Windows Azure Storage at 23rd ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles (SOSP) - Paper

8/3/2019 Windows Azure Storage at 23rd ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles (SOSP) - Paper

1/15

Pgkfipq Ot}zm Qvizo`m4 O Hg`hnw OuognojnmAni}f Qvizo`m Qmzugam pgvh Qvzik` Aikqgqvmkaw

Jzof Aonfmz. D} Pok`. Oozik I`}. Kgzokdok Kgnocokvok. Ozgnf Qcdinuinf. Qob BaCmnugm. Wgcok` X}.Qhohpov Qzguovou. Dgmhmk` P}. H}mwgk Qgbgvag. Dogfmu Hozgfo. Ahoczouozvhw ]ffozod}.

Hmbon Chovzg. Okfzmp Mfpozf. Uobok Jmfmcoz. Qhokm Bogkong. Zoeow Ojjog. Oz|gv Oòzpon.

Bgok Eohgb }n Hoq. B}hobbof Gczob }n Hoq. Fmm|ong Jhozfpod. Qipbwo Fowokokf.Okgvho Of}}bgnng. Bozugk BaKmvv. Qzgzob Qokcozok. Cougvho Bokguokkok. Nmikgfo Zgò

Bgaziiev

OjvzoavPgkfip Ot}zm Qvizo`m (POQ g o ani}f vizo`m wvmb vhov

|ziugfm a}vibmz vhm ojgngvw vi vizm mmbgk`nw ngbgvnm

obi}kv ie fovo eiz okw f}zovgik ie vgbm+ POQ a}vibmz houmoaam vi vhmgz fovo ezib okwphmzm ov okw vgbm okf iknw |ow eiz

phov vhmw }m okf vizm+ Gk POQ. fovo g vizmf f}zojnw }gk` jivh niaon okf `mi`zo|hga zm|ngaovgik vi eoagngvovm fgovmz

zmaiumzw+ A}zzmkvnw. POQ vizo`m aibm gk vhm eizb ie Jnij

(egnm. Vojnm (vz}av}zmf vizo`m. okf _}m}m (bmo`mfmngumzw+ Gk vhg |o|mz. pm fmazgjm vhm POQ ozahgvmav}zm. `nijonkobm|oam. okf fovo bifmn. o pmnn o gv zmi}zam |ziuggikgk`.niof jonokagk`. okf zm|ngaovgik wvmb+

Aovmìzgm okf Q}jdmav Fmazg|vizF+6+: SI|mzovgk` QwvmbR4 Qvizo`m Boko`mbmkvQmaikfozw

qvizo`m3 F+6+1 SI|mzovgk` QwvmbR4 Egnm Qwvmb

Boko`mbmkv Fgqvzgj}vmf egnm qwqvmbq3 F+6+= SI|mzovgk`QwvmbR4 Zmngojgngvw Eo}nv vinmzokam3 F+6+0 SI|mzovgk`QwvmbR4 Izòkgtovgik okf Fmg`kFgqvzgj}vmf qwqvmbq3 F+6+8SI|mzovgk` QwvmbR4 \mzeizbokamBmoq}zmbmkvq

@mkmzon VmzbOnìzgvhb. Fmg`k. Boko`mbmkv. Bmo}zmbmkv. \mzeizbokam.

Zmngojgngvw+

CmwpizfAni}f vizo`m. fgvzgj}vmf vizo`m wvmb. Pgkfip Ot}zm+

?+ Gkvzif}avgikPgkfip Ot}zm Qvizo`m (POQ g o aonojnm ani}f vizo`m

wvmb vhov ho jmmk gk |zif}avgik gkam Kiumbjmz :


2/15

Fgovmz ZmaiumzwPOQ vizm a}vibmz fovo oazi b}nvg|nm

fovo amkvmz h}kfzmf ie bgnm o|ozv ezib moah ivhmz+ Vhgzmf}kfokaw |ziugfm mmkvgon fovo zmaiumzw |zivmavgik oògkv

fgovmz }ah o mozvhq}ocm. pgnf egzm. vizkofi. k}anmoz zmoavizbmnvfipk. mva+

B}nvg"vmkokaw okf Aiv ie Qvizo`m Vi zmf}am vizo`m aiv.bokw a}vibmz ozm mzumf ezib vhm obm hozmf vizo`mgkezovz}av}zm+ POQ aibjgkm vhm pizcniof ie bokw fgeemzmkva}vibmz pgvh uozwgk` zmi}zam kmmf vi`mvhmz i vhov

g`kgegaokvnw nm vizo`m kmmf vi jm |ziuggikmf ov okw ikm |igkvgk vgbm vhok ge vhim mzugam pmzm z}k ik vhmgz ipk fmfgaovmfhozfpozm+

Pm fmazgjm vhmm fmg`k emov}zm gk bizm fmvogn gk vhm einnipgk`mavgik+ Vhm zmbogkfmz ie vhg |o|mz g izòkgtmf o einnip+Qmavgik : fmazgjm vhm `nijon kobm|oam }mf vi oaam vhm POQ

Jnij. Vojnm. okf _}m}m fovo ojvzoavgik+ Qmavgik 1 |ziugfm ohg`h nmumn iumzugmp ie vhm POQ ozahgvmav}zm okf gv vhzmm nowmz4

Qvzmob. \ozvgvgik. okf Ezikv"Mkf nowmz+ Qmavgik 6 fmazgjm vhmvzmob nowmz. okf Qmavgik = fmazgjm vhm |ozvgvgik nowmz+ Qmavgik5 hip vhm vhzi}`h|}v mx|mzgmkamf jw Pgkfip Ot}zm

o||ngaovgik oaamgk` Jnij okf Vojnm+ Qmavgik 0 fmazgjmibm gkvmzkon Bgaziiev pizcniof }gk` POQ+ Qmavgik 8fga}m fmg`k ahigam okf nmik nmozkmf+ Qmavgik 7 |zmmkv

zmnovmf pizc. okf Qmavgik ?< }bbozgtm vhm |o|mz+

:+ @nijon \ozvgvgikmf Kobm|oamO cmw ìon ie i}z vizo`m wvmb g vi |ziugfm o gk`nm `nijonkobm|oam vhov onnip angmkv vi offzm onn ie vhmgz vizo`m gk vhmani}f okf aonm vi ozjgvzozw obi}kv ie vizo`m kmmfmf iumz vgbm+

Vi |ziugfm vhg ao|ojgngvw pm nmumzo`m FKQ o |ozv ie vhm vizo`mkobm|oam okf jzmoc vhm vizo`m kobm|oam gkvi vhzmm |ozv4 okoaai}kv kobm. o |ozvgvgik kobm. okf ok ijdmav kobm+ O o zm}nv.onn fovo g oaamgjnm ugo o ]ZG ie vhm eizb4

hvv|(4))Oaai}kvKobm+>mzugam;?+aizm+pgkfip+kmv)\ozvgvgikKo

bm)IjdmavKobm

Vhm Oaai}kvKobm g vhm a}vibmz mnmavmf oaai}kv kobm eizoaamgk` vizo`m okf g |ozv ie vhm FKQ hiv kobm+ VhmOaai}kvKobm FKQ vzoknovgik g }mf vi niaovm vhm |zgbozwvizo`m an}vmz okf fovo amkvmz phmzm vhm fovo g vizmf+ Vhg

|zgbozw niaovgik g phmzm onn zmq}mv ì vi zmoah vhm fovo eiz vhovoaai}kv+ Ok o||ngaovgik bow }m b}nvg|nm Oaai}kvKobm vi vizmgv fovo oazi fgeemzmkv niaovgik+

Gk aikd}kavgik pgvh vhm Oaai}kvKobm. vhm \ozvgvgikKobm niaovmvhm fovo ikam o zmq}mv zmoahm vhm vizo`m an}vmz+ Vhm\ozvgvgikKobm g }mf vi aonm i}v oaam vi vhm fovo oazi

vizo`m kifm jomf ik vzoeega kmmf+

Phmk o \ozvgvgikKobm hinf bokw ijdmav. vhm IjdmavKobmgfmkvgegm gkfgugf}on ijdmav pgvhgk vhov |ozvgvgik+ Vhm wvmb

