiseorcounter-clockwisedirection.Slideinfromedge Startingfromtheedgeofthescreen,slideacrossthescreenwithoutliftingyourfinger.Slidinginfromtheleftedgeshowsopenappsandallowsyoutoswitchbetweenthemeasily.Slidinginfromthetoporbottomedgeshowscommandsfortheactiveelement.Stretch Touchanitemwithtwoormorefingersandthenmovethefingersawayfromeachother.Stretchingshowsmoreinformation.Swipetoselect Slideanitemashortdistanceintheoppositedirectioncomparedtohowthepagescrolls.Swipinginthiswayselectstheitemandalsomaybringuprelatedcommands.Ifpressandholddoesn’tdisplaycommandsandoptionsforanitem,tryusingswipetoselectinstead.
Keepinmindthatthroughoutthisguide,whereIhaveusedclick,right-clickanddouble-click,youcanalsousetouchequivalents,tap,pressandhold,anddoubletap.Also,whenyourWindows10devicedoesn’thaveaphysicalkeyboard,youareabletoentertextbyusingtheonscreenkeyboard.Ifadevicehasnophysicalkeyboard,simplytouchaninputareaonthescreen,suchastheSearchbox,todisplaytheonscreenkeyboard.
InstallationNotesInstallingandsettingupWindows10isabreeze.Justfollowtheprompts.Duringsetup,youcreateauseraccountforadministrationofthecomputer.Bydefault,thisaccountiscreatedasanInternet-connectedlocalaccountsyncedtoaMicrosoftaccount.Youdon’thavetoacceptthisoptionandcaninsteadcreateastandardlocalaccountthatyoucanlaterchoosetoconnecttoaMicrosoftaccount.Connectingyouraccountsyncssettings,documents,appsandmoreacrossyourdevices.
TheonlyissueIhadwithsetupwasthatthenetworkconnectionwascreatedwiththePublicprofileandthere’snodirectwaytochangethistoaPrivateprofile.ThisisimportantbecauseWindowsFirewallisenabledbydefaultandplacesmorerestrictionsonthePublicconnectionthanaPrivateconnection.Theserestrictionsmadeitimpossibletoconnectthecomputertoadomain.ThefixwastoruntheNetworkAdaptertroubleshooter,whichdetectedthatthenetworkconnectionwassettoPublicandallowedmetosetthenetworkconnectiontoPrivate.
YoualsocouldusePowerShelltomakethischange.Thedefaultaliasforthefirstnetworkconnectiononadevicetypicallyis“Ethernet”.Ifso,youcanuseanPowerShell(Admin)windowandthefollowingcodetochangethe“Ethernet”connectionfrompublictoprivate:Get-NetConnectionProfile-InterfaceAlias“Ethernet”|Set-NetConnectionProfile-NetworkCategoryPrivate
GettingSignedInWindows10hasanewsign-inprocessthatworkswithtouchscreensaswellasakeyboardandmouse.WhenyoustartorwakeWindows10,you’llseeapreviewscreen.Withatouchscreen,swipeuptorevealtheloginscreen.Withakeyboardandmouse,simplypressakeyonthekeyboardorclickamousebuttontorevealtheloginscreen.
Bydefault,loginisalwaysrequiredwhenyoustartorwakeyourWindows10device.Thewayloginworksdependsonwhetheryourcomputerispartofabusinessnetwork.Forcomputersthataren’tjoinedtoabusinessnetwork,youhavemanyloginoptions,including:
Password Apasswordisamixofupperandlowercaseletters,numbersandspecialcharacters,usually8ormorecharactersinlength.Tologinwithapassword,clickyourusernameontheloginscreen,typeyourpasswordandthenpressEnteronthekeyboardorclickthesign-inbutton(whichshowsaright-facingarrow).Pin Apinisasequenceof4ormorenumbers.Tologinwithapin,clickyourusernameontheloginscreen,typeyourpinandthenpressEnteronthekeyboardorclickthesign-inbutton(whichshowsaright-facingarrow).Picturepassword Apicturepasswordisauniqueseriesofmovementsonapreviously-selectedphoto,suchasalinedrawnbetweentwoflowersandacircledrawnaroundaspecificflower.Tologinwithapicturepassword,clickyourusernameontheloginscreenandthenusethetouchinterfacetomaketherequiredmovements.
Tip Ifyou’rehavingtroublelogginginusingapasswordorpin,clicktherevealicon(whichhasasymbolrepresentinganeye)todisplaytheexacttextyoutyped.
Usernameandpasswordarethedefaultlogintechnique.Youcanaddapin,picturepasswordorbothusingSettings.AsdiscussedinChapter3,SettingsisgraduallyreplacingControlPanelasthegotoresourceformostconfigurationoptions.InChapter3,you’lllearntechniquesforworkingwithControlPanelandSettingsaswellasotherinterfaceelementsthatcanhelpyoupersonalizeWindows10.
Inbusinessnetworks,thedomainsettingscontrolwhetheryoucanusepinsandpicturepasswords.Inadomain,ifyourusernameisn’tdisplayedontheloginscreen,clickOtherUser,typeyourusername,typeyourpasswordandthenpressEnteronthekeyboardorclickthesign-inbutton.
LocalAccounts,DomainAccounts,MicrosoftAccounts,OhMy!Windows10supports:
LocalaccountsDomainaccounts
Theaccounttypesavailabledependonwhetheryourcomputerispartofabusinessnetwork.Ifyourcomputerisn’tpartofabusinessnetwork,yourcomputerhasonlylocalaccounts.Asthedesignatorimplies,localaccountsarecreatedonyourcomputer.Otherwise,ifyourcomputerispartofabusinessnetwork,yourcomputerhasbothlocalaccountsanddomainaccounts.
RealWorld Domainaccountsexistonthebusinessnetwork,aspartofeitheranActiveDirectorydomainoranAzure-basedActiveDirectorydomain.Thedifferencebetweenthetwohastodowithwhetheryourorganizationhostsitsownservers.Ifyourorganizationhostsitsownservers,youconnecttoabusinessnetworkthatispartofastandardActiveDirectorydomain.Ifyourorganizationdoesn’thostitsownservers,youconnecttoabusinessnetworkthatisservicedviaInternet-hostedserversthatarepartofanAzureADdomain.
LocalandDomainAccountsLocalaccountsanddomainaccountscanbeInternet-connectedtosyncsettings,documentsandpurchasesacrossdevices.TwotypesofInternet-connectedaccountsaresupported:
MicrosoftaccountsSchoolorworkaccounts
YoucanconnectMicrosoftaccountsandschoolorworkaccountstobothlocalanddomainaccountstogettheInternet-connectedbenefitsofsyncingsettings,documents,purchasesandmore.Withanon-businesscomputerordevice,yousimplyusetheMicrosoftaccountforfirstsignintocreatealocalaccountthatusesMicrosoftaccountforlogin.YoualsocanaddaccountsusingtheMicrosoftaccountinformationtocreateadditionallocalaccountsthatuseMicrosoftaccountsforlogin.Fromthenon,thelocalaccountsandtheMicrosoftaccountsaresyncedandyouloginusingtheMicrosoftaccount.
Withanon-businesscomputerordevice,youcanaddaschoolorworkaccountaswelltogettheInternet-connectedbenefitsofsyncingsettings,documentsandmorewithOffice365orotherMicrosoftbusinessservices.Here,youuseSettingstoconnecttotheaccount.Thereafter,wheneveryouloginwithyourlocalaccountorMicrosoftaccount,youreceivetheadditionalconnectedbenefitsofthebusinessservice.
Note DeterminingwhetheryouareusingalocalaccountoraMicrosoftaccountiseasy.Localaccountsuseanamestring,suchasTedGorSaraH.Microsoftaccountsuseemailaddresses,[email protected].
AccessingBusinessNetworksWhenyourcomputerispartofabusinessnetwork,youcanloginusingalocalaccountoradomainaccount,eitherofwhichcanbeconnectedtoaMicrosoftaccount,aschoolorworkaccountorboth.Asbefore,whenyouconnectalocalaccounttoaMicrosoftaccount,settings,documents,purchasesandmorearesyncedacrossdevices.WhenyouaddaschoolorworkaccounttoalocalaccountoraMicrosoftaccount,theaccountssimilarlybecomeconnectedandsynced.
WhenyouconnectaMicrosoftaccountoraschoolorworkaccounttoadomainaccount,theaccountsaresyncedbutyoucontinuetologinusingthedomainaccount.SwitchingbetweenlocalaccountsanddomainaccountsrequiresusingtheOtherAccountoptionontheloginscreen.
OntheOtherAccountsscreen,youspecifytheaccountnametouseinNode\nameformatwhereNodeisthelocationforloginandnameistheusername.TheNodecanbeadomainname,thenameofthedevice,or“.”whichreferstothelocaldevice.Forexample,ifyouwanttologintotheImaginedLandsdomainasWilliamS,you’dspecifytheaccountnameasimaginedlands\williams.IfthelocaldeviceisnamedComputer14andyouwanttologinasTedG,youcanspecifytheaccountnameaseitherComputer14\TedGor.\TedG.
GettingAroundtheNewDesktopsNo,that’snotatypointheheading.WithWindows10,youcanhavemanydesktopsandeachdesktopisitsownvirtualspacethatcanspanmultipledisplays.ThismeansthedayswhenWindowswasfixedwithasingledesktoparegone—finally!
Figure1-1showsadesktopwiththedefaultconfiguration.Asyoucanseefromthefigure,Microsoftrevisedandrefinedthetaskbar.TheStartbuttonopenstheStartMenu.Foreaseofreference,ImaysometimesrefertothisbuttonsimplyasStart,asinclickStarttoopentheStartmenu.
Figure1-1Usethedesktoptoorganizeyourwork.
WhileclickingStartopenstheStartMenu,right-clickingStartdisplaystheshortcutmenushowninFigure1-2.Clickanyoftheoptionsontheshortcutmenutoopentherelatedtool.ClickShutDownOrSignOuttodisplayadditionaloptionsforshuttingdownthecomputer,enteringsleepmodeandsigningout.
Tip Anevenquickerwaytologout?PressWindowslogokey+L.
Figure1-2Getquickaccesstocommonlyusedoptionsandfeatures.
Tip YoucanalsodisplaytheshortcutmenubypressingtheWindowslogokey+X.
Inthedefaultconfiguration,theshortcutmenuhasoptionsforopeningtheCommandPromptasastandarduserorasanadministrator.YoucanmodifyStartMenupropertiestoreplacethesemenuitemswithoptionsforworkingwithWindowsPowerShellbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.Right-clickanopenareaonthetaskbarandthenselectProperties.2.InthePropertiesdialogbox,selecttheNavigationtab.3.OntheNavigationtab,selecttheReplaceCommandPromptwithWindowsPowerShell…optionandthenclickOK.
Cortana&SearchTheSearchboxallowsyoutoquicklyandeasilysearchSettings,ControlPanel,personalfiles,appsandtheweb.Tousethesearchfeature,simplystarttypingwhentheStartmenuisopenorclickintheSearchboxandthenstarttyping.
AsFigure1-3shows,thefirsttimeyouusesearch,you’llhavetheoptionofconfiguringCortanaasyourvirtualassistant.IfyouwanttosetupCortana,clickNextandfollowtheprompts.Otherwise,clickNotInterestedandproceedwithyoursearch.
Note Ifyoudon’tconfigureCortanaandwanttousethisfeaturelater,simplyclickintheSearchbox,clicktheGearicontoaccessSearchSettingsandthensetCortanaCanGiveYouSuggestions…toOnbyclickingit.ThiswilltakeyoubacktothepromptshowninFigure1-3,allowingyoutoconfigureCortana.
Figure1-3UseCortanatoassistyouandprovidehelpfulreminders.
WhetheryouuseCortanaornot,searchwithWindows10ismuchmoreintelligentthanwithWindows8.Windows8wasamess,oftenshowingwebresultswhenyoureallyonlywantedresultsfromthelocalcomputerandnotbeingclearaboutwhereresultswerecomingfrom.Windows10fixesthis(mostly).InFigure1-4,Ientered“display”asmysearch.Here,thestandardsearchresultsshowrelatedutilitiesfirst,settingsnextandthenappsintheMicrosoftStore.Ifyousubsequentlywantedtosearchyourpersonaldocuments,you’dthenclickMyStuff.OrifyouwantedtosearchtheWebinstead,you’dthenclickWeb.
Figure1-4Getsmarter,bettersearchresultswithWindows10.
Althoughonlineandwebresultsareincludedbydefaultinsearchresults,youcaneasilychangethisoptionsothatresultsonlycomefromSettings,ControlPanel,personalfiles,andapps.SimplyclickintheSearchbox,clicktheGearicontoaccessSearchSettingsandthensetSearchOnline…toOffbyclickingit.
Asyoumightexpect,therearemanymoreoptionsforsearchandmanypowerfulparametersyoucanusetotailoryoursearches.TheseoptionsandmorearediscussedinChapter5“Organizing,Searching,andIndexing.”Chapter5alsotellsyouhowtofixsearchwhenthingsgowrong.
RealWorld ThefirsttimeyousigninWindowswillprepareyourdesktopandthere’llbeaslightdelaybeforeyoucanstartworking.Onceyoucanaccessthedesktop,WindowskeepsworkinginthebackgroundtosetupyourenvironmentandpartofthisprocessincludescreatingthesearchindexesforSettings,ControlPanel,personalfiles,andapps.
Asthegraphicshows,whiletheindexesarebeingcreated,youwon’tgettheexpectedsearchresultsandWindowswilldisplayamessageaboutgettingsearchready.
TaskView&ChangingDesktopsClicktheTaskViewbuttontodisplaytheTaskViewpanelorpresstheWindowslogokey+Tab.AsFigure1-5shows,theTaskViewpanelshowsapreviewofeachdesktopandallowsyoutoeasilyadd,removeorswitchbetweendesktops.Withthispanelopen,youcan:
AddadesktopsimplybyclickingtheNewDesktopoption.Althoughyoucanhavemanydesktops,thedesktopspaceismoremanageablewhenyouhavefewerdesktops.Switchbetweendesktopssimplybyclickingthedesktopyouwanttoopen.Deleteadesktopsimplybyright-clickingitandthenselectingtheDeletebutton(anXintheupperrightcornerofthedesktoppreview).
Figure1-5UsetheTaskViewpaneltoswitchbetweenandmanageyourdesktops.
GettingAroundtheNewStartMenuTheStartMenuinWindows10combinesthebestfeaturesoftheStartMenuusedinWindows7withthebestfeaturesoftheStartmenuusedinWindows8.AsFigure1-6shows,theStartMenufeaturestwocolumnsofoptions.Inthefirstcolumn,youhavequickaccesstothemostusedapps.
Figure1-6UsetheStartMenutoaccessyourappsandoptions.
Tip “LifeataGlance”and“PlayandExplore”areeditableheadingsforthetwoprimarytileregions.Tochangetheseheadings,simplyclicktheheadingtoenableediting,maketheappropriatechangesandthenclicksomewhereelseontheStartmenu.Forexample,youcandelete“LifeataGlance”andenter“NowPlaying”astheheading.
IntheupperleftcorneroftheStartmenu,theusernameforthecurrentlyloggedonuserisdisplayed.Clickthenametodisplayanoptionsmenuthatallowsyoutochangeaccountsettings,locktheaccountorsignout.
InthelowerleftcorneroftheStartmenu,you’llfindadditionaloptions,including
FileExplorer OpensFileExplorer,whichreplacesWindowsExplorerastheutilityforexploringyourcomputer.YoucanopenFileExplorerquicklybypressingWindowslogokey+E.Settings OpenstheSettingspanel.SettingsreplacesControlPanelformanagingmostconfigurationsettings.OpenSettingsquicklybypressingWindowslogokey+I.
Power Displaysthepoweroptions.
Tip Bydefault,FileExploreropenswithQuickAccessselectedinthemainpane.Ifyou’dratherhaveFileExploreropenwithThisPCselected,clickOptionsontheViewtoolbarandthenselectChangeFolderAndSearchOptions.Next,intheFolderOptionsdialogbox,selectThisPCastheoptionfortheOpenFileExplorerTolist.
Theavailablepoweroptionsdependonhowyouareloggedin.Whenyouareloggedindirectly,youcanselect:
Restart ShutsdownandthenrestartsthecomputerSleep Putsthecomputerinsleepmode,ifpossiblegiventhesystemconfigurationandstate.ShutDown Shutsdownthecomputer.
Note Ifyouwanttolockthecomputerorlogoutinstead,clickStart,clickyourusernameontheStartmenuandthenclickLockorSignOutasappropriate.
Ifyouareloggedinremotely,suchaswhenyouareaccessingahomecomputerfromwork,youonlyhavetheoptiontodisconnect.Keepinmindyourcomputer’spowerconfigurationdetermineshowsleepmodeworks.Whenworkingwithsleepmode,itisimportanttorememberthatthecomputerisstilldrawingpowerandthatyoushouldneveropenthecaseorbackcoverwhenaWindows10deviceisinthesleepstate.Alwayspoweroffthedevicebeforepokingaroundinsidethecover.
Inthelowerleftcorner,you’llalsofindtheAllAppsbuttonwhichdisplaystheAllAppslist.AsshowninFigure1-7,theAllAppslistcontainsa0-9A-Zlistofavailableapps.Whenshown,thelistreplacestheitemsinthefirstcolumn,allowingyoutoclickanyentrytoopentherelatedapportoclickBacktogobacktothestandardview.Slideorscrolltoseetheentirelist.
Figure1-7UsetheAllAppslisttofindappsyouwanttoopen.
ThesecondcolumnontheStartmenushowstilesforappspinnedtoStart.AnyapponthecomputercanhaveatileontheStartmenu.Clickingatilerunstheapp.Whenyouright-clickatile,youdisplayconfigurationoptions.AsshowninFigure1-8,youcanusetheseoptionsto:
UnpintheappfromStartChangethesizeofthetileontheStartmenuTurnlivetilesonoroffPintheapptothetaskbar
Figure1-8Usetheoptionstomanagethetile.
Althoughthepreviousexamples,showthetileswiththelivefeatureturnedoff,justaboutanytilecanhaveitslivefeaturedturnedon,whichthendisplayscurrentinformationfromtheapp,suchasthecurrentweatherfortheWeatherapp,thecurrentnewsheadingfortheNewsapporastockmarketreportfortheStockapp.
EnteringandExitingTabletModeWhenyou’reusingWindows10onatabletPC,tabletmodeusuallyiswhatyouwanttouse.However,tabletmodechangesthewayWindowsworksandyoumayeitherloveorhateit.
Intabletmode,theStartMenuisreplacedwithaStartscreen,asshowninFigure1-9.ThestandardStartscreenoptionsinclude:
Optionsbutton Shownintheupperleftcorner,youmustclickthisbuttontodisplaytheStartoptionspanel(orwhenworkingwithStart,byswipinginfromtheleft).Powerbutton Providesaccesstopoweroptions,whichcaninclude:sleep,shutdownandrestart.Appsbutton DisplaystheAllAppslist,whichyoucanusetostartprogramsnotshownontheStartscreen.Startbutton SwitchesbetweenStartandthedesktop.
Figure1-9AccessingStartintabletmode.
WhenyouclickanapponStart,theappopensonthedesktopinfull-screenmode.TheTaskViewbuttonprovidesonewaytoswitchbetweenapps.ClicktheTaskViewbuttontoseeapreviewofopenappsandthenclicktheappyouwanttoopen.
InTabletmode,appiconsonthetaskbararehiddenbydefault.Thismeansyouwon’tseeanyitemspinnedtothetaskbaroriconsforopenwindowsorrunningapps.
AllofthesesnapbehaviorsareconfigurableandcontrolledwithSystemSettingsbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.ClickStartandthenclickSettings.2.IntheSettingsdialogbox,clickSystem.OntheSystempage,clickTabletMode.3.Inthemainpane,usetheseoptionstomanagethewaytabletmodeworks:
Ifyoudon’twanttousetabletmode,youcandisablethefeaturebytogglingtheMakeWindowsMoreTouch-Friendly…optiontotheOffposition.IfyouwantWindows10togotothedesktopinsteadofStartwhenyoulogin,setWhenISignIntoGoToTheDesktop.
Ifyouwantaccesstopinneditems,openwindowsandrunningappsviathetaskbar,youcandisablebysettingHideAppIcons…totheOffpositionbyclickingit.
Tip Notusedtotoggleswitches?ToggleshaveOn/Offpositions.YouchangethepositionfromOntoOfforOfftoOnsimplybyclickingthetoggle.
CustomizingUserAccountsUseraccountshavemanyproperties,includingapassword,apicture,anaccountname,andanaccounttypedesignation.Youcanmanagethepropertiesforlocalaccounts,aslongasyouhaveanadministratoraccountortheusernameandpasswordofanadministratoraccount.
ChangingAccountPicturesYouraccountpictureisdisplayedonthelogonscreenandontheStartmenu.Whenyouuseapicture,Windows10automaticallyoptimizesthepictureandsavestheoptimizedcopyaspartofyourpersonalContactentryinWindowsContacts.Althoughitmayseemstrangetosavethepictureaspartofyourpersonal.contactfile,doingsoisaquickandeasyshortcutfortheoperatingsystem.Mostpicturesareoptimizedtoafilesizeof50KBorless—evenhigh-resolutionpictures.
Tochangeyouraccountpicture,followthesesteps:
1.ClickStartandthenclickSettings.Next,inSettings,clickAccounts.2.AsFigure1-10shows,yourcurrentaccountpicture(ifany)isshown.ClickBrowse.3.UsetheOpendialogboxtochoosethepictureyouwanttouse.Thepicturemustbeinastandardpictureformat,suchasBMP,GIF,JPEG,PNG,DIB,orTIFF.
Note Ifyourcomputerhasacamera,youalsocancreateapicture.ClickCameraandfollowtheprompts.
Figure1-10Choosingapictureforyouruseraccount
ChangingAccountTypesUseraccountsareeitherstandarduseraccountswithlimitedprivilegesoradministratoruseraccountswithfullprivileges.Asasafetyprecaution,youmightwanttouseastandardaccountforwebbrowsingandotheronlineactivitiesandtheadministratoraccountonlywhenyouneedtomanageormaintainyourcomputer.
It’scommonforcomputerstohavemultipleusers,resultinginseveraluseraccountscreatedonit,andatleastoneofthesemustbeanadministratoraccount.Ifyouareloggedonwithastandarduseraccount,youcanchangetheaccounttypetoAdministrator.Ifyouareloggedonwithanadministratoraccount,youcanchangetheaccounttypetoStandardUser(aslongasit’snotthelastadministratoraccountonthecomputer).
RealWorld Ideally,youshouldcreateatleasttwoadministratoraccountsonyourcomputer—withpasswords.Ifyouforgetthepasswordforoneaccount,youcansimplylogonwiththeotheraccountandusetheUserAccountsoptionsinControlPaneltochangeyourpassword.Butonlydothisifyou’vetrulylostyourpassword.Why?Whenyouchangeanaccountpasswordviaanotheraccount,you’llloseallEFS-encryptedfiles,personalcertificates,andstoredpasswordsforbothwebsitesandnetworkresources.
Youcanchangetheaccounttypebyfollowingthesesteps:
1.TypeUserAccountsintheSearchboxandpressEnter.ThisopenstheUserAccountspageinControlPanel.2.ClickManageUserAccounts.Ifyouareloggedonasastandarduser,providetheaccountnameandpasswordofanadministratorwhenpromptedandthenclickYes.3.IntheUserAccountsdialog,double-clicktheaccountyouwanttomodify.4.InthePropertiesdialogboxfortheuser,ontheGroupMembershiptab,selecteitherStandardUserorAdministratorandthenclickOK.
ChangingandRecoveringYourPasswordPeriodically,youshouldchangeyouraccountpasswordorPIN.Thismakesitmoredifficultforsomeonetogainaccesstoyourcomputer.Youcanchangethestandardpassword,PINorpicturepasswordassociatedwithyouruseraccountbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.ClickStartandthenclickSettings.Next,inSettings,clickAccounts.2.OntheAccountspage,clickSign-InOptionsintheleftpane.3.UnderPassword,PINorPicture,clickChangeandthenfollowtheprompts.
IfyouareusingaMicrosoftaccountandyou’velostorforgottenyourpassword,youcanrecoverandresetyourpasswordbyfollowingthesesteps:
1. Usinganothercomputer,openabrowserwindowandaccesshttps://account.live.com/password/reset.
2. Specifywhyyoucan’tloginasIForgotMyPassword,clickNextandthenfollowtheprompts.
Ifyouareusingalocalaccountandyou’velostorforgottenyourpassword,youcanuseanotheraccounttorecover(butonlyifyoufollowedmyearlieradviceaboutcreatinganotheradministratoraccount).Todoso,followthesesteps:
1.TypeUserAccountsintheSearchboxandpressEnter.ThisopenstheUserAccountspageinControlPanel.2.ClickManageUserAccounts.Ifyouareloggedonasastandarduser,providetheaccountnameandpasswordofanadministratorwhenpromptedandthenclickYes.3.IntheUserAccountsdialog,clicktheaccountyouwanttomodifyandthenclickResetPassword.4.Afteryouenterandthenconfirmthenewpassword,clickOK.You’llthenbeabletologinusingthispassword.
Note Whenyouchangeanaccountpasswordviaanotheraccount,you’llloseallEFS-encryptedfiles,personalcertificates,andstoredpasswordsforbothwebsitesandnetworkresources.
Chapter2.CustomizingtheWindows10InterfaceWindows10ismorecustomizablethananyearlierreleaseoftheMicrosoftWindowsoperatingsystem.Powerfulfeaturesandoptionscombinedwithtraditionalfavoritesallowyoutoworkinnewways.Youcanperformtasksmoreefficiently,andyoucanoptimizeandcustomizetheoperatingsysteminmanyways.
TeachingyouhowtomakeWindows10workthewayyouwantittoiswhatthisbookisallabout.Ifyouweremovingintoahouse,apartment,ordormroom,youwouldwanttomakethespaceyourown.Wedothesamewithjustabouteverythinginourlives,yetsurprisinglyfewpeopletakethetimetomaketheirvirtualspacetheirown,whichcanmakeusingacomputerafrustratingexperience.
OneofthewaystomakeWindows10yourownistocustomizetheinterface.Inanyoperatingsystem,theinterfaceiseverythingthatconnectsyoutoyourcomputeranditsbasicelements,includingthedesktop,themenusystem,andthetaskbar.Thewaythesebasicelementslookdependsonappearancesettings.Thewaytheybehavedependsoncustomizationsettingssavedintheuserprofileassociatedwithaparticularuseraccount.Becauseyouruseraccountanditsassociatedprofileareseparatefromtheprofilesassociatedwithotheruseraccountsonacomputer,youcancustomizetheinterfacewithoutaffectingotherusers,andyourpreferredsettingswillberememberedandrestoredeachtimeyoulogon.
BoostingYourDesktopIQThedesktopiswhatyouseeafteryoustartyourcomputerandlogon.It’syourvirtualworkspace,andyoumustmasterittobeginusingyourcomputerfasterandsmarter.IfyouskippedChapter1becauseyoualreadyknowthebasics,youmaywanttotakeapeekat“GettingAroundtheNewDesktops”inChapter1anywayasthiswillteachyouhowtocreatenewdesktopsandnavigatebetweenthem.
OptimizingInterfacePerformanceWindows10supportsvisualeffectsanimations,fadesandtranslucentselectionrectangles.TheWindows10desktopwiththesefeaturesenabledispretty,butlikeanycosmetic,theirvaluedependsonmanyfactors.
Onolderorlesspowerfuldevices,youwillwanttouselessoftheprettystuff;usingfewersystemresourcesmakesWindowsmoreresponsive.ThesameislikelytobetrueforthatnewnetbookortabletPCyoujustbought.
Youcanoptimizethedesktopforthewayyouwanttoworkbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.TypeSystemPropertiesAdvancedintheSearchbox,andthenpressEntertoopentheSystemPropertiesdialogboxwiththeAdvancedtabselected.(YoucangettothesamedialogboxthroughControlPanelaswell.ClickSystemAndSecurityandthenclickSystem.Intheleftpane,clickAdvancedSystemSettings.)
Tip AlthoughtherearemanyshortcutsyoucanusetoaccessthevarioustabsandoptionsoftheSystemPropertiesdialogbox,youneednotknoworrememberthemall.Instead,pickonetechniqueyoulike,putittomemory,anduseit.ThetechniqueIlikemostistheonementionedinthisstep.IftheAdvancedtabisn’ttheoneIwanttoworkwithafterI’veopenedthedialogbox,IsimplyclickthetabIwanttouse,ratherthantryingtorememberthatSystemPropertiesComputerNameopenstheComputerNametab,SystemPropertiesHardwareopenstheHardwaretab,SystemPropertiesProtectionopenstheSystemProtectiontab,andSystemPropertiesRemoteopenstheRemotetab.
RealWorld Ifcommandmemorizationisn’tyourthingbutyou’dstilllikeaquickandeasywaytoaccessSystemProperties,trythis:TypeSystemPropertiesAdvancedintheSearchbox.Right-clickSystemPropertiesAdvancedintheresults,andthenclickOpenFileLocation.InFileExplorer,right-clickSystemPropertiesAdvancedandthenselectPinToTaskbar.NowtheSystemProperties|AdvancedTabshortcutisavailableonthetaskbar.Wheneveryouwanttoaccessit,simplyclicktherelatedicononthetaskbar.
2.InthePerformancesection,clickSettingstoopenthePerformanceOptionsdialogbox,showninFigure2-1.Youcannow:
SelectAdjustForBestPerformancetogetridofalltheprettystuff,orselectAdjustForBestAppearancetoenablealltheprettystuff.Selectorclearindividualvisualeffects.
3.SaveyourchangesbyclickingOKtwicetoclosebothdialogboxes.
Figure2-1Configuringvisualeffectstooptimizethedesktopforthewayyouwanttouseit.
Thevisualadd-onsthathavethebiggesteffectonperformanceinclude:
AnimateControlsAndElementsInsideWindows Controlstheslow-fadeeffectonbuttonsandtabsindialogboxes.Whenoff,buttonsglowandtabsopenwithoutanimation.AnimateWindowsWhenMinimizingAndMaximizing Determineswhethersqueezingorstretchinganimationisusedwhenminimizingormaximizingwindows.Whenoff,Windowspopintoposition.AnimationsIntheTaskbar Controlsanimationsassociatedwithjumplists,thumbnailpreviews,andslidingtaskbarbuttons.Whenoff,noanimationsareused.FadeOrSlideMenusIntoView Controlswhethermenusfadeorslideintoview.Whenoff,menussnapopenwithoutdelay.FadeOrSlideToolTipsIntoView Controlswhethertooltipsfadeorslideintoview.Whenoff,tooltipssnapopenwithoutdelay.FadeOutMenuItemsAfterClicking Controlswhethermenuitemsfadeoutafterclicking.Whenoff,theitemselectedopenswithoutdelay.SlideOpenComboBoxes Controlstheanimationsassociatedwithdrop-downlistboxes.Whenoff,drop-downlistssnapopen.
MasteringDesktopEssentialsLikearealworkspace,thedesktopcangetcluttered.Programsthatyourunandfoldersthatyouopenappearonthedesktopinseparatewindows,andalltheseopenwindowscanquicklymakeitdifficulttogettothedesktopitself.Toquicklydeclutter,youcanrearrangeopenprogramandfolderwindowsbyright-clickinganemptyareaofthetaskbarandthenclickingoneofthefollowingviewingoptions:
CascadeWindows Arrangestheopenwindowssothattheyoverlap,withthetitlebarremainingvisible.ShowWindowsStacked Resizestheopenwindowsandarrangesthemontopofeachother,inoneormorecolumns.ShowWindowsSidebySide Resizestheopenwindowsandstacksthemsidebyside.
Togettothedesktopwithoutdecluttering,usethesmall,blankbuttononthefarrightofthetaskbar.ThisbuttoniscalledtheShowDesktopbutton.YoucantemporarilyhideallopenwindowsbyclickingtheShowDesktopbutton.Clickthebuttonagaintounhidethewindowsandrestorethemtotheirpreviousstate.Alternatively,right-clickthetaskbarandselectShowTheDesktoporShowOpenWindowsasappropriate.
Tip AnotherwaytohideorshowopenwindowsistopresstheWindowslogokey+D.
TheTaskViewisalsohandyforworkingwiththedesktop.AsItoldyouearlier,youuseTaskViewtoadd,removeandswitchbetweendesktops.WhenyouclicktheTaskViewbutton,youseeapreviewofeachopenwindowontheactivedesktop,asshowninFigure2-2.
IntheTaskViewpreviewmode,youcan:
Bringanywindowtothefrontsimplybyclickingonit.Closeanywindowbyhoveringoveritandthenclickingtheclosebuttonintheupperrightcornerofthewindow.
Note Youhoverbymovingthemousepointeroverascreenelement.Ifyoumusthoverandclick,youmovethemouseovertheelementandthenclickthebuttonoroption.Withatouchscreen,yousimplyneedtotaptheelementandthentapthebuttonoroption.
Figure2-2TheTaskViewshowsapreviewofwindowsopenontheactivedesktop.
Youcanstorefiles,folders,andshortcutsonthedesktopforquickandeasyaccess.AnyfileorfolderthatyoudragfromaFileExplorerwindowtothedesktopstaysonthedesktop.Ratherthanplacingfilesorfoldersonthedesktop,youcanaddashortcuttoafileorfoldertothedesktopbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.ClicktheFileExplorericononthetaskbartouseFileExplorertolocatethefileorfolderthatyouwanttoaddtothedesktop.2.Right-clickthefileorfolder.Ontheshortcutmenu,pointtoSendTo,andthenclickDesktop(CreateShortcut).
Youcanalsoaddsystemiconstothedesktop.Bydefault,theonlysystemicononthedesktopistheRecycleBin.Youcanaddorremovesystemiconsbycompletingthefollowingsteps:
1.Right-clickanemptyareaofthedesktop,andthenclickPersonalize.2.IntheleftpaneofthePersonalizationwindow,clickThemesandtheninthemainpaneunderRelatedSettings,clickDesktopIconSettings.ThisopenstheDesktopIconSettingsdialogbox,asshowninFigure2-3.3.AddorremoveiconsbyselectingorclearingtheirrelatedcheckboxesandthenclickingOKtosaveyourchanges.
Figure2-3Addorremovedesktopicons.
Someofthedesktopiconscanberenamedbyright-clickingtheicon,clickingRename,typingthedesiredname,andthenpressingEnter.Forexample,youcouldrenameRecycleBinasTrashBarrelbyright-clickingRecycleBin,clickingRename,typingTrashBarrel,andthenpressingEnter.
Ifyounolongerwantaniconorshortcutonthedesktop,right-clickit,andthenclickDelete.Whenprompted,confirmtheactionbyclickingYes.Eachiconhasspecialoptionsanduses:
Accessingcomputersanddevicesonyournetwork Double-clickingtheNetworkiconopensawindowwhereyoucanaccessthecomputersanddevicesonyournetwork.AccessingControlPanel Double-clickingtheControlPaneliconopenstheControlPanel,whichprovidesaccesstosystemconfigurationandmanagementtools.Accessingharddisksanddevices Double-clickingtheThisPCiconopensawindowfromwhichyoucanaccessharddiskdrivesanddeviceswithremovablestorage.AccessingtheSystempageinControlPanel Right-clickingtheThisPCiconandclickingPropertiesdisplaystheSystempageinControlPanel.AccessingFileExplorer Double-clickingthefoldericonfortheuser’sfilesopensyouruserprofilefolderinFileExplorer.Connectingtonetworkdrives Right-clickingtheThisPCicon(ortheNetworkicon)andselectingMapNetworkDriveallowsyoutoconnecttosharednetworkfolders.Managingyourcomputer Right-clickingtheThisPCiconandclickingManage
openstheComputerManagementconsole.Removingdeleteditems Right-clickingtheRecycleBiniconandclickingEmptyRecycleBinpermanentlyremovesallitemsintheRecycleBin.Restoringdeleteditems Double-clickingtheRecycleBiniconopenstheRecycleBin,whichyoucanusetovieworrestoredeleteditems.
Nowthatyouknowhowtoadditemstothedesktop,trythis:
1.CreateacustomShowDesktopbuttonthatyoucanplaceanywhereonthedesktop,openNotepad.exe,typethecommandsbelow,andthensavethefileonthedesktopasShow.scf.
[Shell]Command=2IconFile=Explorer.exe,3[Taskbar]Command=ToggleDesktop
2.Nowdouble-clicktherelatedicontodisplayorhidewindowsontheactivedesktop.
StretchingtheDesktopIncreasingly,desktopPCsandlaptopssupportmultipledisplaydevices,allowingyoutoaddamonitortoincreaseyourdesktopspace.Notonlyisthisarelativelyinexpensivewaytomakeyourcomputermoreuseful,itcanalsoboostyourproductivity.
Here’sanexample:Youconnecttwomonitorstoyourcomputer,oraddamonitorasanadditionaloutputforyourlaptop.Byplacingthescreenssidebysideandenablingmultipledisplays,youeffectivelystretchyourdesktopspaceandmakeitpossibletoviewprogramsandfilesopenonbothscreensatthesametime.Thisallowsyoutohavemultiplewindowsopenallthetime—someonyourprimaryscreenandsomeonyoursecondaryscreen.
AsWindows10supportsmultipledesktops,eachofthesemultipledesktopswouldalsothenstretchacrossthemultipledisplays.Here,thedesktopsprovidethevirtualspaceandthedisplaysprovidethephysicalspace.
Typically,ifacomputersupportsmultipledisplays,ithasmultipledisplayadapterconnectors.Forexample,ifadesktopPChasthreedisplayadapterconnectors(twodigitalandoneanalog),itlikelysupportsatleasttwomonitors;ifalaptophasadditionaldisplayadapterconnectors(digitaloranalog),itlikelysupportsatleasttwomonitors.
Youcanconfirmthenumberofsupporteddisplaysbycheckingthetechnicalspecificationsforyourdisplayadapteronthemanufacturer’swebsite.Todeterminethetypeofdisplayadapteronyourcomputer,right-clickanemptyareaofthedesktop,andthenclickScreenResolution.OntheScreenResolutionpage,clicktheAdvancedSettingslink.Theadaptertypelistedforyourdisplayadaptershowsthemanufacturernameandmodelinformation,suchasNVIDIAGeForceGTX980.
Gettingacomputerthatsupportsmultiplemonitorstostretchthedesktopacrosstwomonitorsisbesthandledasfollows:
1.Withthecomputershutdown(andnotinthesleeporhibernatestate),connectthemonitorstothecomputer,andthenturnonthemonitors.2.Next,startyourcomputerandlogon.
Troubleshooting Thelogonscreenshouldappearononeofthemonitors(althoughnotnecessarilyontheonedirectlyinfrontofyou).Ifthelogonscreendoesn’tappear,turnoffbothmonitorsinturn,andthenturnthemonitorsbackon.Ifamonitorhasmultiplemodes,suchasanaloganddigital,waitforthemonitortoswitchtotheappropriatemodeormanuallyconfigurethemodebyusingthemonitor’sconfigurationsettings.Youmayneedtowigglethemouseorpresskeysonthekeyboardtogetthemonitortosensetheappropriatemode.
3.Right-clickanopenareaonthedesktop,andthenclickDisplaySettingstoopentheDisplaypageinSettings,asshowninFigure2-4.
Figure2-4Identifyandorientthedisplays
4.ClickDetecttohaveWindowsdisplaytheidentitynumberofeachmonitor.Withtwomonitors,thedisplaysarenumbered1and2.Bydefault,Display1alwaysincludestheStartmenu,taskbar,andnotificationtray,butyoucanchangethisasdiscussedinthe“MakingtheTaskbarDance”section,laterinthischapter.5.Confirmthedisplayorder.Windowsdoesn’tknowhowyou’veplacedthemonitorsonyourdesktop.Instead,itassumesthattheprimarydisplaydeviceisthefirstoneconnectedandthesecondarydisplaydeviceisthesecondoneconnected.Italsoassumesthattheseconddisplayistotherightofthefirstdisplay,whichallowsyoutomovethemousepointertotherighttogofromthedesktoponthefirstdisplaytothedesktopstretchedtotheseconddisplay.6.Youcantellwindowshowyourmonitorsareorientedinseveralways.IfDisplay2isontheleftsideofDisplay1,clicktherepresentationoftheDisplay2desktopontheScreenResolutionpage,dragittotheleftpasttheDisplay1desktop,releasethemousebutton,andthenclickApply.TheorientationshouldnowshowDisplay1ontheleftandDisplay2ontheright;youcanconfirmproperconfigurationbyclickingtheIdentifybutton.Toreversethisprocedure,performthesamesteps,butdragtorightinsteadoftotheleft.
RealWorld Ifyouidentifyandorientthedisplaysincorrectly,movingfromthedesktopononemonitortothestretcheddesktopontheothermonitorwon’tbelogical.Forexample,ifDisplay2isphysicallylocatedtotherightofDisplay1,butyou’veincorrectlyconfiguredthedisplays,youmaynotbeabletoaccessthestretcheddesktoponDisplay2bymovingthepointertotheright.Instead,youmayneedtomovethepointertotheleft,pasttheedgeofDisplay1’sdesktop,andviceversa.
Afteryou’veconnectedanadditionalmonitorandorienteditproperly,workingwithmultiplemonitorsisfairlystraightforward.Whenyoustretchthedesktopacrosstwodisplays,theresolutionsettingofbothdisplaysdetermineshowlargethedesktopis.If
Display1’sresolutionis1920x1080andDisplay2’sresolutionis1920x1080,theeffectiveresolutionis3840x1080.
Whenyoumaximizewindows,theyfilltheircurrentdisplayfromedgetoedge.Youcanclickonwindowsanddragthemfromthedesktopononedisplaytothestretcheddesktoponanotherdisplay.Afteryouclickanddragawindow,sizeitasappropriateforthewayyouwanttouseit.Formanyprograms,Windowsrememberswhereyou’vepositionedawindowwhenyoucloseit;thenexttimeyouopenthewindow,itappearspositionedontheappropriatedisplay,asyoulastworkedwithit.However,someprogramswon’trememberyourpreferredmonitor,eitherbydesignorbecausetheprogramisn’tappropriateformultipledisplays.
Anywallpaperyou’veselectedasthebackgroundforyourdesktopwillappearonallyourdisplays.WhetheryouchooseapicturepositionofFill,Fit,Stretch,orCenter,youseeaduplicateofthebackgroundoneachdisplay.
Ifyouwantdifferentpicturestoappearoneachdisplay,youmustcreatepicturesattheappropriateresolution,storetheminanappropriatefolder(suchasasubfolderofC:\Windows\Web\Wallpaper),selectthemasyourdesktopbackground,andusetheSpanorTileoptionoftheChooseAFitlist.Forexample,ifDisplay1’sresolutionis1920x1080andDisplay2’sresolutionis1920x1080,usinganartprogramsuchasPhotoshop,youcouldcombinetwo1920x1080imagestocreateone3840x1080image.Youwouldthenstorethisimageinanappropriatefolderandselectitasyourtiledorspannedwallpaper.
ThestandardscreensaversthatcomewithWindowsalsostretchacrossyourdisplaysautomatically.There’snoneedtodoanythingspecialtomakethishappen.
ReadytoDitchSnap?Theoretically,youusesnaptoarrangewindowssidebyside.Hereishowsnapissupposedtowork:
1.Ifyouwanttwowindowstoappearsidebysideonthedesktop,youdragthetitlebarofthefirstwindowtotheleftorrightsideofthescreenuntilanoutlineoftheexpandedwindowappears,thenreleasethemousetoexpandthewindow.2.Afterward,youdragthetitlebarofthesecondwindowtotheoppositesideofthescreenuntilanoutlineoftheexpandedwindowappears,thenreleasethemousetoexpandthesecondwindow.3.Toreturnthewindowtoitsoriginalsize,yousimplydragthetitlebarawayfromthetopofthedesktopandthenrelease.
Personallythough,snapisalwaysdoingwhatIdon’twantittowhenIusethattechnique.TheonlytechniquethatactuallyworksreliablyformeiswhenIsnapwindowsusingthekeyboard.Tosnaptheactivewindowtothesideofthedesktopusingthekeyboard,presseitherWindowslogokey+LeftArroworWindowslogokey+RightArrow.Afteryoudothis,you’llbeinTaskViewandcansnapthesecondwindowtotheoppositesideofthescreensimplybyclickingit.
Foreasyreference,thekeyboardshortcutsforsnapareasfollows:
Windowskey+LeftArroworRightArrow Togglesthescreensnappositionoftheapp.Snapsplitsthescreen,soiftheappisbeingdisplayednormally,Windowskey+LeftArrowsnapsittotheleftandWindowskey+RightArrowsnapsittotheright.Windowskey+UpArrow DisplaystheappinFullScreenmode.Windowskey+DownArrow ExitsFullScreenmodeandreturnstheapptoitsoriginalwindowstate.
AllofthesesnapbehaviorsareconfigurableandcontrolledwithSystemSettingsbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.ClickStartandthenclickSettings.2.IntheSettingsdialogbox,clickSystem.OntheSystempage,clickMultitasking.3.Inthemainpane,underSnap,usetheseoptionstomanagethewaysnapworks:
Ifyoudon’twanttousesnap,youcandisablethefeaturebytogglingtheArrangeWindowsAutomatically…optiontotheOffposition.Ifyoudon’twanttousesnaptodisplaytwowindowssidebyside,youcandisablethefeaturebytogglingtheWhenISnapMoreThanOneWindow…optiontotheOffposition.Ifyoudon’twantsnaptoshowwhatwindowyoucansnapnextafteryousnapawindow,youcandisablethefeaturebytogglingtheWhenISnapAWindow,Show…optiontotheOffposition.
MakingtheStartMenuWorkforYouTheStartbuttonprovidesaccesstoyourcomputer’smenusystem.YouopentheStartmenusimplybyclickingtheStartbutton.YoualsocandisplaytheStartmenubypressingtheWindowslogokeyonyourkeyboard,orbypressingControl+Esc.
Asyouprobablyknow,theStartmenuallowsyoutorunapps,openfolders,searchyourcomputer,gethelp,andmore.WhatyoumaynotknowishowtocustomizetheStartmenusothatitworksthewayyouwantitto.
Tip UseSearchtoquicklyrunanyinstalledprogram,systemutilityorgettosystemsettings.Simplytypetheprogram,utilityoroptionnameintheSearchbox.Resultsforprograms,systemutilitiesandsystemsettingsaredisplayedbeforeothertypesofsearchresults.
Bydefault,theStartmenulookssimilartotheexampleshowninFigure2-5.Here,youhavetwocolumnsofentries,withsettingsandoptionsontheleftandappsontheright.Inthelowerleftcorner,notethefollowingoptions:
FileExplorerSettingsAllApps
Figure2-5MakethemostofStartbycustomizingit.
FileExplorerandSettingsaretwoofmanyoptionsthatcanappearinthisareaofthemenu.Whiletheseoptionsareenabledbydefault,manyotheroptions,includingthoseforDocuments,Downloads,MusicandPictures,aredisabledbydefault.Tocontrolwhichoftheseoptionsaredisplayed,followthesesteps:
1.ClickStartandthenclickSettings.IntheSettingsdialogbox,clickPersonalization.2.OnthePersonalizationpage,selectStartintheleftcolumn.3.Inthemainpane,clicktheChooseWhichFoldersAppearonStartlink.ThisopenstheChooseWhichFolderspage,asshowninFigure2-6.4.EnableordisablespecificoptionsbyclickingtherelatedOn/Offswitch.Forexample,iftheMusicswitchisoff,clickthetoggleunderMusictosettheswitchtotheOnposition.
Figure2-6EnableordisablefoldersontheStartmenu
KeepinmindthatAllAppsisn’tanoptionyoucanturnonoroff.IfyouclickAllAppswhenyouareworkingwithStart,youseeascrollablelistofalltheappsinstalledonthedeviceintheleftmostcolumnoftheStartmenu.
Scrollthroughthelistandyou’llseefoldersthatstorelistsofrelatedtools,includingfoldersforWindowsAccessories,WindowsAdministrativeTools,WindowsSystemandmore.Clickthefoldertoexpandorhideitscontents.
PinningAppsandUsingFull-ScreenModeYoucanpinanapptoStartbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.OntheStartmenu,clicktheAllAppsoption,andthenlocatetheappinthelist.2.Right-clicktheappinthelistandselectPinToStart.
RealWorld Sometimestheprogramyouwanttopinisnotreadilyaccessedinthemenusystem.Inthiscase,locatetheapplication’sexecutablefile(.exe)inFileExplorer.Right-clickthefile,andthenclickPinToStart.
Bydefault,asshowninFigure2-7,appsyoupinareaddedtoathirdsectionunderthe“LifeAtaGlance”and“PlayAndExplore”sections.YoucancustomizetheappslistsbypinningitemstotheStartmenu,resizingStart,creatingnewsectionsandmore.Thefirstcustomizationtrickyouneedtolearnistheartofcreatingsections.
AsanalternativetousingthepopupStartmenu,youcanuseStartinfull-screenmode,whichissimilartotheStartscreeninWindows8.Infull-screenmode,itemsinthelefthandcolumnarehiddenuntilyouclickoneoftheavailablebuttons.Specifically,youmustclickthebuttonintheupperleftcornertoviewthestandardsidebaranditsoptions.
Toenableordisablefull-screenmodeforStart,followthesesteps:
1.ClickStartandthenclickSettings.IntheSettingsdialogbox,clickPersonalization.2.OnthePersonalizationpage,selectStartintheleftcolumn.3.Enableordisablefull-screenmodebyclickingtherelatedOn/Offswitch.
Figure2-7PinappstotheStartmenuforquickaccess.
CreatingSectionsAsmentionedpreviously,whenyoupinappstoStart,theyareaddedtoanewsectionbydefault.Windows10willinfactletyoucreatemanynewsections.Youcreateanewsectionsimplybydraggingatileintoanemptyarea.Whenyoudragthetiletoanewarea,Windowswillhighlighttheareatoletyouknowyouanewsectionwillbecreated.