}||izv ovibga vzokoavgik oazi ijdmav pgvh vhm obm\ozvgvgikKobm uon}m+ Vhm IjdmavKobm g i|vgikon gkam. eiz ibm

vw|m ie fovo. vhm \ozvgvgikKobm }kgq}mnw gfmkvgegm vhm ijdmavpgvhgk vhm oaai}kv+

Vhg kobgk` o||zioah mkojnm POQ vi enmxgjnw }||izv gv vhzmmfovo ojvzoavgik:+ Eiz Jnij. vhm e}nn jnij kobm g vhm\ozvgvgikKobm+ Eiz Vojnm. moah mkvgvw (zip gk vhm vojnm ho o

?>mzugam; |magegm vhm mzugam vw|m. phgah aok jm jnij. vojnm. izq}m}m+

:O\G eiz Pgkfip Ot}zm Jnij. Vojnm. okf _}m}m aok jm ei}kf hmzm4

hvv|4))bfk+bgaziiev+aib)mk"})ngjzozw)ff?071==+o|x

|zgbozw cmw vhov aikgv ie vpi |zi|mzvgm4 vhm \ozvgvgikKobm okf

vhm IjdmavKobm+ Vhg fgvgkavgik onnip o||ngaovgik }gk`Vojnm vi `zi}| zip gkvi vhm obm |ozvgvgik vi |mzeizb ovibga

vzokoavgik oazi vhmb+ Eiz _}m}m. vhm q}m}m kobm g vhm\ozvgvgikKobm okf moah bmo`m ho ok IjdmavKobm vi }kgq}mnwgfmkvgew gv pgvhgk vhm q}m}m+

1+ Hg`h Nmumn Ozahgvmav}zmHmzm pm |zmmkv o hg`h nmumn fga}gik ie vhm POQ ozahgvmav}zmokf hip gv egv gkvi vhm Pgkfip Ot}zm Ani}f \noveizb+

1+? Pgkfip Ot}zm Ani}f \noveizbVhm Pgkfip Ot}zm Ani}f |noveizb z}k bokw ani}f mzugamoazi fgeemzmkv fovo amkvmz okf fgeemzmkv `mi`zo|hga zm`gik+Vhm Pgkfip Ot}zm Eojzga Aikvzinnmz g o zmi}zam |ziuggikgkòkf boko`mbmkv nowmz vhov |ziugfm zmi}zam onniaovgik.fm|niwbmkv)}|`zofm. okf boko`mbmkv eiz ani}f mzugam ik vhm

Pgkfip Ot}zm |noveizb+ POQ g ikm }ah mzugam z}kkgk` ikvi| ie vhm Eojzga Aikvzinnmz+

Vhm Eojzga Aikvzinnmz |ziugfm kifm boko`mbmkv. kmvpizcaikeg`}zovgik. hmonvh bikgvizgk`. vozvgk`)vi||gk` ie mzugamgkvokam. okf mzugam fm|niwbmkv eiz vhm POQ wvmb+ Gkoffgvgik. POQ zmvzgmum kmvpizc vi|ini`w gkeizbovgik. |hwgaon

nowi}v ie vhm an}vmz. okf hozfpozm aikeg`}zovgik ie vhm vizo`mkifm ezib vhm Eojzga Aikvzinnmz+ POQ g zm|ikgjnm eizboko`gk` vhm zm|ngaovgik okf fovo |noambmkv oazi vhm fgc okfniof jonokagk` vhm fovo okf o||ngaovgik vzoeega pgvhgk vhm vizo`man}vmz+

1+: POQ Ozahgvmav}zon Aib|ikmkvOk gb|izvokv emov}zm ie POQ g vhm ojgngvw vi vizm okf |ziugfmoaam vi ok gbbmkm obi}kv ie vizo`m (mxojwvm okf jmwikf+Pm a}zzmkvnw houm 0< |mvojwvm ie zop vizo`m gk |zif}avgik okf

ozm gk vhm |ziam ie |ziuggikgk` o emp h}kfzmf bizm |mvojwvmie zop vizo`m jomf ik a}vibmz fmbokf eiz :


3/15

Vi |ziugfm nip aiv ani}f vizo`m. pm kmmf vi cmm| vhm vizo`m

|ziuggikmf gk |zif}avgik o hg`hnw }vgngtmf o |igjnm+ I}z `iong vi cmm| o vizo`m vob| ozi}kf 0


4/15

ozm zozm+ Gv g az}agon vi |ziugfm gkvzo"vob| zm|ngaovgik pgvh nip

novmkaw. gkam vhov g ik vhm azgvgaon |ovh ie }mz zmq}mv3 phmzmovhm eia} ie gkvmz"vob| zm|ngaovgik g i|vgbon }m ie kmvpizc

jokfpgfvh jmvpmmk vob| phgnm oahgmugk` ok oaam|vojnm nmumn iezm|ngaovgik fmnow+ Vhmw ozm fgeemzmkv |zijnmb offzmmf jw vhmvpi zm|ngaovgik ahmbm+

Okivhmz zmoik eiz azmovgk` vhmm vpi m|ozovm zm|ngaovgik nowmzg vhm kobm|oam moah ie vhmm vpi nowmz ho vi bogkvogk+\mzeizbgk` gkvzo"vob| zm|ngaovgik ov vhm vzmob nowmz onnip vhm

obi}kv ie gkeizbovgik vhov kmmf vi jm bogkvogkmf vi jm ai|mfjw vhm gtm ie o gk`nm vizo`m vob|+ Vhg eia} onnip onn ie vhmbmvo"vovm eiz gkvzo"vob| zm|ngaovgik vi jm aoahmf gk bmbizw eiz

|mzeizbokam (mm Qmavgik 6. mkojngk` POQ vi |ziugfm eovzm|ngaovgik pgvh vzik` aikgvmkaw jw q}gacnw aibbgvvgk`vzokoavgik pgvhgk o gk`nm vob| eiz a}vibmz zmq}mv+ Gk

aikvzov. vhm |ozvgvgik nowmz aibjgkmf pgvh vhm niaovgik mzugamaikvzin okf }kfmzvokf vhm `nijon ijdmav kobm|oam oazivob|. onnipgk` gv vi meegagmkvnw zm|ngaovm okf bogkvogk ijdmavvovm oazi fovo amkvmz+

6+ Qvzmob NowmzVhm vzmob nowmz |ziugfm ok gkvmzkon gkvmzeoam }mf iknw jw vhm

|ozvgvgik nowmz+ Gv |ziugfm o egnm wvmb ngcm kobm|oam okf O\G.

mxam|v vhov onn pzgvm ozm o||mkf"iknw+ Gv onnip angmkv (vhm|ozvgvgik nowmz vi i|mk. anim. fmnmvm. zmkobm. zmof. o||mkf vi. okfaikaovmkovm vhmm noz`m egnm. phgah ozm aonnmf vzmob+ O vzmobg ok izfmzmf ngv ie mxvmkv |igkvmz. okf ok mxvmkv g o mq}mkam ieo||mkf jniac+

Eg`}zm : hip vzmob ))eii. phgah aikvogk (|igkvmz vi ei}zmxvmkv (M?. M:. M1. okf M6+ Moah mxvmkv aikvogk o mv ie jniacvhov pmzm o||mkfmf vi gv+ M?. M: okf M1 ozm monmf mxvmkv+ Gv

bmok vhov vhmw aok ki nik`mz jm o||mkfmf vi3 iknw vhm nov mxvmkvgk o vzmob (M6 aok jm o||mkfmf vi+ Ge ok o||ngaovgik zmof vhmfovo ie vhm vzmob ezib jm`gkkgk` vi mkf. gv pi}nf `mv vhm jniacaikvmkv ie vhm mxvmkv gk vhm izfmz ie M?. M:. M1 okf M6+

Qvzmob ))eii

\igkvmz vi Mxvmkv M?

J?? J?: ++ J?x

\igkvmz vi Mxvmkv M:

J:? J:: ++ J:w

Mxvmkv M? " Qmonmf Mxvmkv M: " Qmonmf

\igkvmz vi Mxvmkv M1

J1? J1: ++ J1t

Mxvmkv M1 " Qmonmf

\igkvmz vi Mxvmkv M6

J6? J6: J61

Mxvmkv M6 " ]kqmonmf

Eg`}zm :4 Mxob|nm vzmob pgvh ei}z mxvmkv

Gk bizm fmvogn vhmm fovo aikam|v ozm4

JniacVhg g vhm bgkgb}b }kgv ie fovo eiz pzgvgk` okf zmofgk`+O jniac aok jm }| vi K jwvm (m+`+ 6BJ+ Fovo g pzgvvmk(o||mkfmf o ikm iz bizm aikaovmkovmf jniac vi ok mxvmkv.phmzm jniac fi kiv houm vi jm vhm obm gtm+ Vhm angmkv fim oko||mkf gk vmzb ie jniac okf aikvzin vhm gtm ie moah jniac+ O

angmkv zmof `gum ok ieemv vi o vzmob iz mxvmkv. okf vhm vzmob

nowmz zmof o bokw jniac o kmmfmf ov vhm ieemv vi e}negnn vhmnmk`vh ie vhm zmof+ Phmk |mzeizbgk` o zmof. vhm mkvgzm aikvmkv ieo jniac ozm zmof+ Vhg g jmao}m vhm vzmob nowmz vizm gv

ahmac}b uongfovgik ov vhm jniac nmumn. ikm ahmac}b |mz jniac+Vhm phinm jniac g zmof vi |mzeizb vhm ahmac}b uongfovgik. okfgv g ahmacmf ik mumzw jniac zmof+ Gk offgvgik. onn jniac gk vhmwvmb ozm uongfovmf oògkv vhmgz ahmac}b ikam mumzw emp fow

vi ahmac eiz fovo gkvm`zgvw g}m+

Mxvmkv Mxvmkv ozm vhm }kgv ie zm|ngaovgik gk vhm vzmob nowmz.okf vhm fmeo}nv zm|ngaovgik |ingaw g vi cmm| vhzmm zm|ngao pgvhgk o

vizo`m vob| eiz ok mxvmkv+ Moah mxvmkv g vizmf gk ok KVEQ egnm

okf aikgv ie o mq}mkam ie jniac+ Vhm voz`mv mxvmkv gtm }mfjw vhm |ozvgvgik nowmz g ?@J+ Vi vizm bonn ijdmav. vhm |ozvgvgiknowmz o||mkf bokw ie vhmb vi vhm obm mxvmkv okf mumk gk vhm

obm jniac3 vi vizm noz`m VJ"gtmf ijdmav (Jnij. vhm ijdmav gjzicmk }| iumz bokw mxvmkv jw vhm |ozvgvgik nowmz+ Vhm |ozvgvgiknowmz cmm| vzoac ie phov vzmob. mxvmkv. okf jwvm ieemv gk vhmmxvmkv gk phgah ijdmav ozm vizmf o |ozv ie gv gkfmx+

QvzmobMumzw vzmob ho o kobm gk vhm hgmzozahgaon kobm|oambogkvogkmf ov vhm vzmob nowmz. okf o vzmob niic ngcm o jg` egnm vi

vhm |ozvgvgik nowmz+ Qvzmob ozm o||mkfmf vi okf aok jm zokfibnwzmof ezib+ O vzmob g ok izfmzmf ngv ie |igkvmz vi mxvmkvphgah g bogkvogkmf jw vhm Qvzmob Boko`mz+ Phmk vhm mxvmkv ozmaikaovmkovmf vi`mvhmz vhmw zm|zmmkv vhm e}nn aikvg`}i} offzm

|oam gk phgah vhm vzmob aok jm zmof gk vhm izfmz vhmw pmzm

offmf vi vhm vzmob+ O kmp vzmob aok jm aikvz}avmf jwaikaovmkovgk` mxvmkv ezib mxgvgk` vzmob. phgah g o eovi|mzovgik gkam gv d}v }|fovm o ngv ie |igkvmz+ Iknw vhm novmxvmkv gk vhm vzmob aok jm o||mkfmf vi+ Onn ie vhm |zgiz mxvmkv

gk vhm vzmob ozm gbb}vojnm+

6+? Qvzmob Boko`mz okf Mxvmkv KifmVhm vpi bogk ozahgvmav}zm aib|ikmkv ie vhm vzmob nowmz ozm vhm

Qvzmob Boko`mz (QB okf Mxvmkv Kifm (MK (hipk gk Eg`}zm 1+

MK MK MK

MK MK MK

QB

MK

MK

QBQB

|oxiq

\ozvgvgik

Nowmz)Angmkv

pzgvm

oac

O+ Azmovm mxvmkv

J+ Onniaovm mxvmkv

zm|ngao qmv

Qvzmob Nowmz

?

:

:

1

1 6=5

0

\zgbozw Qmaikfozw Qmaikfozw

Eg`}zm 14 Qvzmob Nowmz Ozahgvmav}zm

Qvzmob Boko`mz (QB' Vhm QB cmm| vzoac ie vhm vzmobkobm|oam. phov mxvmkv ozm gk moah vzmob. okf vhm mxvmkv

onniaovgik oazi vhm Mxvmkv Kifm (MK+ Vhm QB g o vokfozf\oxi an}vmz S?1R o }mf gk |zgiz vizo`m wvmb S1R. okf g iee

vhm azgvgaon |ovh ie angmkv zmq}mv+ Vhm QB g zm|ikgjnm eiz (obogkvogkgk` vhm vzmob kobm|oam okf vovm ie onn oavgum vzmobokf mxvmkv. (j bikgvizgk` vhm hmonvh ie vhm MK. (a azmovgk` okf

og`kgk` mxvmkv vi MK. (f |mzeizbgk` vhm notw zm"zm|ngaovgik iemxvmkv zm|ngao vhov ozm niv f}m vi hozfpozm eogn}zm iz}kouognojgngvw. (m òzjo`m ainnmavgk` mxvmkv vhov ozm ki nik`mz

|igkvmf vi jw okw vzmob. okf (e ahmf}ngk` vhm mzo}zm aifgk` iemxvmkv fovo oaaizfgk` vi vzmob |ingaw (mm Qmavgik 6+6+

Vhm QB |mzgifgaonnw |inn (wka vhm vovm ie vhm MK okf phovmxvmkv vhmw vizm+ Ge vhm QB fgaiumz vhov ok mxvmkv g zm|ngaovmf

ik empmz vhok vhm mx|mavmf k}bjmz ie MK. o zm"zm|ngaovgik ie vhmmxvmkv pgnn notgnw jm azmovmf jw vhm QB vi zmògk vhm fmgzmf nmumnie zm|ngaovgik+ Eiz mxvmkv zm|ngao |noambmkv. vhm QB zokfibnwahiim MK oazi fgeemzmkv eo}nv fibogk. i vhov vhmw ozm vizmf

ik kifm vhov pgnn kiv houm aizzmnovmf eogn}zm f}m vi |ipmz.kmvpizc. iz jmgk` ik vhm obm zoac+

?65


5/15

Vhm QB fim kiv ckip okwvhgk` oji}v jniac. d}v vzmob okf

mxvmkv+ Vhm QB g iee vhm azgvgaon |ovh ie angmkv zmq}mv okf fimkiv vzoac moah jniac o||mkf. gkam vhm vivon k}bjmz ie jniac aok

jm h}`m okf vhm QB aokkiv aonm vi vzoac vhim+ Qgkam vhm vzmobokf mxvmkv vovm g iknw vzoacmf pgvhgk o gk`nm vob|. vhm obi}kvie vovm aok jm cm|v bonn mki}`h vi egv gk vhm QB bmbizw+ Vhmiknw angmkv ie vhm vzmob nowmz g vhm |ozvgvgik nowmz. okf vhm

|ozvgvgik nowmz okf vzmob nowmz ozm ai"fmg`kmf i vhov vhmw pgnnkiv }m bizm vhok =< bgnngik mxvmkv okf ki bizm vhok ?