Aswiththedefaultsections,eachnewsectioncanbenamed.Tonameasection,completethesesteps:
1.MovethemousecursoroveranemptyareaabovethetilesinthesectiontodisplaytheNameGroupoptionandthenclick.(Withatouchscreen,simplytapthisarea)2.Thecursorchangestoaninsertionpoint.TypethedesiredheadingandthenpressEnterorclickelsewhere.
Ifyouwantanappyou’vepinnedtoappearinoneofthetwostandardsections,simplyclickanddragtheapptiletothesectionyouwantittobein.Windows10willresizethesectionautomaticallytoaccommodatetheadditionorremovaloftiles.Youcanusethesameclickanddragtechniquetomovetilesfromonesectiontoanother.
ResizingandReorganizingTilesOftenafteryoumovetilesaround,you’llwanttooptimizethetilesize.Toresizeatile,right-clickit,pointtoResizeandthenselectthedesiredsize.Standardtilescanbesettosmallormediumsize.Tilescapableofdisplayinglivecontents,livetiles,canbeset:
Small—70x70pixels,foursmalltilesfillthesamespaceasonemedium.Medium—150x150pixels,thestandardtilesizeWide—310x150pixels,atilethatistwomediumtileswide.Large—310x310pixels,onelargetilefillsthesamespaceasfourmediums.
SeeFigure2-8forexamples.Thedefaulttilesizeismedium,whichisstandardblocksize.
Figure2-8SizetilestopersonalizetheavailablespaceontheStartmenu.
WhileyouareaddingtilesandmovingthemaroundStart,youmaywanttoresizethemenu.TochangethedefaultheightofStart,clickanddragthetopedge.Draguptoincreasetheheight;dragdowntodecreasetheheight.TochangethedefaultwidthofStart,clickanddragtherightedge.Dragrighttoincreasethewidth;draglefttodecreasethewidth.
CustomizingtheMostUsedandRecentlyAddedListsOntheStartmenu,themostusedandrecentlyaddedappsarelistedintheupperleft.Youcanremoveaprogramfromthemostusedlistbyright-clickingitandthenclickingDon’tShowInThisList.However,thiswon’tpreventtheprogramfrombeingaddedtothelistinthefuture.
Youcanturnthemostusedandrecentlyaddedlistsonoroffbycompletingthefollowingsteps:
1.ClickStartandthenclickSettings.2.IntheSettingsdialogbox,clickPersonalization.OnthePersonalizationpage,selectStartintheleftcolumn.ThisdisplaysthePersonalizationpageshowninFigure2-9.3.EnableordisabletheShowMostUsedAppslistbyclickingtherelatedOn/Offswitch.4.EnableordisabletheShowRecentlyAddedAppslistbyclickingtherelatedOn/Offswitch.
Figure2-9UsePersonalizationsettingstocustomizestart.
MakingtheTaskbarDanceYouusethetaskbartomanageyourappsandopenwindows.Thetaskbardisplaysbuttonsforpinnedandopenitemsthatallowyoutoquicklyaccessitemsyou’veopenedandstartapplications.
PuttingtheTaskbarWhereYouWantItBydefault,thetaskbarisalwaysdisplayedalongthebottomofthedesktoponyourprimarymonitor.Ifyouwanttomovethetaskbartoanotherlocation,firstmakesureit’snotlocked.Todothis,right-clickthetaskbartodisplaythetaskbaroptionsshowninFigure2-10.
Figure2-10UsetheTaskbaroptionstocontrolbasicsettings.
Note Ifyou’reusingWindows10onatabletPC,see“EnteringandExitingTabletMode”inChapter1fordetailsonchangethewaythetaskbarworksintabletmode.
AcheckmarkbesidetheLockTheTaskbaroptionindicatesthetaskbarislockedandcan’tbemoved.Tounlockthetaskbar,right-clickitandcleartheLockTheTaskbaroptionbyclickingit(whichshouldremovethecheckmark).
Afteryouunlockthetaskbar,youcanpositionitwhereveryouwantbyclickingonitanddragging.Youcan:
Dragthetaskbartotheleftorrighttodockitontheleftorrightsideoftheprimarydesktop.Draguptodockthetaskbartothetopoftheprimarydesktop.Dockthetaskbartoalocationonanothermonitor.Simplydragthetaskbartothedesiredleft,right,top,orbottomlocationonthestretcheddesktop.
Afteryoupositionthetaskbarwhereyouwantit,youshouldlockitinposition.Todothis,right-clickanopenareaofthetaskbar,andthenselecttheLockTheTaskbaroption.Acheckmarkindicatesthatitislocked.
RealWorld Onstretcheddesktops,youcreateadesktopthatstretchesacrossmultipledisplays,suchaswhenyourcomputerhastwomonitors,andthe
taskbaronlyappearsonyourprimarymonitor.Ifyou’dlikethetaskbartoappearontheprimarymonitorandsecondarymonitors,followthesesteps:
1. ClickStartandthenclickSettings.
2. IntheSettingsdialogbox,clickSystem.OntheSystempage,clickMultitasking.
3. Inthemainpane,underVirtualDesktops,selectAllDesktopsastheoptionforOnTheTaskbar,Show…
CustomizingTaskbarAppearanceYoucancustomizethetaskbarinseveralotherways.Thefirst,byright-clickingitandusingtheoptionsavailable,including:
ShowTaskViewButton ControlsthedisplayoftheTaskViewbutton.Ifyouclearthisoption,you’llhidetheTaskViewbuttonandwon’tbeabletouseTaskVieworadd,removeorswitchbetweendesktops.Toolbars Controlsthedisplayofthetoolbarsthatcanbeaddedtothetaskbar.ThestandardtoolbarsareAddress,LinksandDesktop.YoualsocanselectNewToolbartochooseafoldertoaddasatoolbar.
YoucancustomizeotheraspectsofthetaskbarbyusingtheTaskbarAndStartMenuPropertiesdialogbox,showninFigure2-11.Toaccessthisdialogbox,right-clickanopenareaofthetaskbar,andthenclickProperties.SelectorclearoptionsasdesiredandclickOKtosaveyourchanges.
Theavailableoptionsinclude:
LockTheTaskbar Locksthetaskbarinplacetopreventaccidentalmovingorresizing.Youmustclearthisoptiontomoveorresizethetaskbar.Auto-HideTheTaskbar Hidesthetaskbarwhenyouaren’tusingitanddisplaysthetaskbaronlywhenyoumovethecursoroverit.Ifyouclearthisoption,thetaskbarisalwaysdisplayed(althoughnotalwaysontop),whichyoumayprefer,especiallyifyoumovethetaskbararoundastretcheddesktop.
Tip Ifthetaskbarishiddenandyouforgetwhereitisdocked,youcanquicklydisplaythetaskbarandStartmenubypressingtheWindowslogokey.
UseSmallTaskbarButtons Reducesthesizeoftaskbarbuttons,allowingmorebuttonstofitonthetaskbar.OnmydesktopPC,Ipreferlargeicons,whichmakesthemeasiertoclick,butonmytabletPC,Iprefersmalliconssotheytakeuplessscreenspace.
Figure2-11UsethePropertiesdialogboxtocustomizethetaskbarappearance.
TaskbarLocationOnScreen Setstherelativelocationofthetaskbaronthecurrentlytargeteddisplay.Aswediscussedpreviously,youcanmovethetaskbarmanuallyaswellwhenitisunlocked.TaskbarButtons Specifieswhethertaskbarbuttonsarealwayscombined,combinedonlywhenthetaskbarisfull,ornevercombined.
Seethenextsectionformoreinformationoncombiningbuttonsandusingrelatedoptions.
Note Typically,you’llwanttocombinesimilaritemstoreducetaskbarclutter.Ratherthandisplayingabuttonforeachprogram,thetaskbargroupssimilarbuttonsbydefault.Groupingbuttonssavesroomonthetaskbarandhelpsreducethelikelihoodthatyou’llneedtoexpandthetaskbartofindthebuttonsforopenprograms.
PinningProgramstotheTaskbarYoucanpinitemsthatyouworkwithfrequentlytothetaskbar.Pinninganitemtothetaskbarcreatesashortcutthatallowsyoutoquicklyopenaprogram,folder,orrelatedwindow.
Pinningitemsiseasy.Ifyouknowthenameoftheprogramyouwanttopintothetaskbar,starttypingtheprogramnameintotheSearchbox.Whenyouseetheprogramintheresultslist,right-clickit,andthenclickPinToTaskbar.Fromthispointon,wheneveryouwanttoaccesstheprogram,simplyclicktherelatedicononthetaskbar.
AnotherwaytofinditemstopinistoaccesstheStartmenu,andthenclicktheAllAppsbutton.Whenyoufindtheprogramyouwanttopin,right-clicktheprogram’smenuitem,andthenclickPinToTaskbar.
Toremoveapinnedprogramfromthetaskbar,right-clickitsicon,andthenclickUnpinThisProgramFromTheTaskbar.Thisremovestheprogram’sbuttonfromthetaskbar.
Youcansettheorderofbuttonsforallopenedandpinnedprograms.Todothis,clickthebuttononthetaskbaranddragitleftorrighttothedesiredposition.
Whenbuttonsarecombinedonthetaskbar,clickinganitemwithmultiplewindowsdisplaysathumbnailwitharepresentationofeachopenwindow.Youcanhoveroverawindowtopeekatitonthedesktop(aslongastheappropriateAerofeaturesareenabled)orclickawindowthatyouwanttoworkwithtoopenit.Forexample,ifyouopenthreedifferentfoldersinFileExplorer,theseitemsaregroupedtogetherinonetaskbarbutton.Hoveringoverthetaskbarbuttondisplaysathumbnailwithanentryforeachwindow,allowingyoutoselectthegroupedwindowtoopenbyclickingit.
Taskbarbuttonsmakeiteasytoclosewindowsaswell.Tocloseawindow,whethergroupedornot,movethepointerovertherelatedtaskbarbutton.Whenthethumbnailappears,movethemousepointertotheright,andthenclicktheclosebuttonforthewindowyouwanttoclose.
UsingFlipViewsandJumpListsFlipviewsandjumplistsaresomeofthemostpowerfulfeaturesofWindows10.Why?Theyallowyoutoquicklygettoitemsthatyouwanttoworkwith.
DisplaythestandardflipviewbypressingAlt+Tab.AsshowninFigure2-12,theflipviewcontainslivethumbnailsofallopenwindows,whicharecontinuouslyupdatedtoreflecttheircurrentstate.Youcanworkwithaflipviewinavarietyofways.Hereareafewtechniques:
PressAlt+Tab,andthenholdAlttokeeptheflipviewopen.PressTabwhileyouholdtheAltkeytocyclethroughthewindows.ReleasetheAltkeytobringthecurrentlyselectedwindowtothefront.Selectawindowandbringittothefrontbyclickingit.
Figure2-12Usingtheflipview.
Bydefault,flipviewshowswindowsareopenonlyontheactivedesktop.Ifyou’relikemeanduseseveraldesktopsallthetime,youmaywantflipviewtoshowwindowsthatareopenonanydesktop.Toconfigurethisoption,followthesesteps:
1.ClickStartandthenclickSettings.2.IntheSettingsdialogbox,clickSystem.OntheSystempage,clickMultitasking.3.Inthemainpane,underVirtualDesktops,selectAllDesktopsastheoptionforPressingAlt+TabShowsWindowsThatAreOpenOn.
Ifyouthinkflipviewsarecool,waituntilyoutryjumplists.Jumplistsaredisplayedafterashortdelaywheneveryouright-clickanitemthathasbeenpinnedtothetaskbar.Whenaprogram’sjumplistisdisplayed,youcanselectafiletoopenortasktoperformsimplybyclickingit.
Mostapplicationsdisplayrecentlyuseditemsorfrequentlyuseditems.Someapplicationshaveenhancedjumpliststhatalsoprovidequickaccesstotasksthatyoucanperformwiththeapplication.
Windows10alsoallowsyoutopinitemstoaprogram’sjumplist.Todothis,draganitemassociatedwithaprogramtotheprogram’sbuttonpinnedonthetaskbarandreleasewhenthePinTooptionappears.Considerthefollowingreal-worldscenario:
YouwanttopinMicrosoftWordtothetaskbarandpinimportantdocumentstoitsjumplist.TopinWordtothetaskbar,youaccesstheStartmenu,typeWord.exeintheSearchbox,right-clickWord.exeintheresults,andthenclickPinToTaskbar.AfterpinningWordtothetaskbar,youwanttoaddimportantdocumentstoitsjump
list.YouopenFileExplorer,locatethefirstdocument,dragthedocumentfilefromtheExplorerwindowtotheWordbuttononthetaskbar.WhenthePinToWordoptionappears,youreleasethemousebuttontoaddthefirstdocumenttothejumplist.Yourepeatthisprocesstobuildyourlist.
Otherwaystousejumplistsincludethefollowing:
SimplyopenFileExplorerandlocateandthendraganimportantfolderfromthiswindowtothepinnedFileExploreronthetaskbar.WhenthePinToFileExploreroptionappears,releasethemousebuttontoaddthefoldertothejumplist.Repeatthisprocesstobuildyourlist.IfyoupinControlPaneltothetaskbar,youcanaddfrequentlyusedtaskstoitsjumplist.TopinControlPaneltothetaskbar,accesstheStartmenu,typeControlPanelintheSearchbox,right-clickControlPanelintheresults,andthenclickPinToTaskbar.Afteryou’vepinnedControlPaneltothetaskbar,simplyopenControlPanel,locateanimportanttask,andthendragtheaddresslinkforthetasktothepinnedControlPanelonthetaskbar.WhenthePinToControlPaneloptionappears,releasethemousebuttontoaddthetasktothejumplist.Repeatthisprocesstobuildyourlist.
RealWorld Sometimes,you’llwanttorunprogramspinnedtothetaskbarwithadministratorprivileges.Todothis,right-clicktheshortcutonthetaskbartodisplaytheoptionsmenufortheprogramandthenintheoptionslist,right-clicktheprogramname.Ifyoucanruntheprogramwithadministratorprivileges,thesecondoptionsmenuwillhaveaRunAsAdministratoroptionwhichyoucanselect.
Chapter3.PersonalizingtheAppearanceofWindows10
YoucanmakeWindows10yoursbypersonalizingitsappearance.Fromfine-tuningyourwindowcolorstochoosingyourdesktopbackgrounds,screensavers,sounds,mousepointers,themes,anddisplaysettings,youcanpersonalizeWindows10inmanyways.Navigatingthismazeofoptionscanbetricky,however,especiallywhenyouwanttoachieverobustperformancewhilemaintainingadesiredlookandfeel.
Manyfactorscanaffectyourcomputer’sappearanceandperformance,includinghardwarecomponentsandaccountcontrols.Youachieveabalancebetweenappearanceandperformancebymakingtrade-offswhenapplyingpersonalizationsettings,yetpersonalizationsettingslargelydeterminethequalityofyourexperience.
Ofthemanyinterconnectedappearanceandperformancefeatures,youhavethemostcontroloverthefollowing:
BasicinterfacesandaccountcontrolsDesktopthemes,screensavers,andbackgroundsPersonalaccountsettings
Inthischapter,you’lllearnhowtofine-tunethesefeatureswhilemaintainingthebalancebetweenappearanceandperformance.
CustomizingBasicInterfacesWindowshasmanycustomizableinterfacefeatures.Youcancustomizeyourcomputer’scontrolpanels,prompts,andmore.Thissectionshowsyouhow.
PersonalizingControlPanelControlPanelprovidesquickaccesstoimportantsystemutilitiesandtasks.YoucandisplaytheControlPanelfromanyFileExplorerviewbyclickingtheleftmostarrowbuttonontheAddressbarandthenclickingControlPanel(seeFigure3-1).
Figure3-1UsingtheaddressbarinFileExplorerselectControlpanelasthelocation.
Tip DidyouknowthatControlPanelissimplyaFileExplorerviewpanel?ThisPC,Network,Librariesandotherviewpanelsareaccessibleaswellusingtheaddressbar,andwhenyouareworkingwithanyoftheseviews,youcanswitchtootherviewsusingtheaddressbar.
WhenyouareworkingwithControlPanel,ControlPanelhasseveraldifferentviewsavailable.YoucanchangeviewsinControlPanelbyusingtheoptionsontheViewBylist.Categoryview,accessedbyclickingCategoryintheViewBylist,showssystemutilitiesbycategory,utilityname,andkeytasks.AllControlPanelItemsview,accessedbyclickingLargeIconsorSmallIconsintheViewBylist,listsallitemsintheControlPanelalphabeticallybyname.
InCategoryview,allutilitiesandtasksareaccessedwithasingleclick,aswithoptionsandprogramsontheStartmenu.Youmightwanttoconfigureyourcomputertousethemoreefficientsingle-clickoptiontoopendocuments,picturesandotheritemsaswell.Configuringsingle-clickopenonallitemsmayalsohelpyouavoidconfusionastowhetheryouneedtoclickordouble-clicksomething.
Whenyouhavesingle-clickopenconfigured,pointingtoanitemselectsitandclickingopensit.Toconfiguresingle-clickopen,followthesesteps:
1.InControlPanel,clickAppearanceAndPersonalization.2.UnderFileExplorerOptions,clickSpecifySingle-OrDouble-ClickToOpen.3.IntheFileExplorerOptionsdialogbox,ontheGeneraltab,selectSingle-ClickToOpenAnItem(PointToSelect),andthenclickOK.
Witheverythingsettoopenwithoneclick,youmightfindthatworkingwithControlPanelandFileExplorerismuchmoreintuitive.
Fine-TuningControlPromptsInChapter1,Iintroducedyoutolocalanddomainuseraccounts,bothofwhichcanbeInternetconnected.Whenyouareworkingwithlocaluseraccounts,theaccountcaneitherbeastandarduseraccountoranadministratoraccount.
Standarduserscanperformanygeneralcomputingtasks,suchasstartingprograms,openingdocuments,andcreatingfolders,aswellasanysupporttasksthatdonotaffectotherusersorthesecurityofthecomputer.Administrators,ontheotherhand,havecompleteaccesstothecomputerandcanmakechangesthataffectotherusersandthesecurityofthecomputer.
InWindows10,regardlessofwhetheryouareloggedonasastandarduseroranadministrator,youseeaUserAccountControl(UAC)promptbydefaultwhenprogramstrytomakechangestoyourcomputerandwhenyoutrytoruncertainprivilegedapplications.UACisacollectionoffeaturesdesignedtohelpprotectyourcomputerfrommaliciousprogramsbyimprovingsecurity.
Generally,whenyouareloggedonasastandarduser,youarepromptedtoprovideadministratorcredentials.Onmostpersonalorsmallofficecomputers,eachlocalcomputeradministratoraccountislistedbynameontheprompt,andyoumustclickanaccount,typetheaccount’spassword,andthenclickOKtoproceed.Ifyoulogontoadomain,thepromptshowsthelogondomainandprovidesusernameandpasswordboxes.Inthiscase,youmustenterthenameofanadministratoraccount,typetheaccount’spassword,andthenclickOKtoproceed.
Whenyouareloggedonwithanadministratoraccount,youarepromptedforconsenttocontinue.Theconsentpromptworksthesameregardlessofwhetheryouareconnectedtoadomain,andyoumustsimplyclickOKtoproceed.
Theprocessofgettingapproval,priortorunninganapplicationinadministratormodeandperformingactionsthatchangesystem-widesettings,isknownaselevation.Elevationenhancessecuritybyprovidingnotificationwhenyouareabouttoperformanactionthatcouldaffectsystemsettings,suchasinstallinganapplication,andeliminatingtheabilityformaliciousprogramstoinvokeadministratorprivilegeswithoutyourknowledgeandconsent.
Windows10performsseveraltasksbeforeelevatingtheprivilegesanddisplayingtheUACprompt,butthereisjustonethatyouneedtoknowabout:Windowsswitchestoasecure,isolateddesktopbeforedisplayingtheconsentprompt,whichpreventsotherprocessesorapplicationsfromprovidingtherequiredpermissionsorconsent.
Note Onlythepromptitselfrunsonthesecuredesktop.Allotherrunningprogramsandprocessescontinuetorunontheinteractiveuserdesktop.
Elevation,consentprompts,andthesecuredesktoparethekeyaspectsofUACthataffectyouandhowyouuseyourcomputer.Toreducethenumberofpromptsyousee,UACcandifferentiatebetweenchangestoWindowssettingsandchangestotheoperatingsystemmadebyprogramsanddevices.Mostofthetime,forexample,you’llonlywanttoknow
whenprogramsaretryingtoinstallthemselvesormakechangestotheoperatingsystem;youwon’twanttobepromptedeverytimeyoutrytochangeWindowssettings.YoualsocanconfigureUACsothatthesecuredesktopisnotused.
RealWorld UACcanpreventyoufrominstallingcertaintypesofprogramsonyourcomputer.Sometimesyoucangetaroundthisbyright-clickingtheprogram’s.exeorotherinstallerfileandselectingRunAsAdministrator.Keepinmind,however,thataftertheprogramisinstalled,itmightneedtoalwaysrunwithadministratorprivileges.Insteadofright-clickingtheprogramandselectingRunAsAdministratoreverytimeyouwanttouseit,makethechangepermanentbyright-clickingtheprogram’sshortcutorinstalled.exefileandselectingProperties.OntheCompatibilitytab,intheSettingssection,selectRunThisProgramAsAnAdministrator,andthenclickOK.
Tofine-tuneUAC,followthesesteps:
1.InControlPanelwithCategoryview,clicktheReviewYourComputer’sStatuslinkunderSystemAndSecurity.2.Intheleftpane,clickChangeUserAccountControlSettings.
Tip Alternatively,typewscui.cplintheSearchboxandthenpressEnter.InActionCenter,clickChangeUserAccountControlSettings.
3.OntheUserAccountControlSettingspage,showninFigure3-2,usetheslidertochoosewhentobenotifiedaboutchangestothecomputer,andthenclickOKtosaveyoursettings.Theavailableoptionsare:
AlwaysNotifyMeWhen AlwaysnotifiesyouwhenprogramstrytoinstallsoftwareormakechangestothecomputerandwhenyouchangeWindowssettings.Youshouldchoosethisoptionifyourcomputerrequiresthehighestsecuritypossibleandyoufrequentlyinstallsoftwareandvisitunfamiliarwebsites.NotifyMeOnlyWhenAppsTryToMakeChangesToMyComputer(Default) NotifiesyouonlywhenprogramstrytomakechangestothecomputerbutnotwhenyouchangeWindowssettings.Youshouldchoosethisoptionifyourcomputerrequireshighsecuritybutyouwanttoreducethenumberofnotificationprompts.NotifyMeOnlyWhenAppsTryToMakeChangesToMyComputer(DoNotDimMyDesktop) WorksthesameasDefaultbutalsopreventsUACfromswitchingtothesecuredesktop.Youshouldchoosethisoptionifyouworkinatrustedenvironmentwithfamiliarapplicationsandyoudonotvisitunfamiliarwebsites.Youmayalsowanttousethisoptionifittakesalongtimeforyourcomputertoswitchtothesecuredesktop.NeverNotifyMeWhen TurnsoffallUACnotificationprompts.Youshouldchoosethisoptionifsecurityisnotapriorityandyouworkinatrustedenvironment.Ifyouselectthisoption,youmustrestartyourcomputerforthischangetotakeeffect.
Figure3-2OptimizeUACforthewayyouwork.
Note DependingonthecurrentconfigurationofUAC,youmaybepromptedforpermissionsorconsent.Inadomain,youmightnotbeabletomanageUACbyusingthistechnique,althoughyoumaybeabletoconfigureindividualUACfeaturesinLocalSecurityPolicy,accessiblefromtheAllApps\WindowsAdministrativeToolsmenu.WhenyouareworkingwithLocalSecurityPolicy,expandLocalPoliciesunderSecuritySettings,andthenclickSecurityOptions.NextscrolluntilyouseetheUACpolicies.
CreatinganAlternateControlPanelViewYoumayhaveheardaboutanalternateviewforControlPanelthatI’vebeencallingtheUltimateControlPanel.TocreateanalternateviewforControlPanel,yousimplyopenFileExplorerandcreateanewfolder,preferablyonthedesktop.Givethefolderanynameyoulike,followedbyaperiodandthegloballyuniqueidentifier(GUID)forthealternateControlPanelview.
TheGUIDis:{ED7BA470-8E54-465E-825C-99712043E01C}.Forexample,youcouldnameyourfolder:MyStuff.{ED7BA470-8E54-465E-825C-99712043E01C}
OrViewPanel.{ED7BA470-8E54-465E-825C-99712043E01C}
OrJustCool.{ED7BA470-8E54-465E-825C-99712043E01C}
UltimateControlPanelisshowninFigure3-3.Remember,it’stheGUID,notthetextstring,thatdoesthemagic.TheGUIDisaregisteredvalueintheoperatingsystem,anditidentifiesthealternateControlPanelview.Whenyoucreateandnamethefolderinthisway,you’llhaveanUltimateControlPanelthathelpsyouquicklyperformcommontasks,byallowingeasynavigationofmanyControlPaneloptions.
Figure3-3UseUltimateControlPaneltoaccesslistsofsettingsgroupedbycategory.
CreatingaDedicatedAdministratorCommandPromptYouusethecommandprompttoaccesstheWindows10command-lineinterface.Ifyou’reaseasonedcomputerpro,youknowthis,andyoualsoknowthatyoumustelevatethecommandprompttoperformanyadministratortasks.Normally,youdothisbyaccessingCommandPromptbyright-clickingtheWindowslogo,andthenclickingCommandPrompt(Admin).YoualsocandothisbyaccessingtheStartscreen,typingcmd.exe,right-clickingCommandPromptintheresultslist,andclickingRunAsAdministrator.Theresultisthesameeitherway:acommandpromptthatallowsyoutoruntasksthatrequireadministratorprivileges.
IfyoupinnedCommandPrompttothetaskbar,gettinganadministratorcommandpromptisabitmoredifficult.Moredifficult,really?Yes,really.Toelevate,youmustright-clickthepinnedCommandPrompt,right-clickCommandPromptagaininthejumplist,andthenclickRunAsAdministrator.
Youmaybewonderingifthereisaworkaround,andthereis.Cmd.exeisstoredinthe%WinDir%\System32folder,where%WinDir%isanenvironmentvariablethatpointstothebaseinstallationfolderforWindowssuchasC:\Windows.Afteryoulocatethefile,createacopybyright-clickingCmd.exeandclickingCopy,andthenpastethecopytoanotherfolderbyaccessingthefolder,right-clicking,andthenclickingPaste.It’sagoodideatopastethecopyintooneofyourpersonalfolders,suchasDocuments.
Next,right-clickthecopyofCmd.exeandclickProperties.OntheCompatibilitytab,intheSettingssection,selectRunThisProgramAsAnAdministrator,andthenclickOK.Finally,right-clickthecopyofCmd.exeagainandclickPinToStartMenuorPinToTaskbar.NowthepinnedcopyofCmd.exewillalwaysrunwithadministratorprivileges.
OptimizingBackgrounds,ThemesandMoreYoucanaccesspersonalizationsettingsatanytimebyusingthePersonalizationpageinSettings.Toaccessthispage,simplyright-clickonthedesktopandclickPersonalize.Personalizationsettingscontrolthebackgroundsusedonthedesktopandlockscreen,thewindowcolors,thethemesandmore.BeforeyouworkwithWindows10backgroundsandthemes,it’simportanttonotethatbydefaultWindows10automaticallypicksanaccentcolorforgraphicsandwindowedgesfromthebackground.Althoughthiscanbeabeautifuleffect,itcanalsoberatherjarringifyouhavedifferentbackgroundsondifferentdesktopsorrapidlyshiftthroughbackgroundsusingtheslideshowoption.Don’tworry,youcanturnthisfeatureoffandI’llshowyouhow.
CustomizingandCreatingYourOwnDesktopBackgroundsIfyoureallywanttoexpressyourtrueself,thedesktopbackgroundcanhelpyoudoit.TheWindowsdesktopcandisplayasolidbackgroundcolororapictureasitswallpaper.Windows10providesastartersetofbackgroundimagesthatyoucanuseaswallpaper.
ToaccesstheBackgroundpage,showninFigure3-4,simplyright-clickonthedesktopandclickPersonalize.
Figure3-4Customizingthedesktopbackground.
Thedefaultwallpaperimagesarestoredinsubfoldersofthe%WinDir%\Web\Wallpaperfolder,where%WinDir%isanenvironmentvariablethatpointstothebaseinstallationfolderforWindowssuchasC:\Windows.Forthemostpart,theseimagesaresizedforeitherwidescreenviewingat1920x1200,buttheremayalsobeimagessizedforwidescreenviewingonstretcheddesktopsat3840x1200.Ifyouselectanimageatoneofthesesizesandyourcomputermonitorhasadifferentdisplayresolutionsize,Windowsresizestheimageautomaticallyeverytimetheimageisused.
Note Thebestpicturesforstretcheddesktopsarepanoramas,aspanoramasareverywide,andwhenyouareworkingwithbackgroundsandthemes,you’llfindbackgroundsandthemesdesignedforstretcheddesktopsareoftenreferredtoaspanoramicbackgroundsorpanoramicthemes.
Tip Toremovetheoverheadassociatedwithbackgroundresizing,youcansizeyourbackgroundimagessothattheyarethesamesizeasyourpreferreddisplayresolution.Ifyoudothis,however,makesurethatyousavethere-sizedimagestoanewlocationandthenchoosethisnewlocation.Don’toverwritetheexistingimages.
Youcanalsocreatebackgroundimagestouseaswallpaper.Todoso,simplycreateappropriatelysizedimagesas.bmp,.gif,.jpg,.jpg,.jpeg,.dib,.png,.tif,or.tifffiles,andthenaddthesefilestotheappropriatesubfoldersofthe%WinDir%\Web\Wallpaperfolder.Ifyoudonothaveaccesstothatfolder,orifyouwouldprefertonotmakechangestothat
folder,youcanalsousepicturesfromyourPicturesLibraryorelsewhere.
Note Youshouldoptimizeeverybackgroundimageyouuse.Ifyoudon’tdothis,youriskaffectingyourcomputer’sperformancebecauseWindowswillneedtoresizetheimageeverytimeitisused.
Windows10allowsyoutousethreedifferenttypesofbackgrounds:
PicturesSolidColorsSlideshows
UsingPicturesforBackgrounds
Youcansetthepicturebackgroundforthedesktopbycompletingthefollowingsteps:
1.Right-clickanopenareaofthedesktop,andthenclickPersonalize.Intheleftcolumn,Backgroundisselectedbydefault,asshownpreviouslyinFigure3-4.2.OntheBackgroundlist,choosePicture.Next,clickthepictureyouwanttouse,orclickBrowsetoselectapictureinanotherlocation,suchasyourpersonalDocumentsorPicturesfolder.3.Whenyouareusingabackgroundimage,youmustalsousetheChooseAFitoptiontoselectadisplayoptionforthebackground.Thepositioningoptionsare:
Fill Fillsthedesktopbackgroundwiththeimage.Generally,thefillisaccomplishedbyzoomingin,whichmayresultinthesidesoftheimagebeingcropped.Fit Fitstheimagetothedesktopbackground.Becausecurrentproportionsaremaintainedinmostcases,thisisagoodoptionforphotosandlargeimagesthatyouwanttoseewithoutstretchingorexpanding.Stretch Stretchestheimagetofillthedesktopbackground.Theproportionsaremaintainedascloselyaspossible,andthentheheightisstretchedtofillanyremaininggaps.Tile Repeatstheimagesothatitcoverstheentirescreen.Thisisagoodoptionforsmallimagesandicons(andalsotogetasingleimagetofilltwoscreens,asdiscussedinChapter2,“CustomizingtheWindows10Interface”).Center Centerstheimageonthedesktopbackground.Anyareathattheimagedoesn’tfillusesthecurrentdesktopbackgroundcolor.ClickChangeBackgroundColortosetthebackgroundcolorfortheareatheimagedoesn’tfill.Span Allowstheimagetofillastretcheddesktopbyspanningthespacefromonedesktoptotheother.
UsingSolidColorsforBackgrounds
Youcansetasolidcolorforthedesktopbackgroundbycompletingthefollowingsteps:
1.Right-clickanopenareaofthedesktop,andthenclickPersonalize.Intheleftcolumn,Backgroundisselectedbydefault,asshownpreviouslyinFigure3-4.
2.OntheBackgroundlist,chooseSolidColor.3.UnderBackgroundColors,clickthebackgroundcolorthatyouwanttouse.
UsingSlideshowBackgrounds
Withaslideshow,thebackgroundimagechangesautomaticallybasedonaspecificschedule,suchasevery30minutesordaily.Beforeyoucanuseaslideshow,however,youneedtocreateapicturealbumcontainingthepicturesyouwanttodisplayinthebackground.
ThedefaultpicturealbumisthePictureslibraryinyourpersonalfolders.Aspicturesinyourlibrarylikelyaren’tsizedoroptimizedforthedesktop,displayingtheimagesmayberatherinefficientintermsofsystemresourceusage.Ifyouwanttoreduceresourceusage,youshouldoptimizethesizeofimagesandthencopythesetoanewfolderthatyouthenuseasyourphotoalbum.
Tip Theoptimumsizeofimagesforyourdevicedependsonthedisplaysettings.Tocheckthedisplaysettingsforyoudevice,clickStartandthenclickSettings.IntheSettingsdialogbox,clickSystem.WithDisplayselectedintheleftpane,scrolldowninthemainpaneandthenselectAdvancedDisplaySettings.UnderResolution,you’llseethecurrentresolutionforthedevice’sdisplay,suchas1280x1024or1920x1200.Ifyou’vestretchedthedesktoponyourdeviceandwanttocreateastretchedbackground,thebackgroundsizeshouldbe2timesthewidthofthedisplay.Thus,ifthedisplayis1920pixelswide,theimageshouldbe3840pixelswide.
Youconfiguretheslideshowforthebackgroundbycompletingthefollowingsteps:
1.Right-clickanopenareaofthedesktop,andthenclickPersonalize.Intheleftcolumn,Backgroundisselectedbydefault.2.OntheBackgroundlist,chooseSlideshow,asshowninFigure3-5.3.Bydefault,yourPictureslibraryisusedasthesourcealbumfortheslideshow.Touseadifferentsource,clickBrowsetoselectapictureinanotherlocation,suchasyourpersonalDocumentsorPicturesfolder.
Tip Ifyouhaveadministratoraccesstothedevice,youcansetoneoftheWindowswallpaperfoldersasthesource.ClickBrowse,navigatetothebasefolderforwallpaper,suchasC:\Windows\Webandthenchoosethefoldertouse.
Figure3-5Creatingachangeschedule.
4.UsetheChangePictureEverylisttospecifyhowoftenpicturesshouldberotated,suchasevery30minutes,everyhour,every6hoursoreveryday.5.Youmustalsoselectadisplayoptionforthebackground.Thepositioningoptionsare:
Center Centerstheimageonthedesktopbackground.Anyareathattheimagedoesn’tfillusesthecurrentdesktopbackgroundcolor.ClickChangeBackgroundColortosetthebackgroundcolorfortheareatheimagedoesn’tfill.Fill Fillsthedesktopbackgroundwiththeimage.Generally,thefillisaccomplishedbyzoomingin,whichmayresultinthesidesoftheimagebeingcropped.Fit Fitstheimagetothedesktopbackground.Becausecurrentproportionsaremaintainedinmostcases,thisisagoodoptionforphotosandlargeimagesthatyouwanttoseewithoutstretchingorexpanding.Stretch Stretchestheimagetofillthedesktopbackground.Theproportionsaremaintainedascloselyaspossible,andthentheheightisstretchedtofillanyremaininggaps.Tile Repeatstheimagesothatitcoverstheentirescreen.Thisisagoodoptionforsmallimagesandicons(andalsotogetasingleimagetofilltwoscreens,asdiscussedinChapter2,“CustomizingtheWindows10Interface”).Span Allowstheimagetofillastretcheddesktopbyspanningthespacefromonedesktoptotheother.
CustomizingtheLockScreenLikethedesktop,thelockscreencanhaveapictureorslideshowbackground.Windows10providesastartersetofbackgroundimagesforthelockscreen.Thedefaultlockscreenimagesarestoredinsubfoldersofthe%WinDir%\Web\Screenfolder,where%WinDir%isanenvironmentvariablethatpointstothebaseinstallationfolderforWindowssuchasC:\Windows.
Forthemostpart,thedefaultimagesaresizedforeitherwidescreenviewingat1920x1200,buttheremayalsobeimagessizedforwidescreenviewingonstretcheddesktopsat3840x1200orlarger.Ifyouselectanimageatoneofthesesizesandyourcomputermonitorhasadifferentdisplayresolutionsize,Windowsresizestheimageautomaticallyeverytimetheimageisused.
ToaccesstheLockScreenpage,showninFigure3-6,simplyright-clickonthedesktopandclickPersonalize.Next,onthePersonalizationpage,clickLockScreenintheleftcolumn.
Figure3-6Customizingthelockscreen.
Justasyoucancreatebackgroundimagestouseaswallpaper,youcancreatebackgroundimagesforthelockscreen.Todoso,simplycreateappropriatelysizedimagesas.bmp,.gif,.jpg,.jpg,.jpeg,.dib,.png,.tif,or.tifffiles,andthenaddthesefilestothe%WinDir%\Web\Screenfolder.Ifyoudonothaveaccesstothatfolder,orifyouwouldprefertonotmakechangestothatfolder,youcanalsousepicturesfromyourPicturesLibraryorelsewhere.
Windows10allowsyoutousetwodifferenttypesofbackgroundsonthelockscreen:
PicturesSlideshows
Youalsocanspecifyappsthatcandisplaytheirstatusonthelockscreen,suchasAlarms&Clock,Mail,WeatherandCalendar.
UsingPicturesontheLockScreen
Youcansetthepictureforthelockscreenbycompletingthefollowingsteps:
1.Right-clickanopenareaofthedesktop,andthenclickPersonalize.Next,onthePersonalizationpage,clickLockScreenintheleftcolumn.2.OntheBackgroundlist,choosePicture.Next,clickthepictureyouwanttouse,orclickBrowsetoselectapictureinanotherlocation,suchasyourpersonalDocumentsorPicturesfolder.
Bydefault,thepicturefillsthescreen.Generally,thefillisaccomplishedbyzoomingin.Ifyouwantthepicturetofillastretcheddesktopbyspanningthespacefromonedesktoptotheother,you’llneedtocreateapicturethatis2timesthewidthofthedisplay.Thus,ifthedisplayis1920pixelswide,theimageshouldbe3840pixelswide.
UsingSlideshowsontheLockScreen
Withaslideshow,theimageonthelockscreenchangesautomaticallyeveryfewminutes.Beforeyoucanuseaslideshow,however,youneedtocreateapicturealbumcontainingthepicturesyouwanttodisplayinthebackground.
ThedefaultpicturealbumisthePictureslibraryinyourpersonalfolders.Aspicturesinyourlibrarylikelyaren’tsizedoroptimizedforthelockscreen,onlypicturesthatfitthescreenaredisplayedbydefault.Alsobydefault,whenyouareusingWindowsonadesktoporlaptopcomputer,Windowsshowsthelockscreenwhenthecomputerisinactiveratherthanturningoffthescreen.
Tip Theoptimumsizeofimagesforyourdevicedependsonthedisplaysettings.Tocheckthedisplaysettingsforyoudevice,clickStartandthenclickSettings.IntheSettingsdialogbox,clickSystem.WithDisplayselectedintheleftpane,scrolldowninthemainpaneandthenselectAdvancedDisplaySettings.UnderResolution,you’llseethecurrentresolutionforthedevice’sdisplay,suchas1280x1024or1920x1200.Ifyou’vestretchedthedesktoponyourdeviceandwanttocreateastretchedbackground,thebackgroundsizeshouldbe2timesthewidthofthedisplay.Thus,ifthedisplayis1920pixelswide,theimageshouldbe3840pixelswide.
Youconfiguretheslideshowforthelockscreenbycompletingthefollowingsteps:
1.Right-clickanopenareaofthedesktop,andthenclickPersonalize.Next,onthePersonalizationpage,clickLockScreenintheleftcolumn.2.OntheBackgroundlist,chooseSlideshow.Bydefault,yourPictureslibraryisusedasthesourcealbumfortheslideshow.Youcannowaddandremovesourcealbums.Ifyoudon’twantthePictureslibrarytobeusedasasourcealbum(perhapsduetoitcontainingembarrassingphotos),clickPicturesunderChooseAlbums…andthenclickRemove.3.Thephotosineachselectedalbumwillbeusedintheslideshow.Touse
addasourcealbum,clickAddAFolderandthenselectthesourcefolder.Touseremoveasourcealbum,clickthefolderunderChooseAlbums…andthenselectRemove.
Whileyou’reworkingwithslideshowsonthelockscreen,youmaywanttoconfigureadvancedsettingstooptimizethewaytheslideshowswork.Ifso,clicktheAdvancedSlideshowSettingslinkandthenusetheseoptionsforoptimization:
IncludeCameraRollFolders… Bydefault,thisoptionisOffandcamerarollfoldersfromyourPictureslibraryandOneDrivearen’tincludedinslideshows.Ifyouwantthesefoldersincludedautomatically,clicktherelatedtoggletoswitchittotheOnposition.UseOnlyPicturesThatFitMyScreen Bydefault,thisoptionisOnandonlypicturesthataresizedappropriatelyaredisplayedonthelockscreen.Ifyouwanttoincludeimagesregardlessofwhethertheyaresizedappropriately,clicktherelatedtoggletoswitchittotheOffposition.WhenMyPCIsInactive,ShowLockScreen Bydefault,thisoptionfordesktopandlaptopcomputersisOn.Thismeansthelockscreenisdisplayedwhenthecomputerisinactiveinsteadofturningoffthedisplay.Ifyouwantthedisplaytoturnoff,clicktherelatedtoggletoswitchittotheOffposition.
Bydefault,thescreendoesn’tturnoffwhiletheslideshowisplaying.Tochangethisbehavior,clicktheTurnOffScreenAfter…listandthenchooseaspecificturnofftime,suchasafter30minutesorafter1hour.
ConfiguringNotificationsontheLockScreen
Gettingnotificationsonthelockscreenishandysothatyoudon’thavetologintogetinformationyoumaybelookingfor,suchaswhetheryouhavenewmessages,whattheweatherislikeorwhatthestockmarketisdoing.Appsthatcanruninthebackgroundandshownotificationsonthelockscreeninclude:
Alarms&ClocksCalendarMailPeopleStoreWeatherXbox
Whilealloftheseappscandisplayshortnotifications,referredtoasquickstatuses,onlyafewappscandisplaylonger,detailedstatusupdates,whichfortheout-of-the-boxapps,includesWeather,CalendarandXbox.
Youcanspecifyappsthatcandisplaystatusupdatesonthelockscreenbycompletingthefollowingsteps:
1.Right-clickanopenareaofthedesktop,andthenclickPersonalize.Next,onthePersonalizationpage,clickLockScreenintheleftcolumn.2.Inthemainpane,scrolldown,untilyouseethestatussettingsshownin
Figure3-7.
Figure3-7Specifyappsthatcandisplaystatusupdatesonthelockscreen.
3.Youcanconfigureoneapptoshowdetailedstatusupdatesonthelockscreen.ClickChooseAnAppToShowDetailedStatusandthenselectoneoftheavailableapps.Ifyoudon’twantanyapptoshowadetailedstatus,selectNone.4.UsingtheChooseAppsToShowQuickStatusoptions,youcanconfigureuptosevenappstoshowquickstatusupdatesonthelockscreen.Clickoneoftheavailableslotsandthenselectanapptodisplayupdatesinthisslow.Ifyoudon’twantanyapptoshowaquickstatusinaparticularslot,selectNone.
SelectingandTuningThemesDesktopthemesarecombinationsofthevisualandaudioelementsthatsettheappearanceofmenus,icons,backgrounds,screensavers,systemsounds,andmousepointers.Wheneveryouswitchbetweenthemesormodifycertainaspectsofatheme,yousettheuserexperiencelevelandcolorschemeforyourcomputer.
ChoosingaTheme
Inadditiontoanycustomthemesyoucreate,severaldefaultthemesareavailable.Youcanapplyadefaultorsavedthemebycompletingthesesteps:
1.Right-clickanopenareaofthedesktop,andthenclickPersonalize.Next,onthePersonalizationpage,clickThemes.2.InthemainpaneunderThemes,clicktheThemeSettingslink.ThisopensControlPanel,asshowninFigure3-8.3.UsetheThemelisttoselectthethemeyouwanttouse.IfyouwanttouseasavedthemefromtheMicrosoftwebsite,clickGetMoreThemesOnlineandselectthethemeorthemestodownloadandinstall.
Figure3-8Choosethethemetouseorgetathemeonline.
Asyou’veseen,youcanswitchtoanyavailablethemebysimplyselectingitonthePersonalizationpageinControlPanel.TheHighContrastthemesarespecialthemesthatallowyoutoforegotheprettystufftoimproveperformanceandreadability.HighContrastthemesuseonlythemostbasicelementsandaredesignedforpeoplewithvisiondisabilities.
Withallotherthemes,Windowsautomaticallyadjuststheaccentcolorforgraphicsandwindowedgesbasedonthecolorsusedinthebackgroundimage.TheaccentcolorcanalsobeextendedtoStart,thetaskbar,windowlinksandmore.
SettingtheAccentColor
Youcancustomizethewayaccentcolorsareusedbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.Right-clickanopenareaofthedesktop,andthenclickPersonalize.Next,onthePersonalizationpage,clickColorsintheleftcolumn.2.TopickanaccentcolorratherthanhaveWindowspickthecolor,set
AutomaticallyPickAnAccentColor…toOff.AsshowninFigure3-9,youcanthenchoosetheaccentcolor.Simplyclickthecolortouse.3.ToextendtheaccentcolortoStart,thetaskbar,windowlinksandmore,scrolldownandthensetShowColorOnStart…toOn.
Figure3-9Choosetheaccentcolortouse.
RealWorld Bydefault,Start,taskbarandactioncenterhavetransparentbackgrounds,meaningyoucanseewhat’sopenbehindthem.Personally,Idon’tlikethiseffectandalwaysdisableitsothatthesescreenelementshaveasolidbackground.Disablingthisfeaturehasanaddedbenefit:Itreducesresourceusageandcanactuallymakeyourcomputerslightlymoreresponsive.Todisabletransparentbackgrounds,setMakeStart,Taskbar…toOff.ThisoptionsisalsoontheColorspanelunderSettings>Personalization.Ifyourdevicehasanolderprocessorordoesn’thavealotofphysicalmemory,youalsowanttousethestandardWindowsthemeratherthananyofthefancythemes.
ConfiguringScreenTimeoutandScreenSaversYoualsocanexpressyourselfbyusingscreensavers.Screensaverscanbeconfiguredtoturnonwhenacomputerhasbeenidleforaspecifiedperiod.Screensaverswereoriginallydesignedtopreventimageburn-inbydisplayingacontinuallychangingimage.Withtoday’smonitors,burn-inisnotreallyaproblem,butscreensaversstuckstillaroundbecausetheyofferedtheabilitytopassword-lockyourcomputerautomaticallywhenthescreensaverturnedon.
BeginningwithWindows8,Microsoftseparatedthelockingfunctionalityfromthescreensaverfunctionality,creatingatruelockscreen.BecauseofthisWindows10doesn’tuseascreensaverbydefaultandyouonlyneedtoconfigureoneifyoulikethefeature.Insteadofusingascreensaver,Windows10displaysthelockscreenuntilthedisplayisturnedoff,whichhappensautomaticallybasedonthesettingsintheactivepowerplan.Forexample,thedefaultpowerplan,calledBalanced,tellsWindows10toturnoffthedisplayafter10minuteswhenthecomputerispluggedinorafter5minuteswhenrunningonbattery.Thesedefaultsettingsdodependonthetypeofdevice,suchaswhetheryouareworkingwithaSurfacetabletoradesktopcomputer.
ConfiguringWhentheScreenTurnsOff
Youcansetthescreentimeoutvaluebyperformingthefollowingsteps:
1.Right-clickanopenareaofthedesktop,andthenclickPersonalize.Next,onthePersonalizationpage,clickLockScreenintheleftcolumn.2.Inthemainpane,scrolldownandclicktheScreenTimeoutSettingslink.3.UsetheselectionlistprovidedundertheScreenheadingtospecifywhenthescreenshouldturnoff,suchasafter15minutesofinactivity.Ifyouareworkingwithadevicethathasabattery,you’llhavetwoselectionlists,oneforwhenthedeviceispluggedinandtheotherforwhenthedeviceisrunningonbattery.4.Optionally,usetheselectionlistsundertheSleepheadingtospecifywhenthedeviceshouldentersleepmode,suchasafter30minutesofinactivity.Again,ifyouareworkingwithadevicethathasabattery,you’llhavetwoselectionlists,oneforwhenthedeviceispluggedinandtheotherforwhenthedeviceisrunningonbattery.
RealWorld Keepinmind,Windows10performsmanyhousekeepingtasksinthebackgroundwhenyourcomputerisidle,suchascreatingindexes,defragmentingharddisks,creatingwholecomputerbackups,andsettingsystemrestorepoints.Thus,youwanttoconsidercarefullywhentohavethedeviceentersleepmode.Waittoolongandyou’llusepower.WaitnotlongenoughandWindowsmayhavetorunhousekeepingtaskswhenyou’retryingtowork.
ConfiguringaScreenSaver
IfyouwantWindowstouseascreensaver,youcanconfigureonebyfollowingthese
steps:
1.Right-clickanopenareaofthedesktop,andthenclickPersonalize.Next,onthePersonalizationpage,clickLockScreenintheleftcolumn.2.Inthemainpane,scrolldownandclicktheScreenSaverSettingslinktoopentheScreenSaverSettingsdialogbox.3.UsetheScreenSaverlist,showninFigure3-10,toselectascreensaver.Althoughyoucaninstalladditionalscreensavers,thestandardoptionsareasfollows:
Figure3-10Choosingascreensaver
(None) Turnsoffthescreensaver.3DText Displaysthesystemtimeorcustomtextasa3Dmessageagainstablackbackground.(Usesthefile%WinDir%\System32\SsText3d.scr)Blank Displaysablankscreen(ablackbackgroundwithnotextorimages).(Usesthefile%WinDir%\System32\Scrnsave.scr)Bubbles Displaysmulticoloredbubblesfloatingacrossyourdesktopwhiletheopenwindowsanddocumentsonthedesktopremainvisible.(Usesthefile%WinDir%\System32\Bubbles.scr)Mystify Displaysarcingbandsoflinesinvariousgeometricpatternsagainstablackbackground.(Usesthefile%WinDir%\System32\Mystify.scr)Photos Displaysphotosandvideosfromaselectedfolderasaslideshow.Makesureyouknowwhatimageswillbeshownbeforeyousetthisuptoavoidpotentialembarrassment.(Usesthefile%WinDir%\System32\PhotoScreensaver.scr)Ribbons Displaysribbonsofvariousthicknessesandchanginglinesagainstablackbackground.(Usesthefile%WinDir%\System32\Ribbons.scr)
4.Password-protectthescreensaverbyselectingOnResume,Display
LogonScreen.Clearthisoptiononlyifyoudonotwanttousepasswordprotection.5.UsetheWaitcontroltospecifyhowlongthecomputermustbeidlebeforethescreensaverisactivated.Athome,areasonablevalueisbetween10and15minutes.Attheoffice,youmightwanttosetthistobetween5and7minutes.Inmanyoffices,theWaitsettingissetbycorporatepolicyandcannotbechanged.6.ClickOK.
ThePhotosand3DTextscreensavershaveadditionaloptions(aswilljustaboutanycustomscreensaversyouinstall).ThePhotosscreensaverdisplaysaslideshowofphotos,suchasyourportfolioorfamilypictures.
TocustomizethePhotosscreensaver,followthesesteps:
1.IntheScreenSaverSettingsdialogbox,selectPhotos,andthenclickSettingstodisplaythePhotosScreenSaverdialogboxshowninFigure3-11.2.Bydefault,thisscreensaverdisplaystheimagesinyourPictureslibrary,whichisacombinationofyourMyPicturesfolderandthePublicPicturesfolder.Tousephotosfromadifferentfolder,clickBrowse,andthenselectthefolderyouwanttouse.3.UseSlideShowSpeedlisttosetthespeedoftheslideshow.TheoptionsareSlow,Medium,andFast.
Figure3-11Fine-tuningthephotosscreensaver
4.Photosaredisplayedinalphanumericorderbydefault.Ifyouwanttoshufflethephotosanddisplaytheminrandomorder,selecttheShufflePicturescheckbox.5.ClickSave,andthenclickOK.
Tocustomizethe3DTextscreensaver,followthesesteps:
1.IntheScreenSaverSettingsdialogbox,select3DText,andthenclickSettingstodisplaythe3DTextSettingsdialogboxshowninFigure3-12.2.Displaythecurrenttimeoracustommessageas3Dtext.Todisplaythecurrenttimeas3Dtext,selectTime.Todisplayacustommessageas3Dtext,selectCustomTextandtypeyourmessage.
Figure3-12Fine-tuningthe3Dtextscreensaver
3.ClickChooseFont,andthenusetheFontdialogboxtosetthefontforthe3Dtext.ThedefaultfontisTahoma.4.UsetheResolutionslidertocontrolthedisplayresolutionofthetextandtheSizeslidertocontrolthesizeofthetext.Thehighertheresolutionandlargerthetext,themoreprocessingpowerrequiredtodrawandmovethemessage.5.UsetheRotationSpeedslidertocontrolthespeedatwhichthetextmovesandrotatesonthescreen.Thefastertherotation,themoreprocessingpowerrequiredtodrawandmovethemessage.6.UsetheRotationTypelisttoselectthetypeofrotationtouse,suchastumbleorspin.SettherotationtypetoNonetoturnoffrotationandreducetheamountofprocessingpowerrequiredtodrawandmovethemessage.7.UsetheSurfaceStyleoptionstoconfigurethewaythe3Dtextlooks.Forexample,SolidColordisplaysthetextinasolidcolor.ClickCustomColorandthenclickChooseColortodisplaytheColordialogbox.Choosethecolortouse,andclickthenOK.8.ClickOKtwicetosaveyoursettings.
ConfiguringandCreatingYourSystemSoundsAsoundschemeisasetofsoundsthatyouusetogether.Windows10playssoundsinresponsetoawidevarietyofevents,suchaswhenyoulogon,whenyouopenorcloseprograms,andwhenyoulogoff.Programsyouinstallcanhavetheirownsoundsaswell.Youmanageallofthesesoundscollectivelybyusingsoundschemes.
Tip Wantyourcomputertoplayasnippetfromaparticularsongwhenyoulogonorlogoff?Youcandothis!Whenyou’reconfiguringsoundsforyourcomputer,WindowsLogonandWindowsLogoffarelistedunderprogramevents.Simplyuseanysoundeditortocreatea.wavsnippetfromtheoriginalsongfilesandconfiguretheresulting.wavfilesforeachrelatedeventintheProgramEventslist.
Youcanconfigureyoursystemtouseanexistingsoundschemebycompletingthefollowingsteps:
1.Right-clickanopenareaofthedesktop,andthenclickPersonalize.Next,onthePersonalizationpage,clickThemesintheleftcolumn.2.Inthemainpane,clicktheAdvancedSoundSettingslinktodisplaytheSounddialogboxwiththeSoundstabselected,asshowninFigure3-13.
Figure3-13Selectingyoursystemsounds
3.UsetheSoundSchemelisttochoosethesoundschemetouse.Windows10hastwostandardsoundschemes:
NoSounds,whichturnsoffallprogramsoundsexcepttheWindowsStartupsound
playedwhenyoulogon.WindowsDefault,whichisconfiguredtousethestandardWindowssounds.
Note OthersoundschemesavailabletypicallydependontheeditionofWindows10installedonyourdevice,thedevicemanufacturer,andtheextrasyou’veinstalled.SomeoftheavailablesoundschemesyoumightseeincludeAfternoon,Calligraphy,Characters,Cityscape,Delta,Festival,Garden,Heritage,Landscape,Quirky,Raga,Savanna,andSonata.
4.IntheProgramEventslist,soundsareorganizedaccordingtotheprogramtowhichtheyrelateandtherelatedeventthattriggersthesound.Topreviewasoundforaparticularevent,selecttheeventintheprogramlistandthenclickTest.5.Tochangethesoundforanevent,selecttheeventintheProgramEventslistandthenusetheSoundslisttochooseanavailablesound.YoucanalsoclickBrowsetoselectothersoundsavailableonthesystem.ThesoundfilesmustbeinMicrosoft.wavformat.6.Ifyouchangedthedefaultsoundsforaschemeandwanttosavethechanges,clickSaveAs,typeanamefortheschemeinthefieldprovided,andthenclickOK.7.SaveyoursoundsettingsbyclickingOK.
Tip WanttoaccesstheSounddialogboxdirectly?IntheSearchbox,typeMmsys.cpl,andthenpressEnter.
CustomizingYourMousePointersApointerschemeisasetofmousepointersthatyouusetogether.ThethreetypesofmousepointersyouseethemostaretheNormalSelectpointer,theTextSelectpointer,andtheLinkSelectpointer.Youcanconfiguretheappearanceoftheseandothertypesofmousepointersandmanagethemcollectivelybyusingpointerschemes.
Theavailablepointerschemesinclude:
(None) Thisdoesn’tturnmousepointersoff.Instead,itusesnondescriptpointers.WindowsBlack Invertsthepointercolorssothatblackbackgroundsareusedinsteadofwhitebackgrounds.Alsocomesinlargeandextra-largeoptions.WindowsStandard ThestandardpointersusedwithWindowsStandardsettings.Alsocomesinlargeandextra-largeoptions.Magnified Givesthestandardpointersaboldedgesotheyareeasiertosee.WindowsInverted Invertsthepointercolorssothatblackbackgroundsareusedandgivesthemboldedgessotheyareeasiertosee.Alsocomesinlargeandextra-largeoptions.
Youcanconfigureyoursystemtouseanexistingpointerschemebycompletingthefollowingsteps:
1.Right-clickanopenareaofthedesktop,andthenclickPersonalize.Next,onthePersonalizationpage,clickThemesintheleftcolumn.2.Inthemainpane,clicktheMousePointerSettingslinktodisplaytheMousePropertiesdialogboxwiththePointerstabselected,asshowninFigure3-14.
Note Dropshadowsforpointersaredisabledbydefault,whichisgenerallyagoodthingasitmakesthepointerlookcleareronthescreen.Ifyoulikethedropshadoweffect,however,youcanenablethembyselectingEnablePointerShadow.
3.UsetheSchemelisttochoosethepointerschemetouse.4.IntheCustomizelist,pointersareorganizedaccordingtotheirtype.Tochangeapointer,selectthepointerandthenclickBrowse.ThisopenstheBrowsedialogboxwiththeCursorsfolderselected.Choosethecursorpointertouse,andthenclickOpen.5.Ifyouchangedthedefaultpointersforaschemeandwanttosavethechanges,clickSaveAs,typeanamefortheschemeinthefieldprovided,andthenclickOK.6.SaveyourpointersettingsbyclickingOK.
Figure3-14Selectingyourmousepointers
Tip Tomanagemousesettingsaswellaspointers,IntheSearchbox,typeMain.cpl,andthenpressEnter.Youcannowconfiguremousebuttons,pointers,scrolling,andmore.
SavingYourCustomThemesandCreatingThemePacksSofaryouhavetunedandtweakedwindowcolors,backgrounds,sounds,pointers,andscreensavers.Nowyou’llwanttosaveyoursettingsasaunifiedthemesoyoucanbesurethatyoucanuseitagainandagain.Todothis,followthesesteps:
1.Right-clickanopenareaofthedesktop,andthenclickPersonalize.Next,onthePersonalizationpage,clickThemes.2.InthemainpaneunderThemes,clicktheThemeSettingslink.ThisopensControlPanel.3.OnthePersonalizationpage,undertheMyThemesheading,you’llseeUnsavedTheme.Right-clickthistheme,andthenclickSaveTheme.OrsimplyclicktheSaveThemelinkwiththisthemeselected.4.IntheSaveThemeAsdialogbox,enteranameforyourcustomthemeandthenclickSave.Themedefinitionfilesendwiththe.themefileextension.5.Unlessdeletedinthefuture,thecustomthemewillappearasaMyThemesoption.You’llthenbeabletoloadthethemesimplybyclickingit.
Athemeyousaveinthiswaywillonlybeavailabletoyou.That’sbecausethethemeissavedinyouruserprofile(%UserProfile%\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\Themes).Ifyouwanttobeabletoshareathemewithothers,youmustcreateathemepackbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.Right-clickanopenareaofthedesktop,andthenclickPersonalize.Next,onthePersonalizationpage,clickThemes.2.InthemainpaneunderThemes,clicktheThemeSettingslink.ThisopensControlPanel.3.OnthePersonalizationpage,undertheMyThemesheading,you’llseeUnsavedTheme.Right-clickthistheme,andthenclickSaveThemeForSharing.4.IntheSaveThemePackAsdialogbox,enteranameforyourcustomthemepackandthenclickSave.Themepackdefinitionfilesendwiththe.themepackfileextensionandaresavedinyourDocumentsfolderbydefault.Savedthemepackscanbeseveralmegabytesinsize.5.Copythethemepacktoafolderaccessibletothepersonyouaresharingwith.Havethepersondouble-clickthethemepackfiletoloaditasathemeandsaveittohisorherownMyThemeslist.
Tip Youmightbewonderinghowyoudeleteacustomthemethatyounolongerwant.Well,todothis,selectadifferenttheme,right-clickthethemeyounolongerwantintheMyThemeslist,andthenclickDeleteTheme.
CustomizingYourDisplaysInChapter2,youlearnedhowtoconfiguremultipledisplays.Nowlet’stakeacloserlookatcustomizingdisplaysettings.
AdjustingDisplaySizeandOrientation
Withsomedevices,youmaywanttochangethedisplaysizeoftext,appsandotherscreenelementstomakethemlargerorsmaller.Sometimes,youmaywanteachofyourmonitorstohaveadifferentorientation.Forexample,youmaywantyourprimarymonitortoshowlandscapeviewwhileusingportraitviewonyoursecondarymonitor.Portraitviewdoesmakereadingandeditingdocumentseasier,butisn’tnecessarilyagoodchoiceotherwise.
Youcanadjustsizeandorientationbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.Right-clickanopenareaofthedesktop,andthenclickDisplaySettings.ThisopensSettingstotheSystem>Displaypage.2.UsetheChange…slidertomodifythesizeofscreenelements.Thedefaultsizeis100%.Youcanincreasesizebyslidingtotherightanddecreasesizebyslidingtotheleft.3.Optionally,usetheOrientationlisttospecifyanalternateorientationforamonitor,suchasportrait.Thedefaultorientationislandscape.4.ClickApply.
Windows10automaticallyoptimizesdisplaysettingsforeachofyourmonitorsbyselectingascreenresolution,refreshrate,andcolorbitnessthatseemmostappropriatebasedonitstesting.Normally,thesettingsWindowsselectsworkwell,buttheymightnotbetheoptimalsettingsforyourdevice.
Youcanadjustdisplaysettingsbycompletingthefollowingsteps:
1.Right-clickanopenareaofthedesktop,andthenclickDisplaySettings.ThisopensSettingstotheSystem>Displaypage.2.ClicktheAdvancedDisplaySettingslink.3.Display1isselectedbydefault.Ifyouwanttoconfigurethesecondmonitor,click2toselectit.4.UsetheResolutionlisttosetthedisplaysize,suchas1920×1200pixels.5.ScrolldownandclickDisplayAdapterProperties.Setthecolorqualityorrefreshrateusingoneofthefollowingoptions:
OntheAdaptertab,clickListAllModes.TheListAllModesdialogboxshowsthecolorqualitiesandrefreshratessupportedbytheselectedmonitor.ClickOK.OntheMonitortab,usetheScreenRefreshRatelisttosetthedesiredrefreshrate.Ifdifferentcolorbitnessisavailable,usetheColorslisttoselectacolorquality,suchasTrueColor(32bit).
6.ClickOKtosaveyoursettings.
AsdiscussedinChapter2,ifmultiplemonitorsareconnectedtoyourcomputer,youcandesignateonemonitorastheprimaryandtheotherasthesecondarymonitor.Youcanalso
extendthedesktopontoyoursecondmonitor.Afteryou’veconfiguredyourmonitors,you’llfindthatpressingtheWindowslogokey+Pisaconvenientwaytoquicklychangethemonitorconfiguration.AfterpressingtheWindowslogkey+P,youcan:
SelectPCScreenOnlytouseonlythemaincomputermonitororthebuilt-inscreenonalaptop.SelectDuplicatetodisplaythemaincomputermonitororthebuilt-inscreenonalaptoponasecondmonitor.SelectExtendtoextendthedisplayacrosstwomonitors.SelectSecondScreenOnlytodisplayonlyonanexternalmonitororprojector.
ManagingMonitorandGraphicsCardProperties
IfthemonitororgraphicscardshowninthedisplayPropertiesdialogboxdoesnotmatchtheoneyouareusing,youshouldvisityourcomputer,monitor,orgraphicscardmanufacturer’swebsiteandobtaintheproperdriver.Typically,youcandothisbyaccessingthemanufacturer’ssupportpageandenteringthemodelofyourcomputer,monitor,orgraphicscard.
Mostmanufacturersmaintaindriversforseveralyearsandprovideupdatesforthesedriversastheybecomeavailable.Typically,theupdateisdeliveredinazippedfilecontainingthedriversyouneedandanexecutableinstaller.ToextractthefilesfromaZIP,right-clickthe.zipfileandthenclickExtractAll.Afteryouselectadestinationfolder,clickExtract.
Youinstallmonitordrivesandgraphicscarddriversusingseparateprocedures.Tospecifythemonitordrivertouse,followthesesteps:
1.Right-clickanopenareaofthedesktop,andthenclickDisplaySettings.ThisopensSettingstotheSystem>Displaypage.2.ScrolldownandclicktheAdvancedDisplaySettingslink.3.Display1isselectedbydefault.Ifyouwanttoconfigurethesecondmonitor,click2toselectit.4.ClickDisplayAdapterProperties.OntheMonitortab,clickProperties.5.OntheDrivertab,clickUpdateDrivertostarttheUpdateDriverSoftwarewizard.ClickBrowseMyComputerForDriverSoftware.6.SelectasearchlocationbyclickingBrowse,usingtheBrowseForFolderdialogboxtoselectthestartfolderforthesearch,andthenclickingOK.Windows10searchesallsubfoldersoftheselectedfolderautomatically,andyoucanselectthedriverootpath,suchasC,tosearchanentiredrive.7.ClickNext.ClickClosewhenthedriverinstallationiscompleted.
Typically,graphicsdriversareinstalledusinganexecutableinstaller.Runtheinstallerandrebootiftheinstallerasksyoutodoso.Otherwise,manuallyspecifythegraphicscarddrivertousebyfollowingthesesteps:
1.Right-clickanopenareaofthedesktop,andthenclickDisplaySettings.ThisopensSettingstotheSystem>Displaypage.
2.ScrolldownandclicktheAdvancedDisplaySettingslink.3.Display1isselectedbydefault.Ifyouwanttoconfigurethesecondmonitor,click2toselectit.4.ClickDisplayAdapterProperties.OntheAdaptertab,clickProperties.5.OntheDrivertab,clickUpdateDrivertostarttheUpdateDriverSoftwarewizard.ClickBrowseMyComputerForDriverSoftware.6.SelectasearchlocationbyclickingBrowse,usingtheBrowseForFolderdialogboxtoselectthestartfolderforthesearch,andthenclickingOK.Windows10searchesallsubfoldersoftheselectedfolderautomatically,andyoucanselectthedriverootpath,suchasC,tosearchanentiredrive.7.ClickNext.ClickClosewhenthedriverinstallationiscompleted.
CalibratingColorandUsingColorProfiles
Colorcalibrationallowsyoutoimprovethewaycolorisusedonyourdisplayandtomakesurethatcolorsaredisplayedasaccuratelyaspossible.Tocalibratethecolor,followthesesteps:
1.Right-clickanopenareaofthedesktop,andthenclickDisplaySettings.ThisopensSettingstotheSystem>Displaypage.2.ScrolldownandclicktheAdvancedDisplaySettingslink.3.Display1isselectedbydefault.Ifyouwanttoconfigurethesecondmonitor,click2toselectit.4.UnderRelatedSettings,clickColorCalibrationtostarttheDisplayColorCalibrationwizardandthenfollowtheprompts.
Colorprofilesallowyoutogettruercolorsforspecificuses.Forexample,youmayneedtomoreaccuratelymatchon-screencolorstoprintcolors,andacolorprofiledesignedforthispurposecanhelpyoudothat.Afteryouobtainthecolorprofile,youmustinstallitoneachmonitorseparatelybyfollowingthesesteps:
1.Right-clickanopenareaofthedesktop,andthenclickDisplaySettings.ThisopensSettingstotheSystem>Displaypage.2.ScrolldownandclicktheAdvancedDisplaySettingslink.3.Display1isselectedbydefault.Ifyouwanttoconfigurethesecondmonitor,click2toselectit.4.ClickDisplayAdapterProperties.OntheColorManagementtab,clickColorManagement.5.IntheColorManagementdialogbox,selecttheAllProfilestabtogetinformationaboutcurrentlyinstalledcolorprofiles.ClickAdd.6.IntheInstallProfiledialogbox,findthecolorprofileyouwanttouseandthenclickAdd.7.IntheColorManagementdialogbox,selecttheDevicestab.Clickthenewprofile,andthenclickSetAsDefaultProfile.
Tip WanttogettotheColorManagementdialogboxdirectly?IntheSearchbox,typeColorcpl.exe,andthenpressEnter.Whenyouaccesscolormanagementinthisway,besuretousetheDevicelisttochoosethedisplayyouwanttoworkwith.
RealWorld Ifyoudon’thaveacolorprofileandstillwouldlikethebenefitsofone,usetheDisplayColorCalibrationtooltofine-tunedisplaycolorstoyourliking.
Chapter4.CustomizingBoot,Startup,andPowerOptions
Ifyoureallywanttoknowhowacarworks,youneedtoopenthehoodandtakealookatthepartsthatmakeitgo.Thesameistrueforadesktopcomputer.Openthecaseofadesktopcomputerandyou’llseetheactualpartsthatmakeyourcomputergo:drivesandcontrollers,centralprocessingunits,memorymodules,andmore,allconnectedviawiresorcircuitrytothecomputer’smotherboard.
Butattachingamyriadofdeviceswithwiresandcircuitrytoamotherboardisn’twhatmakesthemworktogether.Whatmakesthemworktogetherisyourcomputer’sfirmwareinterface,whichactsastheintermediaryamongdevices,theirinternalcode,ifpresent,andhigher-levelprocesses.
CustomizingYourComputer’sFirmwareInterfaceThewayafirmwareinterfaceoperatesandthetasksitperformsdependonthetypeoffirmwareinterfaceandthetypeofcentralprocessingunit(CPU).MostcomputersbuilttodayhaveCPUswith64-bitinstructionsetsandUnifiedExtensibleFirmwareInterface(UEFI)forfirmware.
UEFIcanbewrappedaroundeitherBIOSorEFI.Forourpurposes,acomputerthatusesUEFIwrappedaroundBIOSisBIOS-based,asisacomputerthatusesBIOSbyitself,andacomputerthatusesUEFIwrappedaroundEFIisEFI-based.
Caution Onlychangefirmwareinterfacesettingswhenyoufullyunderstandthepossiblerepercussionsofdoingso.Improperlyconfiguringacomputer’sfirmwareinterfacemaypreventitfrombootingandstaringtheoperatingsystem.Youshoulddocumenteverychangeyoumaketoyourcomputer’sfirmwareinterfaceinanotebook.Ifyougetintotrouble,youmaybeabletorestoreyourcomputer’sfactorydefaultsettingsbyusinganoptioninthefirmwareinterface.Keepinmind,however,thatthefactorydefaultsettingsmaynotbethesameasthesettingsconfiguredwhenyourcomputerwasdeliveredtoyou.
GettingtoKnowYourComputer’sFirmwareInterfaceFirmwareinterfacesknowlittleabouttheoperatingsystemyourcomputerisrunning.Windows10initializesitselfbyloadingapre-operatingsystembootenvironmentpriortoloadingtheoperatingsystem.Thisbootenvironmenthelpsyourcomputervalidatetheintegrityofstartupprocessesandtheoperatingsystemitselfbeforeactuallyrunningtheoperatingsystem.
Thebootenvironmentalsoactsasanabstractionlayerbetweenthefirmwareinterfaceandtheoperatingsystem.Byabstractingtheunderlyinginterfaces,thebootenvironmentallowsWindows10toworkwithBIOS,EFI,andanyotherunderlyinginterfaceframeworkinthesameway.
Yourcomputer’sfirmwareinterfacemanagestheprebootdataflowbetweentheoperatingsystemandattacheddevices.Whenthefirmwareinterfaceinitializesyourcomputer,itfirstdetermineswhetherallattacheddevicesareavailableandfunctioning,andthenitactivatesallthehardwarerequiredbythecomputertoboot,including:
GraphicsandaudiocontrollersInternaldrivesandcontrollersInternalexpansioncardsMotherboardchipsetsorSystemonaChip(SoC)ProcessorsandprocessorcachesSystemmemory
RealWorld MostdevicesrunningWindows10haveeitheramotherboardchipsetoraSystemonaChip(SoC).Generally,desktopandlaptopcomputersrunningIntelorAMDX64-basedprocessorshavemotherboardchipsetsandSurfaceorothertabletshaveIntelAtomprocessors.AtomprocessorsreplacetheARMprocessorsthatwereusedpreviouslyfortablets.Ratherthanrefertobothtypesofchipsetshere,I’vegeneralizedandwillsimplyrefertomotherboardchipsets.
Afterthefirmwareinterfacecompletesthisprocess,ittransferscontrolofthecomputertotheoperatingsystem.Thefirmwareinterfaceimplementationdetermineswhathappensnext.WithBIOS-basedcomputers,WindowsBootManagerandWindowsBootLoaderareusedtobootintotheoperatingsystem.WindowsBootManagerinitializestheoperatingsystembystartingtheWindowsBootLoader,whichinturnstartstheoperatingsystemusinginformationinthebootconfigurationdata(BCD)store.
EntriesintheBCDstoreidentifythebootmanagertouseduringstartupandthespecificbootapplicationsavailableonyourcomputer.WindowsBootManagercontrolsthebootexperienceandletsyouchoosethebootapplicationtorun.Bootapplicationsloadaspecificoperatingsystemoroperatingsystemversion.Forexample,Windows10isloadedbyaWindowsBootLoaderapplication.
ThroughBCDparameters,youcanaddoptionsthatcontrolthewaytheoperatingsystemstarts,thewaycomputercomponentsareused,andthewayoperatingsystemfeaturesare
used.
Note WithUEFI,UEFIbootservicesprovideanabstractionlayerwrappedaroundBIOSorEFI.AcomputerwithBIOSinitsunderlyingarchitectureusesaBIOS-basedapproachtobootingintotheoperatingsystem.AcomputerwithEFIinitsunderlyingarchitectureusesanEFI-basedapproachtobootingintotheoperatingsystem.
AccessingandSettingYourComputer’sFirmwareInterfaceWhenyouturnonmostcomputers,youaccessthefirmwareinterfacebypressingthebuttonshownforSetupintheinitialdisplay.Forexample,youmightpressF2duringthefirstfewsecondsofstartuptoenterthefirmwareinterface.Firmwareinterfaceshavecontroloptionsthatallowyoutoadjustthefunctionalityofhardware.Youcanusethesecontrolstoperformbasictasks,including:
AccessingfirmwareeventlogsfortroubleshootinginformationAdjustingdisplaybrightness(onlaptopcomputers)AdjustingtheharddisknoiselevelAdjustingthenumberofcorestheprocessorusesandtheirspeedChangingthebootsequencefordevicesChangingthemotherboardclock’sdateandtimeObtainingconfigurationinformationformemory,processors,andmoreRestoringthefirmwareinterfacetoitsdefault(factory)configurationTurningonoroffmodularadd-ondevices
Whileyouareworkingwiththefirmwareinterface,youmayalsobeabletocreatesupervisor,user,andgeneralpasswordsthatarenotaccessiblefromtheoperatingsystem.Whenasupervisorpasswordisset,youmustprovidethepasswordbeforeyoucanmodifythefirmwareconfiguration.Whenauserpasswordisset,youmustenterthepasswordduringstartupbeforethecomputerwillloadtheoperatingsystem.Ifyouforgetthesepasswords,youmightnotbeabletooperatethecomputerorchangefirmwaresettingsuntilyoucleartheforgottenpasswords,whichgenerallyalsoclearsanycustomizationyouhavemadetothefirmwareinterface.
Thewaythefirmwareinterfaceworksdependsonthecomputeryouareworkingwith,thetypeoffirmwareinterface,andtheversionofthefirmwareinterface.Desktopcomputerstypicallyhavemorefirmwareconfigurationoptionsthanportablecomputersdo.
Mostfirmwareinterfaceshaveseveralmenupagesthatprovideinformationandcontrols.Twoimportantcontrolsyou’llseearenetworkbootandbootorder.Whennetworkbootingisenabled,thecomputerbootsfromthenetwork.Thisissomethingyoumightwantattheoffice,butyougenerallydon’twantthisenabledathome.Bootordersetsthepriorityorderforyourcomputer’sbootabledevices.Yourcomputertriestostarttheoperatingsystemusingthehighest-prioritydevicefirst.Ifthisfails,yourcomputertriesthedevicewiththesecond-highestpriority,andsoon.Generally,you’llwantyourcomputertolooktoitsprimaryremovablemediadevicefirst,anditsprimaryharddrivenext,beforelookingtootherbootabledevices.
Becauseconfiguringbootoptionsinfirmwareisn’tnecessarilyintuitive,I’llprovidetwoexamplesusingcomputersfromdifferentmanufacturers.OnaDelldesktopcomputerthatIhave,youmanagebootsettingsontheBootSequencesubmenuunderSysteminthefirmwareinterface.Thebootorderislistedasfollows(basedonthedevicepresentinmycomputer):
1.OnboardorUSBDVD-ROMDrive2.OnboardSATAHardDrive
3.OnboardorUSBFloppyDrive(notpresent)4.OnboardIDEHardDrive(notpresent)5.Add-inHardDrive(notpresent)6.USBDevice(notpresent)7.Add-inHardDrive(notpresent)
Inthisexample,internaldevicesarelistedas“Onboard.”BecauseyougenerallywantthecomputertocheckitsprimaryDVD-ROMdriveforbootablemediafirstandthencheckitsprimaryharddrive,thecomputer’sprimaryDVD-ROMdrivehasthehighestbootorder,andthecomputer’sprimaryharddriveislistedwiththesecond-highestbootorder.
Severaloptionsareavailablefornavigatingthelist.YoucanusetheUpandDownarrowkeystoselectadevice,andthenpresstheUorDkeytomovethedeviceupordowninthebootorderlist.YoucanpresstheSpacebartoexcludeorincludeadevicefromthebootlist.PressDeletetopermanentlydeletethedeviceifitisnotphysicallypresentandyounolongerwantitinthelist.
Otherimportantmenusintheinterfaceincludethefollowing:
UnderDrivesinthefirmwareinterface,submenusallowyoutoenable,disable,andconfiguredrives.DisketteDriveconfiguresfloppydrives.Drive0:SATA-0enablesordisablesthisspecificdevice.Drive1:SATA-1enablesordisablesthisdevice.SATAOperationsetsthehardwareRAIDconfiguration.UnderOnboardDevices,youcanusetheoptionsontheUSBControllersubmenutoenableordisablebootingfromUSBstoragedevices.
Forcomparison,onanHPlaptopofmine,thebootsettingsarefoundontheBootOrderandBootOptionssubmenusonthefirmwareinterface’sSystemConfigurationpage.OntheBootOrdersubmenu,thebootorderislistedasfollows:
1.USBFloppy2.ATAPICD/DVDROMDrive3.NotebookHardDrive4.USBDisketteonKey5.USBHardDrive6.NetworkAdapter
Onthiscomputer,youusetheUpandDownarrowkeystoselectadevice,andthenpressF5orF6tomovethedeviceupordowninthelist.ThecomputerdistinguishesbetweenUSBflashkeys(referredtoasUSBdiskettesonkeys)andUSBdrives(referredtoasUSBharddrives).However,youwon’treallyseeadifferencebetweenthetwo.
TheBootOptionssubmenuhastheseoptions:
F10andF12Delay(sec) SpecifiestheamountoftimeyouhavetopressF10orF12beforestartupbegins.DVD-ROMBoot ControlswhetherDVD-ROMbootduringstartupisenabledordisabled.FloppyBoot Controlswhetherfloppybootduringstartupisenabledordisabled.
InternalNetworkAdapterBoot Controlswhethernetworkbootduringstartupisenabledordisabled.
Here,themainoptionsfornavigatingthelistaretheUpandDownarrowkeys.Youusethesekeystoselectanoption,andthenpressEntertoviewandsettheoption.
EveryfirmwareinterfacehasanExitoption.TheExitpageallowsyoutoexitthefirmwareinterfaceandresumestartupofthecomputer.Payparticularattentiontotherelatedoptions.Generally,youcaneitherexitthefirmwareinterfaceanddiscardyourchanges,orexitthefirmwareinterfaceandsaveyourchanges.Saveonlywhenyouarecertainthatyou’vecorrectlymodifiedthefirmwareinterface.Incorrectlyconfiguringthefirmwareinterfacecanmakeyourcomputerunbootable.
Desktopcomputerscanhaveadizzyingarrayofoptionsandsuboptions.Andbecausetherearefewstandardsandconventionsamongfirmwareinterfacemanufacturers,firmwareinterfaceoptionswithsimilarpurposescanhaveverydifferentlabels.Readthedescriptionsoftheoptionstohelpyouasyoumaywanttocustomizetheseoptionsforthewayinwhichyouwantyourcomputertowork.
RealWorld Yourcomputer’sfirmwareinterfaceisupdatable,andyoumayneedtoupdatethefirmwaretoresolveproblemsorimproveefficiency.However,ifyouarenotexperiencingproblemsonacomputerandarenotawareofanyadditionalfunctionalityinthefirmwareinterfacethatyouneed,youmightnotneedtoupdateacomputertothelatestversionofthefirmwareinterface.Rememberthatanimproperupdatecanharmthecomputerandpreventitfromstarting.Thatsaid,whenyouaretryingtoinstallanewoperatingsystemonyourcomputerandyouaregettingastrangeerror,firmwaremaybetoblame.Forexample,whenIwastryingtoinstallWindows10,oneofmylaptopswasn’tabletofindthedriversforitsinternalcontrolsanddrives—evenwhenIprovidedthem—andsometimesalsogotamediaerror.WhenIupdatedthefirmwaretothelatestversiontheseproblemswentawayandIwasabletoinstallWindows10.
TrackingandConfiguringPowerOnandResumeKnowingthesequenceofeventsforacoldstartofacomputerfrompoweronthroughlogoncanhelpyouunderstandexactlyhowyourcomputerworks.Whenyoupressthepowerbuttontoturnonyourcomputer,manyeventshappeninthebackground:
1.ThefirmwareinterfaceperformsaPowerOnSelfTest(POST)topreliminarilyconfigurethecomputerandthenperformssetuptoinitializethecomputer.
Note Acoldstartistheinitialpoweronofacomputer.Thesequenceofeventsvariesifthecomputerisresumingfromsleep,standby,orhibernation,aswellasifyouarestartinganoperatingsystemotherthanWindowsoraWindowsoperatingsystemotherthanWindows10,Windows10,orWindowsServer2012.
2.Thefirmwareinterfacepassescontroltotheoperatingsystemloader,whichinthiscaseisthebootmanager.Thebootmanagerstartsthebootloader.Thebootloaderusesthefirmwareinterface’sbootservicestocompleteoperatingsystembootandthenloadtheoperatingsystem.3.Theoperatingsystemloads,whichinvolvesthefollowing:
a.Loading(butnotrunning)theoperatingsystemkernel,Ntoskrnl.exe
b.Loading(butnotrunning)thehardwareabstractionlayer(HAL),Hal.dll
c.LoadingtheHKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEMregistryhiveintomemory(from%SystemRoot%\System32\Config\System)
d.ScanningtheHKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\Serviceskeyfordevicedriversandthenloading(butnotinitializing)thedriversthatareconfiguredforthebootclassintomemory
Note Inthiscontext,driversarealsoservices.Thismeansthatbothdevicedriversandsystemservicesareprepared.
e.Enablingmemorypaging
4.Thebootloaderpassescontroltotheoperatingsystemkernel.ThekernelandtheHALinitializetheWindowsexecutive,whichinturnprocessestheconfigurationinformationstoredintheHKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSethiveandthenstartsdevicedriversandsystemservices.5.ThekernelstartstheSessionManager(Smss.exe).Thesessionmanager:
a.Initializesthesystemenvironmentbycreatingsystemenvironmentvariables.
b.StartstheWin32subsystem(Csrss.exe).Here,Windowsswitchesthedisplayoutputfromtextmodetographicsmode.
c.StartstheWindowsLogonManager(Winlogon.exe),whichinturnstartstheServicesControlManager(Services.exe)andtheLocalSecurityAuthority
(Lsass.exe)andwaitsforausertologon.
d.Createsanyadditionalpagingfilesthatarerequired.
e.Asnecessary,performsdelayedrenamingofin-usefilesthatwereupdatedintheprevioussession.
6.TheWindowsLogonManagerwaitsforausertologon.ThelogonuserinterfaceandthedefaultcredentialprovidercollecttheusernameandpasswordandpassthisinformationtotheLocalSecurityAuthorityforauthentication.7.TheWindowsLogonManagerrunsUserinit.exeandtheFileExplorershell.Userinit.exeinitializestheuserenvironmentbycreatinguserenvironmentvariables,runningstartupprograms,andperformingotheressentialtasks.
Knowingthiseventsequencecanhelpyouidentifythesourceofstartupproblems.Keepthefollowinginmind:
IfyourcomputerfailsduringthePowerOnSelfTest’spreliminaryconfiguration,thelikelycauseoftheproblemishardwarefailureoramissingdevice.Ifyourcomputerfailsduringthesetupinitialization,thelikelycauseoftheproblemisthefirmwareconfiguration,thedisksubsystem,orthefilesystem.Ifyourcomputerfailsduringthebootloaderprocess,BCDdata,improperOSselectionforloading,oraninvalidbootloaderarethelikelycauseoftheproblem.IfyourcomputerfailsduringkernelandHALinitialization,driverorserviceconfigurationorservicedependenciesarethelikelycauseoftheproblem.IfyourcomputerfailsbeforelogonandduringSessionManagersetup,thegraphicsdisplaymode,systemenvironment,orcomponentconfigurationarethelikelycauseoftheproblem.
Understandinghowyourcomputerresumesisequallyimportant.Duringaresumefromsleep,standby,orhibernation,yourcomputer’sadvancedpowersettingsdeterminehowthecomputerturnsitselfbackon.Acomputer’smotherboardchipset,firmware,andoperatingsystemmustsupporttheAdvancedConfigurationandPowerInterface(ACPI)versionthatimplementstheadvancedpowerstatefeatureyouaretryingtouse.ACPI-awarecomponentstrackthepowerstateofthecomputer.AnACPI-awareoperatingsystemcangeneratearequestthatthesystembeswitchedtoadifferentpowerstate,andthefirmwareinterfacerespondsbyenablingtherequestedpowerstate.
Therearesixdifferentpowerstates,rangingfromS0(completelypoweredonandfullyoperational)toS5(completelypoweredoff).Everythinginbetweenisasleepstate.S1,S2,andS3arelow-powerconsumptionstatesinwhichsomeorallcontextsaremaintainedinmemory.S4istheno-powerhibernatestateinwhichcontextdataiswrittentodisk.
Motherboardchipsetssupportspecificpowerstates.OnemotherboardmightsupporttheS0,S1,S4,andS5states,whereasanothermightsupporttheS0,S1,S3,S4,andS5states.Asacomputeruser,youdon’tneedtoknowtheexactspecificsofeachstate.Justrememberthis:
S0meansthecomputerison.S1,S2,andS3meanthecomputerisasleepstatebutstillusingsomepower.
S4meansthecomputerishibernatingandnotusingpower.S5meansthecomputerisoff.
Yourcomputer’sfirmwareinterfacehasrelatedpowermanagementsettings.YoucanuseAfterPowerFailure,ACRecovery,orasimilarsettingtospecifywhatthecomputerdoesafterapowerfailure.Ifyouwantthecomputertoremainoffafterpowerisrestored,setthecomputertostayoff.Ifyouwantthecomputertogobacktothestateitwasinbeforepowerfailed,setthecomputertousethelaststate.Ifyouwantthecomputertoturnitselfonafterapowerfailure,setthecomputertopoweron.
AnotherpoweroptionyoumayseeisWakeOnLANFromS5orAutoPowerOn.Thistypeofoptiondeterminestheactiontakenwhenthesystempowerisoffandapowermanagementwakeeventoccurs.Ifyouconfigurethisoption,you’llbeabletospecifywhetherthecomputerstaysofforpowerson.
YoumayalsohavecontroloverwhetherS1orS3suspendmodeisused.Fromauserperspective,itreallydoesn’tmatterwhetherS1orS3isused.However,fromacomputerperspectiveitmattersalot,andyou’llonlywanttoswitchmodesifyouaretryingtocorrectaresumeproblem.Forexample,ifyourcomputerishavingproblemsresumingfromasleepstate,atroubleshootingoptionmayinvolvechangingthesuspendmode.
Ifyouencounterstartupproblemsjustpriortoorafterlogon,theissueisprobablyrelatedtoamisconfiguredserviceorstartupapplication.Totemporarilyresolvethissoyoucanlogon,youcandisableservicesandstartupapplications,asdiscussedlaterinthischapter.
GettingFirmwareandPowerManagementInformationYoucanusethePowerCfgutilitytogetinformationaboutyourcomputer’sfirmwareandpowermanagementconfiguration.WhenyourunPowerCfgandcreateautilizationreport,theutilityperformsadetaileddiagnosticsofyoursystemthatanalyzesthecomputer’sconfigurationandidentifiesanypowerefficiencyissues.AsFigure4-1shows,thereportisgeneratedinHTMLanddisplayedusingawebbrowser,suchasMicrosoftEdge.Thereport:
Specifiesthetypeoffirmware,thefirmwaredateandversion.Identifiesservicesanddeviceswithpowermanagementissues,ifany.Specifieswhetheryourbatteryisfailingorbecominginefficient,ifapplicable.Identifiesthespecificsleepstatessupported.(ThesedetailsareintheInformationsection.)
Figure4-1Apowerefficiencydiagnosticsreport.
Youcangenerateareportforyourcomputerbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.OpenaCommandPrompt(Admin)window.Onewaytodothisistoright-clickStartandthenselectCommandPrompt(Admin)ontheshortcutmenu.2.Changetothedocumentsfolderinyouruserprofilebyenteringthefollowingattheprompt:
cd%HomePath%\documents
3.RunPowercfgandgeneratethereportbyenteringthefollowingattheprompt:
PowerCfg/Energy
4.Wait1to2minutesfortheutilitytoperformtheanalysisandgeneratethereport.Thendisplaythereportinthedefaultbrowserbyenteringthefollowingattheprompt:
energy-report.html
CustomizingStartupandBootConfigurationWindows10providestheStartupAndRecoverydialogbox,theSystemConfigurationutility,andtheBCDEditortohelpyoumodifythebootconfigurationandthestartupprocess.TheStartupAndRecoverydialogboxandtheSystemConfigurationutilityaretheeasiesttouse.Althoughacommand-lineprofessionalmaywanttotuneacomputerwiththeBCDEditor,youcanusetheothertoolstoperformessentiallythesametaskswithoutallthefuss.
ProTip Sometimesadevicemayfailtostartduetoissueswiththebootoptionsinfirmware.Ondeviceswithfirmwarebootoptionsthatareconfigurable,youcanaccessaBootOptionsmenubypressingadesignatedfunctionkey,suchasF8orF12duringstartupofthedevice.Somedevicesdisplayanoticeduringstartupregardingthekeytopress.However,increasingly,thismenuiseitherhiddenorcompletelyinaccessibleforalltypesofdevicesexceptfordesktopPCs.OndesktopPCs,theBootOptionsmenuandUEFI/BIOSfirmwarearewhereyougotodisableSecureBootandenableLegacyBoot,whichissomethingyoumayneedtodotoenableloadingadditionaloperatingsystems.
Fine-TuningStartupandRecoverySettingsOneoftheeasiestwaystocontrolthewayyourcomputerstartsistoconfigurestartupoptionsbyusingtheStartupAndRecoverydialogbox.Therelatedoptionssetthedefaultoperatingsystem,howlongtodisplaythelistofavailableoperatingsystems,andhowlongtodisplayrecoveryoptionswhenneeded.Youcanoptimizethesesettingstospeedupthestartupprocessbyreducingwaittimeswhilealsoensuringthatyoucanaccessadvancedoptions,whichmaybenecessaryfortroubleshootingandrecovery.
Youaccessandconfigurestartupoptionsbycompletingthefollowingsteps:
1.IntheSearchbox,typeSystemPropertiesAdvancedintheSearchbox,andthenpressEntertoopentheSystemPropertiesdialogboxwiththeAdvancedtabselected.2.UnderStartupAndRecovery,clickSettingstodisplaytheStartupAndRecoverydialogbox,showninFigure4-2.3.Ifyourcomputerhasmultipleoperatingsystems,usetheDefaultOperatingSystemlisttospecifytheoperatingsystemthatyouwanttostartbydefault.4.SpecifythedisplayintervalfortheoperatingsystemlistbyselectingtheTimeToDisplayListOfOperatingSystemscheckboxandsettingthedesiredintervalinseconds.Tospeedupthestartupprocess,youmightuseavalueof5or10seconds.5.SpecifythedisplayintervalfortherecoveryoptionslistbyselectingtheTimeToDisplayRecoveryOptionsWhenNeededcheckboxandsettingthedesiredintervalinseconds.Again,tospeedupthestartupprocess,youmightuseavalueof5or10seconds.6.UnderSystemFailure,selectWriteAnEventToTheSystemLogifyouwanttorecordeventsrelatedtosystemfailure.Ifyouwantyourcomputertoautomaticallyrestartafterafailure,selectAutomaticallyRestart.7.SaveyoursettingsbyclickingOKtwice.
Figure4-2Configuringstartupandrecoveryoptions
ChangingYourComputer’sBootConfigurationAsyou’veseen,theStartupAndRecoverydialogboxmakesiteasytosetbasicstartupoptions.Toconfiguremoreadvancedoptionsandfine-tunethestartupprocess,youcanusetheSystemConfigurationutility(Msconfig.exe).Althoughyoutypicallyusethisutilityduringtroubleshooting,youalsocanusetheutilitytodigdowndeepintostartupprocessesandchangethewaystartupworks.
TheSystemConfigurationutilityisavailablebytypingmsconfig.exeintheSearchbox,andthenpressingEnter.AsshowninFigure4-3,thisutilityhasthefollowingtabs:
General Allowsyoutoconfigurenormalstartup,diagnosticstartup,orselectivestartupBoot AllowsyoutocontrolthewaytoenablevariousSafeBootmodesandthewaythatindividualstartup-relatedprocessesworkServices AllowsyoutoenableordisablesystemservicesStartup AllowsyoutoenableordisablestartupprocessesTools Allowsyoutoaccessvarioussystemmanagementtools
Figure4-3Fine-tuningstartupwiththeSystemConfigurationutility
YoushouldknowseveralimportantthingsaboutusingtheSystemConfigurationutility:
IfyoumakechangesontheBoot,Services,orStartuptabs,theSelectiveStartupoptionandrelatedsuboptionsareautomaticallyselectedontheGeneraltab.Youshouldusuallyremoveyourselectiveordiagnosticoptionswhenyouarefinishedtroubleshootingyourcomputer’sproblem.Afteryourestartthecomputerandresolveanyproblems,accesstheSystemConfigurationutilityagain,restoretheoriginalsettings,andthenclickOK.Youmustspecificallyelecttomakechangespermanent.Otherwise,yourchangeswillbelostwhenyougobacktonormalstartup.
UsingtheSelectiveandDiagnosticStartupModes
Normalisthedefaultstartupmode.NormalstartupensuresthatWindows10loadsallsystemconfigurationfilesanddevicedriversandrunsallstartupapplicationsandenabledservices.Ifyourcomputerisn’tperformingproperlyorisgeneratingerrorsatstartup,you
canusediagnosticorselectivestartuptotrytodeterminethecauseoftheproblem.
Youusediagnosticstartuptotroubleshootsystemproblems.Indiagnosticmode,yourcomputerloadsonlybasicdevicedriversandessentialservices.Whenyoustartthesystemindiagnosticmode,youcanmodifysystemsettingstoresolveconfigurationproblems.
Youuseselectivestartuptoidentifyproblemareasinyourcomputer’sconfiguration.Selectivestartupisamodifiedbootconfiguration.Here,yourcomputeronlyusesthesystemservicesandstartupitemsyouspecify,whichcanhelpyouidentifysettingsthatarecausingsystemproblemsandcorrectthemasnecessary.
Youcanenableanduseselectiveordiagnosticstartupbycompletingthesesteps:
1.TypemsconfigintheSearchbox,andthenpressEntertodisplaytheSystemConfigurationutility.2.OntheGeneraltab,selecteitherDiagnosticStartuporSelectiveStartup.IfyouchooseSelectiveStartup,specifytheitemsthatyouwantyourcomputertouse.Yourchoicesare:
LoadSystemServices SetsthecomputertoloadWindowsservicesonstartup.Ifyouselectthisoption,usethesettingsontheServicestabtospecifywhichservicesarestarted.LoadStartupItems Setsthecomputertorunapplicationsdesignatedforstartupatboottime.Ifyouselectthisoption,youcanenableanddisablestartupapplicationsbyusingtheoptionsontheStartuptab.UseOriginalBootConfiguration Setsthecomputertoprocesstheoriginalbootconfigurationonstartupinsteadofoneyou’vecreatedbymodifyingthebootsettingswiththeSystemConfigurationutility.
3.Whenyouarereadytocontinue,clickOK,andthenrebootyourcomputer.Ifyouhaveproblemsrebootingyourcomputer,restartthesysteminSafeModeandrepeatthisprocedure.SafeModeappearsautomaticallyasanoptionafterafailedboot.
ChangingtheWayYourComputerBoots
Windows10usestheWindowsBootManagerandabootapplicationtostarttheoperatingsystem.Fortroubleshooting,youcanusetheoptionsontheSystemConfigurationutility’sBoottabtocontrolthebootpartition,bootmethod,andbootoptionsusedbytheoperatingsystem.
Whenyourcomputerhasmultipleoperatingsystems,youcanspecifythatanoperatingsystemotherthanthecurrentoneshouldbeusedsimplybyclickingtherelatedoperatingsystementry.Whenworkingwithoperatingsystementries,youcanselectthefollowingoptions:
SetAsDefault Setsthecurrentlyselectedbootpartitionasthedefaultpartition.Thedefaultpartitionisselectedautomaticallyifyoudon’tchooseanotheroptionbeforethetimeoutinterval.Timeout Setstheamountoftimethecomputerwaitsbeforeusingthedefaultbootpartition.
Delete Deletesanoperatingsystementry.Astheentrycannotbeeasilyre-created,onlydeleteanentryifabsolutelynecessary.