6/15

o||mkf eiz ok mxvmkv ozm aibbgvvmf gk izfmz. okf hip mxvmkv ozm

monmf }|ik eogn}zm (fga}mf gk Qmavgik 6+1+:+

Phmk o vzmob g i|mkmf. vhm bmvofovo eiz gv mxvmkv g aoahmf ovvhm angmkv. i vhm angmkv aok `i fgzmavnw vi vhm MK eiz zmofgk` okfpzgvgk` pgvhi}v voncgk` vi vhm QB }kvgn vhm kmxv mxvmkv kmmf vi jm

onniaovmf eiz vhm vzmob+ Ge f}zgk` pzgvgk`. ikm ie vhm zm|ngaoMK g kiv zmoahojnm iz vhmzm g o fgc eogn}zm eiz ikm ie vhmzm|ngao. o pzgvm eogn}zm g zmv}zkmf vi vhm angmkv+ Vhm angmkv vhmkaikvoav vhm QB. okf vhm mxvmkv vhov po jmgk` o||mkfmf vi g

monmf jw vhm QB ov gv a}zzmkv aibbgv nmk`vh (mm Qmavgik 6+1+:+Ov vhg |igkv vhm monmf mxvmkv aok ki nik`mz jm o||mkfmf vi+ VhmQB pgnn vhmk onniaovm o kmp mxvmkv pgvh zm|ngao ik fgeemzmkv(ouognojnm MK. phgah bocm gv kip vhm nov mxvmkv ie vhm vzmob+Vhm gkeizbovgik eiz vhg kmp mxvmkv g zmv}zkmf vi vhm angmkv+ Vhm

angmkv vhmk aikvgk}m o||mkfgk` vi vhm vzmob pgvh gv kmp mxvmkv+Vhg |ziam ie mongk` jw vhm QB okf onniaovgk` vhm kmp mxvmkv gfikm ik oumzo`m pgvhgk :


7/15

6+5 Q|gkfnm Okvg"QvozuovgikBokw hozf fgc fzgum ozm i|vgbgtmf vi oahgmum vhm hg`hmv

|igjnm vhzi}`h|}v. okf oazgegam eogzkm vi oahgmum vhov `ion+Vhmw vmkf vi |zmemz zmof iz pzgvm vhov ozm mq}mkvgon+ Qgkam i}z

wvmb aikvogk bokw vzmob vhov aok jm umzw noz`m. pm ijmzumfgk fmumni|gk` i}z mzugam vhov ibm fgc pi}nf niac gkvimzugagk` noz`m |g|mngkmf zmof iz pzgvm phgnm vozugk` ivhmzi|mzovgik+ Ik ibm fgc pm ijmzumf vhg ai}nf niac i}v kik"

mq}mkvgon GI eiz o nik` o :1


8/15

Ezikv Mkf)Angmkv

\Q? \Q: \Q1

Qvzmob Nowmz

\B

\ozvgvgik Oqqg`kbmkvNiof Jonokam

NiacQmzugam

Nmoqm Zmkmpon

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ezib qvzmobq

zmofq

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]|fovm

\ozvgvgik Nowmz

Eg`}zm 64 \ozvgvgik Nowmz Ozahgvmav}zm

\ozvgvgik Boko`mz (\B'Zm|ikgjnm eiz cmm|gk` vzoac ie okf|ngvvgk` vhm bogum Ijdmav Vojnm gkvi Zok`m\ozvgvgik okfog`kgk` moah Zok`m\ozvgvgik vi o \ozvgvgik Qmzumz vi mzum oaam

vi vhm ijdmav+ Vhm \B |ngv vhm Ijdmav Vojnm gkvi KZok`m\ozvgvgik gk moah vob|. cmm|gk` vzoac ie vhm a}zzmkv

Zok`m\ozvgvgik jzmocfipk eiz moah IV okf vi phgah |ozvgvgikmzumz vhmw ozm og`kmf+ Vhm \B vizm vhg og`kbmkv gk vhm

\ozvgvgik Bo| Vojnm+ Vhm \B mk}zm vhov moah Zok`m\ozvgvgik gog`kmf vi mxoavnw ikm oavgum |ozvgvgik mzumz ov okw vgbm. okf vhovvpi Zok`m\ozvgvgik fi kiv iumzno|+ Gv g oni zm|ikgjnm eiz niof

jonokagk` Zok`m\ozvgvgik obik` |ozvgvgik mzumz+ Moah vob|ho b}nvg|nm gkvokam ie vhm \B z}kkgk`. okf vhmw onn aikvmkf eiz

o nmofmz niac vhov g vizmf gk vhm Niac Qmzugam (mm jmnip+ Vhm\B pgvh vhm nmom g vhm oavgum \B aikvzinngk` vhm |ozvgvgik nowmz+

\ozvgvgik Qmzumz (\Q' O |ozvgvgik mzumz g zm|ikgjnm eiz

mzugk` zmq}mv vi o mv ie Zok`m\ozvgvgik og`kmf vi gv jw vhm\B+ Vhm \Q vizm onn vhm |mzgvmkv vovm ie vhm |ozvgvgik gkvivzmob okf bogkvogk o bmbizw aoahm ie vhm |ozvgvgik vovm eizmeegagmkaw+ Vhm wvmb `}ozokvmm vhov ki vpi |ozvgvgik mzumz

aok mzum vhm obm Zok`m\ozvgvgik ov vhm obm vgbm jw }gk`nmom pgvh vhm Niac Qmzugam+ Vhg onnip vhm \Q vi |ziugfmvzik` aikgvmkaw okf izfmzgk` ie aika}zzmkv vzokoavgik vi

ijdmav eiz o Zok`m\ozvgvgik gv g mzugk`+ O \Q aok aika}zzmkvnwmzum b}nvg|nm Zok`m\ozvgvgik ezib fgeemzmkv IV+ Gk i}z

fm|niwbmkv. o \Q mzum ik oumzo`m vmk Zok`m\ozvgvgik ov okwvgbm+

Niac Qmzugam O \oxi Niac Qmzugam S1.?1R g }mf eiz nmofmzmnmavgik eiz vhm \B+ Gk offgvgik. moah \Q oni bogkvogk o nmompgvh vhm niac mzugam gk izfmz vi mzum |ozvgvgik+ Pm fi kiv `igkvi vhm fmvogn ie vhm \B nmofmz mnmavgik. iz vhm \Q nmom

boko`mbmkv. gkam vhm aikam|v }mf ozm gbgnoz vi vhimfmazgjmf gk vhm Ah}jjw Niac S1R |o|mz+

Ik |ozvgvgik mzumz eogn}zm. onn K Zok`m\ozvgvgik mzumf jw vhm

eognmf \Q ozm og`kmf vi ouognojnm \Q jw vhm \B+ Vhm \B pgnnahiim K(iz empmz |ozvgvgik mzumz. jomf ik vhm niof ik vhim

mzumz+ Vhm \B pgnn og`k o Zok`m\ozvgvgik vi o \Q. okf vhmk}|fovm vhm \ozvgvgik Bo| Vojnm |magewgk` phov |ozvgvgik mzumz g

mzugk` moah Zok`m\ozvgvgik+ Vhg onnip vhm Ezikv"Mkf nowmz viegkf vhm niaovgik ie Zok`m\ozvgvgik jw niicgk` gk vhm \ozvgvgikBo| Vojnm (mm Eg`}zm 6+ Phmk vhm \Q `mv o kmp og`kbmkv gvpgnn vozv mzugk` vhm kmp Zok`m\ozvgvgik eiz o nik` o vhm \Q

hinf gv |ozvgvgik mzumz nmom+

=+1 Zok`m\ozvgvgik Fovo Qvz}av}zmO \Q mzum o Zok`m\ozvgvgik jw bogkvogkgk` o mv ie gk"bmbizwfovo vz}av}zm okf o mv ie |mzgvmkv fovo vz}av}zm gk vzmob+