TheBoottabhasotheroptionsaswell,including:
AdvancedOptions Allowsyoutosetbootoptionsfornumberofprocessors,maximummemory,PCIlocking,anddebugging.SafeBoot SetsthecomputertostartinSafeMode,withadditionalflagsforminimal,network,andalternateshellminimalboots.AfteryousuccessfullybootyourcomputerinSafeMode,youcanmodifysettingstoresolveanyconfigurationproblems.NoGUIBoot SetsthecomputertoboottotheWindowsprompt,whichdoesn’tloadthegraphicalcomponentsoftheoperatingsystem.BootingtothepromptisusefulwhenyouarehavingproblemswiththevideoandgraphicalcomponentsofWindows10.BootLog Turnsonbootloggingsothatkeystartupeventsarewrittentoaneventlog.BaseVideo Forcesthecomputertousevideographicsadapter(VGA)displaysettings.Usethismodewhenyouaretryingtoresolvedisplaysettings,suchaswhenthedisplaymodeissettoasizethatthemonitorcannotdisplay.OSBootInformation StartsthecomputerusingverboseoutputsothatyoucanviewthedetailsofstartupactivitiespriortotheloadingofWindowsgraphicalcomponents.
AllchangesyoumakearestoredasmodifiedbootconfigurationdatabytheSystemConfigurationutility.AfteryoumakechangesandclickOK,youcanrestartthecomputertoapplythechangestemporarily.Togobacktoanormalstartupafteryou’vemadeandappliedchanges,youmuststarttheutility,selectNormalStartupontheGeneraltab,andthenclickOK.Youmustthenrestartthecomputersothatthenormalsettingsareused.
Tomakethestandardoradvancedbootoptionsyou’veselectedpermanent,youmustselecttheMakeAllBootSettingsPermanentcheckboxontheBoottabbeforeclickingOK.Inmostcases,youwon’twanttroubleshootingordebuggingoptionstobepermanent,sobesuretocleartheseoptionsfirst.
DisablingStartupApplicationsandServicesforTroubleshooting
Slowstartupanderrorsexperiencedduringstartupcansometimesberelatedtoapplicationsandservicesrunatstartup.YoumanagestartupappsusingTaskManagerandservicestartupusingSystemConfiguration.
Whenyoubelievethatanapplicationloadedatstartupiscausingproblemswithyourcomputer,youcandisabletheprogramfromstartingandrebootyourcomputer.Iftheproblemisnolongerpresent,youmighthaveidentifiedtheproblemandcanremedyitbypermanentlydisablingtheautomaticstartupoftheprogram.Iftheproblemstilloccurs,youcantrydisablingotherstartupapplicationstoseeifthisresolvestheproblem.
Youcandisablestartupapplicationsbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.OpenTaskManagerbyright-clickingtheStartbuttonandselectTaskManagerontheshortcutmenu.Alternatively,presstheWindowslogokey+X
andthenclickTaskManagerontheshortcutmenu.2.OntheStartuptab,showninFigure4-4,allapplicationsthatrunautomaticallyatstartuparelistedbyname,commandpath,andregistrylocation.3.ClickanyapplicationthatyoudonotwanttoloadatstartuptoselectitandthenclickDisable.Makesureyouonlydisableprogramsthatyou’veidentifiedaspotentialproblems,anddosoonlyifyouknowhowtheyareusedbytheoperatingsystem.4.Youshouldrestartyourcomputertocheckthechanges.Repeatthisprocedureasnecessarytoidentifytheprogramcausingthesystemproblems.Ifyoucan’tidentifyanapplicationasthecauseoftheproblem,aWindowscomponent,service,ordevicedrivermightbecausingtheproblemyouareexperiencing.SomeprogramsandhousekeepingtasksaretriggeredbyScheduledJobs,andtheperiodictriggeringofthesescheduledjobsmightbethecauseoftheproblem.
Figure4-4Viewingstartupapplications
Ifdisablingastartupapplicationresolvestheproblem,youmaywanttocheckwiththeapplicationvendortoseeifanupdatedexecutableisavailable.Ifso,installtheupdate.
Youcantroubleshootproblemswithsystemservicesinasimilarway:
1.OpentheSystemConfigurationutility.TheServicestabdisplaysalistofallservicesinstalledonthecomputer,theoriginofeachservice,andthestateofeachservice,suchasRunningorStopped.2.Clearthecheckboxnexttoanyservicethatyoudonotwanttorunatstartup.Makesureyouonlydisablethoseservicesthatyou’veidentifiedaspotentialproblems,anddosoonlyifyouknowhowtheyareusedbytheoperatingsystem.3.ClickOK.Youshouldrestartthecomputertocheckthechanges,soifyouarepromptedtorestartthesystem,clickYes.Otherwise,restartthecomputermanually.Repeatthisprocedureasnecessarytoidentifytheservicecausingtheproblem.Ifyoucan’tidentifyaserviceasthecauseoftheproblem,aWindows
component,startupapplication,ordevicedrivermightbecausingtheproblemyouareexperiencing.SomeprogramsandhousekeepingtasksaretriggeredbyScheduledJobs,andtheperiodictriggeringofthesescheduledjobsmightbethecauseoftheproblem.
Ifdisablingaserviceresolvestheproblem,youcanthenpermanentlydisabletheserviceusingtheServicesutilityorcheckwiththeservicevendortoseeifanupdatedexecutableisavailablefortheservice.
CustomizingBootConfigurationwiththeBCDEditorTheBCDstorecontainsinformationrequiredbyyourcomputertolocateandloadtheoperatingsystem.ThereisasingleentryfortheWindowsBootManagerandoneWindowsBootLoaderentryforeachinstanceofWindowsinstalledonthecomputer.
WindowsBootManagerisitselfabootloaderapplication.Thereareotherbootloaderapplicationsaswell,including:
Bootsector TheWindowsBootSectorApplicationFwbootmgr TheFirmwareBootManagerNtldr ThebootloaderforlegacyoperatingsystemsOsloader ThebootloaderforWindowsoperatingsystemsResume TheWindowsResumeLoader
YouaccessandmanagetheBCDstorebyusingtheBCDEditor(Bcdedit.exe).TheBCDEditorisacommand-lineutilitythatrequiresadministratorprivilegestoperformmanagementtasks.YoucanusetheBCDEditortoviewtheentriesintheBCDstorebyfollowingthesesteps:
1.PresstheWindowslogokey+XandthenclickCommandPrompt(Admin)ontheshortcutmenu.2.ToviewtheentriesintheBCDstore,enterbcdeditatthecommandprompt.3.Toviewtheavailablecommands,enterbcdedit/?atthecommandprompt.
RealWorld TheBCDEditorisanadvancedcommand-linetoolforITprofessionals.IfyoumakeamistakewiththeBCDEditor,yourcomputercouldendupinanonbootablestate,andyouwouldneedtoinitiaterecovery.Becauseofthis,onlymakechangeswhenyouareabsolutelycertaintheywillwork.
WheneveryouworkwiththeBCDEditor,youworkwiththesystemBCDstore,whichcontainstheoperatingsystembootentriesandrelatedbootsettings.ReferencesintheBCDstorecanbespecifiedbygloballyuniqueidentifiers(GUIDs),suchas{8c4305c4-243b-11e5-a00b-c54f98ee3b3b},aswellasbywell-knownidentifiers,suchas{bootloadersettings}.
Alistofwell-knownidentifiersandtheirusagefollows.Bothwell-knownidentifiersandGUIDsareenclosedincurlybraces.GUIDshavedashesaswell.
{badmemory}ContainstheglobalRAMdefectlistthatcanbeinheritedbyanybootapplicationentry.
{bootloadersettings}ContainsthecollectionofglobalsettingsthatshouldbeinheritedbyallWindowsBootLoaderapplicationentries.
{bootmgr}IndicatestheWindowsBootManagerentry.
{current}Representsavirtualidentifierthatcorrespondstotheoperatingsystemboot
entryfortheoperatingsystemthatiscurrentlyrunning.
{dbgsettings}Containstheglobaldebuggersettingsthatcanbeinheritedbyanybootapplicationentry.
{default}Representsavirtualidentifierthatcorrespondstothebootmanagerdefaultapplicationentry.
{emssettings}ContainstheglobalEmergencyManagementServicessettingsthatcanbeinheritedbyanybootapplicationentry.
{fwbootmgr}Indicatesthefirmwarebootmanagerentry.ThisentryisusedonEFIsystems.
{globalsettings}Containsthecollectionofglobalsettingsthatshouldbeinheritedbyallbootapplicationentries.
{hypervisorsettings}Containsthehypervisorsettingsthatcanbeinheritedbyanyoperatingsystemloaderentry.
{legacy}IndicatestheWindowsLegacyOSLoader(Ntldr)thatcanbeusedtostartWindowsoperatingsystemsearlierthanWindowsVista.
{memdiag}Indicatesthememorydiagnosticapplicationentry.
{ntldr}IndicatestheWindowsLegacyOSLoader(Ntldr)thatcanbeusedtostartoperatingsystemsearlierthanWindowsVista.
{ramdiskoptions}ContainstheadditionaloptionsrequiredbythebootmanagerforRAMdiskdevices.
{resumeloadersettings}ContainsthecollectionofglobalsettingsthatshouldbeinheritedbyallWindowsresume-from-hibernationapplicationentries.
TheBCDEditorprovidesseparatecommandsforcreating,copying,anddeletingentriesintheBCDstore.Youcanusethe/createcommandtocreateidentifier,application,andinheritentriesintheBCDstore.Thesyntaxis:bcdedit/createIdentifier/d“Description”
whereIdentifierisawell-knownidentifierfortheentryyouwanttocreate,suchas:bcdedit/create{ntldr}/d“Pre-WindowsVistaOSLoader”
Youcancreateentriesforspecificbootloaderapplicationsaswell,including:
Bootsector Setsthebootsectorforareal-modeapplicationOSLoader LoadsWindowsVistaorlaterResume ResumestheoperatingsystemfromhibernationStartup Identifiesareal-modeapplication
Thesyntaxforcreatingentriesforbootloadapplicationsis:bcdedit/create/applicationAppType/d“Description”
whereAppTypeisoneofthepreviouslylistedapplicationtypes,suchas:bcdedit/create/applicationosloader/d“Windows10EntEd”
Youdeleteentriesinthesystemstorebyusingthe/deletecommandandthefollowingsyntax:bcdedit/deleteIdentifier
Ifyouaretryingtodeleteawell-knownidentifier,youmustusethe/fcommandtoforcedeletion,suchas:bcdedit/delete{ntldr}/f
The/cleanupoptionisimpliedbydefaultwheneveryoudeleteBCDentries.Thisoptioncleansupanyotherreferencestotheentrybeingdeletedtoensurethatthedatastoredoesn’thaveinvalidreferencestotheremovedidentifier.Entriesareremovedfromthedisplayorderaswell,andthiscouldresultinadifferentdefaultoperatingsystembeingset.Todeletetheentryandcleanupallotherreferencesexceptthedisplayorderentry,youcanusethe/nocleanupcommand.
OtherBCDeditorcommandsyoucanuseinclude:
/set Usedtosetadditionaloptionsandvaluesforentries/deletevalue Usedtodeleteadditionaloptionsandvaluesforentries/displayorder UsedtochangethedisplayorderofbootmanagersassociatedwithaparticularWindowsVistaorlaterinstallation/default Usedtochangethedefaultoperatingsystementry/timeout Usedtochangethetimeoutvalueassociatedwiththedefaultoperatingsystem/bootsequence Usedtoboottoaparticularoperatingsystemonetimeandthenreverttothedefaultbootorderafterward
Tolearnmoreaboutsubcommandsandhowtheyareused,typebcedit,typethesubcommandname,type/?andthenpressEnter.Forexample,tolearnhowtousethe/setsubcommand,enterbcdedit/set/?.
WorkingwithAutomaticRecoveryModeYourcomputercanstartinsafeorautomaticrecoverymodeforavarietyofreasons.Generally,safemodeisusedwhenyouselectthisoptionaspartoftroubleshootingandautomaticrecoverymodeisusedwhenWindowshasdetectedaproblemduringapreviousfailedstart.Forexample,afterasuddenpowerloss,yourcomputermaybootintoautomaticrecoverymode.
Automaticrecoveryhasseveralstages.Duringtheinitialstage,yourdevicedisplaya“PreparingAutomaticRecovery”messagewhileenteringtheprebootenvironment.Duringthenextstage,yourdevicewilldisplaya“DiagnosingComputer”messagewhileloadingtherecoverymenusandperformingpreliminarychecks.
Next,yourcomputerwilldisplaytheAutomaticRepairwindow,asshowninFigure4-5.Here,ifyousimplyclickRestart,thecomputerwillexitAutomaticRecoverymodeandattemptanormalstartoftheoperatingsystem.
Figure4-5Restartorcontinuetomoreoptions.
RealWorld ThewindowyouseeactuallydependsonhowfarWindowsgetsintothestartupprocess.IfthedevicebootsbutWindowsfailstoload,you’llseeaRecoverywindowthatstatesthis.TheRecoverywindowoptionsaresimilartothoseshownandperformthesameactions.YoucanrestartorcontinuetotheChooseAnOptionwindow.
Generally,ifyoufindyourselfstaringunexpectedlyattheAutomaticRepairwindow,youshouldalwaystryarestarttoseeifthecomputerwillstartnormally.Iftherestartfails,however,you’llthenneedtocontinuethroughtherepairprocessbyclickingAdvancedOptions.
AsFigure4-6shows,theoptionsatthispointaren’treallyadvanced.Instead,Windowsisactuallygivingyoutwomorechancestoexittherepairandrecoveryprocess.IfyouclickContinue,thecomputerwillexitAutomaticRecoverymodeandattempttocontinueloadingtheoperatingsystem.IfyouclickTurnOffYourPC,thecomputerwillexitAutomaticRecoverymodeandshutdown,allowingyoutotrytorestartthecomputernormallylater.
Figure4-6Exittherepairorcontinue.
TheonlyoptionthatletsyoucontinueintotherepairandrecoveryprocessisTroubleshoot.WhenyouclickTroubleshoot,youaccesstheTroubleshootwindow,showninFigure4-7.Atthispoint,you’vegonepastyourcomputer’ssandboxedsafetyzoneandentereddangerousterritory.
Figure4-7Completelyresetorcontinue.
ChooseResetThisPC,andyourcomputerwillstarttheresetprocesswhichre-installsWindowsandcompletelyresetsyourdevice.Allyouneedtodoisfollowtheprompts.Duringtheresetprocess,you’llbegiventheopportunitytospecifywhethertosavefilesinyourpersonalfoldersorremovethem.Allotherdatawillbelostifit’sstoredonthesamevolumeastheoperatingsystem.Forexample,ifWindowsisinstalledontheCdrive,completingthisprocesswilldestroyallotherdataontheCdrive.
ChooseAdvancedOptionstogettotheactualAdvancedOptionswindow,showninFigure4-8.
Figure4-8Completelyresetyourcomputerorcontinue.
Howyouusetheseoptionsdependsontheproblemyouareexperiencing.My
recommendationisthefollowing:
1.Onyourfirstrepairattempt,selectStartupRepairtoforceWindowstoenterrepairmode.Inthismode,Windowswilltrytodetectissuesthatarecausingstartupproblems,suchasamissingbootfile.Windowswillthenattempttoanautomaticrepair.Iftherepairissuccessful,yourcomputerwillbootnormally.2.Ifautomaticrepairfails,youcannexttrytorepairtheissueyourselfbyusingtheStartupSettingsoptionasdiscussedin“PerforminganAdvancedorSafeModeBoot”orbyusingtheSystemRestoreoption.
Formostpeople,theSystemRestoreoptionmaybethebestchoice.Whileyouareworking,yourcomputerperiodicallycreatesrestorepointsthatsavethesystemconfiguration.Theserestorepointstypicallyarecreatedwhenyouinstallprogramsordriversbutalsowhenyoumakechangestotheoperatingsystemthatcanaffectthewaythecomputerworks.Totrytouseoneoftheserestorepointstorestoreyourcomputertoapreviousstate,selectSystemRestoreandfollowtheprompts.
PerforminganAdvancedorSafeModeBootWindows10needsaccesstospecificsystemfilestostartproperly.Iftherequiredfilesaremissingorcorrupt,yourcomputerwon’tstartandyou’llneedtouseStartupRepairtotrytoresolveyourcomputer’sproblem.Mostofthetime,repairingadamagedormissingfilewillfixsuchanissue;sometimes,youmightneedtocontinuetroubleshootingtodiagnoseandresolveadeeperissue.
Usually,acomputerfailstostartbecausesomethinghaschangedandyourcomputerdoesn’tlikethechange.Forexample,youmighthaveinstalledanupdateforadevicedriverthatcausedasystem-wideconflictorfailedpartwaythrough.Oraprogramyouinstalledmighthavemodifiedthesystem’sconfigurationinsuchawaythatpreventsnormalstartup.Whateverthecauseoftheproblem,ifaStartupRepairdoesn’tfixthings,youcantrytoresolvetheproblemusingsafemode.
Insafemode,Windows10loadsonlybasicfiles,services,anddrivers,includingthoseforthemouse,monitor,keyboard,massstorage,andbasevideo.Themonitordriversetsthebasicsettingsandmodesforthecomputer’smonitor,andthebasevideodriversetsthebasicoptionsforthecomputer’sgraphicscard.
Becausesafemodeloadsalimitedsetofconfigurationinformation,itcanhelpyoutroubleshootproblems.Whenyouhavefinishedusingsafemode,besuretorestartthecomputerusinganormalstartup.Youwillthenbeabletousethecomputerasyounormallywould.
SeveralSafeModeoptionsareavailable.Theoptionyouusedependsonthetypeofproblemyou’reexperiencing.Themainoptionsare:
SafeMode Startsthecomputerwithonlybasicfiles,services,anddriversduringtheinitializationsequence.Thedriversloadedincludethoseforthemouse,monitor,keyboard,massstorage,andbasevideo.Nonetworkingservicesordriversarestarted.SafeModeWithNetworking Startsthecomputerwithbasicfiles,services,anddrivers,aswellasservicesanddriversneededtostartnetworking.SafeModeWithCommandPrompt Startsthecomputerwithbasicfiles,services,anddrivers,andthenstartsacommandpromptinsteadoftheWindows10graphicalinterface.Nonetworkingservicesordriversarestarted.StarttheExplorershellfromthecommand-lineinterfacebypressingCtrl+Shift+EsctoopenTaskManager,clickingFile,clickingNewTask(Run)toopentheCreateNewTaskdialogbox,typingexplorer.exe,andthenclickingOK.EnableBootLogging Turnsonbootloggingtocreatearecordofallstartupeventsinthelogfiles.EnableLowResolutionVideo Turnsonlow-resolutiondisplaymode,whichisusefulifthesystemdisplayissettoamodethatcan’tbeusedwiththecurrentmonitor.DisableAutomaticRestartOnSystemFailure PreventsWindowsfromrestartingafteracrash.Ifyoudon’tsetthisoption,Windowswillrestartautomaticallyafteracrash.DisableDriverSignatureEnforcement StartsthecomputerinSafeMode
withoutenforcingdigitalsignaturepolicysettingsfordevicedrivers.Thiscantemporarilyresolveastartupproblemrelatedtoadevicedriverwithaninvalidormissingdigitalsignature.Afteryourcomputerisstarted,youcanresolvetheproblempermanentlybygettinganewdriverorchangingthedriversignatureenforcementsettings.DisableEarlyLaunchAnti-MalwareProtection StartsthecomputerinSafeModewithoutstartinganti-malwaresoftwarethatrunsaspartofthestartupbootstrap.Thiscantemporarilyresolveastartupproblemrelatedtoinvalidupdatesorchangestoyouranti-malwaresoftware.Afteryourcomputerisstarted,youcanresolvetheproblempermanentlybyupdating,reinstallingorremovingyouranti-malwaresoftware.
YoucanusetheSystemConfigurationutilitytostartacomputerinSafeModeasdiscussedpreviouslyinthischapterunder“ChangingtheWayYourComputerBoots.”Ifyourcomputerentersautomaticrecovery,youcanstartinSafeModebyfollowingthesesteps:
1.Afteryourdeviceloadstherecoveryenvironment,clickAdvancedOptions.2.AttheChooseAnOptionprompt,clickTroubleshoot.Next,attheTroubleshootprompt,clickAdvancedOptions.3.TheAdvancedOptionswindowprovidesseveraltroubleshootingoptions,includingtheoptiontostartasystemrestoreoropenacommandpromptwindow.Tocontinue,clickStartupSettings.4.AsFigure4-9shows,theStartupSettingswindowgivesyouonelastchancetogobackwhilealsotellingyouwhat’sgoingtohappenwhenyouclickRestart.(Yes,allthesewindowsaredesignedtopreventyoufromaccidentallymakingchangesyou’llregret.)
Figure4-9LastchancetogobackbeforeyourestartinSafeMode.
Figure4-10ChoosethestartupoptionforSafeMode.
5.ClickRestart.Next,you’llhavethestartupoptionsshowninFigure4-10.Useeitherthenumberkeysorthefunctionkeystoselectthemodeyouwanttouse.
IfaproblemreappearswhenyoustartinSafeMode,youcaneliminatethedefaultsettingsandbasicdevicedriversaspossiblecauses.Beginyourtroubleshootingbylookingatnewlyaddeddevicesorupdateddrivers.UseSafeModetoremovethedevices,reversetheupdates,orinstalldifferentversionsofdriversoftware.Restartyourcomputertotestyourchanges.
Ifyouarestillhavingaproblemstartingthesystemnormallyandsuspectthatproblemswithhardware,software,orsettingsaretoblame,gobacktoSafeModeandtryusingSystemRestoretoundopreviouschanges.
RealWorld SeveralofthedevicesIworkedwithinSafeModedidn’tfunctionproperlyandIcouldn’tgettotheStartmenuorSearchbox.Luckily,IhadpinnedCommandPrompttothetaskbarandwasabletouseanadministratorprompttogetmyworkdone,includingstartingMsconfig.exesoIcouldspecifytheNormalStartupoptionforwhenIrestarted.Ononedevice,however,eventaskbarfunctionalitywasgone.Togettoutilities,IpressedCtrl+Shift+EsctoopenTaskManagerandthenusedtheRunoptionontheFilemenutoruncommands.
ResolvingRestartorShutdownIssuesNormally,youshutdownorrestartWindows10byclickingthePowerbuttonontheStartmenu,andthenclickingRestartorShutDownasappropriate.Sometimes,however,Windows10won’tresume,shutdown,orrestartnormally,andyoumusttrytoresolvetheproblem.
RecoveringfromaFailedResumeWindows10createsasnapshotofthecurrentstateofthecomputerwheneveryourcomputerenterssleepmodeorhibernates.WindowsResumeLoaderhandlessleepandhibernateoperations.Withsleepmode,thissnapshotiscreatedinmemoryandthenreadfrommemorybytheresumeloaderwhenyouwakethecomputer.Withhibernatemode,thissnapshotiswrittentodiskandthenreadfromdiskbytheresumeloaderwhenyouwakethecomputer.ThesesnapshotsarewhatenabletheInstantOnandFastResumefeatures.
Yourcomputermayhaveaproblemresumingforanyofavarietyofreasonsthatmayincludeerrorsinthesnapshot,physicalerrorsinmemory,andphysicaldiskerrors.Whatevertheproblem,WindowsResumeLoaderpromptsyouwithawarningmessagesimilartothefollowing:WindowsResumeLoaderThelastattempttorestartthesystemfromitspreviouslocationfailed.Attempttorestartagain?
ContinuewithsystemrestartDeleterestorationdataandproceedtosystemboot.
Enter=choose
Theresumepromptgivesyoutwooptions.Youcantrytocontinuewithsystemrestart,oryoucandeleterestorationdataandproceedtosystemboot.IfyouselectContinueWithSystemRestart,WindowsResumeLoaderattemptstoreloadthesystemstateagain.IfyouselectDeleteRestorationDataAndProceedToSystemBoot,WindowsResumeLoaderdeletesthesavedstateofthecomputerandrestartsthecomputer.Althoughafullrestartwilltypicallyresolveanyproblem,you’llloseanyworkthatwasn’tsavedbeforethecomputerenteredsleeporhibernatemode.
ForcingYourComputertoShutDownWhenthereareunsavedfiles,lockedprocesses,orboth,yourcomputerwillnotlogoffandshutdownimmediately.Instead,you’llseearelatedpromptlistingthefilesandprocessesthatarecausingtheproblem.Withunsavedfiles,you’llusuallywanttosavetheopenfilesandthenexittherelatedprogramsothatyoucanresumeloggingoffandshuttingdown.Withlockedprocesses,youcanwaitforWindowstoresolvetheproblem,eitherbygettingaresponsefromtheprogramthatallowsWindowstoclosetheprogramorbywaitinguntilthetimeoutperiodhaselapsedandlettingWindowsstoptheprogram,whichallowsyoutocontinuethroughthelogoffandshutdownprocessesautomatically.
That’sthewayWindowsshouldwork,butsometimesthingsgowrong.Youcanperformahardshutdownbypressingandholdingthedevice’spowerbuttonorbyunpluggingthedevice.Ifyourdevicehasaremovablebattery,suchaswhenyouareworkingwithalaptop,youcanremovethebatterytoforcethedevicetocompletelypowerdown.
Ifyouforcethecomputertoshutdown,thecomputermayenterAutomaticRecoverymodewhennextstarted.See“WorkingwithAutomaticRecoveryMode”forpointersonhowtoexitthismodeandcontinuewithnormalstartup.Afteryoustartyourcomputer,youmaywanttorunCheckDisk,asdiscussedinChapter9,tocheckforerrorsandproblemsthatmighthavebeencausedbythehardshutdown.
RepairingaComputertoEnableStartupWindows10includestheStartupRepairtooltoautomaticallydetectcorruptedsystemfilesduringstartupandguideyouthroughautomatedormanualrecovery.TheStartupRepairtoolattemptstodeterminethecauseofthestartupfailurebyusingstartuplogsanderrorreports,andthenattemptstofixtheproblemautomatically.IftheStartupRepairtoolisunabletoresolvetheproblem,itrestoresyourcomputertothelastknownworkingstateandprovidesdiagnosticsinformationandsupportoptionsforfurthertroubleshooting.
EveryWindows10computerhasaWindowRecoveryEnvironment(WindowsRE)partitionbydefault.Thispartitioniscreatedautomaticallywhentheoperatingsystemisinstalled.Asaresult,ifyourcomputerfailstoshutdownproperly,theAutomaticRecoveryscreenisshownthenexttimeyoustartthecomputer.YoucanusetheAutomaticRecoveryprocesstoruntheStartupRepairtoolbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.Afteryourdeviceloadstherecoveryenvironment,clickAdvancedOptions.2.AttheChooseAnOptionprompt,clickTroubleshoot.Next,attheTroubleshootprompt,clickAdvancedOptions.3.AttheAdvancedOptions,clicktheStartupRepairoption.
TheStartupRepairtoolchecksforproblemspreventingyourcomputerfromstarting.Ifproblemsarefound,thetooltriestorepairthemtoenablestartup.Theautomatedtroubleshootingandrepairprocesscantakeseveralminutes.Duringthefirstphaseoftherepair,youcanclickCanceltoexit.
IfStartupRepairissuccessful,yourcomputerwillstart.IfStartupRepairisunabletofindandcorrectproblems,you’llseeanoteaboutthisandwillbeabletosendmoreinformationabouttheproblemtoMicrosofttohelpfindsolutionsinthefuture.Afterselectingtheoptiontosendornotsendinformation,youreturntotheStartupRepairdialogbox.
Toaccessadvancedrepairoptions,clicktherelatedlinkandfollowthepromptstocontinuetroubleshooting.Otherwise,clickFinish.Youmaywanttodisconnectanyexternaldevicesthatyou’verecentlyconnectedtoyourcomputerandthentrytostartyourcomputeragain.Otherwise,askyournetworkadministratororyourcomputermanufacturerforhelp.
Corruptedsystemfilesaren’ttheonlytypesofproblemsthatcanpreventproperstartupoftheoperatingsystem.Manyothertypesofproblemscanoccur,butmostoftheseproblemsoccurbecausesomethingonthesystemhaschanged.OftenyoucanresolvestartupissuesusingSafeModetorecoverortroubleshootsystemproblems.WhenyouarefinishedusingSafeMode,besuretorestartthecomputerusinganormalstartup.Youwillthenbeabletousethecomputerasyounormallywould.See“PerforminganAdvancedorSafeModeBoot,”earlierinthischapter,formoreinformation.
Chapter5.Organizing,Searching,andIndexing
Oneofyourcomputer’smostimportantfunctionsistomakeitpossibleforyoutocreateandstoreeverything—fromdocumentsandpicturestosongs,videos,andprogramdatafiles.Windows10givesyoumanyoptionsforhelpingyouorganize,searchfor,andindexthesefiles.Togetthemostoutoftheavailablefeatures,youneedtomasterFileExplorerandWindowsSearch.
ExploringYourComputerinNewWaysTherearefewcomponentsoftheWindowsoperatingsystemthatyou’llspendmoretimeusingthanFileExplorer.Everytimeyoubrowsefilesandfoldersonyourcomputer,youuseFileExplorer—whetheryouspecificallyopenanExplorerwindoworyouusetheOpencommandinanapplication,suchasMicrosoftWord.ControlPanel,theComputerwindow,theNetworkwindow,andeventheRecycleBinaredifferentviewsforFileExplorer.
AsFigure5-1shows,FileExplorerhasanAddressbarforquicklynavigatingdisksandfolders,aSearchboxforfastsearches,andthefollowingviewpanes:
Navigation Helpsyouquicklyaccessfavorites,homegroups,yourcomputer,andyournetwork.DraganyfoldertoFavoritestoquicklycreateashortcuttoit;right-clickandselectRemovetodeleteafavorite.Contents Providesthemainworkingpaneandshowsthecontentsofyourselecteddriveorfolder.UsetheViewbuttonandViewoptionstocontrolwhetheritemdetails,lists,oriconsareshown.Details Showsinformationaboutaselecteditem.Thedetailsprovideddependontheitemselectedandaredifferentfordrives,folders,documents,songs,videos,andshortcuts.HideorshowtheDetailspanebyclickingOrganize,clickingLayout,andthenclickingPreviewPane.Preview Showsapreviewofyourselecteddocument,picture,song,video,orotherfiletype,aslongasapreviewcontrolisavailableandconfiguredforthatfiletype.UsetheShow/HidePreviewbuttontodisplayorhidethePreviewpane.
Figure5-1Exploringthedrives,folders,andfilesonyourcomputer.
SoLongLibraries,HelloQuickAccessMicrosoftcontinuestode-emphasizetheideaof“library”folders.Librariesarepredefinedandprovideacombinedviewoffoldersrelatedtospecifictypesofmedia,suchasDocuments,MusicandPictures.Generally,inWindows10,theonlytimeyouworkwithlibrariesiswhenyouclickthePathSelectionListbuttoninFileExplorerandselectLibraries.Then,asshowninFigure5-2,FileExplorerspecificallystatesthateachitemlistedisalibrary.
Figure5-2Librariesprovidecombinedviewsoffolderscontainingsimilartypesofdata.
Whenyouareworkingwithalibrary,suchastheDocumentslibrary,youcanright-clickitandselectPropertiestogetadditionalinformationaboutwherethatlibrary’sdatacomesfrom(seeFigure5-3).Youcanthenusetheoptionsprovidedtoaddorremovefoldersfromthelibrary,andsetdefaultsavelocations.
Figure5-3UsethePropertiesdialogboxtomanagethelibrary.
Becauselibrarydatacancomefrommultiplefolders,someusershavealwaysfoundlibrariesabitconfusing.ThisiswhyMicrosoftisde-emphasizingthefeatureinfavoroftheThisPCandQuickAccess,bothofwhichareavailableinFileExplorer.
WhenyouselectThisPCasalocationorThisPConthenavigationpane(seeFigure5-4),youhavefastaccesstoyourpersonalfolders,includingDocuments,Music,PicturesandVideos.
Figure5-4UseThisPCtoaccessdrivesandpersonalfolders.
WhenQuickAccessisexpandedonthenavigationpane(seeFigure5-5),youhavefastaccesstoanyfolderorfilepinnedtothispanel.Bydefault,Desktop,Downloads,DocumentsandPicturesarepinnedtoQuickAccess.
Figure5-5UseQuickAccesstoaccessfrequentlyusedfoldersandfiles.
WhileworkingwithFileExploreroranyofitsviews,youcanaddafolderorfiletoQuickAccessbyright-clickingitandselectingPinToQuickAccess.Toremoveapinnedfolderorfile,right-clickitontheQuickAccesspanelandthenselectUnpinFromQuickAccess.
WhenyouareworkingwithQuickAccess,youmayfindthatsomefoldersandfilesdon’thavepins.FoldersareaddedbyWindowswhenyouusethemfrequentlyandfilesareaddedwhenyou’verecentlyopenedthem.Becausetheseitemsaren’tactuallypinned,theywillberemovedautomaticallywhenyouusethemlessfrequently.
Toensureafolderorfilestaysavailable,youcanright-clickitontheQuickAccesspanelandthenselectPinToQuickAccess.Toremoveanautomaticallyaddedfolderorfile,right-clickitontheQuickAccesspanelandthenselectRemoveFromQuickAccess.
Forprivacyreasons,youmaywanttocontrolwhetherfoldersandfilesareaddedtoQuickAccess.Todothis,followthesesteps:
1.InFileExplorer,right-clickthetopoftheQuickAccesspanelandselectOptions.2.IntheFolderOptionsdialogbox,showninFigure5-6,you’llfindoptionsforcontrollingwhetherfoldersandfilesareaddedtoQuickAccess.UsethefollowingtechniquestomanageQuickAccessandthenclickOK:
CleartheShowFrequentlyUsedFolderscheckboxifyounolongerwantfrequentlyusedfolderstobeadded.CleartheShowRecentlyUsedFilescheckboxifyounolongerwantrecentlyusedfilestobeadded.ClicktheClearbuttontoclearthehistoryregardingfrequentlyusedfoldersandfiles.
Figure5-6ManageQuickAccessusingFolderOptions.
Tip Bydefault,FileExploreropenswithQuickAccessselectedinthemainpane.Ifyou’dratherhaveFileExploreropenwithThisPCselected,selectThisPContheOpenFileExplorerTolist.
AddressBarTipsandTechniquesEveryviewofFileExplorer,whetherControlPanel,theComputerwindow,theNetworkwindow,orthebasicExplorerview,hasanAddressbarthatdisplaysyourcurrentlocationasaseriesoflinksseparatedbyclickableoptionsbuttons.
TheaddresspathincludesaLocationIndicatoricon,aPathSelectionlistbutton,LocationPathentries,andaPreviousLocationsbutton.LocationPathentriesallowyoutodeterminethecurrentlocation.IntheexampleshowninFigure5-1,thelocationis:
ThisPCPictures
ThisPCprovidesaccesstoyourpersonaldocuments.Althoughtherelatedfoldersarestoredinyourpersonalprofile,youaccessthemthroughtherelatedlibraries:Documents,Downloads,Music,Pictures,Videos,etc.
ConsiderthepathshowninFigure5-7:
ThisPCNewVolume(D:) � FamilyPhotos
Figure5-7ViewingtheFamilyPhotosfolder.
ThistellsyouthattheabsolutepathfollowedtogettothecurrentlocationisD:\FamilyPhotosonyourcomputer.
WhenyouareworkingwithnetworkpathsintheNetworkwindow,youhavequickaccesstonetworklocationsandsharedresources.ClicktheNetworkentryinthepathtodisplayalistofremotecomputersandnetworkresources,asshowninFigure5-8.Double-clickthenameofaremotecomputerornetworkresourcetolistitssharedresources,asshowninFigure5-9.
Figure5-8UsingNetworktoaccessothercomputers.
Figure5-9Accessingsharedresourcesonothercomputers.
Youwon’talwaysseeafullpath,however.Manytimes,you’llseearelativeorabbreviatedpath,suchaswhenyoufollowashortcutorbrowsetoapaththatcannotbefullylisted.Arelativeorabbreviatedpathisindicatedbytheleft-pointingchevron(<<),asshowninthisexample:
«History � Availability � NewMaterials
ThistellsyouthattherelativeorabbreviatedpathofthecurrentlocationisHistory\Availability\NewMaterials.
Foreaseofreference,IrefertoExplorer’srelativeandabsolutepathsasnavigationpaths.Whenanavigationpathisbeingdisplayed,youcanalwaysdisplaytheactualsystempathbyclickingtheLocationIndictoriconoranemptyareaoftheaddresspath.Forexample,ifIclicktherelativepathlistedpreviously,mycomputershowsthesystempathasE:\History\Availability\NewMaterials.
Bydefault,thesystempathisselected,soyoucancopyitsimplybypressingCtrl+C.Todisplaythenavigationpathagain(insteadofthesystempath),pressEsc.
TotherightoftheLocationIndicatoriconisthePathSelectionlistbutton,whichprovidesaccesstotheavailablebaselocations.SelectingabaselocationallowsyoutoquicklyaccesskeyFileExplorerviewsandperformrelatedtasks.
ThefinalcontrolontheAddressbaristhePreviousLocationsbutton,whichprovidesalistoflocationsyou’veaccessedrecently.Thislocationlistcanincludefolderlocations,networkdrivelocations,andwebaddresses.YoucanjumptoarecentlyaccessedlocationquicklybyclickingthePreviousLocationsbuttonandthenclickingthedesiredlocation.
KeyboardTipsandTechniquesforFileExplorerPuttingFileExplorertoworkforyourequiresmuchmorethansimplylearningtonavigatetheAddressbarlikeapro.Next,youneedtolearnaboutkeyboardshortcutsthatcanmakeyoureverydaycomputingtaskseasier.I’llgothroughtheshortcutsyou’relikelytofindthemosthelpful.Thesecrettoyoursuccessisinbeingevenmoreselective.Identifythetechniquesthatwillhelpyouthemostandcommitthosetechniquestomemory.
Note Generally,thekeyboardshortcutsinthissectionworkonlywhenthemainpaneistheselectedfocusforFileExplorer.Thismeansyoumustbeworkinginthemainpanefortheshortcuttowork.
Mostpeoplewho’veworkedwithWindowsforawhileknowthatyouright-clickanitemandselectPropertiestodisplaytheitem’sproperties.Therearetwootherwaystodothesamething:
HoldtheAltkeyandthendouble-clicktheitem.SelecttheitemandthenpressAlt+Enter.
InChapter2,IdiscussedcustomizingtheStartmenuandpinningprograms.AlthoughyounormallywantonlyprogramsontheStartmenu,youcanfoldersandfoldershortcutstotheStartmenuaswell.Youdothisbyright-clickingthefolderorfoldershortcut,andthenclickingPinToStartmenu.AhiddenoptiondisplayedwhenyouholdShiftbeforeright-clickingafileisCopyAsPath,whichisusedtocopythefullpathofthefiletotheclipboard.
Withfolders,holdingShiftbeforeright-clickingrevealsthreehiddenoptions:
CopyAsPath Copiesthefullpathofthefoldertotheclipboard.OpenCommandWindowsHere Opensacommandpromptwiththeinitialpathsettothefolderlocation.OpenInNewProcess Opensthefolderinaseparateprocess.Otherwise,bydefault,allExplorerwindowsruninthesameprocess.
FileExplorerhasseveralothershortcutsforworkingsmarterwithfoldersaswell.Whenafolderisselectedinthewindow:
PressAltandtheUpArrowkeytojumptotheparentfolderofthatfolder.PressEntertoviewthefolder’scontents.ThenyoucanusepressAltandtheLeftArrowkeytogoback.PressCtrl+Shift+EtoexpandthefoldertreesothattheselectedfolderisshownintheNavigationpane.
FileExplorerhasForwardandBackbuttonsaswellasaRecentPagesdrop-downlist.Thesebuttonsareeasyenoughtouse,butyoualsocanpressBackspacetogobackthroughtheRecentPageslist.Withinafolder,youcanpressaletterkeyorstringofcharacterstoquicklyjumptothefirstfileorfolderstartingwiththatletterorcharacterstring.Forexample,ifyoupressC,FileExplorerjumpstothefirstfileorfolderthatstartswithC.IfyoutypeChr,FileExplorerjumpstothefirstfileorfolderthatstartswithChr.
Note FolderAndSearchOptionscanmodifythewayquickselectworks.Insteadofjumpingtothefileorfolderthatstartswiththelettersyoutype,youalsocanconfigureFileExplorertoenterthetextintheSearchboxandbeginasearchofthecurrentfolder.
ThePreviewpaneishandy,butitcantakeupalotofworkspace.YoucanquicklydisplayorhidethePreviewpanebypressingAlt+P.MypreferenceistonotusethePreviewpaneatall.Insteadofturningpreviewsonandoff,IholdCtrlandusethemousescrollbuttontocyclethroughtheviewsettings.Thatway,Icanquicklygofromadetailedlistingtoasmall,medium,orlargeiconlisting.
Ifyou’relikeme,youmayprefertheDetailspaneinsteadofthePreviewpane.TheDetailspaneprovidessummaryinformation,similartowhatyouseewhenyouright-clickafileorfolderandselectProperties.YoucanquicklydisplayorhidethePreviewpanebypressingAlt+Shift+P.
FileExplorerprovidesavarietyofwaystoworkwithfilesandfolders.YoucanpressCtrl+Shift+Ntocreateanewfolder.YoucanpressF2torenameacurrentlyselectedfileorfolder.WhileclickingafileorfolderandpressingDelmovesafiletotheRecycleBin,youcanpressShift+Deltopermanentlyremoveaselectedfileorfolder(bypassingtheRecycleBin).
HoldCtrlandclicktoselectmultiplefilesandfoldersordeselectfilesandfolderspreviouslyselectedonebyone.Ifyouwanttoselectarangeoffilesorfoldersinstead,clickthefirstitemtoselectit,holdShift,andthenclickthefinalitem.Nowallitemsintherange,fromthefirstitemtofinalitem,willbeselected.
Otherwaystoselectmultiplefilesinclude:
Usingselectionrectanglestoselectagroupoffiles.Simplyclickanemptyareanearthefirstfileanddragtodrawaselectionboxaroundallthefilesyouwanttoselect.UsingCtrlandthespacebartoselectindividualitems.WhileholdingCtrl,usetheUpandDownArrowkeystomovethroughalistofitemsandpressthespacebartoselectordeselectanitem.UsingShiftandthespacebartoselectarangeofitems.Here,findthefirstitemusingtheUpandDownArrowkeys.Next,holdShiftandusethearrowkeystoexpandyourselection.
CustomizingFileExplorerFileExplorersettingscontrolmanyaspectsoftheWindowsoperatingsystem.EverythingfromwhetherhiddenfilesaredisplayedtowhetherasingleclickopensanitemandmanydozensofothercoreoptionsareconfiguredbymodifyingsettingsinFileExplorer.
Fine-TuningViews&DetailsFileExplorerinWindows10ismuchsmarterthanFileExplorerinearlyreleasesofWindows:
Whenyouselectapicture,FileExploreraddsPictureToolstothetoolbar.
Whenyouselectmusic,FileExploreraddsMusicToolstothetoolbar.
Whenyouselectaprogram,FileExploreraddsApplicationToolstothetoolbar.
Whenyouselectavideo,FileExploreraddsVideoToolstothetoolbar.
Whichtoolsaredisplayeddependsonthetypeoffileselected.FileExplorerhasmanyviewsthatyoucanusetooptimizethewayfilesofvarioustypesarelisted.Viewsinclude:
Extralarge,large,mediumandsmalliconsTiles,list,contentordetails
Whenyouaremanagingfiles,themostusefulviewisDetails.TheDetailsviewlistscolumnsofinformationabouteachfileinaselectedfolder,suchasName,Type,SizeandDateCreated.
Ifyouright-clickinthecolumnheadingarea,you’llseeanoptionmenuthatallowsyoutoeasilyaddrelatedcolumnsofinformation.
Ifyouright-clickinthecolumnheadingareaandthenselectMoreasanoption,you’llbeabletochoosefromawidevarietyofdetailstoaddtotheviewoftheselectedfolder.
Thedetailsprovidedinitiallydependontheviewtemplateselected.Ifyoufrequentlyworkwithspecificfolderscontainingmedia,youmaywanttocustomizethetemplateusedsothatadditionaldetailsaredisplayedbasedonthefolderandmediatypeyouareworkingwith.
FileExplorerhasviewtemplatesforeachbasicmediatypeaswellasatemplateforGeneralItems.Thetemplateassignedtoafolderdetermineswhichdetailsareshownwhenyouareworkingwithfiles.
ThedefaultviewformostfoldersisGeneralItems,whichusesatemplateforfolderscontainingmixedmedia.TheDocumentstemplateisabasictemplatethatdoesn’thaveanymediaextensions.Incontrast,theMusic,Pictures,andVideostemplateshavemediaextensionsthatallowyoutodisplaytailoredcolumnsofinformationindetailsview.
WiththePicturestemplate,forexample,youcandisplayinformationaboutthedimensions,bitdepthandmore.Withmusic,youcandisplayinformationaboutthetracknumber,title,contributingartists,albumname,bitrate,lengthandmore.Similarinformationis,ofcourse,availableontheDetailspaneintherelatedPropertiesdialogbox.However,youcan’tseethisinformationformultiplefilesinoneplace.
Ifyouhavewritepermissionsonafolder,youcancustomizethefolder’sdefaultview.Youalsocanapplyafavoriteviewtoallfoldersofthattypeonthesystem.Thefolderviewsettingsthatyouuseareseenbyalluserswhoaccessthesystem,eitherlocallyorremotely.
Youcanconfigurecustomviewsforfoldersbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.InFileExplorer,right-clickthefolderyouwanttocustomize,andthenselectProperties.2.ClicktheCustomizetab,showninFigure5-11.
Figure5-11Optimizingdefaultviewsforfoldersusingtemplates
3.IntheOptimizeThisFolderForlist,choosethetemplateyouwanttouse,suchasPictures.Toapplytheviewtosubfoldersofthisfolder,chooseAlsoApplyThisTemplateToAllSubfolders.4.Customizethefolderpreview,andthenclickOKtosaveyoursettings.
Insteadofsettingfolderviewsonebyone,youcanapplyaview,suchasDetailsorLargeIcons,toallthefoldersofaparticulartypeorrestorethedefaultviewtothesefolders.Toapplyacustomviewtoallthefoldersofaparticulartype,completethefollowingsteps:
1.InFileExplorer,right-clickthefolderyouwanttoworkwithandthenselectProperties.InthePropertiesdialogbox,ensurethefoldertypeissetappropriatelyontheCustomizetabandthenclickOK.2.InFileExplorer,usetheoptionsintheViewlistoronViewmenutoconfigurethefolderviewthatyouwanttouse,suchasLargeIconsorDetails.3.OntheViewtoolbarinFileExplorer,clickOptions,andthenclickChangeFolderAndSearchOptions.4.IntheFolderOptionsdialogbox,selecttheViewtab.5.Dooneofthefollowing,andthenclickOK:
Toapplythecurrentfolderviewtoallfoldersofthistype,clickApplyToFolders.Torestoreallfoldersofthistypetotheirdefaultview,clickResetFolders.
Youalsomaywantallfoldersregardlessoftypetousethesamedefaultview.Youcandothisbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.InFileExplorer,right-clickthefolderyouwanttoworkwith,andthenselectProperties.2.SelecttheCustomizetab.UnderOptimizeThisFolderFor,chooseGeneralItems.ClickOK.3.InFileExplorer,selectthefolder.UsetheoptionsintheViewlistorontheViewmenutoconfigurethefolderviewthatyouwanttouse,suchasLargeIcons.4.OntheViewtoolbarinFileExplorer,clickOptions,andthenclickChangeFolderAndSearchOptions.5.OntheViewtab,clickApplyToFolderstoapplythecurrentfolderviewtoallfoldersofthistype.Whenpromptedtoconfirm,clickYes.6.Repeatthisprocedurefourtimes,onceeachfortheDocuments,Pictures,Music,andVideostemplates.Instep2,chooseDocuments,Pictures,Music,orVideosasappropriate.
CustomizingFolderOptionsYoucontrolthewayFileExplorerworksbyusingsettingsintheFolderOptionsdialogbox.AccessthisdialogboxinFileExplorerbyclickingOptionsontheViewtoolbar,andthenclickingChangeFolderAndSearchOptions.GeneraltabandViewtaboptionsareshowninFigure5-12.
Usethelistthatfollowstohelpyouunderstandhoweachoptionworks,andthenchoosetheconfigurationoptionthatisbestforthewayyouwantFileExplorertowork.
OpenEachFolderInTheSameWindow Whenselected,openssubfoldersthatyouaccessinthesamewindow.Otherwise,openssubfoldersthatyouaccessinanewwindow.
Single-ClickToOpenAnItem Whenselected,selectsanitemwhenyoupointtoitandopenstheitemwhenyouclickonce.Otherwise,selectsanitemwhenyouclickit;openstheitemwhenyoudouble-clickit.
Figure5-12OptimizingFileExplorersettingsforthewayyouwork
AlwaysShowIcons,NeverThumbnails Whenselected,doesnotcreatethumbnails.Instead,FileExplorershowsthestandardfileandfoldericons.Otherwise,showslargethumbnailimagesoftheactualcontentforpicturesandothertypesoffiles.Whenfoldershavemanypictures,showingthumbnailscanslowdownthedisplaybecauseFileExplorerhastocreatethethumbnailrepresentationofeachimage.
AlwaysShowMenus Whenselected,alwaysshowsthemenubar,providingquickaccesstothemenus.(YoucanalsotogglethisoptionbyclickingOrganize,pointingtoLayout,andthenselectingMenuBar.)Otherwise,hidesthemenubar;youmustelecttodisplayitbypressingtheAltkey.
DisplayFileIconOnThumbnails Whenselected,addsfileiconstothumbnailsitdisplays.Otherwise,displaysthumbnailswithoutfileicons.
DisplayFileSizeInformationInFolderTips Whenselected,displaysatooltipshowingthecreationdateandtime,thesizeofthefolder,andapartiallistoffileswhenyoumovethemousepointeroverafoldernameorfoldericon.Otherwise,displaysatooltipshowingthecreationdateandtimewhenyoumovethemousepointeroverafoldernameorfoldericon.
DisplayTheFullPathInTheTitleBar WhenselectedandyoupressAlt+Tabtoaccesstheflipview,displaystheactualfilepathinsteadofthefoldernamewhenyoumovethemousepointeroveraFileExplorerwindow.Otherwise,whenyoupressAlt+Tabtoaccesstheflipview,displaysthefoldernamewhenyoumovethemousepointeroveraFileExplorerwindow.
HiddenFilesAndFolders WhenyouselecttherelatedShowoption,displayshiddenfiles,folders,ordrives.Otherwise,doesnotdisplayhiddenfiles,folders,ordrives.
HideEmptyDrives Whenselected,displaysinformationaboutemptydrivesintheThisPCwindow.Otherwise,doesnotdisplayinformationaboutemptydrivesintheComputerwindow.
HideExtensionsForKnownFileTypes Whenselected,doesnotdisplayfileextensionsforknownfiletypes.Otherwise,displaysfileextensionsforknownfiletypes.
HideFolderMergeConflicts Whenselected,mergeconflictsaren’tdisplayedforfolders.Otherwise,displaysmergeconflicts.
HideProtectedOperatingSystemFiles Whenselected,doesnotdisplayoperatingsystemfiles.Otherwise,displaysoperatingsystemfiles.Hiddenoperatingsystemfilesarealsoreferredtoassuperhiddenfiles.
LaunchFolderWindowsInASeparateProcess Whenselected,runsinaseparateprocesseachtimeitisopened.Otherwise,WindowsrunsallinstancesofFileExplorerinthesameprocess.
ProTip Althoughopeningfolderwindowsinaseparateprocessrequiresmorememoryandgenerallyslowsdowntheprocessofopeningnewwindows,italsomeansthateachinstanceisindependentoftheothers.Thus,ifoneinstancecrashesorhangs,itgenerallywillnotaffectotherinstancesofFileExplorer.Also,ifyouoftenperformlargefiletransfersusingFileExplorer,thesetransferswon’teffectotherFileExplorerwindows.Keepinmindthatalthoughusingthesameprocesssavesmemoryandgenerallyspeedsuptheprocessofopeningnewwindows,italsomeansthatallinstancesofFileExploreraredependentoneachother.Asaresult,ifoneinstancecrashes,theyallcrash,andifoneinstanceisinapendingorwaitstate,allinstancescouldbecomelocked.
RestorePreviousFolderWindowsAtLogon Whenselected,reopensfolderwindowsyouwereusinglasttimeyouloggedon.Otherwise,folderwindowsaren’treopened.
ShowDriveLetters Whenselected,displaysdrivelettersaspartoftheinformationontheLocationsbar.Otherwise,doesnotdisplaydrivelettersaspartoftheinformationontheLocationsbar.
ShowEncryptedOrCompressedNTFSFilesInColor Whenselected,listsencryptedfilesandcompressedfilesusingdifferentcolors.Normally,encryptedfilesaredisplayedwithgreentextandcompressedfilesaredisplayedwithbluetext.Otherwise,doesnotdistinguishamongencrypted,compressed,andnormalfiles.
ShowPop-UpDescriptionForFolderAndDesktopItems Whenselected,showstooltipswithadditionalinformationaboutafileorfolderwhenyoumovethemouseoverthefileorfolder.Otherwise,doesnotshowtooltipswithadditionalinformationaboutafileorfolderwhenyoumovethemouseoverthefileorfolder.
ShowPreviewHandlersInPreviewPane WhenselectedandthePreviewpaneisvisible,displayspreviewsofselectedfilesandfolders.Otherwise,whenthePreviewpaneisvisible,previewsofselectedfilesandfoldersaren’tdisplayed.
UseCheckBoxesToSelectItems Whenselected,displayscheckboxesthatyoucanusetoselectfiles.Otherwise,allowsyoutoselectfiles,folders,andotheritemsusingonlythestandardselectiontechniquessuchasclick,Shift+Click,andCtrl+Click.
UseSharingWizard Whenselected,usestheFileSharingwizardforconfiguringfilesharing.Otherwise,usestheadvancedfilesharingoptions.
WhenTypingIntoAListView WhenyouselectAutomaticallyType…andareworkingwiththelistview,textyoutypeisenteredintotheSearchbox.Otherwise,whenyouareworkingwiththelistviewandpressaletterkey,thefirstfileorfolderwiththatletterisselected.
SearchingandIndexingYourComputerYourcomputer’sdrivesprobablyhavehundredsorevenmanythousandsofdocuments,pictures,music,videos,andmore,storeduntilyouonedaywanttoaccessthem.Themoredigitalstuffyouhave,theharderitistofindwhatyou’relookingforrightnow.ThisiswheretheWindows10searchandindexingfeaturescomein.
RealWorld Yourdocs,pics,musicandallyourotherfilesareakeyreasontoownatablet,desktoporlaptopPC.Butjustbecauseyoustoreyourdatadoesn’tmeanthatstoreddatawillstayaroundforever.Everheardofbitrot?Bitrothappensoveraperiodofmonthsandyearswhendataonyourdrivesremainsstagnant.Ifyouwanttoprotectyourdataovertime,youneedtoeithermovethedataaroundormovethedatatonewdrives,withthelatterbeingpreferable.
WindowsSearchEssentialsWhetheryouperformasearchusingtheSearchboxonthetoolbarortheSearchboxinFileExplorer,theWindowsSearchserviceperformsthesearch.ThewayWindowsSearchservicelooksforwhatyouaretryingtofinddependsonwhereyouaresearchingandhowyourdeviceisconfigured.
WhenyousearchusingtheSearchboxonthetaskbar,thesearchserviceworksasdiscussedin“Cortana&Search”inChapter1andcanincludesearchresultsfromSettings,ControlPanel,personalfiles,appsandtheweb.Incontrast,whenyousearchusingtheSearchboxinFileExploreroranyofitsrelatedviews,suchasControlPanelorThisPC,thecurrentlyselectedlocationsetsthebaselocationforthesearch.Forexample,ifthebaselocationisThisPC>Documents,asshowninFigure5-13,yoursearchwouldincluderesultsfromtheDocumentsfolderandtheWork,ReportsandSchoolsubfolders.
Figure5-13WorkingwithFileExplorer
Generally,youmustclickintheSearchboxpriortotypingyoursearchtext.Thismeansabasicsearchrequirestwosteps:
1.InanExplorerwindoworrelatedview,accessthestartlocationforyoursearch.2.ClickintheSearchbox,andthenenterthesearchtext.
Note TheWhenTypingIntoAListViewoptiondetermineswhetheryouhavetoclickintheSearchboxbeforeenteringsearchtext.Bydefault,youmustclickintheSearchbox,butifyouenableAutomaticallyTypeIntoTheSearchBox,anytextyoutypeintoalistviewisenteredautomaticallyintheSearchbox.
AgeneralsearchinvolvesWindowsSearchservicematchingthesearchtexttowordsthatappearinthetitleofanyfileorfilefolder,thepropertiesofanyindexedfileorfolder,andthecontentsofindexeddocumentsinthecurrentlyselectedfolderanditssubfolders.ResultsarereturnedtotheResultsPaneinFileExplorer,andtheAddressbarisupdatedtoreflectthatyouareviewingsearchresults.Althoughthesearchresultsthemselvesaredisplayedinthepreviouslyselectedviewstyle,youmaywanttoclickViewonthetoolbarandthenselectDetails.IntheDetailsview,theresultsarelistedbyname,datemodified,size,tagsandfolderpath.IfyouclickthePreviousLocationsbuttonontherightsideoftheaddresspath,you’llseetheactualsearchtextpassedtotheWindowsSearchservice.
AftertheWindowsSearchservicecompletesasearchintheselectedlocation,itautomaticallybeginsanothersearchifyouenteradditionalsearchtextorifyouchangethesearchtext.YoucanstopasearchinprogressatanytimebyclickingtheClosebutton—theXontherightsideoftheSearchbox.YoucanrepeatasearchbyclickingtheRefreshbutton.
UnderstandingLocalizedSearchesBydefault,onlyafewspecificlocationsonacomputerareindexed,includingpersonalprofilefolders,theWindowsfolderandtheStartmenu.TheautomaticindexingofselectedfilesandfoldersisakeyfeatureofWindows10thatimprovesthesearchresultsandhelpsspeedupthesearchprocess.
AlocalizedsearchinvolvesWindowsSearchservicecheckingaspecificlocation.WhenyouperformasearchinControlPanel,thesearchislocalizedtothenamesofrelatedutilitiesandtasks.WhenyouperformasearchintheNetworkwindow,thesearchislocalizedtothenamesandownershipinformationforcomputersanddeviceslistedtherein.
Similarly,searchesofDesktopandRecycleBinarelocalized.Forthedesktop,WindowsSearchservicematchesagainstfilenames,filetypeinformation,andfolderdetailsrelatedtoitemsstoredtherein.FortheRecycleBin,WindowsSearchservicematchesagainstitemnamesandoriginalfolderlocations.
AStartmenusearchismuchmorebroadthanyoumightthink.WindowsSearchservicelooksatthenamesofprograms,thenamesofutilities,andtasksinControlPanel,andthenlooksatinformationrelatedtoindexedfilesinotherlocations.
WheneveryousearchintheThisPCwindow,adrivefolder,oranysubfolderofadrive,youareperformingalocalizedsearchaswell.Ifthelocationyouaresearchingisindexed,WindowsSearchservicechecksitsindextotrytofindwhatyouarelookingfor,andthesearchprocessisusuallyfairlyquick.Ifthelocationyouaresearchingisn’tindexed,WindowsSearchservicewilltrytofindwhatyouarelookingforwithoutthebenefitofanindex,andthesearchprocesscanbefairlyslow.
Fine-TuningWindowsSearchYoucanimproveyoursearchresultsbyusingtheadvancedsearchoptionsandfeaturesbuiltintoWindows10.Theseadditionaladvancedfeaturesincludesearchoptionsforfine-tuningthesearchresultsandadvancedfiltersthatallowyoutosearchinnewways,aswellasoptionsformanagingwhichfilesandfoldersareindexedandsavedsearchesthatallowyoutoeasilyrepeatcustomsearches.
CustomizingSearchOptionsSearchoptionscontrolthewaytheWindowsSearchservicesearchesyourcomputer.Thesearchservicehasseveraldefaultbehaviors.Inindexedlocations,theWindowsSearchservicesearchesfilenamesandcontents.Thismeansthatitwilllookformatchestoyoursearchtextinfilenamesandfoldernames,filepropertiesandfolderproperties,andthetextualcontentsoffiles.Searchesalsoextendtopropertiesofzippedarchives,whicharecompressedarchivalfiles,suchas.ZIP,.CAB,.GZ,.TARand.TGZfiles.Thecontentsofzippedarchivesaren’tsearched,however.
Innonindexedlocations,theWindowsSearchservicesearchesfileandfoldernamesonly.Thismeansitwilllookformatchestoyoursearchtextonlyinfilenamesandfoldernames.Itwillnotlookformatchestoyoursearchtextinfileandfolderproperties,orinthetextualcontentsoffiles.
WindowsSearchservicedoesn’tusenaturallanguagesearches,butitdoessearchsubfoldersofaselectedlocationandallowspartialmatches.Disallowingnaturallanguagesearchesmeansyoucan’tenternaturallanguagequestionsaspartofyoursearch.Partialmatchingmeansthattheservicematchesyoursearchtexttopartofawordorphraseratherthantowholewordsonly.
Figure5-14Searchingyourdevicesforfilesandfolders
YoucancustomizethesearchoptionsbyusingtheoptionsontheSearchToolspanel,showninFigure5-14.TheSearchToolspanelisdisplayedwheneveryouareperformingasearch,soifyouhaven’tpreviouslyperformedasearch,thepanelishiddenuntilyouentersearchtext.Searchoptionsinclude:
CurrentFolder Limitsthesearchtothecurrentfolder.AllSubfolders Expandsthesearchtosubfoldersofthecurrentfolder(thedefault).DateModified Filtersthesearchresultsaccordingtooneofthefollowingpresetdates:Today,Yesterday,ThisWeek,LastWeek,ThisMonth,LastMonth,ThisYearorLastYear.Forexample,ifyouaresearchingforafileyoucreatedthepreviousweek,you’dselectLastWeekasyourDateModifiedfilter.Kind Filtersthesearchresultsaccordingtothegeneralkindoffile,suchasallpictureorallvideofiles.Size Filtersthesearchresultsaccordingtotheapproximatesizeofafile.Sizefiltershavespecificparameters,includingEmptyforfileshavingzerobytesandMediumfor100KBto1MB.
Asyouselectsearchoptions,therelatedsearchparametersareaddedtothesearchtext.Forexample,ifyouselectthedatemodifiedasYesterdayandthenspecifythekindoffileasPicture,thesearchisupdatedtoincludetheseparametersandthematchingresultsarethendisplayed.
Althoughthedefaultbehaviorsworkwellformostpeople,theyarelimiting,youcanoptimizethewaysearchworksbycompletingthefollowingsteps:
1.InFileExplorer,clickFileonthemenubar,thenclickOptions.SelecttheSearchtabintheFolderOptionsdialogbox.2.UnderHowToSearch,usethefollowingoptiontoconfigurehowsearcheswork:
Don’tUseTheIndexWhenSearchingInFileFoldersForSystemFiles Whenselected,theWindowsSearchserviceignoresindexeswhensearchinginfilefoldersforsystemfiles.ThisforcestheWindowsSearchservicetoexaminethecurrentstateofsystemfiles,butitcanbeextremelyslow.Whennotselected,theWindowsSearchserviceusesindexestospeedupthesearchprocessifindexesareavailable.
3.UnderWhenSearchingNon-indexedLocations,specifywhethertheWindowsSearchserviceincludessystemlocations,compressedfiles,orbothwhensearchingnonindexedlocations.Ifyouoftenzipfilesandfolders,youarelikelytoimproveyoursearchresultsbyincludingcompressedfilesinsearches.4.UnderWhenSearchingNon-indexedLocations,specifywhethertheWindowsSearchserviceshouldalwayssearchfilenamesandcontents.5.ClickOKtosaveyoursearchoptions.
RealWorld Ifyoualwayswanttheservicetosearchcontents,youforcetheWindowsSearchservicetoignorewhetherafolderisindexedwhensearching.Thisdoesnotmeanthatindexeswon’tbeused,however.Whenindexesareavailable,theWindowsSearchservicewillusethem.Whenindexesaren’tavailable,theWindowsSearchservicewillnotbeabletouseindexestospeedupthesearchprocess,andthiscanresultinslowsearches.
PerformingAdvancedSearcheswithFiltersSometimesyouwon’tbeabletousethestandardsearchoptionstofindwhatyouarelookingfor.Thedatemodifiedwon’talwaysfitneatlyapresentcategory;thefilewon’talwaysbeeasilyidentifiableasaspecifickindorrelativesize.Inthesecases,youcannarrowyourresultsbyenteringthesearchfiltersmanuallyintheSearchbox.
Eachsearchfilterbeginswithaparameternamethatbeginswithakeywordorkeywordphrasefollowedbyacolon.Theparameternameisfollowedbyaparametervalue,suchasaspecificrangeofdates.
Searchparametersyoumaywanttouseinclude:
Datecreated: Filtersthesearchresultsaccordingtothedateonwhichfilesandfolderswerecreated.Youcanspecifyarangeofdates.Forexample,youcouldenterDatecreated:09/02/2015..12/31/2015tospecifythedateasbeingbetween09/02/2015and12/31/2015.Asetofpredefinedflagsalsocanbeusedtosetageneraltimeperiod,suchasDatecreated:YesterdayorDatecreated:EarlierThisWeek.Datemodified: Filtersthesearchresultsaccordingtothedateonwhichfilesandfolderswerelastmodified.Youcanspecifyarangeofdates.Forexample,youcouldenterDatemodified:09/02/2015..12/31/2015tospecifythedateasbeingbetween09/02/2015and12/31/2015.Asetofpredefinedflagsalsocanbeusedtosetageneraltimeperiod,suchasDatemodified:YesterdayorDatemodified:EarlierThisWeek.Kind: Filtersthesearchresultsaccordingtothegeneralkindoffile,suchasallpictureorvideofiles.Asetofpredefinedflagscanbeusedtosetthegeneralkind,butunlikeotherflagsthesemustbeseparatedfromthefilteridentifierwithanequalsign,suchasKind:=CalendarorKind:=Video.Type: Filtersthesearchresultsaccordingtothefiletypelabelorfileextension.Forexample,youcouldusetype:“MP3FormatSound”ortype:mp3tosearchfor.mp3audiofiles.Owner: Filtersthesearchresultsaccordingtotheownerofthefile.Forexample,youcoulduseowner:tedgorowner:lisatosearchforfileswiththeseuserssetastheowner.Size: Filtersthesearchresultsaccordingtotheapproximatesizeofafile.Sizeflagshavespecificparameters,includingEmptyforfileshavingzerobytesandMediumfor100KBto1MB.Forexample,youcouldspecifythatyouaresearchingforafilebetween100KBand1MBbyusingthefilterSize:Medium.
Theavailablesearchfiltersarebasedonthenamesofindexablepropertiesassociatedwithfilesandfolders.ThebasicsyntaxforasearchfilterisPropertyName:wherePropertyNameisthepropertynameenteredwithoutspacesfollowedbyacolon.Forexample,withmusic,youcouldsearchforatitleofasongusingTitle:orthetitleofanalbumusingAlbum:.
Becausedocumentfiles,picturefiles,videofiles,musicfiles,andothertypesoffilesallhaveslightlydifferentlistsofindexableproperties,theyalsohaveslightlydifferentlistsofsearchfilters.Aquickwaytodiscovertheseistofollowthesesteps:
1.OpenFileExplorer.IntheNavigationpane,yourusernameandthenclickMusic.2.Inthemainpane,you’llseesongslistedbyname,contributingartists,albums,tracknumber,title,andtypebydefault.Displayalistofrelatedheadingsbyright-clickinganopenareaofthecolumnheadings.3.Anyoftheheadingsshowncanbeusedinyoursearchesformusicfiles.Therelatedsearchfilteristheheadingnamewithoutspacesfollowedbyacolon.YoucanlearnaboutflagsandoptionsavailablewithafilterbysimplyenteringthefilterintheSearchbox.Forexample,tosearchonbitrate,youcouldusetheBitrate:filter.Ifyouenterbitrate:intheSearchbox,you’llseeflagsforvoiceandAMbroadcasts,FMbroadcasts,high-qualityaudio,andnear-CD-qualityaudio.4.Todiscoverpropertiesspecifictodocuments,pictures,andvideos,repeatthisprocess,selectingDocuments,Pictures,andVideosasappropriateinsteadofMusic.
Note Althoughyoucanuseanyfilterinanytypeoffolder,thedefaultfolderviewcontrolsthecolumnheadingsdisplayedbydefaultaswellastheheadingsthatarelistedwhenyouright-clickthecolumnheading.Asdiscussedearlierinthesection“Fine-TuningFolderViews&Details,”FileExploreridentifiesfoldersashavingmostlydocuments,mostlymusic,mostlypictures,ormostlyvideos,andthenusesatemplatetosettheirdefaultview.
Youcanusesearchfilterswithorwithoutkeywords.Ifyouwanttoperformafilteredsearchwithakeyword,clickinthesearchwindow,typethekeywordorphrase,andthenenterthefilter.Ifyouwanttobeginasearchwithoutakeyword,clickinthesearchwindowandthenenterthefilter.Justasyoucanusemultiplekeywords,youcanusemultiplefiltersinasinglesearch.Forexample,youcouldsearchusingthedatemodified,size,andkindfilters.Searchesthatcombinemultiplefiltersandaredifficulttore-createaretheonesyou’lllikelywanttosaveforlaterreuse.
WindowsSearchserviceallowsyoutoperformlogicalANDsearchesaswellaslogicalORandlogicalNOTsearches.AND(enteredinallcaps)actsasanoperatortomatchexactlytwoormorekeywordsseparatedbyANDoperators.OR(enteredinallcaps)actsasanoperatortomatchanyofthekeywordsseparatedbyORoperators.NOT(enteredinallcaps)actsasaselectiveoperatortomatchonekeywordbutnotanother.
YouuseANDtoperformcomplexsearchesthatmatchmultipleparameters.Iffilecontentsearchingisenabled,youcouldsearchforfilescontainingthekeywordChicagoandthekeywordMiamiusing:chicagoANDmiami
Here,onlyfilescontainingbothkeywordsarereturned.BecausethelogicalANDoperationisimpliedwheneveryouentermultiplekeywordsintheSearchbox,youalsocouldhavesimplyentered:chicagomiami
YoucouldlimitthesearchtomatchingfilenamesbyusingtheName:filter,suchas:
name:betterANDname:food
Here,onlyfileswhosenameincludesbothbetterandfoodarereturned.LogicalORoperationscanbehandyaswell.Forexample,youcouldsearchforeitherbetterorfoodorbothbetterandfoodusing:Name:betterORName:food
Here,fileswhosenameincludeseitherbetterorfoodarereturned.Tolookforfileswhonameincludesbetterbutnotfood,youcouldusethesearchparameters:Name:betterNOTName:food
SearchingbyKindorTypeofFileWhenyouareworkingwithlibrariesandcertainotherfolders,theKind:andType:filtersareimpliedwhenyouclickintheSearchbox.Thesefiltersarealsoavailablewhenyouareworkingwithotherfolders,butyoumustenterthefiltertousethem.Ineithercase,anyfilewithakindortypethatmatchesyourparametersisreturnedinthesearchresults.
Thekindsoffilesyoucansearchforinclude:
Calendar Filtersthesearchresultssothatonlycalendaritemsareincluded.Communication Filtersthesearchresultssothatonlycalendar,email,contact,andinstantmessageitemsareincluded.Contact Filtersthesearchresultssothatonlycontactitemsareincluded.Document Filtersthesearchresultssothatonlydocumentfilesareincluded.E-mail Filtersthesearchresultssothatonlyemailmessagesareincluded.Feed FiltersthesearchresultssothatonlymessagesfromRSSfeedsareincluded.Folder Filtersthesearchresultssothatonlyfoldersareincluded.Game Filtersthesearchresultssothatonlygamedataandothergamefilesareincluded.InstantMessage Filtersthesearchresultssothatonlyinstantmessagesareincluded.Journal Filtersthesearchresultssothatonlyjournalentriesareincluded.Link Filtersthesearchresultssothatonlylinksareincluded.Movie Filtersthesearchresultssothatonlymoviefilesareincluded.Music Filtersthesearchresultssothatonlymusicfilesareincluded.Note Filtersthesearchresultssothatonlynotefilesareincluded.Picture Filtersthesearchresultssothatonlypicturesareincluded.Playlist Filtersthesearchresultssothatonlytoplaylistsforyourmusicfiles.Program Filtersthesearchresultssothatprogramfilesareincluded.RecordedTV Filtersthesearchresultssothatrecordedtelevisionprogramsareincluded.SavedSearch Filtersthesearchresultssothatsavedsearchesareincluded.Task Filtersthesearchresultssothattasksareincluded.Video Filtersthesearchresultssothatvideofilesareincluded.WebHistory Filtersthesearchresultssothatitemsfromyourwebhistoryareincluded.Unknown Searchesforanykindoffile.Youdon’tneedtousethisfilterasitisimpliedwhenyoudon’tprovideaspecifickindfilter.
Whenperformingkindortypesearches,remembertoenteryoursearchkeywordorkeywordsfirstandtheneitherselecttherelatedoptionontheSearchpanelandchooseavalue,orenterKind:orType:followedbytheappropriateparametervalue.Forexample,ifyouknowthefileyouarelookingforisavideoandthefilenameincludesthekeyword“vacation,”youcouldsearchforitbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.InFileExplorer,accessthetop-levelfolderfromwhichyouwanttostartsearching.2.ClickintheSearchbox.Typevacationkind:video,andthenpressEnter.
TheType:filterallowsyoutosearchforaspecifictypeoffilebyitsfiletypelabelorfileextension.Forexample,ifyouknowthefileyouarelookingforisa.wmvfileandthefilenameincludesthekeyword“home,”youcouldsearchforitbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.InFileExplorer,accessthetop-levelfolderfromwhichyouwanttostartsearching.2.ClickintheSearchbox.Typehometype:wmv,andthenpressEnter.
SearchingUsingDate-RelatedFiltersWindowsSearchservicetracksavarietyofdate-relatedproperties,including:
DateAccessed Tracksthedateafilewaslastaccessed.DateArchived Tracksthedateafilewaslastarchived.DateLastSaved Tracksthedateafilewaslastsaved.DateCreated Tracksthedateafilewascreated.DateModified Tracksthedateafilewaslastmodified.DateSent Tracksthedateamessagewassent.DateTaken Tracksthedateapicturewastaken.
Generally,theyallworkinthesameway.Whenyouareworkingwithadatefilter,youcanselectaspecificdate,ageneraldate,orarangeofdatestosearch.Anyfilewithadatethatmatchesyourparametersisreturnedinthesearchresults.
Youselectspecificdatesbyusingthecalendarprovided,asshowninFigure5-15.Thecalendardisplaysthecurrentdayanddatebydefault.
Figure5-15Searchingusingdate-relatedfilters
Thecalendarhastheseveralviews:
Month Themonthviewisthedefault.Whileworkingwiththemonthview,youcanviewothermonthsinthecalendarbyusingtherightandleftarrowbuttons.Clickanddraginthecalendartoselectaseriesofdates,suchasthe5ththroughthe25thdaysofthemonth.Year Theyearviewliststhemonthsinayear.Youcanaccesstheyearviewfromthemonthviewbyclickingthemonthandyearentryatthetopofthecalendar.Whileworkingwiththeyearview,youcanviewotheryearsinthecalendarbyusingtherightandleftarrowbuttons.Clickanddraginthecalendartoselectaseriesofmonths,suchasFebruarythroughApril.Decade Thedecadeviewliststheyearsina10-yearperiod.Youcanaccessthedecadeviewfromthemonthviewbyclickingtwiceatthetopofthecalendar.While
workingwiththedecadeview,youcanviewotherdecadesinthecalendarbyusingtherightandleftarrowbuttons.Clickanddraginthecalendartoselectaseriesofyears,suchas2010to2012.Century Thecenturyviewliststhe10-yearperiodsinaparticularcentury.Youcanaccessthecenturyviewfromthemonthviewbyclickingthreetimesatthetopofthecalendar.Whileworkingwiththecenturyview,youcanviewothercenturiesinthecalendarbyusingtherightandleftarrowbuttons.Clickanddraginthecalendartoselectaseriesofdecades,suchas2000–2009or2010–2019.
Thedate-relatedfiltersacceptabbreviatedentriesaswell.Usinganabbreviatedentry,youcandirectlyenterthedatetosearch.Thebasicsyntaxvariesbylocality.ForU.S.English,thesyntaxis:Mm/Dd/Yyyy
or:Mm/Dd/Yyyy..Mm/Dd/Yyyy
whereMmisaone-ortwo-digitvalueforthemonth,Ddisaone-ortwo-digitvalueforthedayofthemonth,andYyyyisafour-digitvaluefortheyear.Knowingthis,youcouldsearchforpicturestakenbetween1/1/2016and12/31/2016byfollowingthesesteps:
1.InFileExplorer,accessthetop-levelfolderfromwhichyouwanttostartsearching.2.ClickintheSearchbox.Optionally,typeakeywordorphrasetosearchon.3.TypeDatetaken:1/1/2016..12/31/2016,andthenpressEntertobeginyoursearch.
Withdate-relatedfilters,youalsocanusethefollowingpredefinedflags:
Yesterday Searchesforfilesandfolderscreatedyesterday.Earlierthisweek Searchesforfilesandfolderscreatedearlierinthecurrentweek.Lastweek Searchesforfilesandfolderscreatedinthepreviousweek.Earlierthismonth Searchesforfilesandfolderscreatedearlierinthecurrentmonth.Earlierthisyear Searchesforfilesandfolderscreatedearlierinthecurrentyear.Alongtimeago Searchesforfilesandfolderscreatedpriortothecurrentyear.
Youcansearchusingthepredefinedflagsbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.InFileExplorer,accessthetop-levelfolderfromwhichyouwanttostartsearching.2.ClickintheSearchbox.Optionally,typeakeywordorphrasetosearchon.3.Typethedate-relatedfilteryouwanttouse,suchasDatetaken:.4.TypethepresetlabelorclickthepresetbuttonintheSearchpane,andthenpressEntertobeginyoursearch.
WindowsSearchservicealsoallowsyoutouseoperators.Usetheequal(=)operatortogetanexactdatematch.Forexample,ifyouknowafilewascreatedon12/15/2015,youcanusethefilter:DateCreated:=12/15/2015
Youalsocanusethelessthan,greaterthan,lessthanorequalto,greaterthanorequalto,ornotequaltooperators:<,>,<=,>=,<>.Forexample,youcouldlookforfilesmodifiedafter01/01/2014byentering:DateModified:>01/01/2014
AsanalternativetotheMm/Dd/Yyyy..Mm/Dd/Yyyysyntax,youcouldcombine>and<searchesusingtheANDoperator.Forexample,youcouldlookforfilesmodifiedafter01/01/2014butbefore05/31/2014byentering:DateModified:>01/01/2014ANDDateModified:<05/31/2014
BecausetheANDisalwaysimplied,youalsocouldenter:DateModified:>01/01/2014DateModified:<05/31/2014
Oryoucouldenter:DateModified:(>01/01/2014<05/31/2014)
ThisfinalsyntaxisclosertotheoneWindowsSearchserviceactuallyusesinternally.
SearchingUsingSize-RelatedFiltersWindowsSearchservicetracksavarietyofsize-relatedproperties,including:
Dimensions: Tracksthewidthandheightofpictures.Framewidth: Tracksthewidthofframesinavideo.Frameheight: Trackstheheightofframesinavideo.Length: Trackstherunningtimeofsongsandvideos.Size: Tracksthesizeofthefileasstoredontheharddisk.
WiththeDimensions:filter,youcansearchonthewidthandheightofpictures.Youcansearchusingexactdimensionsbyusinganequalsignandthedimensionsinquotes,suchasDimensions:“1920x1020”orDimensions:“2048x1536”.Thequotesandspacesarerequiredtogetamatch.Impliedintheseexamplesistheequal(=)operator,soyoualsocouldenterDimensions:=“1920x1020”orDimensions:=“2048x1536”.Youalsocanusethelessthan,greaterthan,lessthanorequalto,greaterthanorequalto,ornotequaltooperators:<,>,<=,>=,<>.
TheFramewidth:andFrameheight:filterscanhelpsearchvideos.Forexample,youcouldsearchforvideosthatare320x240byenteringthesearchparameters:framewidth:320frameheight:240
Again,theequal(=)operatorisimplied,soyoualsocouldenterFramewidth:=320Frameheight:=240.Tosearchforvideoswithhigherqualityandlargerframesizes,youcouldusethesearchparameters:framewidth:>320frameheight:>240
Anotherhandysize-relatedfilterisLength:,whichhasthefollowingflags:
VeryShort Forsongsandvideoslessthanaminute.Short Forsongsandvideosfrom1to5minutesinlength.Medium Forsongsandvideosfrom5to30minutesinlength.Long Forsongsandvideosfrom30to60minutesinlength.VeryLong Forsongsandvideoslongerthan60minutes.
Althoughyoucouldenternumericvaluesforlength,thesearchwon’tworkasyouexpect.Thisisbecausethelengthisexpressedinternallyinfractionalseconds;youcanseethisbyclickingtheLocationIndicatoriconintheaddresspath.
WiththeSize:filter,youcanspecifyanapproximatefilesize.Anyfilewithanfilesizeapproximatelymatchingyourparametersisreturnedinthesearchresults.Thesizeoptionsare:
Empty Allowsyoutosearchforemptyfiles.Tiny Allowsyoutosearchforfilesof0to10kilobytes.Small Allowsyoutosearchforfilesof10to100kilobytes.Medium Allowsyoutosearchforfilesof100kilobytesto1megabyte.Large Allowsyoutosearchforfilesof1megabyteto16megabytes.Huge Allowsyoutosearchforfilesof16megabytesto128megabytes.Gigantic Allowsyoutosearchforfilesover128megabytes.
Thesizeflagsallowyoutoquicklyfindfilesthatmeetspecificsizecriteria.Forexample,ifyouknowthefileyouarelookingforismediuminsizeandhasthekeyword“staff”or“monthly,”youcouldsearchforitbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.InFileExplorer,accessthetop-levelfolderfromwhichyouwanttostartsearching.2.ClickintheSearchbox.TypestaffORmonthlysize:medium,andthenpressEnter.
TheSize:filteracceptsabbreviatedentriesaswell.Usinganabbreviatedentry,youcandirectlyenterthesizeparametersforthesearch.Thebasicsyntaxis:size:SmallestSize..LargestSize
whereSmallestSizeisthesmallestfilesizethatmeetsyourparametersandLargestSizeisthelargestfilesizethatmeetsyourparameters.Usekbtospecifyasizeinkilobytes,mbtospecifyasizeinmegabytes,andgbtospecifyasizeingigabytes.Thekb,mb,andgblabelsarerequired.Ifyoudon’tusetheappropriatelabel,WindowsSearchservicewon’treturntheexpectedresults.Here’sanexampleofhowyoucouldsearchforfilesbetween50KBand2MB:
1.InFileExplorer,accessthetop-levelfolderfromwhichyouwanttostartsearching.2.ClickintheSearchbox.Typesize:50kb..2mb,andthenpressEnter.
Youalsocanusetheoperatorsdiscussedpreviously,including<,>,<=,>=,and<>.Forexample,tosearchforfilessmallerthan900KBinsize,youwouldtypeSize:<900kbandpressEntertobeginyoursearch.Tosearchforfilesgreaterthan900KBinsize,youwouldtypeSize:>900kbandpressEntertobeginyoursearch.
SavingYourSearchesYoucansaveanysearchyouperforminFileExplorer.Whenyousaveasearch,yoursearchcriteriaaresavedasasearchfoldersothatyoucanrapidlyperformanidenticalsearchinthefuture.
Youcancreateasearchfolderbycompletingthefollowingsteps:
1.PerformasearchinFileExplorer,andthenclickSaveSearchontheSearchpanel.2.IntheSaveAsdialogbox,acceptthedefaultnameandlocationforthesearchfolderorspecifyanewsavelocationandname.3.ClickSavetocreatethesearchfolder.Searchesaresavedwiththe.search-msfileextension.
Bydefault,savedsearchesarestoredintheSearchesfolderwithinyourpersonalfolders.Yourunasavedsearchatanytimebydouble-clickingitintheSearchesfolder.RecentsearchesarealsoavailableontheSearchpaneinFileExplorerwhenyouclicktheRecentSearchesoption.
SavedSearchesarerepresentedbyablueiconwithamagnifyingglassandarelistedwithSavedSearchasthetype.Whenyouopenordouble-clickthesavedsearch,theWindowsSearchserviceeitherretrievesthecachedresultsofyourprevioussearchorperformsanewsearchusingthesearchcriteria.Theresultisalistofmatchingfilesandfoldersthatappeartobeintheselectedfolder.Thesavedsearchdoesnotactuallycontainanyfilesorfolders,however.Asavedsearch’sonlycontentistheassociatedsearchstringandresultset.
Youcanworkwithsavedsearchinthesamewayyouworkwithfilesandfolders.Youcan:
UseCtrl+XtocutandCtrl+Vtopasteasavedsearchinanewlocation.UseCtrl+CtocopyandCtrl+Vtopastetocreatecopiesofsavedsearches.PressDeletetoremovesavedsearches.
Althoughyoucannoteditsavedsearchestoupdatethesearchcriteria,youcandeleteasavedsearch,configurethedesiredsearchcriteria,andthensavethenewsearchusingtheoldsavedsearchname.
IndexingYourComputerYoutelltheWindowsSearchserviceaboutlocationsthatshouldbeindexedbydesignatingthemassearchedlocations.Afteryou’vedesignatedafolderasanindexedlocation,theWindowsSearchserviceisnotifiedthatitneedstoupdatetherelatedindexwheneveryoumodifythecontentsofthefolder.Youcanmanagetheindexingofyourcomputer’sfilesandfoldersbyaddingorremovingindexedlocations,specifyingfiletypestoexclude,andrebuildingindexesasnecessary.
ProTip It’simportanttopointoutthatencryptedfilesaren’tindexedbydefault.Thisisdesignedtoensurethatprotectedinformationisn’taccidentallymadeavailableordiscoverable.Althoughapoorsecuritypractice,thereisanadvancedoptionforindexingencryptedfiles.
CustomizingIndexedLocationsTheWindowsSearchserviceindexesonlyafewlocationsbydefault.Theselocationsare:
Offlinefiles Allofflinefilefoldersareindexedforfastsearching.Startmenu Allmenuoptionsareindexedforfastsearching.Users Allpersonalfoldersofallusersofthecomputerareindexedforfastsearching.Windows Allsystemfilesareindexedforfastsearching.
Tip Thequickestwaytoensurethatafolderisindexedistoaddthefoldertooneofthefoldersinyourpersonalprofile,suchasDocumentsorPictures.Althoughapplicationdatafoldersarestoredwithinuserprofiles,thesefoldersareexcludedfromindexingbydefault.Becauseyoudon’twanttoindexfoldersorfilesassociatedwithapplicationdata,thisisthedesiredsettinginmostinstances.
TheIndexingOptionsdialogbox,showninFigure5-16,providesanoverviewofindexingonyourcomputer,whichincludesthetotalnumberofitemsindexedandthecurrentindexingstate.ThecurrentlyindexedlocationsarelistedunderIncludedLocations.
Figure5-16Settingindexingoptions
Youcanaddorremoveindexedlocationsbycompletingthefollowingsteps:
1.IntheSearchboxonthetaskbar,typeIndexingOptions,andthenpressEnter.OrwhileworkingwiththeSearchToolsinFileExplorer,selectAdvancedOptionsandthenselectChangeIndexedLocations.2.SelectalocationandthenclickModify.IntheIndexedLocationsdialogbox,clickShowAllLocationstodisplayhiddenlocationsaswellasstandard
locations.3.Usetheoptionsprovidedtoselectlocationstoindex,orclearcheckboxesforlocationsyounolongerwanttoindex.ClickOKtosaveyourchanges.
Thelocationsyoucanindexincludeofflinefilefolders,harddiskdrives,anddeviceswithremovablestorage.Ifanodecanbeexpanded,you’llseeanopentriangletotheleftofthelocationname.Clickthistoexpandthelocation.Forexample,youcouldexpandLocalDisk(C:)toselectafolderontheC:drive.
Note Somesystemfoldersareexcludedfromindexingandaredisplayeddimmedtopreventthemfrombeingselected.Ifyouenableindexingoftheentiresystemdrive,thesesystemfoldersareexcludedautomatically.Keepinmind,however,thatyouusuallydon’twanttoindexanentiredrive.Instead,expandthedrivelocationandselectindividualfoldersforindexing.
IncludingorExcludingFilesbyTypeWindowsSearchservicecanbeconfiguredtoindexfileandfoldernames,fileandfolderproperties,andfileandfoldercontents.WindowsSearchservicedetermineswhichtypesoffilesandfolderstoindexaccordingtothefileextension.
TheWindowsSearchserviceusestheinformationthatitknowsaboutfiletypesandfileextensionstohelpitindexfilesmoreefficiently.Eachfileextensionhasafilefilterassociatedwithit,andthisfilterdeterminesexactlywhetherandhowfileswithaparticularextensionareindexed.Forfilesincludedintheindex,therearetwogeneralsettings:
IndexPropertiesOnly Ensuresthatonlythepropertiesofthefileareindexed.IndexPropertiesAndFileContents Ensuresthatthepropertiesofthefileareindexedandthatthecontentsofthefilecanbeindexedaswell,ifcontentindexingisenabled.
YoucanspecifyfiletypesthattheWindowsSearchserviceshouldincludeorexcludewhenindexingfilesbycompletingthefollowingsteps:
1.IntheSearchboxonthetaskbar,typeIndexingOptions,andthenpressEnter.OrwhileworkingwiththeSearchToolsinFileExplorer,selectAdvancedOptionsandthenselectChangeIndexedLocations.2.ClickAdvanced.OntheIndexSettingstab,selecttheIndexEncryptedFilescheckboxifyouwanttheWindowsSearchservicetoindexfilesthathavebeenencrypted.3.Ifyouwanttoimproveindexingofnon-Englishcharacters,selecttheTreatSimilarWordsWithDiacriticsAsDifferentWordscheckbox.Adiacriticisamarkaboveorbelowaletterthatindicatesachangeinthewayitispronouncedorstressed.
Note SelectingorclearingtheoptionsinStep2or3willcausetheWindowsSearchservicetocompletelyrebuildtheindexesonyourcomputer.
4.OntheFileTypestab,eachfileextensionandfilterassociationislisted.Ifafileextensionisselected,theWindowsSearchserviceincludesfilesofthistypewhenindexing.Ifafileextensionisnotselected,theWindowsSearchserviceexcludesfilesofthistypewhenindexing.Selectorclearfileextensionsasappropriate.
RealWorld Whenyouinstallnewapplications,thoseapplicationsmayregisternewfilterswiththeWindowsSearchserviceandconfigurerelatedfileextensionstousethesefilters.Ifafilterisn’tavailableandyouwanttoaddsupportforaparticularfileextension,typethefileextensioninthetextboxprovidedandthenclickAdd.
5.Tochangethewayfileswithaparticularextensionareindexed,selectthe
fileextensionandthenclickeitherIndexPropertiesOnlyorIndexPropertiesAndFileContents.Onlychangethewayindexingworkswhenyouaresuretheindexingconfigurationyou’vechosenworks.Althoughyoucanalwaysstopindexingthecontentsofaparticularfiletype,you’llrarelywanttoindexthecontentsofafiletypethatisn’talreadybeingindexed.6.ClickOKtosaveyoursettings.
ResolvingIndexingProblemsTheWindowsSearchservicemustberunningforyoutoperformsearches.Theservicemustalsoberunningtoindexfiles.Ifyoususpectthere’saproblemwithsearchingorindexing,youshouldcheckthestatusoftheWindowsSearchservice.Todothis,followthesesteps:
1.IntheSearchboxonthetaskbar,typeViewLocalServices,andthenpressEnter.2.IntheServiceswindow,ensurethestatusoftheWindowsSearchserviceislistedasStarted.Iftheserviceisn’trunning,right-clickWindowsSearchandthenclickStart.Iftheserviceisrunningandyoususpectthere’saproblemwithindexing,right-clickandselectRestart.
Otherproblemsyoumayexperiencewithsearchingandindexinghavetodowithcorruptindexes,improperindexsettings,andtheindexlocationrunningoutofspace.Anindicatorofacorruptindexiswhenyoursearchesdonotreturntheexpectedresultsornewdocumentsarenotbeingindexedproperly.AnindicatorofimproperindexsettingsiswhenyoursearchesfailortheWindowsSearchservicegeneratesbadfileerrorsintheeventlogs.Anindicatoroftheindexlocationrunningoutofspaceiswhenindexingofnewdocumentsfailsandthereareout-of-disk-spacereportsintheeventlogsfortheWindowsSearchservice.
TheWindowsSearchservicedoesagoodjobofautomaticallycorrectingsomeproblemswithindexes.Forothertypesofproblems,you’llfinderrorreportsintheformofWindowseventsinthesystemeventlogs.Youcancorrectmostproblemswithsearchingandindexingbycompletingthefollowingsteps:
1.IntheSearchboxonthetaskbar,typeIndexingOptions,andthenpressEnter.OrwhileworkingwiththeSearchToolsinFileExplorer,selectAdvancedOptionsandthenselectChangeIndexedLocations.2.ClickAdvanced.Ifyoususpectyourcomputer’sindexesarecorrupt,clickRebuild.Windows10rebuildstheindexesonyourcomputerbystoppingtheWindowsSearchservice,clearingoutindexes,andthenstartingtheWindowsSearchservice.Indexesalsoarerebuiltautomaticallywheneveryourestartyourcomputer.3.Bydefault,theWindowsSearchservicecreatesindexesinthe%ProgramData%\Microsoftfolder.Iftherelateddriveislowonspaceorifyouwanttotrytobalancetheworkloadbyusingotherharddiskdrives,youmaywanttochangetheindexlocation.Todothis,clickSelectNewunderIndexLocation.IntheBrowseForFolderdialogbox,selectthediskdriveandfolderinwhichtheindexshouldbestored,andthenclickOK.ThenexttimeyourestartyourcomputerortheWindowsSearchservice,indexeswillbecreatedinthenewlocation.4.ClickOK.IntheIndexingOptionsdialogbox,youcantrackthestatusofreindexingfilesbywatchingthenumberofindexeditemsincrease.Theindexingstatusindicateswhetherindexingiscompleteorinprogress.
Chapter6.ManagingYourApps
Windows10runstwodifferenttypesofsoftware:desktopprogramsanddesktopapps.Forgeneraldiscussioninthisbook,Irefertoprogramsandappsinterchangeably.However,inthischapter,Imustnowdistinguishbetweenthetwo:
DesktopprogramsaresoftwarethatyouinstallandconfigureusingmediaorWindowsInstaller.DesktopappsaresoftwarethatyoudownloadandinstallfromtheWindowsstore.
Iwilldiscussappsfirsttogiveacontextandthenfocusonprograms.
WorkingwithDesktopAppsGenerally,youpurchaseappsintheWindowsstoreandinstallappsovertheInternet.However,appscanalsobedevelopedin-houseorbythird-partydevelopersanddeployedusingpolicysettings.Youmanageappsusingtechniquessimilartodesktopprograms.However,appshavemanydistinctcharacteristics.
ZeroinginonAppsDesktopappsareautomaticallyaddedtoStartwhenyouinstallthemandwillhaveatile.Atilemakesiteasytoworkwiththeapp.Right-clickthetiletodisplaymanagementoptions.Managementoptionsdependonthetypeoftile.Livetilescanupdatetheircontents,andtheseupdatescanbeturnedonoroffbyright-clickingandselectingTurnLiveTileOnorTurnLiveTileOffasappropriate.AsdiscussedinChapter2under“MakingtheStartMenuWorkforYou,”tilescanbedisplayedinseveralsizes,andyoucanmakeatilesmallerorlargerasneeded.IfyounolongerwantatiletobedisplayedonStart,youcanright-clickthetileandchoosetheUnpinFromStartoption.
Ifyouunpinanapp,it’sstillaccessiblebyclickingtheAllAppsbutton.AllAppsistheWindows10equivalenttotheProgramsmenuinearlyreleaseofWindows.Incontrast,desktopprogramsmaynotbeaddedtoStartorAppsautomatically.Formoreinformation,seethe“MakingProgramsAvailable”sectionlaterinthischapter.
Windows10appswithlivetilesstartupdatingimmediatelyafterinstallation.Unlikeprogramswhereyoutypicallyhaveonlyoneforegroundprogram,multipleappscansharethescreenandremainintheforeground.Appscanopenotherappsandsharethescreenwiththem;oneappalsocanusemultiplemonitors.
Getting,InstallingandRunningAppsOutofthebox,computersrunningWindows10caninstallonlytrustedapppackagesthatcomefromtheWindowsStore.YoucanaccesstheWindowsStore,showninFigure6-1,usingtheStoreoptionsonStartandthetoolbar.Ifyouareloggedontoyourdevicewithaconnectedaccount,you’llbeloggedintothestoreautomaticallyandcanbeginbrowsingforapps.Whileyoucandownloadanyfreeappwithouthavingtoprovidepaymentinformation,thefirsttimeyoupurchaseapaidapp,you’llneedtoprovidecompletedetailsforacredit,debitorothercard.
Figure6-1VisitingtheWindowsStore
ConnectingYourAccounttotheStore
Sometimesyou’llbeworkingwithalocalaccountordomainaccountthatisn’tconnectedtoaMicrosoftaccount.Forexample,youmayprefernothavingMicrosofttrackinformationaboutyoureveryonlineactivityandthereforeoptnottouseaconnectedaccount.Don’tworry,youcanstillgetappsfromtheWindowsStore.
IfyouneedtologinandhaveanOutlook.com,Hotmail,Live.com,MSNorothervalidaccountintheMicrosoftnetwork,followthesestepstogetconnectedtothestore:
1.ClickAccountOptionsonthetoolbarandthenclickSignIn.2.Whenpromptedtochooseanaccount,clickMicrosoftAccount.3.EntertheemailaddressandpasswordforyourMicrosoftaccountandthenclickSignIn.4.WhenpromptedforyourcurrentWindowspassword,asshowninFigure6-2,dooneofthefollowing:
ProvideyourpasswordandclickNexttoconnectyourcurrentaccounttotheMicrosoftaccountandthereafter,you’llneedtologintoyourWindowsdeviceusingtheMicrosoftaccountandpassword.Specifythatyoudon’twantswitchtoaMicrosoftaccountforloginbyclickingtheSignInToJustThisAppInsteadlink.ThisoptionensuresyourMicrosoftaccountis
usedonlyforsigningintotheStore.
Figure6-2Connectingyouraccount
Ifyouneedtologinanddon’thaveanOutlook.com,Hotmail,Live.com,MSNorothervalidaccountintheMicrosoftnetwork,followthesestepstogetconnectedtothestore:
1.ClickAccountOptionsonthetoolbarandthenclickSignIn.2.Whenpromptedtochooseanaccount,clicktheCreateOnelink.3.Enteryourfirstandlastnameinthetextboxesprovided.4.Next,youarepromptedforanemailaddresstouseforaccessingMicrosoftnetworks.Thisemailaddresscanbeyourworkorhomeemailaddress,butshouldbeonethatonlyyouhaveaccesstoasitwillbetheaddressusedforrecoveringyouraccountandverifyingyouridentityifneeded.