=+1+? \mzgvmkv Fovo Qvz}av}zmO Zok`m\ozvgvgik }m o Ni`"Qvz}av}zmf Bmz`m"Vzmm S?0.6R vibogkvogk gv |mzgvmkv fovo+ Moah Ijdmav Vojnm Zok`m\ozvgvgikaikgv ie gv ipk mv ie vzmob gk vhm vzmob nowmz. okf vhm

vzmob jmnik` inmnw vi o `gumk Zok`m\ozvgvgik. vhi}`h vhm}kfmznwgk` mxvmkv aok jm |igkvmf vi jw b}nvg|nm vzmob gkfgeemzmkv Zok`m\ozvgvgik f}m vi Zok`m\ozvgvgik |ngvvgk`+ Vhmeinnipgk` ozm vhm mv ie vzmob vhov aib|zgm moah Zok`m\ozvgvgik

(hipk gk Eg`}zm =4

Zip Fovo Qvzmob

BmbizwVojnm

Jniib Egnvmzq

Zip \o`m Aoahm

Zok`m\ozvgvgik Bmbizw Fovo Bif}nm

Ahmac|igkvAibbgv Ni` Qvzmob

\mzqgqvmkv Fovo eiz o Zok`m \ozvgvgik(Fovo Qvizmf gk Qvzmob Nowmz'

Zmof)_}mzw

Gkfmx aoahm

Bmvofovo Qvzmob

Ahmac|igkv Ahmac|igkv

Pzgvm

Jnij Fovo QvzmobMxvmkv \vz Mxvmkv \vz Mxvmkv \vz

Ofo|vgumZok`m \ziegngk`

Niof Bmvzgaq

Eg`}zm =4 Zok`m\ozvgvgik Fovo Qvz}av}zm

Bmvofovo QvzmobVhm bmvofovo vzmob g vhm ziiv vzmob eiz oZok`m\ozvgvgik+ Vhm \B og`k o |ozvgvgik vi o \Q jw |ziugfgk`

vhm kobm ie vhm Zok`m\ozvgvgik bmvofovo vzmob+ Vhm bmvofovovzmob aikvogk mki}`h gkeizbovgik eiz vhm \Q vi niof o

Zok`m\ozvgvgik. gkan}fgk` vhm kobm ie vhm aibbgv ni` vzmob okffovo vzmob eiz vhov Zok`m\ozvgvgik. o pmnn o |igkvmz

(mxvmkv#ieemv gkvi vhim vzmob eiz phmzm vi vozv i|mzovgk` gkvhim vzmob (m+`+. phmzm vi vozv |ziamgk` gk vhm aibbgv ni`vzmob okf vhm ziiv ie vhm gkfmx eiz vhm zip fovo vzmob+ Vhm \Qmzugk` vhm Zok`m\ozvgvgik oni pzgvm gk vhm bmvofovo vzmob vhm

vov} ie i}vvokfgk` |ngv okf bmz`m i|mzovgik vhov vhmZok`m\ozvgvgik bow jm gkuinumf gk+

Aibbgv Ni` QvzmobG o aibbgv ni` }mf vi vizm vhm zmamkv

gkmzv. }|fovm. okf fmnmvm i|mzovgik o||ngmf vi vhm Zok`m\ozvgvgikgkam vhm nov ahmac|igkv po mkmzovmf eiz vhm Zok`m\ozvgvgik+

Zip Fovo QvzmobQvizm vhm ahmac|igkv zip fovo okf gkfmx eiz

vhm Zok`m\ozvgvgik+

Jnij Fovo QvzmobG iknw }mf jw vhm Jnij Vojnm vi vizm vhmjnij fovo jgv+

Moah ie vhm ojium g o m|ozovm vzmob gk vhm vzmob nowmz ipkmfjw ok Ijdmav Vojnm Zok`m\ozvgvgik+

Moah Zok`m\ozvgvgik gk ok Ijdmav Vojnm ho iknw ikm fovo vzmob.mxam|v vhm Jnij Vojnm+ O Zok`m\ozvgvgik gk vhm Jnij Vojnm ho o

zip fovo vzmob eiz vizgk` gv zip ahmac|igkv fovo (vhm jnijgkfmx. okf o m|ozovm jnij fovo vzmob eiz vizgk` vhm jnij fovo

jgv eiz vhm |magon JnijVw|m fmazgjmf mozngmz+

=+1+: Gk"Bmbizw Fovo Qvz}av}zmO |ozvgvgik mzumz bogkvogk vhm einnipgk` gk"bmbizw aib|ikmkv

o hipk gk Eg`}zm =4

Bmbizw Vojnm Vhg g vhm gk"bmbizw umzgik ie vhm aibbgvni` eiz o Zok`m\ozvgvgik. aikvogkgk` onn ie vhm zmamkv }|fovm vhov

houm kiv wmv jmmk ahmac|igkvmf vi vhm zip fovo vzmob+ Phmk o

?=


9/15

niic}| iaa}z vhm bmbizw vojnm g ahmacmf vi egkf zmamkv }|fovm

vi vhm Zok`m\ozvgvgik+

Gkfmx Aoahm Vhg aoahm vizm vhm ahmac|igkv gkfmxm ie vhmzip fovo vzmob+ Pm m|ozovm vhg aoahm i}v ezib vhm zip fovoaoahm vi bocm }zm pm cmm| o b}ah ie vhm bogk gkfmx aoahmf gk

bmbizw o |igjnm eiz o `gumk Zok`m\ozvgvgik+

Zip Fovo AoahmVhg g o bmbizw aoahm ie vhm ahmac|igkv zipfovo |o`m+ Vhm zip fovo aoahm g zmof"iknw+ Phmk o niic}|

iaa}z. jivh vhm zip fovo aoahm okf vhm bmbizw vojnm ozmahmacmf. `gugk` |zmemzmkam vi vhm bmbizw vojnm+

Jniib Egnvmz Ge vhm fovo g kiv ei}kf gk vhm bmbizw vojnm iz

vhm zip fovo aoahm. vhmk vhm gkfmx)ahmac|igkv gk vhm fovo vzmobkmmf vi jm mozahmf+ Gv aok jm mx|mkgum vi jngkfnw mxobgkm vhmb

onn+ Vhmzmeizm o jniib egnvmz g cm|v eiz moah ahmac|igkv. phgahgkfgaovm ge vhm zip jmgk` oaammf bow jm gk vhm ahmac|igkv+

Pm fi kiv ì gkvi e}zvhmz fmvogn oji}v vhmm aib|ikmkv. gkamvhmm ozm gbgnoz vi vhim gk S?0.6R+

=+6 Fovo EnipPhmk vhm \Q zmamgum o pzgvm zmq}mv vi vhm Zok`m\ozvgvgik (m+`+.gkmzv. }|fovm. fmnmvm. gv o||mkf vhm i|mzovgik gkvi vhm aibbgv

ni`. okf vhmk |}v vhm kmpnw ahok`mf zip gkvi vhm bmbizw vojnm+Vhmzmeizm. onn vhm bifgegaovgik vi vhm |ozvgvgik ozm zmaizfmf

|mzgvmkvnw gk vhm aibbgv ni`. okf oni zmenmavmf gk vhm bmbizwvojnm+ Ov vhg |igkv }aam aok jm zmv}zkmf joac vi vhm angmkv (vhmEM mzumz eiz vhm vzokoavgik+ Phmk vhm gtm ie vhm bmbizw vojnmzmoahm gv vhzmhinf gtm iz vhm gtm ie vhm aibbgv ni` vzmob

zmoahm gv vhzmhinf. vhm |ozvgvgik mzumz pgnn pzgvm vhm aikvmkv ievhm bmbizw vojnm gkvi o ahmac|igkv vizmf |mzgvmkvnw gk vhm zipfovo vzmob eiz vhm Zok`m\ozvgvgik+ Vhm aizzm|ikfgk` |izvgik ievhm aibbgv ni` aok vhmk jm zmbiumf+ Vi aikvzin vhm vivon k}bjmz

ie ahmac|igkv eiz o Zok`m\ozvgvgik. vhm |ozvgvgik mzumz pgnn|mzgifgaonnw aibjgkm vhm ahmac|igkv gkvi noz`mz ahmac|igkv. okfvhmk zmbium vhm inf ahmac|igkv ugo òzjo`m ainnmavgik+