Tip Ifyoudon’twanttoconnectanexistingemailaddressintotheMicrosoftnetwork,youcanclicktheGetANewEmailAddresslinkandthenenterauniqueidentifierforanewoutlook.comemailaddress.
5.Whetheryouenteredyouremailaddressorcreatedanewone,youmustnextenterapassword.ThispasswordisforaccessingtheMicrosoftnetworkandshouldnotbethesameoneyouuseforloginoremailaccess.6.UsetheselectionlistsprovidedtospecifyyourcountryoforiginandbirthdateandthenclickNext.7.Protectyouraccountbyenteringaphonenumberthatcanbeusedtovalidateyouraccount.OrclicktheAddAnAlternateEmailInsteadlinkandthenenteranalternateemailaddress.Whenyouarereadytocontinue,clickNexttwice.8.WhenpromptedforyourcurrentWindowspassword,asshown
previouslyinFigure6-2,dooneofthefollowing:
ProvideyourpasswordandclickNexttoconnectyourcurrentaccounttotheMicrosoftaccountandthereafter,you’llneedtologintoyourWindowsdeviceusingtheMicrosoftaccountandpassword.Specifythatyoudon’twantswitchtoaMicrosoftaccountforloginbyclickingtheSignInToJustThisAppInsteadlink.ThisoptionensuresyourMicrosoftaccountisusedonlyforsigningintotheStore.
FindingandInstallingYourApps
OnceyouaresignedintotheStore,youcangetandinstallapps.Browsethestoretofindapps.Getandinstallanapp,simplybyclickingit’spurchasebutton.Withfreeapps,yousimplyclicktheFreebutton.Thefirsttimeyoupurchaseapaidapp,however,you’llneedtoenterpaymentinformation.
AppsthatareintheprocessofbeingdownloadedandinstalledareshownontheDownloadsAndInstallspage,whichisaccessedbyclickingtheDownloadsoptiononthetoolbar.Ifthere’saproblemdownloadingandinstallinganapp,you’llseeanerror,asshowninFigure6-3.GetmoreinformationabouttheerrorbyclickingtheSeeDetailslink.TrytodownloadandinstalltheappagainbyclickingtheRetryoption.
Figure6-3Checkingthedownloadsandinstallsqueue.
Ifyou’vemadepreviouspurchasesonotherdevices,you’llfindthosepurchasesinyourmedialibrary.ClickAccountOptionsonthetoolbarandthenclickMyLibrary.Appsthatyou’vepurchasedbutaren’tyetinstalledhaveadownloadicon,asshowninFigure6-4.
Figure6-4Gettingdownloadsfromyourlibrary.
Bydefault,appsareupdatedautomaticallysoyoudon’thavetoworryaboutcheckingfor
updatesandinstallingthem.Whilethisisusuallyagoodthing,youmaynotwantappstobeupdatedautomaticallyifyoufrequentlyusemorecostlymobiledatainsteadofwi-fi.Ifso,youcanspecifythatyoudon’twantappstobeupdatedautomaticallybyfollowingthesesteps:
1.ClickAccountOptionsandthenselectSettings.2.OntheSettingspage,setUpdateAppsAutomaticallytoOffbyclickingit.3.Ifyouturnoffautomaticupdates,you’llthenneedtomanuallycheckforupdatesperiodically,byclickingtheDownloadsoptionandthenclickingtheCheckForUpdatesbutton.
WhileyouareworkingwithSettings,youmayalsowanttospecifythattheWindowsStoreapponlyupdatesitslivetilewhenyouareconnectedtowi-fi.Todothis,settheOnlyUpdateTheTile…optiontoOff.
RealWorld WhenUpdateAppsAutomaticallyissettoOn,Windows10checksforupdatestoallinstalledappsdaily.Thedailycheckoccursevery20hours.Thus,iftheupdatecheckstartsat4:00PMtoday,it’llstartat12:00PMtomorrowand8:00AMthedayafter.Ifthistimeismissed,Windows10performsthecheckandanysubsequentupdatesassoonaspossibleafterthescheduledstartismissed.AlthoughthecheckandupdatesoccurregardlessofwhetherthecomputerisrunningonACpowerorbattery,Windows10won’tcheckforupdateswhenyouareusingmobiledataandwillinsteadwaituntilyouhaveawi-ficonnection.
InstallingDesktopProgramsYouinstalldesktopappsviatheWindowsStore,asdiscussedintheprevioussection.Youinstallprogramsusingadownloadedinstallerorinstallationmedia.Partoftheinstallationprocessinvolvescheckingthecredentialsandpromptingforconsentiftheuserdoesn’thaveappropriateprivileges.Aspartofinstallingaprogram,youmightalsoneedtospecifywhetheryouwanttomaketheprogramonlyavailabletoyouortoallusersofthecomputer.
Witholderprograms,Windowsmightnotbeabletoproperlydeterminethepermissionsrequiredforinstallation.Solvethisproblembycancelingtheinstallationandthenre-runningthesetupprogramwithelevatedprivileges.Todothis,locatetheexecutablefilefortheinstaller.Right-clickthisfile,andthenclickRunAsAdministrator.
Withadownloadedinstaller,youtypicallyneedtodouble-clickthefileyoudownloadedtobeginthesetupprocess.Next,youmaybepromptedtoconfirmthatyouwanttomakechangestoyourcomputer,asshowninFigure6-5.Ifso,clickYesandbeginthesetupprocess.Followthepromptstocompletetheinstallation.
Figure6-5Confirmthechangestoyourcomputer.
Notalldownloadedprogramsusedirectinstallation.Withsomedownloadedprograms,you’llbepromptedforafolderlocationwherethesetupfilescanbeextractedandstored.Afterward,you’llthenneedtoinitiatesetupbyrunningthesetupprogramfortheapplication.Typically,thisprogramisnamedSetup.exe.
Toinstallanapplicationusinginstallationmedia,youinsertthediscintheDVDdrive.Windowsshouldthencheckforanautorunfile,suchasAutorun.inf.Ifpresent,theautorunfilespecifiestheactionthattheoperatingsystemshouldtakeandmightalsodefineotherinstallationparameters.Autoruninturninvokesasetupprogram,suchasSetup.exe.
Iftheautorunprocessdoesn’tstartforsomereason,accesstheinstallationmediainFileExplorer,asshowninFigure6-6andthendouble-clickthesetupprogram.Next,youmaybepromptedtoconfirmthatyouwanttomakechangestoyourcomputer.Ifso,clickYestocontinueandbeginthesetupprocess.Followthepromptstocompletetheinstallation.
Figure6-6Startsetupmanuallyifneeded.
CompliantversusLegacyApplicationsThewaythatapplicationsareinstalledandrun,whereapplicationswritedata,andwhatpermissionsapplicationshaveiscontrolledbyUserAccountControl(UAC).ApplicationsusedwithWindows10aredividedintotwogeneralcategories.EithertheyareUAC-complaintorconsideredtobelegacyapplications.
CompliantapplicationsuseUACtoreducetheattacksurfaceoftheoperatingsystem.Thispreventsunauthorizedapplicationsfrominstallingorrunningwithouttheuser’sconsentandrestrictsthedefaultprivilegesgrantedtoapplications.Bothofwhichmakeitharderformalicioussoftwaretotakeoveracomputer.
ApplicationsthatrunonWindows10derivetheirsecuritycontextfromthecurrentuser’saccesstoken.Bydefault,UACturnsallusersintostandarduserseveniftheyareadministrators.Beforeanadministratorusercanuseadministratorprivileges,shemustconsenttotheelevation.Duringtheelevationprocess,anewaccesstokeniscreatedcontainingtheuser’sprivileges,andthisnewaccesstokenisusedtostarttheelevatedapplication.
Whetherapplicationsneedtorunwithstandardoradministratorprivilegesdependsontheactionstheapplicationperforms.Administratoruserapplicationsdifferfromstandarduserapplicationsbecausetheyrequireelevatedprivilegestorunandperformcoretasks.Oncestartedinelevatedmode,anapplicationwithauser’sadministratoraccesstokencanperformtasksthatrequireelevatedprivilegesandcanalsowritetosystemlocationsoftheregistryandthefilesystem.
Incontrast,standarduserapplicationsdon’trequireelevatedprivilegestorunortoperformcoretasks.Oncestartedinstandardusermode,anapplicationwithauser’sstandardaccesstokenmustrequestelevatedprivilegestoperformadministrationtasks.Forallothertasks,theapplicationrunsusingstandarduserprivilegesandcanonlywritedatatononsystemlocationsoftheregistryandthefilesystem.
ApplicationsnotwrittenforUACcompliancerunwithauser’sstandardaccesstokenbydefaultandmustuseaspecialcompatibilitymode.Thiscompatibilitymodeallowthenon-compliantapplicationtousevirtualizedviewsoffileandregistrylocations.Whenthenon-compliantapplicationattemptstowritetoasystemlocation,Windows10givestheapplicationaprivatecopyofthefileorregistryvalue.Anychangesarethenwrittentothisprivatecopy,andthisprivatecopyisthenstoredinyourprofiledata.Iftheapplicationattemptstoreadorwritetothissystemlocationagain,Windows10givestheapplicationtheprivatecopyfromyourprofiletoworkwith.FormoreinformationaboutUACandrelatedprompts,see“Fine-TuningControlPrompts”inChapter3.
SettingRunLevelsforApplicationsGenerally,onlyapplicationsrunningwithanadministratoruseraccesstokenruninelevatedmode.Sometimes,however,you’llwantanapplicationrunningwithastandarduseraccesstokentobeinelevatedmode.Forexample,youmightwanttoopentheCommandPromptwindowinelevatedmodesothatyoucanperformadministrationtasks.
Therearetwobasicwaystosettherunlevelforapplications.Youcanrunanapplicationonceasanadministratororyoucanalwaysrunanapplicationasanadministrator.Torunanapplicationonceasanadministrator,right-clicktheapplication’smenuitemonStart,andthenclickRunAsAdministrator.Orifanapplicationshortcutispinnedtothetaskbar,youmustright-clickthepinneditem,right-clicktheitemagaininthejumplist,andthenclickRunAsAdministrator.
UACcontrolswhetheryoucanelevateapplicationsinthisway:
Ifyouareusinganadministratoruseraccountandpromptingforconsentisenabled,youarepromptedforconsentbeforetheapplicationiselevatedandruninadministratormode.Ifyouareusingastandarduseraccountandpromptingisenabled,youarepromptedforconsentbeforetheapplicationiselevatedandruninadministratormode.Ifyouareusingastandarduseraccountandpromptingisdisabled,theapplicationwillfailtorun.
Youalsocanmarkanapplicationsothatitalwaysrunswithadministratorprivileges,whichisusefulforresolvingcompatibilityissueswithlegacyapplicationsthatrequireadministratorprivileges.ThisapproachalsoisusefulforUAC-compliantapplicationsthatnormallyruninstandardmodebutthatyouusetoperformadministrationtasks.
Tomarkaprogramtoalwaysrunasanadministrator,followthesesteps:
1.Locatetheprogramshortcutbyright-clickingtheprogramonStartandselectingOpenFileLocation.ThisopensFileExplorerwiththe.exefilefortheprogramselected.2.Right-clicktheprogram’s.exefile,selectSendToandthenselectDesktop(CreateShortcut).3.Onthedesktop,right-clicktheshortcutandthenselectProperties.4.InthePropertiesdialogbox,ontheCompatibilitytab,selectRunThisProgramAsAnAdministratorandthenclickApply.
Theprogramwillnowalwaysrunwiththeaccesstokenforanadministratoruser.Keepinmindthatifyouareusingastandardaccountandpromptingisdisabled,theprogramwillfailtorun.Ifnotethatiftheoptionisdimmed(unavailable),theapplicationisblockedfromalwaysrunningatanelevatedlevel,theapplicationdoesnotrequireadministratorcredentialstorun,oryouarenotloggedonasanadministrator.
ApplicationSetupandCompatibilityMostapplicationshaveasetupprogramthatusesInstallShield,orWindowsInstaller.Whenyoustartthesetupprogram,theinstallerhelpsyouthroughtheinstallationprocessandshouldalsomakeiteasiertouninstalltheprogramifnecessary.Witholderapplications,thesetupprogrammightuseanoutdatedversionofoneoftheseinstallers,whichmightmeantheuninstallprocesswon’tcompletelyuninstalltheprogram.
Regardlessofwhetheraprogramhasacurrentinstaller,youshouldconsiderthepossibilitythatyouwillneedtorecoveryourcomputerifsomethinggoeswrongwiththeinstallation.Tohelpensurethatyoucanrecoveryourcomputer,makesureSystemRestoreisenabledforthedriveonwhichyouareinstallingtheprogrambytypingSystemRestoreintheSearchboxandpressingEntertoopentheSystemPropertiesdialogboxtotheSystemProtectiontab,asshowninFigure6-7.
Figure6-7ConfirmthatSystemRestoreisenabled.
WithSystemRestoreenabled,Windowsautomaticallycreatescheckpointbeforeinstallingtheprogram.Thenifaproblemoccurs,youcanusethischeckpointtorecoveryourcomputer.
Althoughtheinstallersformostcurrentprogramsautomaticallytriggerthecreationofarestorepointbeforemakinganychangestoacomputer,theinstallersforolderprogramsmightnot.Youcanmanuallycreatearestorepoint,byselectingthesystemdriveontheProtectionSettingspanelandthenclickingCreate.Then,ifyourunintoproblems,youcantrytouninstalltheprogramoruseSystemRestoretorecoverthecomputertothestateitwasinpriortoinstallingtheprogram.
Generally,Windows10checksforpotentialcompatibilityproblemsbeforeyouinstallapplications.Ifitdetectsaproblem,youmightseeaProgramCompatibilityAssistantdialogboxafteryoustartaprogram’sinstaller.Often,thisdialogboxcontainsinformation
abouttheknowncompatibilityissueswiththeprogramandapossiblesolution.Withsomelegacyapplications,theProgramCompatibilityAssistantmightdisplayamessagethattheprogramisblockedduetocompatibilityissues.ProgramsgetblockedbecausetheycauseaknownstabilityissuewithWindows,andyoucan’tcreateanimmediateworkaroundtotheproblem.Youroptionswillbelimited.Generally,you’lleitherbeabletocheckforsolutionsonlineorcanceltheinstallation.Ifyoucheckforsolutionsonline,thetypicalsolutionrequiresyoutopurchaseacurrentversionoftheprogram.
Iftheinstallationcontinuesbutfailsforanyreasonbeforeitisfullycomplete(orfailstoproperlynotifytheoperatingsystemregardingcompletion),youwillalsoseetheProgramCompatibilityAssistantdialogbox.Inthiscase,iftheprograminstalledcorrectly,clickThisProgramInstalledCorrectly.Iftheprogramdidn’tinstallcorrectly,clickReinstallUsingRecommendedSettingstoallowtheProgramCompatibilityAssistanttoapplycompatibilityfixes,andthentryagaintoruntheinstaller.
Whenyoustartprograms,Windows10usestheProgramCompatibilityAssistanttoautomaticallymakechangesforknowncompatibilityissuesaswell.IftheProgramCompatibilityAssistantdetectsaknowncompatibilityissuewhenyourunanapplication,itnotifiesyouabouttheproblemandprovidespossiblesolutions.Youcantheneitheracceptthesolutionsoryoucanmanuallyconfigurecompatibilityasdiscussedin“ResolvingCompatibilityIssues”laterinthischapter.
MakingProgramsAvailableAfterinstallation,mostdesktopprogramsshouldhaverelatedtilesontheStartmenuandrelatedoptionsontheAppslist.Thisoccursbecauseaprogram’sshortcutsareplacedintheappropriatesubfolderoftheStartMenu\Programsfolderforalluserssothatanyuserwhologsonhasaccesstothatprogram.Someprogramspromptyouduringinstallationtochoosewhetheryouwanttoinstalltheprogramforallusersoronlyforthecurrentlylogged-onuser.Otherprogramssimplyinstallthemselvesonlyforthecurrentuser.
Ifsetupinstallsaprogramsothatitisavailableonlytothecurrentlylogged-onuserandyouwantotheruserstohaveaccesstotheprogram,youneedtodooneofthefollowing:
Logontothecomputerwitheachuseraccountthatshouldhaveaccesstotheprogram,andthenrerunSetuptomaketheprogramavailabletotheseusers.ThenyoualsoneedtorunSetupagainwhenanewuseraccountisaddedtothecomputerandthatuserneedsaccesstotheprogram.Forprogramsthatdon’trequireper-usersettingstobeaddedtotheregistrybeforerunning,youcaninsomecasesmaketheprogramavailabletoallusersonacomputerbyaddingtheappropriateshortcutstotheStartMenu\Programsfolderforallusers.Simplycopyormovetheprogramshortcutsfromthecurrentlylogged-onuser’sprofiletotheStartMenu\Programsfolderforallusers.
Tomakeaprogramavailabletoallusersonacomputer,youcancopyormoveaprogram’sshortcutsbycompletingthefollowingsteps:
1.InFileExplorer,makesureyoucanviewhiddenfilesandprotectedsystemfiles.ClickFileandthenclickChangeFolderAndSearchOptions.OntheViewtab,selectShowHiddenFiles,Folders,AndDrivesandcleartheHideProtectedOperatingSystemFilescheckbox.2.Accessthecurrentlylogged-onuser’sProgramsfolder.Thisisahiddenfolderunder%UserProfile%\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\StartMenu.3.IntheProgramsfolder,right-clickthefolderfortheprogramgrouportheshortcutyouwanttoworkwith,andthenclickCopyorCutontheshortcutmenu.4.Next,navigatetotheStartMenu\Programsfolderforallusers.Thishiddenfolderisunder%SystemDrive%\ProgramData\Microsoft\Windows.5.IntheProgramsfolder,right-clickanopenspace,andthenclickPaste.Theprogramgrouporshortcutshouldnowbeavailabletoallusersofthecomputer.
ResolvingCompatibilityIssuesTogetolderprogramstorun,youmightsometimesneedtoadjustcompatibilityoptions.Someprogramswon’tinstallorrunonWindows10eveniftheyworkonearlierreleasesofWindows.Asdiscussedpreviously,ifyoutrytoinstallaprogramthathasknowncompatibilityproblems,Windows10displaysawarningprompttellingyouaboutthecompatibilityissue.Generally,youshouldn’tcontinueinstallingorrunningaprogramwithknowncompatibilityproblems,unlessthereareknownfixesthatcanbeapplied.Thatsaid,ifaprogramwillnotinstallorrunproperly,youmaybeabletogettheprogramtorunbyadjustingitscompatibilitysettings.
YoucanmanagecompatibilitysettingsusingtheProgramCompatibilityWizard,oryoucanedittheprogram’scompatibilitysettingsdirectlybyusingtheprogram’sPropertiesdialogbox.Bothtechniquesworkthesameway.KeepinmindprogramsthatarepartofWindows10cannotberuninCompatibilitymode—theydon’tneedtobeandfortheseprogramstheCompatibilityoptionsarenotavailable.
TohaveWindows10trytoautomaticallydetectcompatibilityissuesusingtheProgramCompatibilityTroubleshooterWizardlocatetheprogramshortcutbyright-clickingtheprogramonStartandselectingOpenFileLocation.ThisopensFileExplorerwiththe.exefilefortheprogramselected.Next,right-clicktheprogramshortcut,andthenclickTroubleshootCompatibilitytostarttheProgramCompatibilityTroubleshooterWizard.
Thewizardtriestoautomaticallydetectcompatibilityissues.Ifissuesaredetected,thewizardappliesfixesandallowsyoutoruntheprogramwiththerecommendedfixes.Todothis,clickTryRecommendedSettingsandthenclickTestTheProgram.Afterrunningtheprogram,clickNext,andthendooneofthefollowing:
ClickYes,SaveTheseSettingsForThisProgramifthecompatibilitysettingsresolvedtheproblemandyouwanttokeepthesettings.ClickNo,TryAgainUsingDifferentSettingsifthecompatibilitysettingsdidn’tresolvetheproblemandyouwanttorepeatthisprocessfromthebeginning.ClickNo,ReportTheProblemToMicrosoftAndCheckOnlineForASolutionifthecompatibilitysettingsdidn’tresolvetheproblemandyou’dliketocheckforanonlinesolution.ClickCancelifyouwanttodiscardthecompatibilitysettingsandexitthewizard.
Ifaprogramyouhavealreadyinstalledwon’truncorrectly,youmightwanttoeditthecompatibilitysettingsdirectlyratherthanbyusingthewizard.Youcandothisbyfollowingthesesteps.
1.Locatetheprogramshortcutbyright-clickingtheprogramonStartandselectingOpenFileLocation.ThisopensFileExplorerwiththe.exefilefortheprogramselected.Next,right-clicktheprogramshortcut,andthenclickProperties.2.InthePropertiesdialogbox,clicktheCompatibilitytab.Anyoptionyouselectisappliedtothecurrentlylogged-onuserfortheprogramshortcut.Toapplythesettingtoallusersonthecomputerandregardlessofwhichshortcutisusedtostarttheprogram,clickChangeSettingForAllUserstoopentheCompatibility
ForAllUserstab,andthenselectthecompatibilitysettingsthatyouwanttouseforalluserswhologontothecomputer.3.SelecttheRunThisProgramInCompatibilityModeForcheckbox,andthenusetheselectionmenutochoosetheoperatingsystemforwhichtheprogramwasdesigned,suchasWindows7.4.Forveryoldlegacyprograms,usethedisplayoptionsintheSettingspaneltorestrictthevideodisplaysettingsfortheprogram.OptionsincludeReducedColorModewitheither8-bit(256)coloror16-bit(65536)color,RunIn640×480ScreenResolution,andDisableDisplayScalingOfHighDPISettings.5.ClickOK.Double-clicktheshortcuttoruntheprogramandtestthecompatibilitysettings.Ifyoustillhaveproblemsrunningtheprogram,modifythecompatibilitysettingsandusedifferentoptions.Forexample,ifyouthoughttheprogramwascreatedforWindows7butitwasreallycreatedforWindowsVista,changethecompatibilitymode.
ManagingDesktopProgramsandFeaturesWindows10providesmanywaystoworkwithdesktopprogramsandwindowscomponents.Youcan:
AddorremoveWindowsFeaturesDesignatedefaultprogramsConfigureAutoPlayoptionsManagefileextensionsandassociationsModify,repairandremoveprogramsTroubleshootingrunningprograms
Theseoptionsarediscussedinthesectionsthatfollow.
AddingandRemovingWindowsFeaturesOperatingsystemcomponentsareconsideredWindowsfeaturesthatcanbeturnedonoroffbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.TypeWindowsFeaturesintheSearchboxandthenpressEnter.ThisopenstheWindowsFeaturesdialogbox.(Alternatively,inControlPanelclickPrograms.ThenunderProgramsAndFeatures,clickTurnWindowsFeaturesOnOrOff.)2.AsshowninFigure6-8,selectthecheckboxesforfeaturestoturnthemon,orclearthecheckboxesforfeaturestoturnthemoff.3.WhenyouclickOK,Windows10reconfigurescomponentstoreflectanychangesyoumade.
Figure6-8ManagingWindowsFeatures.
DesignatingDefaultProgramsDefaultprogramsdeterminewhichprogramsareusedwithwhichtypesoffilesandhowWindowshandlesfilesonmediaordevices.Youconfiguredefaultprogramsbasedonthetypesoffilesthoseprogramssupport,eithergloballyforallusersofacomputeroronlyforthecurrentuser.Asindividualuserdefaultsoverrideglobaldefaults,youcouldselectGrooveMusicastheglobaldefaultforalltypesoffilesitsupports,andthenallusersofthecomputerwoulduseGrooveMusictoplaythesound,audio,andvideofilesitsupports.ButifJohnwhoalsousesyourcomputerwantedtouseAppleiTunesinsteadasthedefaultplayerforsoundandaudiofiles,youcouldconfigureiTunestobehisdefaultplayerforthetypesofmediafilesiTunessupports.
Youcanconfigureglobaldefaultprogramsforyouandeveryoneelsewhousesyourcomputerbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.TypeDefaultProgramsintheSearchboxandthenpressEnter.ThisopenstheDefaultProgramspageinControlPanel,whichcanalsobeopenedbyclickingProgramsandthenclickingDefaultProgramswhenworkingwithControlPanel.2.SelectSetProgramAccessAndComputerDefaults.You’llseethedialogboxshowninFigure6-9.
Figure6-9Choosingdefaultprogramsforallusers
3.Chooseaconfigurationfromoneofthefollowingoptions:
MicrosoftWindows ChoosethisoptiontosetthecurrentlyinstalledWindowsprogramsasthedefaultprogramsforbrowsingtheweb,sendingemail,playingmediafiles,etceteraNon-Microsoft Choosethisoptiontosetnon-Microsoftprograms(whenavailable)asthedefaultprogramsforbrowsingtheweb,sendingemail,playingmediafiles,etceteraCustom Choosethisoptionifyouwanttospecifythedefaultprogramsforbrowsingtheweb,sendingemail,playingmediafiles,etcetera
4.SelectOKtosavethesettings.
Tooverrideglobaldefaults,youcansetdefaultprogramsforyourselforotherusersof
yourcomputer.Youcanconfiguredefaultprogramsforyouoranyoneelsebyfollowingthesesteps:
1.Logonastheuseryouwanttoconfigure.TypeDefaultProgramsintheSearchboxandthenpressEnter.OrclickProgramsandthenclickDefaultProgramswhenworkingwithControlPanel.2.Next,selectSetYourDefaultPrograms.3.SelectaprogramyouwanttoworkwithintheProgramslist.4.Ifyouwanttheprogramtobethedefaultforallthefiletypesandprotocolsitsupports,selectSetThisProgramAsDefault.5.Ifyouwanttheprogramtobethedefaultforspecificfiletypesandprotocols,selectChooseDefaultsForThisProgram.Selectthefileextensionsforwhichtheprogramshouldbethedefault,andthenselectSave.6.RepeatSteps3-5asappropriate.SelectOKtosavethesettings.
ConfiguringAutoPlayOptionsInWindows10,AutoPlayoptionsdeterminehowWindowshandlesfilesonmediaanddevices.YoucanconfigureseparateAutoPlayoptionsforeachtypeofmediaanddeviceyourcomputercanhandlebyfollowingthesesteps:
1.TypeDefaultProgramsintheSearchboxandthenpressEnter.OrclickProgramsandthenclickDefaultProgramswhenworkingwithControlPanel.2.ClickChangeAutoPlaySettings.ThisdisplaystheAutoPlaypageinControlPanel.3.AsshowninFigure6-10,usethemediaselectionlisttosetthedefaultAutoPlayoptionforeachmediatype.Althoughtheactionsavailabledependonthetypeofmediaandwhetheryourcomputerhasaprogramforplayingthemediatype,thegeneralactionsyoucanchooseinclude:
ImportPlayInstallOrRunTakeNoActionOpenFolderToViewFilesAskMeEveryTime
4.ClickSavetosaveyoursettings.
Note Forremovabledrives(USBmemorysticks,etc.),youcanspecifyanoveralldefaultoradefaultforeachmediatype.Tospecifyanoveralldefault,cleartheChooseWhatToDocheckboxandthenselectapreferreddefault.Tospecifyindividualdefaults,selecttheChooseWhatToDocheckboxandthenselectadefaultactionforeachmediatype.
Figure6-10SettingAutoPlayoptionsformediaanddevices.
WorkingwiththeCommandPathWindowsusesthecommandpathtolocateexecutables.UsingthePATHcommand,youcanviewthecurrentcommandpathforexecutablessimplybyenteringpathonalinebyitselfwhenworkingwiththeCommandPrompt.InWindowsPowerShell,youenter$env:pathonalinebyitselftogetthesameinformation.Intheoutputfromeithertechnique,observethatWindowsusesasemicolon(;)toseparateindividualpaths,markingwhereonefilepathendsandanotherbegins,suchas:PATH=C:\WINDOWS\system32;C:\WINDOWS;C:\WINDOWS\System32\Wbem;C:\WINDOWS\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\
Pathsaresearchedinorder,withthelastpathinthePATHuservariableisthelastonesearched.BecausethesepathsdeterminewhereWindowslooksforexecutablesandscripts,it’simportanttoensurethepathsarecorrectforthewayyouuseWindows.
Duringlogon,systemanduserenvironmentvariablesareusedtosetthecommandpath.ThepathdefinedinthePATHsystemvariablesetsthebasepath.ThepathdefinedinthePATHuservariableaddstothebasepath.Knowingthis,youcanaddtothecommandpathbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.TypeSystemPropertiesAdvancedintheSearchbox,andthenpressEntertoopentheSystemPropertiesdialogboxwiththeAdvancedtabselected.2.ClickEnvironmentVariables.UnderUserVariables,clickNew(orEditifyoupreviouslycreatedauserpath).ThisopenstheUserVariabledialogbox.3.EnterPathasthevariablenameandthentypethepathstoincludeinthePATHvariable.Besuretouseasemicolon(;)toseparateindividualpaths,asshowninFigure6-11.4.ClickOKthreetimestocloseallopendialogboxes.
Figure6-11Addingtothecommandpath.
Note Althoughtheuserpathisaddedtothecommandpathimmediately,thepathisnotupdatedinanyopencommandpromptorPowerShellwindows.Closeandre-openthosewindowstoupdatetheirworkingenvironment.
Ifyoumakeamistakeornolongerwanttoaddauserpathtothecommandpath,deletetheadditionalpathsbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.TypeSystemPropertiesAdvancedintheSearchbox,andthenpressEntertoopentheSystemPropertiesdialogboxwiththeAdvancedtabselected.2.ClickEnvironmentVariables.UnderUserVariables,clickPathandthenclickDelete.3.ClickOKtwicetocloseallopendialogboxes.
WorkingwithFileExtensionsandAssociationsWindowsusesfileextensionsandfileassociationstodeterminewhichapplicationstoopenforwhichtypesoffiles.Fileextensionsallowyoutoexecuteacommandbyusingjustthecommandname.Fileassociationsallowyoutodouble-clickafileandopenthefileautomaticallyinarelatedapplication.
Twotypesoffileextensionsareused:
FileextensionsforexecutablesFileextensionsforapplications
Executablefilesaredefinedwiththe%PATHEXT%environmentvariableandcanbesetusingtheEnvironmentVariablesdialogbox.Toviewthecurrentsettingsforthisvariable,entersetpathextatthecommandlineorenter$env:pathextataPowerShellprompt.Thedefaultsettingis:PATHEXT=.COM;.EXE;.BAT;.CMD;.VBS;.VBE;.JS;.JSE;.WSF;.WSH;.MSC.
Withthissetting,thecommandlineknowsanyfilesendingwiththisextensionareexecutable.Theorderoffileextensionsinthe%PATHEXT%variablesetsthesearchorderusedbyWindowsonaper-directorybasis.Thus,ifaparticulardirectoryinthecommandpathhasmultipleexecutablesthatmatchthecommandnameprovided,a.comfilewouldbeexecutedbeforean.exefile,andsoon.
Fileextensionsforapplicationsarereferredtoasfileassociations.Fileassociationsarewhatenableyoutopassargumentstoexecutablesandtoopendocuments,worksheets,orotherapplicationfilesbydouble-clickingtheirfileicons.
Eachknownextensiononyourcomputerhasafileassociationthatyoucanviewatacommandpromptbyenteringassocfollowedbytheextension,suchasassoc.docorassoc.docx.Forexample,ifyouenterassoc.docxatthecommandpromptandyou’veinstalledWord,theoutputissimilartothefollowing:.docx=Word.Document.15
Eachfileassociationinturnspecifiesthefiletypeforthefileextension.Thiscanbeviewedatacommandpromptbyenteringftypefollowedbythefileassociation,suchasftypeWord.Document.12.Theoutputtellsyouwhatprogramisrunforthistypeoffile:Word.Document.15=“C:\ProgramFiles\MicrosoftOffice\Office15\WINWORD.EXE”/n/dde
Here,theoutputshowsWinword.exeisusedtoopen.docxfiles.
Extensionsforexecutablesalsohaveacorrespondingfileassociationandfiletype.Forsomeexecutables,thefiletypeistheextensiontextwithouttheperiodfollowedbythekeywordfile,suchascmdfile,exefile,orbatfile,andthefileassociationspecifiesthatthefirstparameterpassedisthecommandnameandthatotherparametersshouldbepassedontotheapplication.Forexample,ifyouenterassoc.exetoseethefileassociationsfor.exeexecutables,you’llseethefiletypeisexefile.Ifyouthenenterftypeexefile,you’llseethefileassociationissettothefollowing:exefile=”%1”%*
Thismeansthatwhenyourunan.exefileWindowsusesfirstvalueasthecommandtorunandanythingelseasaparametertopasstotheexecutable.
Youcanassociateafiletype(orprotocol)withaspecificapplicationbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.TypeDefaultProgramsintheSearchboxandthenpressEnter.OrclickProgramsandthenclickDefaultProgramswhenworkingwithControlPanel.2.ClickAssociateAFileTypeOrProtocolWithAProgram.3.OntheSetAssociationspage,currentfileassociationsarelistedbyfileextensionandthecurrentdefaultforthatextension.Tochangethefileassociationforanextension,clickthefileextension,andthenclickChangeProgram.4.UsetheHowDoYouWantToOpendialogbox,showninFigure6-12,tospecifythedefaultprogramtouse.Programsregisteredintheoperatingsystemassupportingfileswiththeselectedextensionarelistedautomatically.Simplyclickarecommendedprogramtosetitasthedefaultfortheselectedextension.OrclickMoreAppstoviewotherprogramsthatmightalsosupporttheselectedextension.
Figure6-12Associatingfileextensionswithotherprograms.
Managing,Repairing,andUninstallingDesktopProgramsWindows10considersanyprogramyou’veinstalledonacomputerormadeavailableforanetworkinstallationtobeaninstalledprogram.Youusethesetupprogramthatcomeswiththeprogramtoinstallprograms,andtheProgramsAndFeaturespageinControlPaneltomanageprograms.
Thebasicstepsforworkingwithprogramsfollow:
1.TypeProgramsAndFeaturesintheSearchboxandthenpressEnter.OrclickProgramsandthenclickProgramsAndFeatureswhenworkingwithControlPanel.2.AsshowninFigure6-13,youshouldseealistofinstalledprograms.IntheNamelist,right-clicktheprogramyouwanttoworkwith.Theoptionsavailabledependontheprogramyouareworkingwithandinclude:
Uninstall ChoosethisoptiontouninstalltheprogramUninstall/Change ChoosethisoptiontouninstallormodifyaprogramChange Choosethisoptiontomodifytheprogram’sconfigurationRepair Choosethisoptiontorepairtheprogram’sinstallation
Figure6-13ManaginginstalledprogramsinControlPanel.
Themanagementoptionsavailabledependontheinstallerprogramusedduringsetupoftheapplicationandtheversionoftheinstaller.MostsoftwareapplicationsuseInstallShieldorWindowsInstaller,butnotnecessarilythemostrecentversion.Iftheuninstallprocessfails,youoftencanresolveanyproblemsimplybyrerunningtheuninstallerfortheprogram.
Whenyouareuninstallingprograms,keepthefollowinginmind:
Windowswarnsyouifyoutrytouninstallaprogramwhileotherusersareloggedon.UsingtheSwitchAccountsoption,otheruserscanbeloggedinbutnotactive.Beforeuninstallingprogramsthatothersmightbeusingyoushouldhavethoseuserslogoff.Ifyoudon’tdothis,youmightcauseotheruserstolosedataorexperienceotherproblems.WindowsonlyallowsyoutoremoveprogramsthatwereinstalledwithaWindows-compatiblesetupprogram.Legacyprogramsmighthaveaseparateuninstallutilitythatdoesn’tuseInstallShieldorWindowsInstaller.Somelegacyprogramsworkbycopyingtheirdatafilestoaprogramfolderandtheseyouuninstallsimplyby
deletingtherelatedfolder.Manyuninstallprogramsleavebehinddataeitherinadvertentlyorbydesign.Becauseofthis,you’lloftenfindfoldersfortheseapplicationswithintheProgramFilesfolder.Althoughyoucoulddeletethesefolders,theymightcontainimportantdatafilesorcustomusersettingsthatcouldbeusedagainifyoureinstalltheprogram.
ManagingCurrentlyRunningApps,ProgramsandProcessesInWindows10,youcanviewandworkwithyourcomputer’scurrentlyrunningapps,programsandprocessesbyusingTaskManager.OpenTaskManagerbypressingCtrl+Shift+Escorbyright-clickingthelower-leftcornerofthescreenandthenclickingTaskManagerontheshortcutmenu.
Bydefault,TaskManagerdisplaysasummarylistofallrunningappsandprograms,asshowninFigure6-14.Whenyouclickanappsorprograminthelist,youcanmanageit.Toexitanapporprogram(whichmightbenecessarywhenitisnotresponding),clickitintheTasklist,andthenclickEndTask.Todisplayothermanagementoptions,right-clicktheapporprogramintheTasklist.
Figure6-14Usingthesummaryviewintaskmanagertoviewrunningappsandprograms.
Whenworkingwiththesummaryview,youcanclickMoreDetailstoopenthefullTaskManager.You’llthenseedetailedinformationaboutrunningprograms,appsandprocesses,asshowninFigure6-15.TheProcessestablistseachitemrunningonthecomputerunderthreegeneralheadings:
Apps Showsdesktopappsandprogramsthatyou’vestarted.BackgroundProcesses ShowsprocessesbeingruninthebackgroundbyWindows.WindowsProcesses Showsallotherprocessesrunningonthecomputer.
Figure6-15Gettinganexpandedviewofrunningapps,programsandprocesses.
Apps,programsandprocessesarelistedbyname,status,CPUusage,memoryusage,diskusage,andnetworkusage.Ablankstatusindicatesanormalstate.Aswiththesummaryview,youcanexitanapplicationorstoparunningprocessbyclickingtheitemintheTasklist,andthenclickingEndTask.
Someitemswithrelatedwindowsorprocessescanbeexpanded.Double-clickanitemtoseedetailsfortherelatedwindowsorprocesses.Displaymoremanagementoptionsbyright-clickinganitemintheTasklist.Theoptionsinclude:
OpenFileLocation OpensthefoldercontainingtheexecutablefilefortheapplicationorprocessinFileExplorerCreateDumpFile CreatesamemorydumpfilefortheselectedprocessGoToDetails OpenstheDetailstabwiththeprocessselectedProperties OpensthePropertiesdialogboxfortheexecutablefile.
AlthoughprogramsyouarerunningarelistedundertheAppsheading,programsbeingrunbyanyotherusers(suchaswhenyouswitchcontext)arelistedasBackgroundProcesses.SelecttheUserstabtoviewinformationaboutresourcesbeingusedbyotherusers.
Chapter7.TrackingSystemPerformanceandHealth
Yourcomputer’sperformancelevelsaredirectlyrelatedtoitshealth.Whetheryouhaveadesktop,laptop,ortabletPC,yourcomputerwasdesignedtobepaused(byputtingitinsleepmode)andresumed.Allthatpausingandresumingcanhaveunintendedconsequencesontheoverallperformanceofyourcomputer,especiallyafterdaysorweeksofpauseandresume.SothefirstthingIaskanyoneexperiencingaproblemwithaWindowsdeviceisthis:Whenwasthelasttimeyoushutdownandthenrestarteddevice?
Beyondasimplerestart,thereareseveralthingsyouneedtoknowtounderstandissuesthatcanaffectyourcomputer’sperformance.YouneedtounderstandwhatCPU,memoryanddiskresourcesthecomputerhas—whicharethebestindicatorsofpotentialperformance.Youneedtodeterminewhatiscurrentlyhappeningonyourcomputerintermsofrunningapplications,processes,andservices—TaskManagermakesthiseasy.Andyouneedtoknowwhatproblems(ifany)yourcomputerisexperiencing—thebestwaytotrackproblemsistoexaminetheeventlogs.
GettingtoKnowYourComputer’sHardwareYourcomputer’sperformancecapabilitiesarerelativetoitshardwareconfiguration.It’srelativebecauseyourcomputer’sactualperformancedependsonmanyfactors,includingwhetheryou’vefollowedthetipsandtechniquesdiscussedinthisbooktosqueezeeverylastbitofpoweroutofyourcomputerwhilemakingthemostoftheincludedfeaturesandoptions.
Tounderstandyourcomputer’sperformancecapabilities,youneedinformationaboutyourcomputer’sprocessor,physicalmemory(RAM),graphicscard,andprimaryharddisk.GetthisinformationusingtheSystemInformationutilityshowninFigure7-1.
Figure7-1Checkingyourcomputer’shardware,architectureandresources.
AfteryoustartSystemInformationbytypingmsinfo32intheSearchboxandpressingEnter,youcanusetheSystemSummarytoanswermostofyourquestionsaboutyourcomputer’shardware,architectureandmemory,including:
Operatingsystemedition,suchasEnterpriseeditionSystemtype,suchasx64-basedPCProcessor,suchasIntelCoreI5BIOSversionPhysicalmemoryandvirtualmemoryHyper-Vcapabilities
Note Theprocessordetailsalsoprovideaneasywaytoverifytheprocessorspeedandthenumberofprocessorcores.
Todeterminewhatgraphicscardyourcomputerhasanditscapabilities,expandComponentsbydouble-clickingitsentryandthenselectDisplay.You’llthenseethenameofthegraphicscardandthesizeoftheRAMonthegraphicscard.Graphicsmemoryisdifferentfromstandardmemory.Thecurrentscreenresolutionandcolorbitdeptharealsolisted.
YoucanlearnmoreaboutthestoragecapabilitiesofyourcomputerbyexpandingStorageunderComponentsandthenselectingDrives.You’llthenseeinformationaboutallfixedandremovabledrivesavailable,includingwhethertheyarecompressed,thefilesystemtype,thetotalsizeandtheamountofavailablefreespace.
Ifyouwanttolearnmoreaboutthenetworkingcapabilitiesofyourcomputer,expand
NetworkunderComponentsandthenselectAdapter.You’llthenseeinformationaboutallnetworkadaptersavailable,includingtheadaptertypeandthecurrentTCP/IPsettings.
Note Whileyouareviewingthedetailedinformation,clickFileandthenselectPrinttoprintanyofthisinformationforfuturereference.
Clearly,yourcomputer’ssystemtype,processor,andRAMhaveabigimpactonoverallperformance.Ifyourcomputerhasanolderorsingle-coreprocessor,youmaybeabletoboostperformancedramaticallybyupgradingtheprocessor.However,performingaprocessorupgradeisn’ttheeasiestthingtodo.Manythingscangowrong,andyouroldercomputerprobablywon’tbeabletousethelatestprocessorsanyway.Atbest,youmightbeabletoupgradetoasimilarclassCPUthatisonlymarginallyfaster;soinsteadoftryingtoupgradetheprocessor,IrecommenddeterminingwhetheryoucanaddmoreRAMtoyourcomputer.Ifyourcomputerhaslessthan8GBofRAM,youmaybeabletoimproveperformancebyinstallingmorememory.Remember,thememorymustoperateataspeedcompatiblewithyourcomputer’smotherboardandsystembus,andyoucan’tmixandmatchdifferenttypesofmemory.Often,you’llhavethebestchancesforsuccessifyouremoveyourexistingmemoryandreplaceitwiththenewmemory.
Yourcomputer’sprimaryharddiskalsohasabigimpactonoverallperformance.Theprimaryharddiskistheonemostusedbytheoperatingsystemandprograms.Ifyouhaveanoldercomputeranditsprimarydriveisslow,youmayseeasignificantreductioninbootandwakefromsleeptimesbyupgradingtheprimaryharddisktoanewermodelthatisfasterandsupportscaching.However,movingyourprimarydiskisn’tveryeasy;thesetwotrickswillsaveyoualotoftimeandheartache:
Trymovingyourcomputer’spagingfiletoafaster,newerdisk,asdiscussedin“Fine-TuningVirtualMemory”inChapter9.TryusingWindowsReadyBoosttoshiftsomeofyourcomputer’ssystemcachereadsandwritestofasterflashmemory.See“EnhancingPerformancewithReadyBoost”inChapter9.
Ifyourcomputer’sprimarydrivehasrelativelygoodperformance,youcanmaintainrelativelygooddiskperformanceby:
Runningafullcheckdiskonyourprimaryharddriveperiodically.Besuretoperformerrorrepairandbadsectorrecoveryaswell.Defragmentingyourprimaryharddriveperiodically.Whileyoucandefragmentotherdrives,fragmentationoftheprimaryharddriveiswhatmostaffectsperformance.Cleaningupyourprimaryharddriveatleastonceeveryothermonthandalwaysensuringthatyourprimarydrivehasatleast15percentofitsdiskspacefree.
Note DiskCleanupandotherdiskutilitiesarediscussedinChapter9.
Graphicsmemorycanalsoaffectrelativeperformancelevels.Lookat:
Sharedsystemmemory Areflectionofphysicalmemory(RAM)thatisshared
betweenthegraphicscardandtheCPU.Sharedmemoryusedbythegraphicscardleaveslessphysicalmemoryavailableforapplicationsandtheoperatingsystem.Dedicatedgraphicsmemory Areflectionoftheactualmemoryonitsgraphicscardorcards.Ifyourcomputerhaslittlededicatedgraphicsmemory,installinganewgraphicscardwith2GBormoreofdedicatedRAMwouldsubstantiallyincreaserelativeperformancelevels.Totalavailablegraphicsmemory Acombinationofsharedmemoryanddedicatedmemory.Ifyourcomputerhas2GBofdedicatedgraphicsmemoryand4GBofsharedgraphicsmemory,ithas6GBoftotalavailablememoryforgraphics.
Followingthis,ifyourcomputerhas12GBofRAM,and4GBofthatcurrentlyisbeingusedbythegraphicscardtoperformgraphicsrenderingforagraphic-intensiveapplicationorprogram,only8GBisavailableforotheruses.Inthiscase,you’dhaveabetterexperienceifyouaddedRAM,upgradedtoagraphicscardwithahigheramountofdedicatedmemory.
YoucansqueezeextraperformanceoutofyourcomputerbyusingthetechniquesI’vediscussedhere,aswellasothertechniquesI’vediscussedpreviously.Forexample,ifyourcomputerdoesn’thaveahigh-endgraphicscard,youmaybeabletoimproveoverallperformancebyturningoffgraphics-intensivefeaturesoftheoperatingsystem,asdiscussedin“OptimizingInterfacePerformance”inChapter2.
CheckingCurrentPerformanceLevels“ManagingCurrentlyRunningApps,ProgramsandProcesses”inChapter6discussedbasictechniquesforworkingwithTaskManager.Nowlet’stakeacloserlook.YoucanstartTaskManagerbypressingCtrl+Shift+Escorbyright-clickingthelower-leftcornerofthescreenandthenclickingTaskManagerontheshortcutmenu.TheProcessestabshowsthestatusofcurrentlyrunningprograms.YoucanswitchtoaprogramandmakeitactivebyselectingtheapplicationandthenclickingSwitchTo,andyoucanstartanewprogrambyfollowingthesesteps:
1. ClickRunNewTaskontheFilemenu.ThisopenstheCreateNewTaskdialogbox,showninFigure7-2.
2. EnteracommandtoruntheapplicationandthenclickOK.Forexample,youcanruntheSystemInformationutilitybyenteringmsinfo32.
Note RuntheapplicationwithelevatedprivilegesbyselectingtheCreateThisTaskWithAdministrativePrivileges.
Figure7-2UsingTaskManagertorunaprogram.
Whenyoustartanapplicationorrunacommand,Windows10startsoneormoreprocessestohandletherelatedprogram.Processesthatyoustartarecalledinteractiveprocesses.Ifanapplicationisactiveandselected,theinteractiveprocesshascontroloverthekeyboardandmouseuntilyouswitchcontrolbyterminatingtheprogramorselectingadifferentapplication.Whenanapplication’sprocesshascontrol,it’ssaidtoberunningintheforeground.
TrackingApplicationsandProcessesProcessescanalsoruninthebackground.Forprocessesyoustarted,thismeansthatprogramsthataren’tcurrentlyactivecancontinuetooperate;however,theygenerallyaren’tgiventhesamepriorityasactiveprocesses.Windowsalsohasbackgroundprocessesthatrunindependentlyofyourusersession.Theseprocessesarerelatedtostartupapplications,scheduledtasks,housekeepingactivities,andsoon.
TheDetailstabinTaskManager,showninFigure7-3,providesdetailedinformationaboutrunningprocesses,includingthosefromtheoperatingsystem,localservices,theinteractiveuserloggedontothelocalconsole(you),andallotherusers.Ifyourcomputerisn’trespondingwell,youcanusethisinformationtodeterminewhichprocessesareover-consumingsystemresources.Thedefaultcolumnsare:
Name ShowsthenameoftheprocessorrelatedexecutablePID ShowstheIDnumberoftheprocessStatus Showsthestatusoftheprocess,suchasRunningUserName ShowsthenameoftheuserorsystemservicerunningtheprocessCPU ShowsthepercentageofCPUutilizationfortheprocessMemory(PrivateWorkingSet) ShowstheamountofmemorytheprocessiscurrentlyusingDescription Providesdetailsorpropernameoftheprocess
Figure7-3Trackingresourceusagebyprocesses
Togetevenmoreinformation,youcanaddcolumnstotheProcessestab.RightclickoneofthedefaultcolumnsandchooseSelectColumns.Usethedialogboxprovidedtoselectthecolumnstoadd.Fortroubleshootingperformanceandrelatedissues,youmightwanttoaddthesecolumns:
BasePriority Indicatesthepriorityoftheprocess,relativetootherrunningprocesses.Whenthereisresourcecontentionbetweenahigher-priorityprocessandalower-priorityprocess,thehigher-priorityprocesswillbegivenmoreresourcesrelativetothelower-priorityprocess.Theprioritiesfromlowesttohighestare:Low,BelowNormal,Normal,AboveNormal,High,andRealTime.MostprocesseshaveaNormalprioritybydefault.CPUTime ShowsthetotalCPUcycletimeusedbyaprocesssinceitwasstarted.
IfyouwanttoseetheprocessesthatareusingthemostCPUtime,displaythiscolumnandthenclickthecolumnheadertosortprocessentriesbyCPUtime.Handles Showsthecurrentnumberoffilehandlesmaintainedbytheprocess.Usethehandlecounttogaugehowdependenttheprocessisonthefilesystem.Eachfilehandlerequiressystemmemorytobemaintained.I/OReads,I/OWrites Showsthetotalnumberofdiskinput/output(I/O)readsorwritessincetheprocesswasstarted.Together,thenumberofI/OreadsandwritestellsyouhowmuchdiskI/Oactivityisrelatedtotheprocess.PageFaults Showsthenumberofpagefaultsactivelyoccurringbecauseoftheprocess.ApagefaultoccurswhenaprocessrequestsapageinmemoryandWindowscan’tfindthepageattherequestedlocation.Iftherequestedpageiselsewhereinmemory,thefaultiscalledasoftpagefault.Iftherequestedpagemustberetrievedfromdisk,thefaultiscalledahardpagefault.Whilehardfaultscancausesignificantdelays,mostprocessorscanhandlealargenumberofsoftfaults.PagedPool,NPPool Showspagedpoolmemoryusage.Pagedpoolisanareaofsystemmemoryforobjectsthatcanbewrittentodiskwhentheyaren’tused.NPPool Showsnonpagedpoolmemoryusage.PagedpoolisNonpagedpoolisanareaofsystemmemoryforobjectsthatcan’tbewrittentodisk.Processesthatrequirealargeamountofnonpagedpoolmemorycanaffectperformance,especiallywhentheyarevyingforresourceswithotherprocesses.PeakWorkingSet Showsthehighestamountofmemoryusedbytheprocess.Thedifferencebetweencurrentmemoryusageandpeakmemoryusageisimportanttonote;someapplicationsusealotofmemorywhenperformingcertaintasks,whichcandegradeperformancewhentheyarevyingforresourceswithotherprocesses.Threads Showsthecurrentnumberofthreadsthattheprocessisusing.Mostmodernapplicationsaremultithreaded.Multithreadingallowsconcurrentexecutionofprocessrequests.Someapplicationscandynamicallycontrolthenumberofconcurrentlyexecutingthreadstoimproveapplicationperformance,buttoomanythreadscanactuallyreduceperformancebecausetheoperatingsystemhastoswitchthreadcontextstoofrequently.
PayparticularattentiontotheSystemIdleProcess.Thisprocesstrackstheamountofsystemresourcesthataren’tbeingused.Thus,a99intheCPUcolumnoftheSystemIdleProcessmeansthat99percentofsystemresourcescurrentlyaren’tbeingused.Alsorememberthatasingleapplicationcanstartmultipleprocesses.Tobesureyouaretrackingormanagingtherightprocessforanapplication,right-clicktheapplicationontheProcessestabandselectGoToDetails.
Tostopanapplication,you’llusuallywanttotargetthemainapplicationprocessaswellasdependentprocesses,eitherbyright-clickingtheapplicationontheDetailstabandthenclickingEndTaskorbyright-clickingthemainapplicationprocessontheProcessestabandthenclickingEndTask.Youcanalsoright-clickthemainprocessoradependentprocessontheDetailstab,andthenselectEndProcessTree.
TrackingPerformanceandResourceUsageAllrunningprocesses,whetheroperatingactivelyorinthebackground,affecttheperformanceofyourcomputer.Attimes,yourcomputermayseemlessresponsivethanusualandyoumaywanttotrytodeterminewhy.ThePerformancetabinTaskManagerprovidesaquickwaytochecksystemresourceusageandrelativeperformancelevels.
UsagegraphsareprovidedtohelpyouunderstandhowCPU,memory,diskandEthernetresourcesarebeingused.Summarygraphsforeachresourceareprovidedintheleftpane.TheUpdateSpeedsetting,ontheViewmenu,determineshowoftengraphsareupdated.
Whenyouselectaresourceintheleftpane,moredetailedinformationisprovidedinthemainpane.ThedetailedusagegraphforCPUshowseithertheoverallutilizationortheutilizationofindividualprocessorcores.Switchbetweentheviewsbyright-clickingtheCPUgraphinthemainpane,pointingtoChangeGraphToandthenselectingeitherOverallUtilizationorLogicalProcessorsasappropriate.
Figure7-4showstheresourceusageforacomputerwithfourCPUcoresundernormalusageconditions.Thiscomputer’sCPUcoresareoperatingnormallyandarenotheavilytaxed.Thefewpeaksshownarenotremarkable;theyprobablyoccurredwhenapplicationswereopenedornewtaskswerestarted.Thememoryusagelevelsarealsonormalandnotremarkable,asarediskusagelevels.Ofinterest,however,istherelativelyhighEthernetusage,whichisindicativeoflargetransfersinprogressorpossiblyvideostreaming.
Figure7-4Trackingresourceusageunderaverageusageconditions
ContrastthistotheresourceusageforthesamecomputershowninFigure7-5.Inthiscase,thecomputerisexperiencinghigherresourceusagewithdiskutilizationat100%andEthernetusagepeakingfrequentlyto100%.ThecontinuingpeaksandhighusagelevelsofdiskandEthernetusageinthisinstanceareremarkable,especiallyiftheyrepresentnormalusageconditions.However,thiscomputerdoesn’thaveaperformanceproblemrelatedtoitsmemoryorCPUs.Rather,itissimplyperformingdisk-andEthernet-intensiveoperations,andthoseoperationsareongoing.
Figure7-5Trackingresourceusageunderhighusageconditions
Note Youcanviewaclose-upoftheCPUgraphsbydouble-clickinginthePerformancetab.Double-clickingagainreturnsyoutonormalviewingmode.
However,ifCPUusagewereconsistentlyandcontinuallyhighonallCPUs,youwouldwanttoexaminerunningapplicationsandtheirprocessestogetabetterunderstandingofwhatishappeningonthecomputer.Youmight,forexample,berunningprocessor-intensiveapplications,oryousimplymightneedtoconsiderupgradingyourcomputer’sCPUstoperformthekindsoftasksyouwanttoperform.
Memoryisoftenasourceofperformanceproblems.ThePerformancetab’sMemorygraphshowstheamountofphysicalmemorycurrentlybeingusedbythecomputer,graphedtoreflectthepercentageoftotalmemory.TheMemoryUsageHistorygraphshowsphysicalmemoryusageplottedovertime.Ifyourcomputerisconsistentlylowonavailablememory,youmightwanttoconsidertuningoraddingmemory.
Thecomputershownintheexamplesdoesn’thaveamemoryissue.Inthesecondexample,thecomputerisusing3.7GBofmemoryandstillhas4.2GBofavailablememory.Butifmemoryusagewereconsiderablyandconsistentlyhigher,youwouldwanttoexaminerunningprocessesandtakeacloserlookatwhatwashappeningonthecomputer.Forexample,applicationsrunninginthebackground,suchasaviruschecker,softwareupdatersorbackupsoftware,mightbeusingmemoryresources,oryousimplymightneedtoconsiderupgradingyourcomputer’smemorytoperformthekindsoftasksyouwanttoperform.
UndertheCPUUtilizationgrapharestatisticsrelatedtothetotalnumberofhandles,threads,andprocesses,aswellastotaluptimeofthecomputersinceitwaslaststarted.Intheexample,thecomputerisquiteactive,with74,408openhandles,2133activethreads,and138runningprocesses.OfparticularnotearethedetailsregardingtheCPU.IfyoueverhaveaquestionabouttheCPUconfigured,thisiswhereyoulook.Thedetailstellyou:
Themaximumprocessorspeed,whichis3.20GHzinthisinstance.TheSocketsvaluetellsyouthenumberofphysicalprocessors.Thiscomputerhas1.TheCoresvaluetellsyouhowmanyprocessorcoresthecomputerhas.Thiscomputerhas4.TheLogicalProcessorsvaluetellsyouhowmanylogicalprocessorsthecomputer
has(whichisn’tnecessarilythesameasthenumberofcores).Thiscomputerhas4.TheVirtualizationvaluespecifieswhethervirtualizationisenabled,whichitisonthiscomputer.TheL1,L2,andL3valuesspecifythesizeofeachmemorycache,whichareintegratedintotheprocessor.
ProTip YoucanshowkernelusagebyclickingShowKernelTimesontheViewmenu.TrackingkernelCPUusagecanhelpyoubetterunderstandhowtheoperatingsystemisusingtheCPU.Usagebythekernelisplottedinadifferentcolorandreflectstotalusage.
SelectMemoryintheleftpanetoviewstatisticsrelatedtomemoryusage.AsshowninFigure7-6,usagestatisticsinclude:
InUse Displaystheamountofmemorycurrentlybeingused.Committed Displaysphysicalmemoryinuseforwhichspacehasbeenreservedinthepagingfile,followedbythecommitlimit,whichisdeterminedbythesizeofthepagingfile.Cached Displaystheamountofmemorymarkedas“inuse”forsystemcaching.Thisessentiallyistheamountofmemorycurrentlyreservedforwhenaprocessneedsit.Available DisplaystheamountofRAMavailableforusebyprocesses.PagedPool Showstheamountofnon-criticalkernelmemorythatispagedtovirtualmemory.Non-pagedPool Showstheamountofcriticalkernelmemorythatisresidentinphysicalmemory.
Note CriticalportionsofkernelmemoryusedbytheoperatingsystemmustoperateinphysicalRAMandcan’tbepagedtovirtualmemory.Therestofkernelmemorycanbepagedtovirtualmemory.
Figure7-6Trackingprocessorandmemoryusageunderhighusageconditions
OfparticularnoteistheCommittedvalue.Herethecommittedvalueisshowningigabytes(GB),butitcouldalsobeshowninMB.
TheCommitvalueshowsthevirtualmemorycurrentlyinusefollowedbythetotalamountofvirtualmemoryavailable.Thisisimportantbecausevirtualmemoryismemorystoredondiskinoneormorepagingfiles.Ifthecurrentpagefileusage,reflectedbycurrentvirtualmemoryusage,isconsistentlyclosetothemaximumvalue,youmightwanttoaddphysicalmemory,increasetheamountofvirtualmemory,orboth.
TheMemorypanelcanalsoansweryourquestionsabouttheexacttypeofmemoryyourcomputerhasandwhetheryoucanaddmorememory.Intheexample,thecomputerhas8.0GBofDDR3memoryconfigured.Thatmemoryoperatesataspeedof1600MHz.Asonly2of4availablememoryslotsareused,youcouldaddmemoryusingthe2remainingslots.Youwouldaddmemoryusingtwo1600MHzDDR3DIMMs.
EventLoggingandViewingWindows10storeswarnings,errors,andotherinformationgeneratedfortrackingpurposesintheeventlogs.Therearetwogeneraltypesofeventlogs.Windowslogsareatypeoflogfilethattheoperatingsystemusestorecordgeneralsystemeventsrelatedtoapplications,security,setup,andsystemcomponents.Applicationsandserviceslogsareatypeoflogfilethatspecificapplicationsandservicesusetorecordapplication-specificorservice-specificevents.
DiggingintotheEventLogsEventlogsuseaproprietaryformatthatisreadableonlyintheEventViewerutility,whichcanbeaccessedbytypingEventViewerintheSearchbox,andpressingEnter.Aslongasyouhaveadministratorprivilegesonyourcomputer,youcanaccesstheeventlogsandusethemtotracksystemhealthandsystemsecurityissues.
TheWindowslogsthatyoushouldtrackcloselyare:
Application Recordseventsloggedbyapplications,suchasanerrorthatresultsinasystemfaultSecurity Recordseventsconfiguredforauditing,includinguserlogonandlogoffSetup Recordseventsloggedbytheoperatingsystemduringsetup,aswellaswhenevertheinstalledstateofcomponentschange,suchaswhenyouapplyapatchorservicepacktotheoperatingsystemSystem Recordseventsloggedbytheoperatingsystem,itsservices,anditscomponents—especiallystatechangesandfailurestoloadorstart
Ifyouareexperiencingaproblemwithaspecificapplicationorservice,youcancheckforarelatedapplicationsandserviceslog.Forexample,youcanusetheWindowsPowerShelllogtohelpyouresolveissuesrelatedtoWindowsPowerShell,oryoucanusetheMicrosoft\Windows\Audio\OperationallogtoexamineissuesrelatedtotheWindowsAudioservice.
InEventViewer,youcanworkwithyourcomputer’seventlogsinthefollowingways:
Toviewallerrorsandwarningsforalllogs,expandCustomViewsandthenselectAdministrativeEvents.Themainpagedisplaysalistofallwarninganderroreventsfortheserver.Tovieweventsinaspecificlog,expandtheWindowsLogsnode,theApplicationsAndServicesLogsnode,orboth.Selectthelogyouwanttoview,suchasApplication.
Whileyouareworkingwithaparticulareventlog,usetheinformationintheSourcecolumntodeterminewhichcomponentloggedaparticularevent.IntheexampleshowninFigure7-7,thecomputer’sDNSclientisthesourceoftheevent.
Figure7-7ExaminingeventsintheEventViewer
Theloggeddetailsforaneventprovideaquickoverviewofwhen,where,andhowaneventoccurred.Theeventleveltellsyoutheseriousnessoftheevent.Aninformationaleventisusuallyrelatedtoasuccessfulaction.Awarningeventtellsyouaboutalessserious(andoftenonlytemporarily)problemthatoccurred,suchasanerrordetectedonadiskdeviceduringpaging.Anerroreventtellsyouaboutamoreseriousbutnoncriticalproblemthatoccurred,suchasawritefailuretoadiskdevice.Acriticaleventtellsyouaboutaseriousproblemforwhichthereisnorecovery.
ResolvingPerformanceIssueswiththeLogsYou’llfrequentlyseewarningsanderrors,andyoudon’tneedtotrytodeterminethecauseandresolutionforeachandeveryone.However,ifyourcomputerisexperiencingperformanceissuesorotherproblems,youshouldlookforwarningsanderrorsthatcouldpossiblyberelatedtotheproblem,becausetheycanhelpyoufindaresolutiontotheproblem.Besuretoreviewthedetailedeventinformationaspartofyourtroubleshooting.ClicktheEventLogOnlineHelplinkifyouthinkyouneedmoreinformation.
Ifyouspendjustafewminutesintheeventlogs,you’llseejusthowmuchinformationyourcomputertracks.Wadingthroughallthatinformationtofindwhatyou’relookingforisn’talwayseasy,soyoumayneedtofiltertheeventlogstofocusinonthespecificinformationyouneed.
EarlierImentionedthatwhenyouselecttheAdministrativeEventsnode,youseealistofallerrorsandwarningsforalllogs.Thatselectiveviewoftheeventlogsiscreatedusingafilter,andyoucancreateyourownfilterstohelpsortthroughthelogsbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.StartEventViewerbytypingEventViewerintheSearchbox,andthenpressingEnter.2.Intheleftpane,right-clicktheCustomViewsnode,andthenclickCreateCustomView.3.UsetheLoggeddrop-downlisttoselectatimeframeforloggingevents,suchastheLast24Hours,Last7Days,orLast30Days.4.UsetheEventLevelcheckboxestospecifythelevelofeventstoinclude.Usually,you’llwanttolookforCritical,Warning,andErrorevents.SelectVerbosetogetadditionaldetails.5.Createacustomviewforeitheraspecificsetoflogsoraspecificsetofeventsourcesbydoingoneofthefollowing:
UsetheEventLogsdrop-downlisttoselecteventlogstoinclude.Selectmultipleeventlogsbyselectingtheircheckboxes.Ifyouselectspecificeventlogs,allothereventlogsareexcluded.UsetheEventSourcesdrop-downlisttoselecteventsourcestoinclude.Selectmultipleeventsourcesbyselectingtheircheckboxes.Ifyouselectspecificeventsources,allothereventsourcesareexcluded.
6.Optionally,usetheUserboxtospecifyusersthatshouldbeincluded.
RealWorld ManyeventsareloggedwiththeuserlistedasN/A,fornotapplicable.Eventsdirectlyrelatedtoyourlogonandinteractionswithactiveapplicationsmaybeloggedwithyourusername,butnotalways.OthereventsmaybeloggedwiththeuserasSystem(thelocalsystemaccountusedforrunningsystemprocessesandhandlingsystem-leveltasks),LocalService(thelocalserviceaccount,whichhasfewerprivilegesthansystem),orNetworkService(thelocalnetworkserviceaccount,whichhasfewerprivilegesthansystembutalsohas
accesstonetworkresources).
7.ClickOK.Typeanameanddescriptionforthecustomview,andthenspecifywheretosavethecustomview.Bydefault,customviewsaresavedundertheCustomViewsnode.YoucancreateanewnodebyclickingNewFolder,enteringanameforthefolder,andthenclickingOK.8.ClickOKtoclosetheSaveFilterToCustomViewdialogbox.Youshouldnowseeafilteredlistofevents.
Chapter8.AnalyzingandLoggingPerformance
Windows10providesmanytoolstohelpyoutrackperformance.ThepreviouschapterdiscussedwaysyoucouldtrackcurrentandrelativeperformanceandprovidedtechniquesfordeterminingresourceusageusingTaskManageranduncoveringproblemsusingtheEventLogs.Althoughthesetoolsareexcellent,youmightneedtodigdeepertodiagnosecomplexproblemsandoptimizeperformance.
Additionaltoolsforresolvingperformanceissuesinclude:
ActionCenter Allowsyoutocheckforproblemsthatareaffectingperformanceandtrytofindsolutionsusingautomatedprocesses.ReliabilityMonitor Allowsyoutoanalyzereliabilityissuesthatareaffectingperformanceanddeterminetheircauses.ResourceMonitor Allowsyoutotrackresourceusageonthecomputer.TheinformationprovidedissimilartoTaskManagerbutmoredetailed.PerformanceMonitor Allowsyoutologperformancedata,watchresourceusageovertime,anddetermineareasthatcanbeoptimized.
ResolvingFailuresandReliabilityIssuesWindows10includesanautomateddiagnosticsframeworkfordetectinganddiagnosingmanycommonproblemswithapplications,hardwaredevices,andWindowsitself.RestartManagerandActionCenterarethecorecomponentsofthisframeworkthatyou’llinteractwith.
Windows10usesRestartManagertoshutdownandrestartapplicationsautomatically.IfWindowsdiagnosticsdetectsthatanapplicationhasstoppedresponding,RestartManagerattemptstostoptheapplication’sprimaryprocessandthenrestarttheapplication.ProblemreportsrelatedtononresponsiveapplicationsareloggedintheActionCenter,asareproblemreportsforothertypesoffailures.
CheckingforProblemsThatAreAffectingPerformanceAfteryouinstalladevice,Windows10attemptstodetectthehardwareandinstallthedeviceautomatically.IfWindows10detectsthedevicebutcannotinstallthedeviceautomatically,youmayfindarelatedsolutioninActionCenter.Typically,ActionCenteropensautomatically,allowingyoutobegintroubleshootingimmediately.
Similarly,ifWindowsdiagnosticsdetectsaproblemwithahardwaredeviceorWindowscomponent,Windows10displaysanotificationtellingyouthereisaproblem.Ifyouclickthisnotification,Windows10displaysmoreinformation,includingpossiblefixesthatcanhelpyouresolvetheproblem.
Onthefar-rightsideofthetaskbar,you’llfindthenotificationarea,whichalsohasanotificationiconforActionCenter.IfyoumoveyourmousepointerovertheActionCentericon,atooltipprovidesinformationaboutcurrentnotifications.ClickingthisiconopenstheActionCenternotificationpanel(seeFigure8-1).
Figure8-1ExaminingnotificationsinActionCenter
InActionCenter,you’llseenotificationsunderoneortwogeneralcategories,withthemostcommoncategorybeingSecurityAndMaintenance.EachnotificationhasanExpand/CollapsebuttonandaClosebutton.ClickExpandtogetmoredetails,ifavailable.ClickClosetoclearthenotification.
ActionCenternotificationsettingscontrolwhetheryouarenotifiedaboutproblems.Tostopbeingnotifiedaboutproblemswithaparticularapp,right-clickarelatednotificationinActionCenterandthenselectTurnOffNotificationsForThisApp.
AlthoughActionCenterprovidesinsightsintopossibleissues,youreallyneedtoopenControlPanelandaccesstheSecurityAndMaintenancepage,showninFigure8-2,to
learnmoreaboutdetectedissues.OpenthispagebytypingSecurityAndMaintenanceintheSearchboxandpressingEnter.
Figure8-2Gettinginformationaboutdetectedissueswithsolutions
WhileworkingwiththeSecurityAndMaintenancepageinControlPanel,youcanclicktheSecurityorMaintenanceheadingtoexpandthesectionandviewmoredetailedinformation.ExpandtheSecurityareatogetmoreinformationaboutthestatusandconfigurationofyourcomputer’scoresecuritycomponents.Knownproblemsarecolor-coded.Red-codedissuesarewarningsaboutimportantproblemsthatneedyourattention.Orange-codedissuesarecautionsaboutproblemsthatyoumightwanttoreview.
Notificationsettingscontrolwhetheryouarenotifiedaboutproblems.Toviewandmanagethesesettings,clickChangeSecurityAndMaintenanceSettingsintheleftpane.Thenturnnotificationsformessagesonoroffbyselectingorclearingcheckboxes.
Whileautomatedreportedanddetectionworksfairlywell,someproblemscanbemissedbythediagnosticsframework.Ifyoususpectthatyourcomputerhasproblemsthathasn’tbeenidentified,youcaninitiateautomaticproblemdetectionsimplybyopeningSecurityAndMaintenance,expandingtheMaintenancepanel,andthenclickingCheckForSolutions.Whenthisprocessiscomplete,yourcomputerisupdatedtoincludeallnewlydiscoveredproblems,andsolutionsareprovidedifknown.
Ifautomateddiagnosticsdetectsproblemsforwhichtherearenosolutionsavailable,you’llseetheProblemReportingdialogboxandbeabletosendaproblemreport.ClickCancelifyoudon’twanttosendareport.
Ifautomateddiagnosticsdetectsproblemsforwhichsolutionsareavailable,youcanresolvetheproblemsimmediately.Eachknownproblemwillhaveasolutionbutton.ClicktheViewProblemResponsebuttontodisplayapageprovidingmoreinformationabouttheproblem.Notethefollowing:
Whenaconfigurationissueiscausingaproblem,you’llfindadescriptionoftheproblemandastep-by-stepguideformodifyingtheconfigurationtoresolvetheproblem.Whenadriverorsoftwareissueiscausingaproblem,you’llfindalinktodownloadandinstallthelatestdriverorsoftwareupdate.
AnalyzingReliabilityIssuesThatAreAffectingPerformanceWindows10trackstherelativereliabilityofyourcomputerinReliabilityMonitor.Youcanusetherelatedreportstodeterminehowstableyourcomputerisandwhatcomponents,applications,ordeviceshavecausedproblems.WhenyouareworkingwiththeSecurityAndMaintenancepageinControlPanel,youcanaccessreliabilityreportsbyexpandingtheMaintenancepanel,scrollingdown,andthenclickingViewReliabilityHistory.
ReliabilityMonitortrackschangestothecomputerandcomparesthemtochangesinsystemstability.Thisgivesyouagraphicalrepresentationoftherelationshipbetweenchangesintheconfigurationandchangesinstability.Byrecordingsoftwareinstallation,softwareremoval,applicationfailures,hardwarefailures,andWindowsfailures,andkeyeventsregardingtheconfigurationofyourcomputer,ReliabilityMonitorsgivesyouatimelineofchangeslargeandsmallandinformationabouttheireffectonreliability.Youcanusethisinformationtopinpointchangesthatarecausingstabilityproblems.Forexample,ifyouseeasuddendropinstability,youcanclickadatapointandthenexpandtherelateddatasettofindthespecificeventthatcausedtheproblem.
ReliabilityMonitordisplaysstabilitydatabydaysorweeks.Thedefaultviewisdays.Toviewhistorybyweeks,clicktheWeeksoptionforViewBy.
Yourcomputer’sstabilityisgraphedwithvaluesrangingfrom1,meaningextremelypoorreliability,to10,meaningextremelyhighreliability.AgraphforacomputerexperiencingreliabilityproblemswillbesimilartotheoneshowninFigure8-3.
Figure8-3Checkingyourcomputer’sreliability
Note Thegraphhasleftandrightscrollbuttons.Byscrollingleft,youcanseereliabilitydataforearlierdates.Youcanscrollrighttogotolaterdates.
Inthisexample,thereliabilityofthecomputerhasbeenseverelyimpactedbyaseriesoffailures.Failuresandotherreliabilityeventsaresummarizedonthegraphrelativetotheselectedtimeperiod,eitherbydayorbyweek.Failuresaredividedintothreecategories:
ApplicationFailures Tracksfailurescausedbyrunningapplications.Anapplicationthatstoppedworkingorstoppedrespondingistrackedasanapplication
failure.WindowsFailures TracksfailurescausedbyWindowscomponentsandsystemhardware.AhardwareerrorthatoccurredistrackedasaWindowsfailure,asareerrorsrelatedtocomponentconfiguration.MiscellaneousFailures Tracksothertypesoffailuresthatoccur,suchasfailurescausedbyanunexpectedshutdownoftheoperatingsystem.
ReliabilityMonitortagsfailuresthathaveaffectedstabilityascritical.Eventstaggedaswarningsindicateapotentialtoaffectstability.Forexample,failedWindowsUpdatesaremarkedaswarningsbecausemostupdatesneedtobeappliedtoensurereliabilityandstability.
You’llalsoseethatsuccessfulWindowsupdates,successfulapplicationinstallations,andmanyothersystemactivitiesareloggedusinginformationalevents.Althoughtheseactivitiesdon’trepresentfailures,theydohaveaneffectontheoverallstabilityofyourcomputer.
Clickingacolumninthegraphdisplaysdetailsfortheeventsthatoccurredonthatdayorduringaselectedweek.Eventsarelistedbysource,summary,anddate.UnderAction,you’llseeseveralpossibleactions,dependingonthetypeofevent.
IfWindowsdetectedacriticalproblemandresolveditautomatically,aViewProblemResponselinkallowsyoutodisplayinformationabouthowWindowsresolvedtheproblem.Ifthecriticalproblemisunresolved,aCheckForASolutionlinkletsyoureporttheproblemandcheckforasolution.Forwarningsandinformationalevents,aViewTechnicalDetailslinkprovidesdetailedtechnicalinformationabouttheevent.
ThebottompanelofReliabilityMonitorprovidesthreeadditionaloptions.Youcan:
ClickSaveReliabilityHistoryandusethedialogboxprovidedtoselectasavelocationandfilenameforaReliabilityMonitorreport.Thereportwillcontaincompletedetailsaboutthecomputer’sstability,formattedusingXML.YoucanviewthereportatanytimeinInternetExplorerbydouble-clickingthefile.Ifyouattachareporttoanemailmessage,youcansendthereporttosomeonewhocanhelpyouwithtroubleshooting.ClickViewAllProblemReportstoopentheProblemReportswindowandaccessahistoryofallidentifiedproblemsandtheirstatus.MostproblemshaveastatusofReportSent,NotReported,MoreDataRequired,orNoSolutionAvailable.Toclearthehistory,clickClearAllProblemReports.ClickCheckForSolutionsToAllProblemstostartautomateddiagnostics.Whendiagnostictestingiscomplete,ActionCentershowsanynewlydiscoveredproblemsandalsoprovidessolutionsifknown.
Whenyouviewallproblemreports,theProblemReportspageinControlPanel,showninFigure8-4,listsproblemsthatyoucanreportbysource,summary,date,andstatus.Thestatusshowswhethertheproblemhasorhasnotbeensent.ThestatusalsoshowswhenMicrosoftneedsmoreinformationfromthegeneralusercommunitytoresolveaproblem,aswellaswhenthereisnosolutionavailableforaparticularproblem.
RealWorld AlthoughitmayseemratheroddthatWindowslistsproblemsashavingnosolutionavailable,rememberhowdiagnosticsworks.DiagnosticslooksforspecifictypesofWindows,application,andhardwarefailures.Someproblemscanbesolvedwithupdatesandpatches.Others,suchascompatibilityissues,maysimplybearesultofthewayinwhichanapplicationwaswritten.Alsorememberthatifasolutionisavailableforaproblem,thesolutionisshowninActionCenter.
Figure8-4Checkingallproblemsthathavebeendetected
Regardlessoftheproblemstatus,youcandosomethinginProblemReportsthatyoucan’talwaysdoinReliabilityMonitor:Youcanright-clickaproblemandchooseCheckForSolutiontore-checkforasolutiontoaproblem.Youalsocanright-clickaproblemandchooseViewSolutiontogetmoreinformationaboutaproblemthat’sbeenresolvedorViewTechnicalDetailstogettechnicaldetailsaboutaproblem.
Tip It’simportanttopointoutthatonlyproblemswithsolutionsareshownontheSecurityAndMaintenancepage.Ifyouwanttoseeacompletelistofallproblemsyourcomputerhasencounteredwithapps,devices,driverinstallationandmore,youneedtoreviewtheAllProblemReportspageinControlPanel.AlthoughReliabilityMonitorprovidesalinktoopenthispage,youalsocanopenthispagebytypingAllProblemReportsintheSearchboxandpressingEnter.
DiagnosingandResolvingProblemswithTroubleshootersWindows10tracksfailedinstallation,unresponsiveconditions,andotherproblems.Shouldaninstallationfailoranapplicationbecomeunresponsive,thebuilt-indiagnosticscreatesnotificationsandproblemreportsandeitherprovidesareadysolutionorallowsyoutocheckforasolution.Manyotherautomatedresponsestoproblemsarehandledwithtroubleshooters.
Thestandardtroubleshootersinclude:
HardwareAndDevicestroubleshooter Detectsandresolvesproblemspreventingthecomputerfromproperlyusingadevice.Homegrouptroubleshooter Detectsandresolvesproblemspreventingthecomputerfromsharingfilesinahomegroup.IncomingConnectionstroubleshooter Detectsandresolvesproblemspreventingthecomputerfrombeingconnectedto.InternetConnectionstroubleshooter DetectsandresolvesproblemspreventingthecomputerfromconnectingtotheInternetoranintranet.NetworkAdaptertroubleshooter DetectsandresolvesproblemsrelatedtoEthernet,wireless,andothernetworkadapters.PlayingAudiotroubleshooter Detectsandresolvesproblemspreventingthecomputerfromplayingsound.Powertroubleshooter Detectsandresolvesproblemsthataffectpowermanagement,sleep,hibernation,orresume.Printertroubleshooter Detectsandresolvesproblemspreventingthecomputerfromusingaprinter.ProgramCompatibilitytroubleshooter Detectsandresolvesproblemspreventingaprogramfromrunningonthecomputer.RecordingAudiotroubleshooter Detectsandresolvesproblemspreventingthecomputerfromrecordingsound.SystemMaintenancetroubleshooter Performsroutinemaintenanceifyoudon’t.
IfWindowsPowerShellisinstalled,relatedservicesarerunning,andtroubleshootingisenabled,thetroubleshooterscanautomaticallydetectanddiagnosemanycommonproblems.Ifyoususpectaproblemthathasn’tbeendetected,youcanstartatroubleshootermanuallybyfollowingthesesteps:
1.IfyouareworkingwiththeSecurityAndMaintenancepageinControlPanel,scrolldown,andthenclicktheTroubleshootinglink.Alternatively,typeTroubleshootingintheSearchboxandpressEnter.2.AsshowninFigure8-5,linksontheTroubleshootingpageprovideaccesstotroubleshootersaccordingtotasksyoumightwanttoperform.Forexample,youcouldclickRunProgramsMadeForPreviousVersionsOfWindowstostarttheProgramCompatibilitytroubleshooter.3.Ifyoudon’tseeanappropriatetask,clickViewAllintheleftpanetodisplayalistofallavailabletroubleshootersbyname,andthenclickthetroubleshooteryouwanttostart.
Figure8-5Resolvingproblemswiththetroubleshooters
WhenyouareworkingwiththeTroubleshootingpage,notetheViewAll,ViewHistory,andChangeSettingsoptionsintheleftpane.SelectingViewAllshowsallavailabletroubleshooters,listedalphabeticallybyname,description,location,category,andpublisher.WhenatroubleshooterislistedasLocal,thetroubleshooterisavailableonyourcomputer.WhenatroubleshooterislistedasOnline,thetroubleshooterisavailableonlineandwillbedownloadedandruneachtimeyouuseit.
WhileyouareworkingwiththeTroubleshootingpage,don’toverlooktheViewHistoryoption.Thetroubleshootinghistoryshowsyouthetroubleshootersrununderyouruseraccountandwhentheywererun.ClickIncludeTroubleshootersThatWereRunAsAnAdministratortoviewtroubleshootersrunwithadministratorprivileges.Moreimportantly,ifyouclickanentryinthehistory,youcanviewandprintadetailedtroubleshootingreport.ThereportshowstheissuesfoundandthefixesWindowstried,whichcanbeashelpfulasthetroubleshootersthemselves.
TheChangeSettingsoptionontheTroubleshootingpageisalsouseful,becauseitallowsyoutomanagehowtroubleshootersareused.Bydefault,Windowschecksforroutinemaintenanceissuesandalertsyouwhenatroubleshootercanhelpfixaproblem.Windowsalsoallowsyouandotheruserstobrowseforavailabletroubleshootersonlineandbeginstroubleshootingimmediatelywhenyoustartatroubleshooter.
Problemswithhardwaredevicescanbeparticularlydifficulttoresolve.Ifyoususpectthatadeviceisn’tworkingproperly,youcanuseDeviceManagertoverifywhetherthedeviceisworkingproperly.StartDeviceManagerbytypingDeviceManagerintheSearchbox,andthenpressingEnter;thenexaminethestatusofyourcomputer’sdevices.
Adevicethatismalfunctioningwillhaveanerrororwarningicon.Toviewinformationabouttheerror,right-clickthedeviceandthenselectProperties.Formalfunctioningdevices,thedevicepropertieswillshowanerrorstatuscodeandasuggestedresolutionforthecode.
Youcanresolvemanyhardwaredeviceproblemsbyreinstallingorupdatingthedevicedriver.InDeviceManager,right-clickthedeviceyouwanttoworkwith,andthenselectProperties.OntheDrivertab,clicktheUpdateDriverbuttonandfollowthepromptstoreinstallorupdatethedriverasappropriate.
YoucanalsouninstalladriverandletWindows10reinstallthecurrentversionofthedriverfilesfromthedriverstore.InDeviceManager,right-clickthedevice,andthen
selectUninstallontheDrivertab.ClickOKtoconfirm.Ifreinstallingthedevicedriverdoesn’twork,checktomakesurethedeviceisproperlyinsertedandconnected.Youmayneedtodisconnectandreconnectthedevice(whileensuringthatthecomputerispowereddownandunpluggedasappropriateandnecessary).
Ifyouarestillunabletogetthedevicetoworkproperly,checkthedevicemanufacturer’swebsiteforalternativeversionsofthedevicedriver.Youmayfindthatanolderversionofadevicedriverismorestablethanthelatestversion.
ExaminingResourceUsageinDetailResourceMonitorshouldbeoneofyourtoolsofchoiceforperformancetuning.YouuseResourceMonitortotrackresourceusageonthecomputer.TheinformationprovidedissimilartoTaskManagerbutmoredetailed.
YoucanopenResourceMonitorbytypingResourceMonitorintheSearchbox,andthenpressingEnter.AsFigure8-6shows,ResourceMonitorprovidesresourcesusagestatisticsforfourcategories:
CPU ShowsthecurrentCPUutilizationandthemaximumCPUfrequency(asrelatedtoprocessoridling).IfyouexpandtheCPUentry(byclickingtheoptionsbutton),you’llseealistofcurrentlyrunningexecutablesbyname,processID(PID),description,status,numberofthreadsused,currentCPUutilization,andaverageCPUutilization.Disk Showsthenumberofkilobytespersecondbeingreadfromorwrittentodiskandthehighestpercentageofusage.IfyouexpandtheDiskentry(byclickingtheoptionsbutton),you’llseealistofcurrentlyrunningexecutablesthatareperformingorhaveperformedI/Ooperationsbyname,processID(PID),filebeingreadorwritten,averagenumberofbytesbeingreadpersecond,averagenumberofbytesbeingwrittenpersecond,totalnumberofbytesbeingreadandwrittenpersecond,I/Opriority,andtheassociateddiskresponsetime.
Figure8-6Trackingresourceusagedetails
Network Showsthecurrentnetworkbandwidthutilizationinkilobytesandthepercentageoftotalbandwidthutilization.IfyouexpandtheNetworkentry(byclickingtheoptionsbutton),you’llseealistofcurrentlyrunningexecutablesthataretransferringorhavetransferreddataonthenetworkbyname,processID(PID),computerorIPaddressbeingcontacted,averagenumberofbytesbeingsentpersecond,averagenumberofbytesreceivedpersecond,andtotalbytessentorreceivedpersecond.Memory Showsthecurrentmemoryutilizationandthenumberofhardfaultsoccurringpersecond.IfyouexpandtheMemoryentry(byclickingtheoptionsbutton),you’llseealistofcurrentlyrunningexecutablesbyname,processID(PID),hardfaultspersecond,commitmemoryinKB,workingsetmemoryinKB,
shareablememoryinKB,andprivate(nonshareable)memoryinKB.
TheOverviewtabdisplaysageneraloverviewofallresourcedataforeachofthefourareastracked.Expandthepanelstoseemoredetails,orselecttheindividualtabstotakeacloserlookatspecificusage.
OneofthemostusefulfeaturesofResourceMonitoristheusagefilter.OntheOverviewtab,youcanfilterbyanycombinationofprocessesrunningonthecomputersimplybyselectingtherelatedcheckboxesontheCPUpanel.IntheexampleshowninFigure8-7,thedataisfilteredtofocusonresourceusagerelatedtoaspecificapplication:Winword.exe.I’vealsoaddedresourceusagedataforSystemprocesses.
Figure8-7Gettingmoredetailedinformation
Afteryou’vefilteredtheusageactivity,thegraphshighlightresourceusagespecifictotheprocessesyou’veselected.Asdiskusage,networkusage,andmemoryusagedataaresimilarlyfiltered,youcanseeexactlywhattheselectedprocessesaredoingonyourcomputer.
YoucanapplyfiltersontheCPU,Memory,Disk,andNetworktabsaswell.Thefiltersareglobalandaffectwhatyouseeonallothertabs.Becauseofthis,don’tforgettoremovefiltersyou’veappliedifyouwanttoexamineotherprocessesorviewoverallusagedataagain.Todothis,simplycleartheprocesscheckboxesthatapplythefilters.
RecordingandAnalyzingPerformanceDataYouneedtorecordperformancedataandanalyzeittoknowwhat’sreallyhappeningonyourcomputer.Loggingperformancedataisn’tsomethingyoushoulddohaphazardly.Youshouldhaveaclearplanbeforeyoubegin,andthatplanshoulddefinespecificallywhyyouwanttologperformancedata.Forexample,youmightthinkthatanapplicationyouareusinghasamemoryleakthatiscausingyourcomputertoperformpoorly,andyoucouldprovethisbyloggingmemoryusagedatawhileworkingwiththeapplication.
LoggingPerformanceDataAlthoughResourceMonitorandTaskManagertellyouwhat’shappeningonyourcomputer,theydon’tdelvedeepenoughtohelpyouresolveeveryperformanceproblemyou’llencounter—thisiswherePerformanceMonitorisuseful.
PerformanceMonitor,showninFigure8-8,graphsusagestatisticsforsetsofperformanceparametersthatyou’veselectedfordisplay.OpenthisutilitybytypingPerformanceMonitorintheSearchbox,andthenpressingEnter.
Performanceparametersthatyoutrackarereferredtoascounters.Whenyouinstallcertainapplicationsonyourcomputer,PerformanceMonitormightbeupdatedwithasetofcountersfortrackingrelatedperformance.Similarly,performancecountersmaybeaddedwhenyouinstallcertainservicesandadd-onsforWindows.
Figure8-8Analyzingperformancemetrics
PerformanceMonitorhasseveralkeyfeatures.Alegend,displayedatthebottomofthedetailspane,showsthecolorandlinestyleusedforeachcounter.Avaluebar,displayedbetweenthegraphandthelegend,showsvaluesrelatedtothecounteryou’veselectedinthegraphorinthelegend.Atoolbar,displayedabovethegraph,providesthebasicfunctionsandoptionsforworkingwithPerformanceMonitor.Eachtoolbarbuttonhasakeyboardshortcutaswell.
Thetoolbarbuttonsandtheirshortcutkeysareasfollows:
ViewCurrentActivityCTRL+T;switchestheviewsothatcurrentactivitybeingloggedisdisplayed.ViewLogDataCTRL+L;switchestheviewsothatdatafromaperformancelogcanbereplayed.ChangeGraphTypeCTRL+G;switchestheviewtotogglebetweenbargraph,reportlist,andgraphformat.AddCTRL+N;displaystheAddCountersdialogbox,whichletsyouaddcounterstotrack.DeleteDELETEkey;removesthecurrentlyselectedcountersothatitisnolongertracked.HighlightCTRL+H;highlightsthecurrentlyselectedcounterwithawhitelinesothatitismoreeasytosee.ToturntheHighlightfunctionoff,selectthecounterand
pressCTRL+Hagain.CopyPropertiesCTRL+C;createsacopyofthecounterlist,alongwiththeindividualconfigurationofeachcounter,andputsitontheWindowsClipboardasanExtensibleMarkupLanguage(XML)file.PasteCounterListCTRL+V;pastesacopiedcounterlistintoPerformanceMonitorsothatitisusedasthecurrentcounterset.Ifyousavedacounterlisttoafile,yousimplyopenthefile,copythecontentsofthefiletotheClipboard,andthenpressCTRL+VinPerformanceMonitortousethatcounterlist.PropertiesCTRL+Q;displaysthePropertiesdialogboxforaselectitem.FreezeDisplayCTRL+F;freezesthedisplaysothatPerformanceMonitornolongerupdatestheperformanceinformation.PressCTRL+Fagaintoresumesampling.UpdateDataCTRL+U;updatesthedisplaybyonesamplinginterval.Whenyoufreezethedisplay,PerformanceMonitorstillgathersperformanceinformation;itjustdoesn’tupdatethedisplayusingthenewinformation.Toupdatethedisplaywhileitisfrozen,usethisoption.
Thegraphingupdateintervalisconfigurable,butitissetto1secondbydefault.Becauseyou’lloftenneedtotrackmanycounterstoidentifyaperformanceproblem,you’llfindthatrecordingtheperformancedatainalogandthenanalyzingthelogdataistypicallythebestapproach.PerformanceMonitoralsoallowsyoutoconfigurealertsthatsendmessageswhencertaineventsoccur.
ToworkeffectivelywithPerformanceMonitor,youneedtounderstandthedifferencebetweenperformancecountersandperformanceobjects.Performancecountersrepresentthemeasurablepropertiesofperformanceobjects.Aperformanceobjectcanbeaphysicalpartoftheoperatingsystem,suchasthememory,theprocessor,orthepagingfile;alogicalcomponent,suchasalogicaldiskorprintqueue;orasoftwareelement,suchasaprocessorathread.
Performanceobjectinstancesrepresentsingleoccurrencesofperformanceobjects.Ifaparticularobjecthasmultipleinstances,suchaswhenacomputerhasmultipleprocessors,youcanuseanobjectinstancetotrackaspecificoccurrenceofthatobject.Youcouldalsoelecttotrackallinstancesofanobject,suchaswhenyouwanttomonitorallprocessorsonyourcomputer.
Themostcommonperformanceobjectsyou’llwanttomonitorinclude:
Cache Representsthefilesystemcache,whichisanareaofphysicalmemorythatindicatesapplicationI/Oactivity.LogicalDisk Representsthelogicalvolumesonyourcomputer.Memory Representsmemoryperformanceforsystemcache(includingpooled,pagedmemoryandpooled,nonpagedmemory),physicalmemory,andvirtualmemory.NetworkInterface Representsthenetworkadaptersconfiguredonyourcomputer.Objects Representsthenumberofevents,processes,sections,semaphores,andthreadsonyourcomputer.PagingFile Representspagefilecurrentandpeakusage.
PhysicalDisk Representsharddiskread/writeactivityaswellasdatatransfers,hardfaults,andsoftfaults.PrintQueue Representsprintjobs,spooling,andprintqueueactivity.Process Representsallprocessesrunningonyourcomputer.Processor Representsprocessoridletime,idlestates,usage,deferredprocedurecalls,andinterrupts.System Representssystem-levelcounters,includingprocesses,threads,contextswitchingofthreads,filesystemcontroloperations,systemcalls,andsystemuptime.Thread RepresentsallrunningthreadsandallowsyoutoexamineusagestatisticsforindividualthreadsbyprocessID.
Eachoftheseperformanceobjectshasasetofcountersthatcanbetracked.
ChoosingCounterstoMonitorPerformanceMonitordisplaysinformationonlyforcountersthatyou’retracking.You’llfindcountersrelatedtojustabouteverylogicalandphysicalaspectofyourcomputer.Theeasiestwaytolearnaboutthesecountersistoreadtheexplanationsavailablewhenyouselectacounter.Todothis,startPerformanceMonitor,clickAddonthetoolbar,expandanobjectintheAvailableCounterslist,andthenselecttheShowDescriptioncheckbox.Nowwhenyouscrollthroughthelistofcountersfortheselectedobjectyou’llseeadetaileddescriptionofwhatthecounterrepresentsandhowitcanbeused.
Whenyouareconfiguringmonitoringforaparticularobject,payparticularattentiontotheinstancesofthatobjectthatwillbetracked.Youcanconfiguretrackingforallinstancesofanobjectorforspecificinstances.Forexample,whenyoutrackthePhysicalDiskobject,youhaveachoiceoftrackingallphysicaldiskinstancesorspecificphysicaldiskinstances.Ifyouthinkaparticulardiskisgoingbadorexperiencingotherproblems,youcouldmonitorjustthatdiskinstance.
Thetwospecialinstancetypesyoushouldknoware:
_Total Tracksallinstancesofacounterintotal,ratherthanseparately.Use_Totaltotracktheoverallperformanceofallinstancesofarelatedcounter.Forexample,ifyourcomputerhasfourprocessorcores,youcouldtracktheirprocessorusageintotalratherthanseparatelyforeachprocessorcore.<AllInstances> Tracksallinstancesofacounterseparately,ratherthanintotal.Use<AllInstances>totrackallinstancesofarelatedcounterseparately.Forexample,ifyourcomputerhasfourprocessorcores,youcouldtrackprocessorusageindividuallyforallprocessorinstances.
PerformanceMonitorallowsyoutoviewperformancedataasgraphedcurrentdata,linedata,histogramdata,andreportdata.ByclickingViewCurrentActivityonthetoolbarorpressingCtrl+T,youcanbesureyouareviewingagraphofcurrentactivity.YoucanswitchbetweentheviewtypesbyclickingChangeGraphTypeorpressingCtrl+G.
IntheHistogramBarview,PerformanceMonitorrepresentstheperformancedatabyusingabargraphwiththelastsamplingvalueforeachcountergraphed.Thesizesofthebarswithinthegraphareadjustedautomaticallybasedonthenumberofperformancecountersbeingtrackedandcanbeadjustedtoaccommodatehundredsofcounters,whichisusefulbecauseitallowsyoutotrackmultiplecountersmoreeasilythanotherviews.
IntheReportview,PerformanceMonitorrepresentstheperformancedatainareportlistformat.Inthisview,objectsandtheircountersarelistedinalphabeticalorderandperformancedataisdisplayednumericallyratherthangraphed.Ifyouaretryingtodeterminespecificperformancevaluesformanydifferentcounters,thisisthebestviewtousebecausetheactualvaluesarealwaysshown.
Youcanselectcounterstomonitorbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.ClickAddonthetoolbarorpressCtrl+NtodisplaytheAddCountersdialogbox(seeFigure8-9).NotethatonlyadministratorsofthelocalcomputerandmembersofthelocalPerformanceLogusersgroupcanmonitorperformancedata.
2.IntheAvailableCounterssection,performanceobjectsarelistedalphabetically.Clickanobjectentrytoselectallrelatedcounters,orexpandanobjectentryandthenselectindividualcountersbyclickingthem.3.Whenyouselectanobjectoranyofitscounters,youseetherelatedinstances.Choose_Totaltotrackallinstancesofacounterintotalor<AllInstances>totrackallinstancesofacounterseparately.4.Afteryou’veselectedanobjectoragroupofcountersforanobjectaswellastheobjectinstances,clickAddtoaddthecounterstothegraph.5.Repeatsteps2–3toaddotherperformanceparameters.ClickOKwhenyouhavefinishedandarereadytostartgraphingperformance.
Figure8-9Addingcounterstotrack
TipDon’ttrytographtoomanycountersorcounterinstancesatonce.You’llmakethedisplaytoodifficulttoread,andyou’llusesystemresources.
IdentifyingPerformanceBottlenecksThewayyourcomputerperformsdependsprimarilyonitsmemoryconfiguration,itsprocessors,itsharddisks,anditsnetworkingcomponents,eachofwhichcanactasabottleneckthatkeepsyourcomputerfromperformingatitsbest.
Yourcomputer’smemoryisoftenthesourceofthebiggestperformanceissues,andyoushouldalwaysruleoutmemoryproblemsbeforeexaminingotherareasofthesystem.Becausecomputersusebothphysicalandvirtualmemory,lookspecificallyatphysicalmemory,caching,andvirtualmemory.Virtualmemoryispagedtodiskandrepresentedbythepagingfile.Lookspecificallyat:
Memory\AvailableBytesMemory\CommittedBytesMemory\CommitLimit
Ifyourcomputerhasverylittleavailablememory,youmightneedtoaddmemory.Generally,youwanttheavailablememoryundernormalusageconditionstobenolessthan5percentofthetotalphysicalmemoryonthecomputer.Ifyourcomputerhasahighratioofcommittedbytestototalphysicalmemoryonthesystem,youmightneedtoaddmemoryaswell.Generally,youwantthecommittedbytesvaluetobenomorethan75percentofthetotalphysicalmemory.