Eiz vhm Jnij Vojnm Zok`m\ozvgvgik. pm oni vizm vhm Jnij fovojgv fgzmavnw gkvi vhm aibbgv ni` vzmob (vi bgkgbgtm vhm k}bjmzie vzmob pzgvm eiz Jnij i|mzovgik. j}v vhim fovo jgv ozm kiv

|ozv ie vhm zip fovo i vhmw ozm kiv |}v gkvi vhm bmbizw vojnm+Gkvmof. vhm JnijVw|m |zi|mzvw eiz vhm zip vzoac vhm niaovgik ievhm Jnij fovo jgv (mxvmkv#ieemv. nmk`vh+ F}zgk` ahmac|igkv. vhm

mxvmkv vhov pi}nf jm zmbiumf ezib vhm aibbgv ni` ozm gkvmofaikaovmkovmf vi vhm Zok`m\ozvgvgik Jnij fovo vzmob+ Mxvmkv

aikaovmkovgik g o eov i|mzovgik |ziugfmf jw vhm vzmob nowmzgkam gv aikgv ie d}v offgk` |igkvmz vi mxvmkv ov vhm mkf ie vhmJnij fovo vzmob pgvhi}v ai|wgk` okw fovo+

O \Q aok vozv mzugk` o Zok`m\ozvgvgik jw niofgk` vhm |ozvgvgik+Niofgk` o |ozvgvgik gkuinum zmofgk` vhm bmvofovo vzmob ie vhmZok`m\ozvgvgik vi niaovm vhm oavgum mv ie ahmac|igkv okfzm|nowgk` vhm vzokoavgik gk vhm aibbgv ni` vi zmj}gnf vhm gk"

bmbizw vovm+ Ikam vhmm ozm fikm. vhm \Q ho vhm }|"vi"fovmugmp ie vhm Zok`m\ozvgvgik okf aok vozv mzugk` zmq}mv+

=+= Zok`m\ozvgvgik Niof JonokagkÒ azgvgaon |ozv ie vhm |ozvgvgik nowmz g jzmocgk` vhmm bogumIjdmav Vojnm gkvi Zok`m\ozvgvgik okf o}vibovgaonnw niof

jonokagk` vhmb oazi vhm |ozvgvgik mzumz vi bmmv vhmgz uozwgk`

vzoeega fmbokf+

Vhm \B |mzeizb vhzmm i|mzovgik vi |zmof niof oazi |ozvgvgikmzumz okf aikvzin vhm vivon k}bjmz ie |ozvgvgik gk o vob|4

Niof Jonokam Vhg i|mzovgik gfmkvgegm phmk o `gumk \Q hovii b}ah vzoeega okf zmog`k ikm iz bizm Zok`m\ozvgvgik vi nmniofmf |ozvgvgik mzumz+

Q|ngvVhg i|mzovgik gfmkvgegm phmk o gk`nm Zok`m\ozvgvgik hovii b}ah niof okf |ngv vhm Zok`m\ozvgvgik gkvi vpi iz bizmbonnmz okf fgdigkv Zok`m\ozvgvgik. vhmk niof jonokam

(zmog`k vhmb oazi vpi iz bizm |ozvgvgik mzumz+

Bmz`m Vhg i|mzovgik bmz`m vi`mvhmz ainf iz ng`hvnw niofmf

Zok`m\ozvgvgik vhov vi`mvhmz eizb o aikvg`}i} cmw zok`m pgvhgkvhmgz IV+ Bmz`m g }mf vi cmm| vhm k}bjmz ie Zok`m\ozvgvgikpgvhgk o ji}kf |zi|izvgikon vi vhm k}bjmz ie |ozvgvgik mzumz gk ovob|+

POQ cmm| vhm vivon k}bjmz ie |ozvgvgik jmvpmmk o nippovmzbozc okf o hg`h povmzbozc (vw|gaonnw ozi}kf vmk vgbm vhm

|ozvgvgik mzumz ai}kv pgvhgk o vob|+ Ov mq}gngjzg}b. vhm|ozvgvgik ai}kv pgnn vow ozi}kf vhm nip povmzbozc+ Ge vhmzm ozm

}kokvgag|ovmf vzoeega j}zv vhov aikamkvzovm ik o gk`nmZok`m\ozvgvgik. gv pgnn jm |ngv vi |zmof vhm niof+ Phmk vhm vivonZok`m\ozvgvgik ai}kv g o||zioahgk` vhm hg`h povmzbozc. vhm

wvmb pgnn gkazmom vhm bmz`m zovm vi mumkv}onnw jzgk` vhmZok`m\ozvgvgik ai}kv fipk vipozf vhm nip povmzbozc+Vhmzmeizm. vhm k}bjmz ie Zok`m\ozvgvgik eiz moah IV ahok`mfwkobgaonnw jomf }|ik vhm niof ik vhm ijdmav gk vhim vojnm+

Hougk` o hg`h povmzbozc ie Zok`m\ozvgvgik vmk vgbm vhm k}bjmzie |ozvgvgik mzumz (o vizo`m vob| ho o emp h}kfzmf |ozvgvgikmzumz po ahimk jomf ik hip jg` pm aok onnip vhm vzmob

okf mxvmkv bmvofovo vi `zip eiz vhm QB. okf vgnn aib|nmvmnw egvvhm bmvofovo gk bmbizw eiz vhm QB+ Cmm|gk` bokw bizmZok`m\ozvgvgik vhok |ozvgvgik mzumz mkojnm } vi q}gacnwfgvzgj}vm o eognmf \Q iz zoac niof oazi bokw ivhmz \Q+ O

`gumk |ozvgvgik mzumz aok mkf }| mzugk` o gk`nm mxvzmbmnw hivZok`m\ozvgvgik. vmk ie ng`hvnw niofmf Zok`m\ozvgvgik. iz o

bgxv}zm gk"jmvpmmk. fm|mkfgk` }|ik vhm a}zzmkv niof vi vhmZok`m\ozvgvgik gk vhm vob|+ Vhm k}bjmz ie Zok`m\ozvgvgik eiz

vhm Jnij Vojnm u+ Mkvgvw Vojnm u+ Bmo`m Vojnm fm|mkf }|ikvhm niof ik vhm ijdmav gk vhim vojnm okf g aikvgk}i}nwahok`gk` pgvhgk o vizo`m vob| jomf }|ik vzoeega+

Eiz moah vob|. pm vw|gaonnw mm 0= |ngv okf bmz`m okf :


10/15

=+=+: Q|ngv I|mzovgikPOQ |ngv o Zok`m\ozvgvgik f}m vi vii b}ah niof o pmnn o vhmgtm ie gv zip iz jnij fovo vzmob+ Ge vhm \B gfmkvgegm mgvhmzgv}ovgik. gv vmnn vhm \Q mzugk` vhm Zok`m\ozvgvgik vi |ngv jomf

}|ik niof iz gtm+ Vhm \B bocm vhm fmaggik vi |ngv. j}v vhm \Qahiim vhm cmw (Oaai}kvKobm. \ozvgvgikKobm phmzm vhm

|ozvgvgik pgnn jm |ngv+ Vi |ngv jomf }|ik gtm. vhmZok`m\ozvgvgik bogkvogk vhm vivon gtm ie vhm ijdmav gk vhm

|ozvgvgik okf vhm |ngv cmw uon}m phmzm vhm |ozvgvgik aok jm

o||zixgbovmnw honumf gk gtm. okf vhm \Q }m vhov vi |gac vhm cmweiz phmzm vi |ngv+ Ge vhm |ngv g jomf ik niof. vhm \Q ahiim vhmcmw jomf }|ik Ofo|vgum Zok`m \ziegngk` S?5R+ Vhm \Q

ofo|vgumnw vzoac phgah cmw zok`m gk o Zok`m\ozvgvgik houm vhm

biv niof okf }m vhg vi fmvmzbgkm ik phov cmw vi |ngv vhmZok`m\ozvgvgik+

Vi |ngv o Zok`m\ozvgvgik (J gkvi vpi kmp Zok`m\ozvgvgik (A.F.vhm einnipgk` vm| ozm vocmk+