Youshouldalsolookatmemorypagefaults.Todothis,track:
Memory\PageFaults/secMemory\PagesInput/secMemory\PageReads/sec
Apagefaultoccurswhenaprocessrequestsapageinmemoryandtheoperatingsystemcan’tfinditattherequestedlocation.Iftherequestedpageiselsewhereinmemory,thefaultiscalledasoftpagefault.Iftherequestedpagemustberetrievedfromdisk,thefaultiscalledahardpagefault.Mostprocessorscanhandlelargenumbersofsoftfaults,buthardfaultscancauseperformanceproblems.
PageFaults/secistheoverallrateatwhichtheprocessorhandlesalltypesofpagefaults.PagesInput/secisthetotalnumberofpagesreadfromdisktoresolvehardpagefaults.PageReads/secisthetotaldiskreadsneededtoresolvehardpagefaults.PagesInput/secwillbegreaterthanorequaltoPageReads/secandcangiveyouagoodideaofyourhardpagefaultrate.Ahighnumberofhardpagefaultscouldindicatethatyouneedtoincreasetheamountofmemoryorreducethecachesizeonthecomputer.
Fordeeperproblems,takealookatthepagepoolandthenonpagedpoolbyusingMemory\PoolPagedBytesandMemory\PoolNonpagedBytes.Thepagedpoolisanareaofsystemmemoryforobjectsthatcanbewrittentodiskwhentheyaren’tused.Thenonpagedpoolisanareaofsystemmemoryforobjectsthatcan’tbewrittentodisk.
Ifthesizeofthepagedpoolislargerelativetothetotalamountofphysicalmemory,youmightneedtoaddmemorytoyourcomputer.Ifthesizeofthenonpagedpoolislargerelativetothetotalamountofvirtualmemoryallocated,youmightwanttoincreasethevirtualmemorysize.
Focusonyourcomputer’sprocessorafteryouhaveeliminatedmemoryasapotentialbottlenecksource.Ifthecomputer’sprocessorsaretheperformancebottleneck,addingmemoryorfasterdriveswon’tresolveyourperformanceproblem.Instead,youmightneedtoupgradetheprocessorstofasterclockspeedsoraddprocessors.Lookspecificallyat:
System\ProcessorQueueLengthProcessor\%ProcessorTime
System\ProcessorQueueLengthtracksthenumberofthreadswaitingtobeexecuted.Thesethreadsarequeuedinanareasharedbyallprocessors.Generally,youwantveryfewqueuedthreadsperprocessor.Otherwise,youmayneedtoupgradeoraddprocessors.
Processor\%ProcessorTimetracksthepercentageoftimeaprocessorisexecutinganonidlethread.Ifthe%ProcessorTimevaluesarehighandthenetworkinterfaceanddiskI/Othroughputratesarerelativelylow,youmayneedtoupgradeoraddprocessors.
Yourcomputer’sharddisksandnetworkingcomponentsmaybecausesofbottlenecksaswell.Accessingmemoryismuchfasterthanreadingfromdiskorretrievingdataoveranetwork.Ifyourcomputerhastodoalotofreadsandwrites,whethertodiskoroverthenetwork,itsoverallperformancecanbedegraded.Toreducetheamountofdiskactivity,youwantthecomputertomanagememoryveryefficientlyandpagetodiskonlywhennecessary.See“Fine-TuningVirtualMemory”inChapter9fordetails.
Ifyou’vefine-tunedvirtualmemoryandarestillhavingproblems,youmaywanttotrackcountersrelatedtodiskI/Oactivity.Specifically,youshouldmonitor:
PhysicalDisk\%DiskTimePhysicalDisk\DiskWrites/sec,PhysicalDisk\DiskReads/secPhysicalDisk\CurrentDiskQueueLength
PhysicalDisk\%DiskTimegivesyouagoodpictureofoveralldriveperformance.Besuretomonitor%DiskTimeforallharddiskdrivesonthecomputer,andusethiscounterinconjunctionwithProcessor\%ProcessorTimeandNetworkInterfaceConnection\BytesTotal/sec.Ifthe%DiskTimevalueishighandtheprocessorandnetworkconnectionvaluesaren’thigh,yourcomputer’sdiskdrivesmightbethesourceofaperformancebottleneck.
ThenumberofreadsandwritespersecondrevealshowmuchdiskI/Oactivitythereis.Thediskqueuelengthindicatesthenumberofreadorwriterequeststhatarewaitingtobeprocessed.Generally,youwantveryfewwaitingrequests.
Althoughmemory,processors,andharddiskshavethebiggestactualimpactonperformance,yourperceptionaboutthespeedandperformanceofyourcomputermaybetieddirectlytoitsnetworkingcomponents.Ifyourcomputerisstillusingadial-upmodemtoconnecttotheInternet,yourconnectionwillbeslowandtransferringdatawillbepainfullyslow.Wirelessconnectionscanalsoseemveryslow,especiallyifyournetworkhasn’tbeenupgradedtothelatestandgreatesthigh-speedwirelesstechnologies.
Networklatencycanaffectyourexperience.Alongdelay,orhighdegreeoflatency,betweenwhenarequestismadeandthetimeit’sreceivedcanmakeyourcomputerseemveryslow.Youcan’tdomuchaboutlatency.It’safunctionofthetypeofconnectionand
theroutetherequesttakestoyourcomputer.Ontheotherhand,thetotalcapacityofyourcomputertohandlerequestsandtheamountofbandwidthavailablearefactorsyoucancontrol.
Thecapacityofyournetworkcardcanbealimitingfactor.Oldercomputersmayuse10/100networkcardsinsteadofnewer100/1000networkcards.Someonemighthaveconfigureda100/1000cardfor100Mbps,orthecardmightbeconfiguredforhalfduplexinsteadoffullduplex.Ifyoususpectacapacityproblemwithanetworkcard,youshouldalwayscheckitsconfiguration.
Youcandeterminethethroughputandcurrentactivityonyourcomputer’snetworkcardsbyusingthefollowingcounters:
NetworkInterface\BytesReceived/secNetworkInterface\BytesSent/secNetworkInterface\BytesTotal/secNetworkInterface\CurrentBandwidth
ComparethesevaluesinconjunctionwithPhysicalDisk\%DiskTimeandProcessor\%ProcessorTime.Ifthedisktimeandprocessortimevaluesarelowbutthenetworkvaluesareveryhigh,youmighthaveacapacityproblem.Solvetheproblembyoptimizingthenetworkcardsettingsorbyaddinganetworkcard.Rememberthatthehubsandroutersonyournetworkcanalsolimitthenetworkingspeed.Ifyournetworkcardis1Gbpsandyouwanttooperateatthisspeed,yournetworkhubsandroutersmustsupport1Gbps.
Chapter9.OptimizingPerformanceTipsandTechniques
NodiscussiononoptimizingWindows10iscompletewithoutafewfinaltipsandtechniquesforboostingoverallperformance—andthat’sexactlywhatyou’llfindinthischapter.Asyousetouttousethesetipsandtechniques,rememberthatyourcomputer’sperformanceisinyourcontrol.You’llneedtofine-tunesettingsoccasionallytokeepthingsrunningsmoothly.You’llneedtoperformmaintenanceasnecessary.Andyou’llneedtooperateyourcomputerwhilekeepinginminditsrelativeperformanceratings.
OptimizingPowerManagementSettingsforPerformanceRegardlessofwhattypeofdeviceyouhave,don’toverlooktheimpactofpowersettingsonyourcomputer’sperformance.Powermanagementsettingsaredesignedtosaveenergy,butthereisadirecttradeoffbetweenpowersavingsandperformance.Icoveredthebasicoptionsforturningoffthescreenandenteringsleepmodein“ConfiguringWhentheScreenTurnsOff”inChapter3.Nowlet’slookathowcanusepowerplansandoptimizeadvancedpowersettingsforthewayyouwork.
SelectingandUsingPowerPlansYouusethePowerOptionspageinControlPaneltomanageyourcomputer’spowerplans.Powerplansarecollectionsofpowermanagementsettingsthatcontrolpowerusageandconsumption.Acomputercanhavemultiplepowerplans,butonlyonecanbeactiveatanyparticulartime.
NoteYouneedadministrativeprivilegestomanagepowerplansandotheradvancedpoweroptions.Becauseofthis,youmayfindtherelatedsettingsaredimmedandcannotbesetunlessyouclicktheChangeSettingsThatAreCurrentlyUnavailablelink.
OpenthePowerOptionspagebytypingPowerOptionsintheSearchbox,andthenpressingEnter.SpecifythepowerplantousebyclickitinthePreferredPlanslist.AsshowninFigure9-1,mostcomputershavetwoorthreedefaultpowerplans:
Balanced Balancesenergyusageandsystemperformance.Theprocessorspeedsupwhenmoreresourcesareusedandslowsdownwhenlessareneeded.HighPerformance Optimizesthecomputerforperformancewhileincreasingenergyusage.Theplanensuresthatyoualwayshaveenoughpowerforusinggraphics-intensiveprogramsorplayingmultimediagames.PowerSaver Reducespowerconsumptionwhiledecreasingperformance.Theplanslowsdowntheprocessortoconservepower.
Figure9-1Configuringpowerplans
Powerplanshavebasicandadvancedsettings.Basicsettingscontrolwhenacomputerturnsoffitsdisplayandwhenitenterssleepmode.Andifyouareusingadevicewithabattery,you’llhaveseparatepluggedinandonbatteryoptions.Advancedsettingsdeterminepreciselywhetherandwhenpowermanagementcomponentsareshutdownandhowthosecomponentsareconfiguredforperformance.Andyou’lllikewisehavedifferentadvancedoptionsforwhenthecomputerispluggedinandonbattery.
Theavailableadvancedsettingsdependonthetypeofcomputeryouareusingandinclude:
Battery\ReserveBatteryLevel Determinesthepercentageofbatteryremainingthatinitiatesreservepowermode.Typicaldefaultis7percent,meaningenterreservepowermodewhenbatterypowerreaches7percentremaining.Areserve
levelof5to18percentisoftenbest.DesktopBackgroundSettings\SlideShow Determineswhethertheslideshowfeatureforthedesktopbackgroundisavailableorpaused.DefaultisAvailable.SettoPausedtodisablebackgroundslideshowsonthedesktop.Display\TurnOffDisplayAfter Determineswhetherandwhenacomputer’sdisplayisturnedofftoconservepower.ChoosingNeverdisablesthisfeature.Specificvalueinminutessetsinactivedurationbeforethedisplayisturnedoff.HardDisk\TurnOffHardDiskAfter Determineswhetherandwhenacomputer’sharddiskisturnedofftoconservepower.ChoosingNever(0)disablesturningofftheharddisk.Specificvalueinminutessetsinactivedurationbeforeharddiskisturnedoff.MultimediaSettings\WhenPlayingVideo Determinesthepoweroptimizationmodeusedwhenplayingvideo.UseOptimizeVideoQualityforbestqualityplayback.UseBalancedforabalancedapproachtoadjustingplaybackqualitytosavepower.UseOptimizePowerSavingsforactiveapproachtoadjustingplaybackqualitytosavepower.MultimediaSettings\WhenSharingMedia Determineswhatthecomputerdoeswhenadeviceoranothercomputerplaysmediafromthecomputer.UseAllowTheComputerToEnterAwayModetoensurecomputerwillnotentersleepmodewhensharingmedia.UseAllowTheComputerToSleeptoallowthecomputertoentersleepmodewheninactive.UsePreventIdlingToSleeptoallowthecomputertoentersleepmodeonlyifsetbyuser.PCIExpress\LinkStatePowerManagement DeterminesthepowersavingmodetousewithPeripheralComponentInterconnect(PCI)Expressdevicesconnectedtothecomputer.SetthisoptiontoOff,ModeratePowerSavings,orMaximumPowerSavings.PowerButtonsAndLid\PowerButtonAction Specifiestheactiontotakewhensomeonepushesandholdsthecomputer’spowerbutton.SetthisoptiontoDoNothing,Sleep,Hibernate,orShutdown.PowerButtonsAndLid\SleepButtonAction Setsthedefaultactionforthesleepbutton.Usethissettingtooverridethecomputer’sdefaultaction.SetthisoptiontoDoNothing,Sleep,orHibernate(aspermitted).ProcessorPowerManagement\MaximumProcessorState Setsamaximumorpeakperformancestateforthecomputer’sprocessor.Lowertosavepoweratadirectcosttoresponsivenessandcomputationalspeed.At50percentorbelowcancauseasignificantreductioninperformanceandresponsiveness.ProcessorPowerManagement\MinimumProcessorState Setsaminimumperformancestateforthecomputer’sprocessor.Lowertosavepoweratadirectcosttoresponsivenessandcomputationalspeed.5percentreducesresponsivenesswhileofferingsubstantialpowersavings.50percenthelpstobalanceresponsivenessandwhilemoderatelysavingpower.100percentmaximizeresponsivenessbutdoesn’tsavingpower.ProcessorPowerManagement\SystemCoolingPolicy Determineswhethertheoperatingsystemincreasesthefanspeedbeforeslowingtheprocessor.Passivelimitedlyenables,andtheprocessormayrunhot.Activefullyenablestohelpcooltheprocessor.
PlanName\RequireAPasswordOnWakeup Determineswhetherapasswordisrequiredwhenacomputerwakesfromsleep.SettoYesorNo.Withdomaincomputers,controlledthroughGroupPolicy.Sleep\AllowHybridSleep SpecifieswhetherthecomputeruseshybridsleepmoderatherthanthesleepmodeusedinearlierversionsofWindows.SettoOnorOff.Hybridsleepmodeputsthecomputerinalow-powerstateuntiltheuserresumesusingthecomputer.Ifthebatteryrunslow,thecomputerhibernates.Sleep\AllowWakeTimers Determineswhethertimedeventsshouldbeallowedtowakethecomputerfromasleepstate.UseDisabletoprevent.UseEnabletoallow.Sleep\HibernateAfter Determineswhetherandwhenacomputerhibernatestoconservepower.Notnormallyusedunlessbatterypowerrunslow.UseNevertodisable.Specificvalueinminutessetsinactivedurationbeforethecomputerhibernates.Sleep\SleepAfter Determineswhetherandwhenacomputerentersasleepstatetoconservepower.UseNevertodisable.Specificvalueinminutessetsinactivedurationbeforethecomputersleeps.USBSettings\USBSelectiveSuspendSetting DetermineswhethertheUSBselectivesuspendfeatureisavailable.UseDisabledtoturnoffselectivesuspend.UseEnabledtoallowselectivesuspend.WirelessAdapterSettings\PowerSavingMode Specifiesthepowersavingmodetousewithanywirelessadaptersconnectedtothecomputer.SettoMaximumPerformance,LowPowerSaving,MediumPowerSaving,orMaximumPowerSaving.
RealWorld Differencesintheadvancedsettingsarewhatsetthedefaultpowerplansapart.Asanexample,theHighPerformanceplanensuresperformancebyallowingthecomputer’sprocessortoalwaysrunat100percentpowerconsumption,whereasthePowerSaverandtheBalancedplansreduceenergyconsumptionbyconfiguringtheprocessortouseaminimumpowerconsumptionrateof5percentandamaximumrateof100percent.
YoucanmanagepowerplansfromthecommandlinebyusingthePowerConfiguration(Powercfg.exe)utility.Typepowercfg-latthecommandprompttolistthepowerplansconfiguredonacomputerbynameandgloballyuniqueidentifier(GUID).WhenyouknowtheGUIDforapowerplan,youcanworkwithitinavarietyofways:
Enterpowercfg–qfollowedbyaGUIDtoviewthesettingsoftherelatedplan.Enterpowercfg–dfollowedbyaGUIDtodeletetherelatedplan.Enterpowercfg–sfollowedbyaGUIDtosettherelatedplanastheactiveplan.
Ifyouwanttoseeacompletelistofallavailableparameters,enterpowercfg/?atthecommandprompt.
CreatingandOptimizingPowerPlansInadditiontothepreferredpowerplansincludedwithWindows10,youcancreatepowerplansandoptimizeexistingpowerplansasneeded.
Youcancreateapowerplanbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.OnthePowerOptionspage,clickCreateAPowerPlanintheleftpane,andthenselectthedefaultpowerplanthatisclosesttothetypeofplanyouwanttocreate.2.InthePlanNamefield,typeadescriptivenamefortheplan;thenclickNext.3.UsetheTurnOffTheDisplaydrop-downlisttospecifywhetherorwhenthecomputer’sdisplayautomaticallyturnsoff.ChooseNevertodisablethisfeature.Notethatifyouareusingadevicewithabattery,you’llhaveseparatepluggedinandonbatteryoptions.4.UsethePutTheComputerToSleepdrop-downlisttospecifywhetherorwhenthecomputerautomaticallyenterssleepmode.ChooseNevertodisablethisfeature.Notethatifyouareusingadevicewithabattery,you’llhaveseparatepluggedinandonbatteryoptions.5.ClickCreatetocreatetheplan.OnthePowerOptionspage,theplanyoucreatedisselectedbydefault.6.ClickChangePlanSettingsforyournewplan,andthenclickChangeAdvancedPowerSettings.7.Configuretheadvancedpoweroptionsasappropriate,andthenclickOKtosaveyourpowerplan.
Youcanoptimizeanexistingpowerplanbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.OnthePowerOptionspage,selectthepowerplanyouwanttoconfigure,andthenclickChangePlanSettings.2.UsetheTurnOffDisplaydrop-downlisttospecifywhetherorwhenthecomputer’sdisplayautomaticallyturnsoff.ChooseNevertodisablethisfeature.Notethatifyouareusingadevicewithabattery,you’llhaveseparatepluggedinandonbatteryoptions.3.UsethePutTheComputerToSleepdrop-downlisttospecifywhetherorwhenthecomputerautomaticallyenterssleepmode.ChooseNevertodisablethisfeature.Notethatifyouareusingadevicewithabattery,you’llhaveseparatepluggedinandonbatteryoptions.4.Toconfigureadvancedoptions,clickChangeAdvancedPowerSettings,andthenusethePowerOptionsdialogboxtoconfigureyourdesiredsettings.ClickOKtosaveanychangesyou’vemade.5.ClickSaveChangestoupdatethepowerplan.
ResolvingPowerProblemsThatAreAffectingPerformanceWhenitcomestopowerplansandpowermanagement,anaspectthat’softenoverlookediscompatibility.Toenterandexitsleepstates,yourcomputermustsupportaStandbysleepstate.Similarly,tousehybridsleepandhibernate,yourcomputermustsupporttheHibernateandHybridSleepstates.OneofWindows10’stopfeatures—FastStartup—isalsoasleepstatethatmustbesupported.
Todeterminethesleepstatessupportedbyenteringpowercfg-aatthecommandprompt.AsFigure9-2shows,thisoptionliststheavailablesleepstatesonthecomputerandthereasonswhyaparticularsleepstateisnotsupported.Ifyourcomputerdoesnotsupporthybridsleeporfaststartup,youshouldensurethattherelatedsettingsarenotenabledinfirmware.
Figure9-2Determiningthesupportedsleepstates
Everyrunningapplicationandeveryinstalleddevicemustsupportpowermanagementforyourcomputertomanagepowerandsleepstateseffectively.Ifanapplicationiscausingpauseandresumeproblems,youcancheckwiththedeveloperforanupdateornewerversionthatfixestheproblem.Youcanverifythattheinstalleddevicessupportpowermanagementappropriatelybytypingpowercfg-energyataCommandPrompt(Admin)window.Asshowninthefollowingexample,Powercfgprovidesdetailsabouteachreviewstepandalsoletsyouknowifproblemswerefound.powercfg-energy
Enablingtracingfor60seconds…Observingsystembehavior…Analyzingtracedata…Analysiscomplete.
Energyefficiencyproblemswerefound.
14Errors11Warnings28Informational
SeeC:\Users\owner\Documents\energy-report.htmlformoredetails.
WhenthePowerConfigurationutilityfinishestracingandanalyzingyourcomputer,reviewtheenergyreportgeneratedbytheutilityinawebbrowser.AsFigure9-3shows,theanalysisresultsarewhatyouwanttofocuson.
Figure9-3Reviewingtheanalysisresults
Readtheerrors,warnings,andinformationalmessages.Ifpossible,takeappropriateactiontoresolveerrors.Ifadevicehasapowermanagementissue,youmaybeabletoresolvetheproblembyinstallinganupdateddriverorbychangingthedevice’sconfigurationoptions.
However,therearemanycaveats.Activedevices,suchasanaudiodeviceplayingmusic,couldpreventyourcomputerfromenteringsleepmodeduringtheanalysis.Thisisnormal,andsuccessorfailureisdeterminedbythetypeofdeviceandthepowermanagementsettings.
Thesamedevicecangenerateaseriesoferrors.Forexample,onmycomputer,aUSBaudiodevicepreventedthesystemfromautomaticallyenteringsleepmodeduringtheanalysis,andseveralotherUSBrelatederrorswererelatedtothisdevice.
Othercommonerrorsyou’llseerelatetothedisplayoraparticulardevicethatmayhavehadpendingupdaterequestsduringthetesting.Iftherewerependingrequestsforthedisplayoranyotherdevice,theserequestswouldpreventthecomputerfromautomaticallypoweringoffthedisplayorthedevice,andalsowouldpreventthecomputerfromautomaticallyenteringalow-powersleepstate.
Youcangetmoreinformationaboutpendingrequestsmadebydevicedriversbytypingpowercfg–requestsatthecommandprompt.Inthefollowingexample,aUSBaudiodevicehaspendingrequests.powercfg-requests
DISPLAY:None.
SYSTEM:[DRIVER]USBAudioDevice(USB\VID_05A7&PID_1020&MI_00\6&2eafe1b7&0&0000)Anaudiostreamiscurrentlyinuse.
AWAYMODE:None.
Inthisexample,notethedeviceidentifier:USB\VID_05A7&PID_1020.Eacherrorinthepowerreportisassociatedwithaspecificdeviceaswell.Toknowforsurewhetheradevicehasasleepandresumeproblem,youneedtoexaminethedetailedpowersupportinformationavailablewhenyoutypepowercfg-devicequeryall_devices_verboseatacommandprompt.
Becausetheinformationissodetailed,you’llwanttoredirectthecommandoutputtoatextfile,asshowninthisexample.powercfg-devicequeryall_devices_verbose>save.txt
Next,openthefileinatexteditor,suchasNotepad,andsearchthefileforthedeviceidentifier.Finally,reviewtheoutputforthedevicetodetermineitspowercapabilitiesandsupportedsleepstates.
MaintainingPerformancewithUpdatesYourcomputer’sperformanceistieddirectlytotheWindowscomponents,hardwaredevices,andapplicationsthatareinstalled.Poorprogrammingandcodingproblemscankeepyourcomputerfromperformingoptimally.YoucanensurethatthemostrecentupdatesandhotfixesareappliedtoyourcomputerbyusingWindowsUpdate.
WindowsUpdateallowsyourcomputertoautomaticallydownloadandupdateoperatingsystemcomponents,devicedrives,optionalcomponentsandrelatedprograms.Totakethisprocessastepfurther,youcanconfigureyourcomputertouseMicrosoftUpdate,whichensuresthatupdatesforotherMicrosoftproductsareupdatedaswell.
Manyapplicationsfromthird-partyvendorshaveupdatefeaturesaswell.Usetheseupdatefeatureswheneverpossibletokeepinstalledapplicationsuptodateandperformingoptimally.
Fine-tuningAutomaticUpdatesWindowsUpdateintegrateswithMicrosoftUpdatetoensurethattheoperatingsystemandinstalledMicrosoftapplicationsstayuptodate.YoucandeterminewhetheryourcomputerisusingMicrosoftUpdatebyfollowingthesesteps:
1.ClickStartandthenclickSettings.InSettings,clickUpdate&Security.Intheleftpane,theWindowsUpdateoptionisselectedbydefault.2.Inthemainpane,scrolldownandthenclicktheAdvancedOptionslink.3.IfyourcomputerisusingMicrosoftUpdate,theGiveMeUpdatesForOtherMicrosoftProductsoptionisselected,asshowninFigure9-4.Ifyourcomputerisn’tgettingtheseupdatesandyouwanttogetthem,selecttherelatedcheckbox.
Figure9-4GettingupdatesforotherMicrosoftproducts
WhileyouareworkingwiththeWindowsUpdate,youshouldoptimizetheupdatesettings.ClickChoseHowUpdatesAreInstalledListandthenchooseeitherNotifyToScheduleRestartorAutomatic.
Withnotification,youarenotifiedtoschedulearestartafterWindowsdownloadsupdatesthatrequirearestart.Youcanthenspecifywhentherestartshouldoccurorrestartthecomputermanually.Ifthereareupdatesthatdon’trequirearestart,you’llneedtoapplythemmanually.OnWindowsUpdatepage,you’llseeamessagethatthereareupdatesreadytoinstall.ClickNextandfollowtheprompts.Withsomeupdatesyoumayneedtoaccesslicenseterms.Ifso,you’llneedtoclickAcceptAndInstall.Othertimes,you’llsimplyneedtoreviewtheavailableupdatesandclickInstall.
Ratherthanconstantlybeingnotifiedaboutupdatesorhavingtocheckforupdatesthatneedtobeapplied,IprefertheAutomaticoption.WithAutomatic,WindowsUpdatedownloadsandinstalledupdatesautomatically.Bydefault,yourcomputerperiodicallychecksforanddownloadsupdateswhenyouareconnectedtotheInternetoverwi-fianddoesn’tdownloadupdateswhenyouareusingmobiledata.Ifarestartisrequiredtoinstalltheupdates,Windowsschedulestherestartforatimewhenyouaren’tusingthecomputer.
Scheduledrestartsdependonyouusingthesleepmoderatherthanshuttingdown.Ifyoutrytoshutdownyourcomputerafterupdateshavebeendownloaded,youhavetheoptionofinstallingupdatesandthenshuttingdownorshutdownwithoutinstallingupdates.
Bydefault,Windowsschedulesrestartsat3:30AMonanydaywhenarestartisneeded.ThistimefollowstheAutomaticMaintenanceschedule,whichissettorundailyat2:00AM.Youcanviewavailableupdatesanddeterminewhetherarestartingisscheduledby
followingthesesteps:
1.ClickStartandthenclickSettings.InSettings,clickUpdate&Security.Intheleftpane,theWindowsUpdateoptionisselectedbydefault.2.Availableupdatesarelistedinthemainpane.Scrollup.Ifarestartisscheduled,thisisstated,asshowninFigure9-5.3.YoucanrestartimmediatelybyclickingRestartNow.Tochangetherestartschedule,chooseSelectARestartTime.Next,specifyatimeanddayfortherestart,suchas8:00AM,Tomorrow.
Figure9-5Gettinginformationaboutapendingrestart
ResolvingUpdateProblemsYourcomputermayexperienceproblemscausedbyinstallingupdates.Althoughthishappensrarely,itdoeshappen.Youcanviewadetailedupdatehistoryandalistofsuccessful,pendingandfailedupdatesbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.ClickStartandthenclickSettings.InSettings,clickUpdate&Security.Intheleftpane,theWindowsUpdateoptionisselectedbydefault.2.Inthemainpane,scrolldownandthenclicktheAdvancedOptionslink.3.ClickViewUpdateHistory.OntheViewUpdateHistorypage,updateslistedwithaSuccessfulstatusweredownloadedandinstalled.UpdateslistedwithanUnsuccessfulstatusweredownloadedbutfailedtoinstall.UpdateslistedwiththeRequiresARestartstatusweredownloadedandwillbeinstalledwhenthecomputerisrestarted.
SomeimportantchangestoWindowsUpdatethatyoushouldknowabout.UnlikeearlyreleasesofWindows,Windows10getsupdatesfortheoperatingsystem,devicedriversandoptionalcomponentsautomatically.Youcan’tspecifythatyoudon’twanttheseupdates,norcanyoudeclineinstallingtheseupdate.However,youcanuninstallanoptionalupdatethatprovesproblematic.IfyouarealreadyontheViewYourUpdateHistorypage,clicktheUninstallUpdateslinktoopentheInstalledUpdatespageinControlPanel.Next,clicktheoptionalupdatetoremoveandthenclickUninstall.
OptimizingPerformance:FinalTune-upSuggestionsThroughoutthisbook,andinthischapterparticularly,I’vediscussedtechniquesforoptimizingyourcomputer’sperformance.Ifyou’vebeenfollowingalong,you’vefine-tunedjustabouteveryaspectofyourcomputer.Nowlet’slookatafewadditionalareasforthefinaltune-up,including:
ServicesandfeaturesVirtualmemoryDataexecutionpreventionSystemcacheHarddiskdrives
Thesectionsthatfollowdiscusseachinturn.
DisablingUnnecessaryServicesandFeaturesSystemservicesprovidecriticalfunctionsforyourcomputer.However,unnecessaryservicesusesystemresourcesandareapotentialsourceofsecurityproblems.Ifyourcomputerisrunningaserviceyoudon’tneed,suchasWorldwideWebPublishingService,youcandisabletheserviceorremovetherelatedfeature.
Typically,youshouldstartbydisablingservicesratherthanuninstallingcomponents.Thisway,ifyoudisableaservicethatwasactuallyneeded,youcaneasilyre-enableitifnecessary.Ifyouhavelocaladministratorprivilegesonyourcomputer,youcandisableaservicebyfollowingthesesteps:
1.TypeServicesintheSearchbox,andthenpressEnter.ThisopenstheServicesconsole.2.Right-clicktheserviceyouwanttoconfigure,andthenchooseProperties.OntheGeneraltab,selectDisabledintheStartupTypedrop-downlist.3.Disablingaservicedoesn’tstoparunningservice;itonlypreventstheservicefrombeingstartedthenexttimethecomputerisbooted.Asnecessary,clickStopontheGeneraltabinthePropertiesdialogbox,andthenclickOK.
YoucanturnoffWindowsfeaturesbyfollowingthesesteps:
1.IntheSearchbox,typeWindowsFeatures,andthenpressEnter.ThisopenstheWindowsFeaturesdialogbox.2.Clearthecheckboxforthefeatureyouwanttoturnoff,andthenclickOK.Youmayneedtorestartyourcomputer.Ifpromptedtodoso,saveyourworkandthenclickRestart.
Fine-TuningVirtualMemoryYourcomputerusesvirtualmemorytoextendtheamountofavailableRAM.Virtualmemoryiswrittentodiskthroughaprocesscalledpaging.Theoperatingsystemcanaccessthepagingfile,Pagefile.sys,fromdiskwhenneededinplaceofphysicalmemory.Bydefault,Windows10createsaninitialpagingfileautomaticallyforthedrivecontainingtheoperatingsystemanddoesnotuseotherdrivesforpaging.
Typically,youdon’tneedtoputapagingfileonmultipledisks,becausedoingsowon’tnecessarilyboostperformance,butyoumaywanttoputthepagingfileonyourhighest-performingdrive.Windows10doesamuchbetterjobthanitspredecessorsdoofautomaticallymanagingvirtualmemory.Typically,Windows10allocatesvirtualmemoryatleastaslargeasthetotalphysicalmemoryinstalledonthecomputer.Thisapproachreducesfragmentationofthepagingfileandhelpstomaintainoverallread/writeperformance.
Ifyouwanttomanuallymanagevirtualmemory,you’lltypicallywanttouseafixedvirtualmemorysize.Youfixthesizeofthevirtualmemorybysettingtheinitialsizeandthemaximumsizetothesamevalue,andthisinturnpreventsfragmentationofthepagingfile.Formostcomputers,Irecommendsettingthetotalpagingfilesizesothatit’satleastaslargeasthephysicalRAM.
Youcanviewthecurrentvirtualmemoryconfigurationbycompletingthefollowingsteps:
1.IntheSearchbox,typeSystemPropertiesPerformance,andthenpressEntertoopenthePerformanceOptionsdialogbox.2.OntheAdvancedtab,clickChangetodisplaytheVirtualMemorydialogbox.
Note YoucangettothesamedialogboxthroughControlPanelaswell.ClickSystemAndSecurityandthenclickSystem.Intheleftpane,clickAdvancedSystemSettings.InthePerformancesection,clickSettingstoopenthePerformanceOptionsdialogbox.
Figure9-6showsanautomaticallymanagedpagingfileconfigurationontheleftandamanuallysetpagingfileconfigurationontheright.
Figure9-6Checkingyourcomputer’svirtualmemoryconfiguration
Notethefollowing:
AutomaticallyManagePagingFileSizeForAllDrives Controlswhethertheoperatingsystemmanagesthepagingfile.Drive[VolumeLabel]AndPagingFileSize(MB) Showsthecurrentconfigurationofvirtualmemory.Eachdiskvolumeislistedwithitsassociatedpagingfile(ifany).Theinitialandmaximumsizevaluesoftherelatedpagingfileareshownaswell.PagingFileSizeForEachDrive Providesinformationonthecurrentlyselecteddriveandallowsyoutosetitspagingfilesize.SpaceAvailableindicateshowmuchspaceisavailableonthedrive.TotalPagingFileSizeForAllDrives Showstheminimum,recommended,andcurrentlyallocatedvirtualmemory.
Youcanconfigurevirtualmemorybycompletingthefollowingsteps:
1.OpentheVirtualMemorydialogboxanddooneofthefollowing:
IfyouwantWindowstomanagevirtualmemory,selectAutomaticallyManagePagingFileSizeForAllDrives,clickOK,andskipsteps2–4.Ifyouwanttoconfigurevirtualmemorymanually,clearAutomaticallyManagePagingFileSizeForAllDrivesandcontinuewithstep2.
2.IntheDrivebox,clickthediskvolumeyouwanttoworkwith,andthenselectCustomSize.3.Enteraninitialsizeandamaximumsizeforthepagingfileontheselecteddisk.ClickSettosavethechanges.4.Repeatsteps2and3foreachdiskvolumeyouwanttohaveapagingfile.5.ClickOK.IfpromptedtooverwriteanexistingPagefile.sysfile,clickYes.6.Ifyouupdatedthesettingsforapagingfilethatiscurrentlyinuse,youwillbepromptedthatyouneedtorestartthesystemforthechangestotakeeffect.ClickOK.
7.ClickOKtwicetoclosetheopendialogboxes.Apromptasksifyouwanttorestartthesystem.ClickRestart.
Fine-TuningDataExecutionPreventionWindows10usesDataExecutionPrevention(DEP)tomarkmemorylocationsusedbyapplicationsasnonexecutableunlessthelocationexplicitlycontainsexecutablecode.Ifanapplicationattemptstoexecutecodefromamemorypagemarkedasnonexecutable,theprocessorcanraiseanexceptionandpreventitfromexecuting.DEPisdesignedtothwartmalwarefrominsertingitselfintoareasofmemoryandinthiswayprotectsyourcomputer.
DEPisimplementedinhardwareandsoftware.Hardware-basedDEPisthemosteffectivebecauseitencompassesanyprogramorservicerunningonthecomputer.Software-basedDEPislesseffectivebecauseittypicallyworksbestonlywhenprotectingWindowsprogramsandservices.AlthoughDEPisdesignedtoprotectyourcomputer,thefeaturecanaffectperformance.
RealWorld Windows32-bitversionssupportDEPasimplementedoriginallybyAdvancedMicroDevicesInc.(AMD)processorsthatprovidetheno-executepage-protection(NX)processorfeature.SuchprocessorssupporttherelatedinstructionsandmustberunninginPhysicalAddressExtension(PAE)mode.Windows64-bitversionsalsosupporttheNXprocessorfeaturebutdonotneedtoberunninginPAEmode.
Youcandeterminewhetheryourcomputersupportshardware-basedDEPbycompletingthefollowingsteps:
1.IntheSearchbox,typeSystemPropertiesPerformance,andthenpressEntertoopenthePerformanceOptionsdialogbox.2.Ifyourcomputersupportshardware-basedDEP,thelowerportionoftheDataExecutionPreventiontabappearsasshowninFigure9-7.
Figure9-7Checkingforhardware-basedDEPsupport
Note YoucangettothesamedialogboxthroughControlPanelaswell.ClickSystemAndSecurityandthenclickSystem.Intheleftpane,clickAdvancedSystemSettings.InthePerformancesection,clickSettingstoopenthePerformanceOptionsdialogboxandthenselecttheDataExecutionPreventiontab.
AfteraccessingtheDataExecutionPreventiontab,youcanmanagethewayDEPworksbyusingtheseoptions:
TurnOnDEPForEssentialWindowsProgramsAndServicesOnly EnablesDEPonlyforservices,programs,andcomponentsoftheoperatingsystem.Thisisthedefaultandrecommendedsettingforcomputersthatsupportexecutionprotectionandareconfiguredappropriately.TurnOnDEPForAllProgramsAndServicesExceptThoseISelect EnablesDEPforservices,programs,andcomponentsoftheoperatingsystemandallotherprogramsandservicesthecomputerisrunning.
Someprogramswon’tworkwithorwillbecomeunstablewithDEP,andyoumayfindthatyouhavetoaddexceptionswhenyouenableDEPforallprograms.ClickAddtospecifyprogramsthatshouldrunwithoutexecutionprotection.Executionprotectionwillworkforallprogramsexceptthoseyouhavelisted.
EnhancingPerformancewithReadyBoostNon-criticalkernelmemoryispagedtovirtualmemory,aspartofthesystemcache.Althoughvirtualmemoryisuseful,readingfromandwritingtoadiskissignificantlyslowerthanreadingfromandwritingtophysicalmemory(RAM).Toreducetheperformanceimpactrelatedtoreadingandwritingthesystemcachefromvirtualmemory,youcanconfigureyourcomputertouseWindowsReadyBoost.
WindowsReadyBoostletsyouextendthedisk-cachingcapabilitiesofthecomputer’smainmemorytoaUSBflashdevicethathasatleast2GBofhigh-speedflashmemory.YoucannotconfigurethisfeatureonremovableharddrivesorUSBflashdeviceswithpoorlyperformingflashmemory.
Theoperatingsystemusestheflashmemoryprimarilyforcachingthatusesrandominput/outputandsmall,sequentialinput/outputratherthanlarge,sequentialinput/output.ThisisbecausetheflashmemoryisbettersuitedtorandomI/Oandsmall,sequentialinput/outputthanlarge,sequentialI/O.BycachingdataontheUSBflashdeviceinsteadofyourcomputer’sdiskdrives,Windowsmakesfasterrandomreads,whichboostsoverallperformancebecauseit’supto1,000percentfasterthanreadingfromphysicaldiskdrives.
RealWorld Asasafeguard,Windows10addsprotectiontopreventthesuddenremovalofaUSBflashdevicefromcrashingthecomputerandtopreventreadingofanysensitivedatawrittentotheflashdevice.Windows10eliminatesthepotentialfordatalosswhenremovingaflashdevicebywritingtothepagingfileondiskfirstandthencopyingdatatotheflashdevice.Windows10encryptsalldatawrittentoaflashdevicetopreventreadingofsensitivedataonanothercomputer.
ToenableWindowsReadyBoost,insertaUSBflashdeviceintoaUSB2.0orhigherport.Next,openFileExplorer.Intheleftpane,youshouldseeanentryfortheflashdevice.Theflashdevicewillbeassignedadriveletter,suchasF:.Ifyoudon’tseethedevice,selectThisPCandthenlookforthedeviceinthemainpaneunderDevicesAndDrives,asshowninFigure9-8.
Figure9-8LocatingtheUSBflashdeviceinThisPC
Next,right-clickthedevice,andthenselectProperties.Iftheflashdeviceisnotcompatible,you’llseeawarningaboutthis,asshowninthefirstexampleinFigure9-9;youwon’tbeabletoturnonReadyBoost.Iftheflashdeviceiscompatible,asshowninthesecondexampleinthefigure,youcanconfigureReadyBoost.
Youcanreservefrom230MBto4094MBofflashmemoryforReadyBoost.Irecommendusingasmuchaspossible.ToautomaticallyreservethemaximumamountofspaceforReadyBoost,selectDedicateThisDeviceToReadyBoost.Otherwise,selectUseThisDevice,andthenusetheSpaceToReserveForSystemSpeedsliderorcomboboxtosettheamountofspacetousewithReadyBoost.WhenyouclickOK,Windows10extendsthecomputer’sphysicalmemorytothedevice.
Figure9-9EnablingandconfiguringWindowsReadyBoost
Note Choosingeithersettingoptiondoesn’tpreventyoufromwritingfilestothedevice.YourchoicesimplydeterminestheamountofspacetoreserveforReadyBoost.Ifyoureservelessthanthetotalamountofspaceavailable,thefreespacecanbeusedforfilesanddata.
YoucansafelyremoveaUSBflashdevicethatusesReadyBoostatanytime.Simplyright-clicktheUSBflashdeviceintheThisPCwindow,andthenchooseEjectorSafelyRemove.
CleaningUpYourDiskDrivesYourcomputermayslowdownasitsdisksfilltocapacity,becauseitusesavailablespacetowritethepagingfileandothertemporaryfilesitneedstouse.Ideally,youshouldensurethatanydiskusedbytheoperatingsystemtowritesystemfileshasatleast15percentfreespace.Otherwise,youmaystarttonoticethatyourcomputerisnotasresponsiveasitshouldbe.
Youcancleanupyourcomputer’sdisksbyusingDiskCleanup,whichlocatestemporaryfilesandallowsyoutoremovethem.Temporaryfilesyoucandeleteinthiswayinclude:
Copiesofnetworkfilesdesignatedforofflineuse.DumpfilescreatedbecauseofSTOPerrors.FilesthathavebeendeletedfromthecomputerbutnotyetpurgedfromtheRecycleBin.Hibernationfilesusedwhenyourcomputerenterssleepmode.LogfilesandothertemporaryfilesthatOfficeuses.LogfilesthatWindowscreatedduringsetup.PreviousWindowsinstallationssavedunderWindows.old.Programsdownloadedforusebyyourbrowser.TemporarycopiesofrecentlyusedofflinefilesTemporaryfilesstoredintheTempfolderbyapplications.Temporaryfilesusedforerrorreportingandcheckingforsolutionstoproblems.TemporaryInternetfilesstoredtosupportbrowsercachingofpages.Thumbnailsofpictures,videos,anddocumentscreatedbyWindows.
Althoughyoucandeletemosttemporaryfileswithouthesitation,youmaywanttoretain:
Setuplogfiles,ifyouarestillconfiguringyourcomputerafterinstallation.PreviousWindowsinstallations,ifyouhaven’tsaveduserdataorothernecessarydatatheymaycontain.DumpfilesrelatedtounresolvedSTOPerrors,astheymaybeneededfortroubleshooting.Thumbnails,becauseWindowswouldneedtocreatethemthenexttimeyouaccessfolders.
Cleanupyourcomputer’sdiskbycompletingthefollowingsteps:
1.IntheSearchbox,typeDiskCleanup,andthenpressEnter.2.Selectthediskthatyouwanttocleanup.WhenyouclickOK,DiskCleanupexaminestheselecteddrive,lookingfortemporaryfilesthatcanbedeletedandfilesthatarecandidatesforcompression.Themorefilesonthedrive,thelongerthesearchprocesstakes.3.WhenDiskCleanupiscomplete,alistoftemporaryfilesthatcanbedeletedappearsasshowninFigure9-10.AddsystemfilestothecleanuplistbyclickingCleanUpSystemFiles,selectingtheprimarysystemdrive,andthenclickingOK.TheprimarysystemdiskisthediskwiththeWindowslogowhenyouviewitinFileExplorer.4.Bydefault,onlyafewtypesoftemporaryfilesareselected.As
appropriate,reviewtheothertypesoftemporaryfilesthatyoucandeleteandmarkthemfordeletionbyselectingthem.5.ClickOK.Whenpromptedtoconfirm,clickYes.
Figure9-10ReviewingfilestodeleteusingDiskCleanup
AutomatingMaintenanceWindows10performsautomatedmaintenancetohelpoptimizeyourcomputer’sperformance.Unfortunately,whiletheideaofsuchofthingsoundsterrific,therealityisabitdifferent.
WhyAutomatedMaintenanceBreaksBydefault,automatedmaintenanceoccursdailyat2:00AM.Ifyourcomputerisinsleepmodeatthistime,thecomputerwakesfromsleepandresumesnormaloperationsautomaticallysomaintenancecanbeperformed.Yourcomputerwillstayactiveduringthemaintenanceschedule.Bydefault,ifyourcomputerhasupdatesthatrequirearestart,yourcomputerrestartsat3:30AM.Aftertherestart,ifallgoeswell,yourcomputerwillresumeanymaintenancetasksthatstillneedtobeprocessorwaitfortheidletimetoelapseandthenre-entersleepmode.
Theseautomatedprocessesworkwell,butarefarfromperfect.Forstarters,yourcomputermustbepluggedinandrunningonACpowerforanyautomatedmaintenancetooccur.Second,ausermustalsobeloggedinandthecomputermustbeeitheridleorinsleepmode.Ifyouloggedoutofyourcomputerandnootheruserisloggedin,automatedmaintenancewon’toccur,norwillitoccurifyouorsomeoneelseisusingyourcomputerduringthemaintenancewindow.
Startingtoseeaproblemhere?Yes?Well,there’smore.Ifthemaintenancewindowismissed,Windowswon’ttryagainuntilthenextdayatthescheduledmaintenancetime.Additionally,thehousekeepingtasksdon’tfollowthesesamerules.Onceadiskcheckordiskdefragstart,theywillcontinueuntiltheyarefinished,regardlessofwhetherauserisloggedon—andbothofthesetaskswillcontinuerunningoffandonforupto3daysifnecessary.
OptimizingtheMaintenanceWindowPersonally,Idon’twantmycomputertowakeat2:00AM,nordoIwantittorestartat3:30AM.I’moftengoingintotheofficeandfindingthecomputerrunningwhenIarriveforworkinthemorning—hoursafteritshouldhavereenteredsleepmode.Therearemanyreasonsthiscanhappen.Thetwomostcommon:Apendingactionorpoweroptionsthatpreventsleepmodewhenidle.
BecauseIdon’twantmycomputerrunningfor5,6,7or8hoursbeforeIgettotheoffice,Iconfigureautomatedmaintenancetostartabout2andahalfhoursbeforehandandIschedulerestartstooccuraboutanhourandahalflater.
Youcanchangethemaintenancestarttimebyfollowingthesesteps:
1.TypeSecurityAndMaintenanceintheSearchboxandpressEnter.2.InSecurityAndMaintenance,expandtheMaintenancepanelandthenclickChangeMaintenanceSettings.3.OntheAutomaticMaintenancepage,showninFigure9-11,usetheRunMaintenanceTasksliststosetthedesiredstarttime,suchas6:00AM.4.Optionally,ifyoudon’twantWindowstowakeyourcomputertoperformautomatedmaintenance,cleartheAllowScheduledMaintenance…checkbox.5.ClickOKtosaveyoursettings.
Figure9-11Settingthemaintenancestarttime
RunningMaintenanceManuallyOfthemanyhousekeepingtasksperformedduringautomatedmaintenance,thesearethemostimportant:
CheckDiskDiskDefragmentProblemReporting
Yourcomputerisconstantlyreadingfromandwritingtoitsprimarydisk.Ifaparticularsectororclusteronadiskisdamagedorotherwisecannotbewrittento,yourcomputerwillexperienceproblemswheneverittriestoreadfromorwritetothissectororcluster.Althoughtheoperatingsystemanddrivecontrollershelptomitigateandcorrectdiskproblems,theycan’tpreventandcorrectalldiskproblems.Occasionallyerrorsoccur,andCheckDiskcancorrecttheseerrors.
Anotherproblemthatcausesdiskdrivestoperformpoorlyisfragmentation.Fragmentationoccurswhenafilecan’tbewrittentoasinglecontiguousareaonthediskandtheoperatingsystemmustwriteasinglefiletoseveralareasonthedisk.Notonlydoesthisslowdownthewriteprocess,italsoslowsdownthereadprocess.Toreducefragmentation,Windows10usesDiskDefragmentertodefragmentdisksautomatically.
Othertypesofproblemsthatoccuronyourcomputermaybedetectedbyautomatedproblemreportinganddiagnostics,whichwerediscussedin“CheckingforProblemsThatAreAffectingPerformance”inChapter8.
Youcaninitiatetheseandothermaintenancetasksatanytimebyfollowingthesesteps:
1.TypeSecurityAndMaintenanceintheSearchboxandpressEnter.2.InSecurityAndMaintenance,expandtheMaintenancepanelandthenclickStartMaintenance.
AbouttheAuthorWilliamR.Stanek(http://www.williamrstanek.com)hasmorethan20yearsofhands-onexperiencewithadvancedprogramminganddevelopment.Heisaleadingtechnologyexpert,anaward-winningauthor,andapretty-darn-goodinstructionaltrainer.Overtheyears,hispracticaladvicehashelpedmillionsofprogrammers,developers,andnetworkengineersallovertheworld.In2013,Williamcelebratedthepublicationofhis150thbook.
WilliamhasbeeninvolvedinthecommercialInternetcommunitysince1991.Hiscorebusinessandtechnologyexperiencecomesfrommorethan11yearsofmilitaryservice.Hehassubstantialexperienceindevelopingservertechnology,encryption,andInternetsolutions.Hehaswrittenmanytechnicalwhitepapersand
trainingcoursesonawidevarietyoftopics.Hefrequentlyservesasasubjectmatterexpertandconsultant.
WilliamhasanMSwithdistinctionininformationsystemsandaBSincomputerscience,magnacumlaude.HeisproudtohaveservedinthePersianGulfWarasacombatcrewmemberonanelectronicwarfareaircraft.HeflewonnumerouscombatmissionsintoIraqandwasawardedninemedalsforhiswartimeservice,includingoneoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica’shighest-flyinghonors,theAirForceDistinguishedFlyingCross.Currently,heresidesinthePacificNorthwestwithhiswifeandchildren.
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