?+ Vhm \B gkvz}av vhm \Q vi |ngv J gkvi A okf F+

:+ Vhm \Q gk ahoz`m ie J ahmac|igkv J. vhmk vi| mzugk` vzoeegajzgmenw f}zgk` vm| 1 jmnip+

1+ Vhm \Q }m o |magon vzmob i|mzovgik B}nvgBifgew vi vocmmoah ie J vzmob (bmvofovo. aibbgv ni` okf fovo okf azmovm

kmp mv ie vzmob eiz A okf F zm|mavgumnw pgvh vhm obmmxvmkv gk vhm obm izfmz o gk J+ Vhg vm| g umzw eov. gkam ovzmob g d}v o ngv ie |igkvmz vi mxvmkv+ Vhm \Q vhmk o||mkfvhm kmp |ozvgvgik cmw zok`m eiz A okf F vi vhmgz bmvofovovzmob+

6+ Vhm \Q vozv mzugk` zmq}mv vi vhm vpi kmp |ozvgvgik A okfF eiz vhmgz zm|mavgum fgdigkv \ozvgvgikKobm zok`m+

=+ Vhm \Q kivgegm vhm \B ie vhm |ngv aib|nmvgik. okf vhm \B}|fovm vhm \ozvgvgik Bo| Vojnm okf gv bmvofovo gkeizbovgikoaaizfgk`nw+ Vhm \B vhmk bium ikm ie vhm |ngv |ozvgvgik vi o

fgeemzmkv \Q+

=+=+1 Bmz`m I|mzovgikVi bmz`m vpi Zok`m\ozvgvgik. vhm \B pgnn ahiim vpiZok`m\ozvgvgik A okf F pgvh ofdoamkv \ozvgvgikKobm zok`m vhov

houm nip vzoeega+ Vhm einnipgk` vm| ozm vocmk vi bmz`m A okf Fgkvi o kmp Zok`m\ozvgvgik M+

?+ Vhm \B bium A okf F i vhov vhmw ozm mzumf jw vhm obm \Q+

Vhm \B vhmk vmnn vhm \Q vi bmz`m (A.F gkvi M+

:+ Vhm \Q |mzeizb o ahmac|igkv eiz jivh A okf F. okf vhmkjzgmenw |o}m vzoeega vi A okf F f}zgk` vm| 1+

1+ Vhm \Q }m vhm B}nvgBifgew vzmob aibbokf vi azmovm o kmpaibbgv ni` okf fovo vzmob eiz M+ Moah ie vhmm vzmob g vhm

aikaovmkovgik ie onn ie vhm mxvmkv ezib vhmgz zm|mavgum vzmob gkA okf F+ Vhg bmz`m bmok vhov vhm mxvmkv gk vhm kmp aibbgvni` vzmob eiz M pgnn jm onn ie A mxvmkv gk vhm izfmz vhmw pmzm gk

A aibbgv ni` vzmob einnipmf jw onn ie F mxvmkv gk vhmgzizg`gkon izfmz+ Vhg nowi}v g vhm obm eiz vhm kmp zip okf Jnij

fovo vzmob( eiz M+6+ Vhm \Q aikvz}av vhm bmvofovo vzmob eiz M. phgah aikvogk

vhm kobm ie vhm kmp aibbgv ni` okf fovo vzmob. vhm aibjgkmfcmw zok`m eiz M. okf |igkvmz (mxvmkv#ieemv eiz vhm vozv okf mkfie vhm aibbgv ni` zm`gik gk M aibbgv ni` fmzgumf ezib A okfF. o pmnn o vhm ziiv ie vhm fovo gkfmx gk M fovo vzmob+

=+ Ov vhg |igkv. vhm kmp bmvofovo vzmob eiz M aok jm aizzmavnwniofmf. okf vhm \Q vozv mzugk` vhm kmpnw bmz`mf Zok`m\ozvgvgikM+

5+ Vhm \B vhmk }|fovm vhm \ozvgvgik Bo| Vojnm okf gv bmvofovogkeizbovgik vi zmenmav vhm bmz`m+

=+5 \ozvgvgik Nowmz Gkvmz"Qvob| Zm|ngaovgikVh} eoz pm houm voncmf oji}v ok Oaai}kvKobm jmgk` oiagovmf(ugo FKQ vi o gk`nm niaovgik okf vizo`m vob|. phmzm onn fovooaam `im vi vhov vob|+ Pm aonn vhg vhm |zgbozw vob| eiz ok

oaai}kv+ Ok oaai}kv oav}onnw ho ikm iz bizm maikfozw vob|og`kmf vi gv jw vhm Niaovgik Qmzugam. okf vhg |zgbozw)maikfozwvob| gkeizbovgik vmnn POQ vi |mzeizb gkvmz"vob| zm|ngaovgik

eiz vhg oaai}kv ezib vhm |zgbozw vob| vi vhm maikfozwvob|(+

Ikm ie vhm bogk amkozgi eiz gkvmz"vob| zm|ngaovgik g vi `mi"zm|ngaovm ok oaai}kv fovo jmvpmmk vpi fovo amkvmz eiz fgovmz

zmaiumzw+ Gk vhg amkozgi. o |zgbozw okf maikfozw niaovgik gahimk eiz vhm oaai}kv+ Vocm. eiz mxob|nm. ok oaai}kv. eiz phgahpm pokv vhm |zgbozw vob| (\ vi jm niaovmf gk ]Q Qi}vh okf vhmmaikfozw vob| (Q vi jm niaovmf gk ]Q Kizvh+ Phmk

|ziuggikgk` vhm oaai}kv. vhm NQ pgnn ahiim o vob| gk moahniaovgik okf zm`gvmz vhm Oaai}kvKobm pgvh jivh vob| }ah vhovvhm ]Q Qi}vh vob| (\ vocm ngum vzoeega okf vhm ]Q Kizvh vob|(Q pgnn vocm iknw gkvmz"vob| zm|ngaovgik (oni aonnmf `mi"

zm|ngaovgik vzoeega ezib vob| \ eiz vhm oaai}kv+ Vhm NQ }|fovmFKQ vi houm hivkobm Oaai}kvKobm+mzugam+aizm+pgkfip+kmv

|igkv vi vhm vizo`m vob| \ UG\ gk ]Q Qi}vh+ Phmk o pzgvmaibm gkvi vob| \ eiz vhm oaai}kv. vhm ahok`m g e}nnw zm|ngaovmf

pgvhgk vhov vob| }gk` gkvzo"vob| zm|ngaovgik ov vhm vzmob nowmzvhmk }aam g zmv}zkmf vi vhm angmkv+ Oevmz vhm }|fovm ho jmmk

aibbgvvmf gk vob| \. vhm |ozvgvgik nowmz gk vob| \ pgnnowkahziki}nw `mi"zm|ngaovm vhm ahok`m vi vhm maikfozw vob| Q}gk` gkvmz"vob| zm|ngaovgik+ Phmk vhm ahok`m ozzgum ov vob|

Q. vhm vzokoavgik g o||ngmf gk vhm |ozvgvgik nowmz okf vhg }|fovme}nnw zm|ngaovm }gk` gkvzo"vob| zm|ngaovgik pgvhgk vob| Q+

Qgkam vhm gkvmz"vob| zm|ngaovgik g fikm owkahziki}nw. zmamkv}|fovm vhov houm kiv jmmk gkvmz"vob| zm|ngaovmf aok jm niv gk vhmmumkv ie fgovmz+ Gk |zif}avgik. ahok`m ozm `mi"zm|ngaovmf okfaibbgvvmf ik vhm maikfozw vob| pgvhgk 1< maikf ik oumzo`moevmz vhm }|fovm po aibbgvvmf ik vhm |zgbozw vob|+

Gkvmz"vob| zm|ngaovgik g }mf eiz jivh oaai}kv `mi"zm|ngaovgikokf bg`zovgik oazi vob|+ Eiz fgovmz zmaiumzw. pm bow kmmf

vi |mzeizb ok ojz}|v eogniumz phmzm zmamkv ahok`m bow jm niv.j}v eiz bg`zovgik pm |mzeizb o anmok eogniumz i vhmzm g ki fovo

ni+ Gk jivh eogniumz amkozgi. vhm Niaovgik Qmzugam bocm okoavgum maikfozw vob| eiz vhm oaai}kv vhm kmp |zgbozw okf

pgvahm FKQ vi |igkv vi vhm maikfozw vob| UG\+ Kivm vhovvhm ]ZG }mf vi oaam vhm ijdmav fim kiv ahok`m oevmz eogniumz+Vhg onnip vhm mxgvgk` ]ZG }mf vi oaam Jnij. Vojnm okf_}m}m vi aikvgk}m vi pizc oevmz eogniumz+

5+ O||ngaovgik Vhzi}`h|}vEiz i}z ani}f ieemzgk`. a}vibmz z}k vhmgz o||ngaovgik o o

vmkokv (mzugam ik UB+ Eiz i}z |noveizb. pm m|ozovm

aib|}vovgik okf vizo`m gkvi vhmgz ipk vob| (an}vmz pgvhgk ofovo amkvmz gkam vhg m|ozovgik onnip moah vi aonmgkfm|mkfmkvnw okf aikvzin vhmgz ipk niof jonokagk`+ Hmzm pmmxobgkm vhm |mzeizbokam ie o a}vibmz o||ngaovgik z}kkgk` ezibvhmgz hivmf mzugam ik UB gk vhm obm fovo amkvmz o phmzm vhmgz

oaai}kv fovo g vizmf+ Moah UB }mf g ok mxvzo"noz`m UB pgvhe}nn aikvzin ie vhm mkvgzm aib|}vm kifm okf o ?@j| KGA+ Vhmzm}nv pmzm `ovhmzmf ik ngum hozmf |zif}avgik vob| pgvhgkvmzkon okf mxvmzkon a}vibmz+

?=:


11/15

Eg`}zm 5 hip vhm POQ Vojnm i|mzovgik vhzi}`h|}v gk vmzb ie

vhm mkvgvgm |mz maikf (w"oxg eiz ?"?5 UB (x"oxg |mzeizbgk`zokfib ?CJ gk`nm mkvgvw `mv okf |}v zmq}mv o`ogkv o gk`nm

?


12/15

mzugam aifm ozm m|ozovm ezib kifm |ziugfgk` vhmgz vizo`m+ O o

zm}nv. pm aok aonm i}z }||nw ie aib|}vovgik aizm okf vizo`mgkfm|mkfmkvnw vi bmmv a}vibmz fmbokf gk o `gumk fovo amkvmz+

Vhg m|ozovgik oni |ziugfm o nowmz ie ginovgik jmvpmmkaib|}vm okf vizo`m `gumk gv b}nvg"vmkokaw }o`m. okf onnip

jivh ie vhm wvmb vi niof jonokam gkfm|mkfmkvnw+

@gumk vhg fmaggik. i}z `ion ezib vhm vozv ho jmmk vi onnipaib|}vovgik vi meegagmkvnw oaam vizo`m pgvh hg`h jokfpgfvhpgvhi}v vhm fovo jmgk` ik vhm obm kifm iz mumk gk vhm obm zoac+

Vi oahgmum vhg `ion pm ozm gk vhm |ziam ie biugk` vipozf i}zkmxv `mkmzovgik fovo amkvmz kmvpizcgk` ozahgvmav}zm S?


13/15

Qm|ozovm Ni` Egnm |mz Zok`m\ozvgvgik\mzeizbokam ginovgik

eiz vizo`m oaai}kv g azgvgaon gk o b}nvg"vmkokaw mkugzikbmkv+Vhg zmq}gzmbmkv g ikm ie vhm zmoik pm }mf m|ozovm ni`

vzmob eiz moah Zok`m\ozvgvgik. phmzmo Jg`Vojnm S6R }m ogk`nm ni` egnm oazi onn |ozvgvgik ik vhm obm mzumz+ Hougk`m|ozovm ni` egnm mkojnm } vi ginovm vhm niof vgbm ie oZok`m\ozvgvgik vi d}v vhm zmamkv ijdmav }|fovm gk vhov

Zok`m\ozvgvgik+

Di}zkongk`Phmk pm izg`gkonnw zmnmomf POQ. gv fgf kiv houm

di}zkongk`+ O o zm}nv. pm mx|mzgmkamf bokw hgaa}| pgvhzmof)pzgvm aikvmkfgk` pgvh moah ivhmz ik vhm obm fzgum.kivgamojnw oeemavgk` |mzeizbokam+ Pm fgf kiv pokv vi pzgvm vivpi ni` egnm (gx zm|ngao ngcm Jg`Vojnm S6R f}m vi vhm gkazmomfkmvpizc vzoeega+ Pm oni pokvmf o pow vi i|vgbgtm bonn pzgvm.

m|magonnw gkam pm pokvmf m|ozovm ni` egnm |mz Zok`m\ozvgvgik+Vhmm zmq}gzmbmkv nmf } vi vhm di}zkon o||zioah pgvh o gk`nmni` egnm |mz Zok`m\ozvgvgik+ Pm ei}kf vhg i|vgbgtovgik q}gvmmeemavgum gk zmf}agk` vhm novmkaw okf |ziugfgk` aikgvmkv

|mzeizbokam+

O||mkf"iknw Qwvmb Hougk` ok o||mkf"iknw wvmb okf

mongk` ok mxvmkv }|ik eogn}zm houm `zmovnw gb|ngegmf vhmzm|ngaovgik |ziviain okf hokfngk` ie eogn}zm amkozgi+ Gk vhgbifmn. vhm fovo g kmumz iumzpzgvvmk ikam aibbgvvmf vi o zm|ngao.

okf. }|ik eogn}zm. vhm mxvmkv g gbbmfgovmnw monmf+ Vhg bifmnonnip vhm aikgvmkaw vi jm mkeizamf oazi onn vhm zm|ngao ugo

vhmgz aibbgv nmk`vh+

E}zvhmzbizm. vhm o||mkf"iknw wvmb ho onnipmf } vi cmm|

ko|hiv ie vhm |zmugi} vovm ov ugzv}onnw ki mxvzo aiv. phgahho bofm gv mow vi |ziugfm ko|hiv)umzgikgk` emov}zm+ Gv oniho onnipmf } vi meegagmkvnw |ziugfm i|vgbgtovgik ngcm mzo}zmaifgk`+ Gk offgvgik. o||mkf"iknw ho jmmk o vzmbmkfi} jmkmegv

eiz fgo`kigk` g}m o pmnn o zm|ogzgk`)zmaiumzgk` vhm wvmb gkaom ibmvhgk` ìm pzik`+ Qgkam vhm hgvizw ie ahok`m g

|zmmzumf. viin aok mognw jm j}gnv vi fgo`kim g}m okf vi zm|ogziz zmaiumz vhm wvmb ezib o aizz}|vmf vovm joac vi o |zgiz ckipkaikgvmkv vovm+ Phmk i|mzovgk` o wvmb ov vhg aonm. pm aokkiv

mb|hogtm mki}`h vhm jmkmegv pm houm mmk ezib }gk` ok

o||mkf"iknw wvmb eiz fgo`kivga okf zmaiumzw+Ok o||mkf"jomf wvmb aibm pgvh amzvogk aiv+ Ok meegagmkvokf aonojnm òzjo`m ainnmavgik (@A wvmb g az}agon vi cmm| vhm|oam iumzhmof nip. okf @A aibm ov o aiv ie mxvzo G)I+ Gkoffgvgik. vhm fovo nowi}v ik fgc bow kiv jm vhm obm o vhm

ugzv}on offzm |oam ie vhm fovo ojvzoavgik vizmf. phgah nmf }vi gb|nmbmkv |zmemvahgk` ni`ga eiz vzmobgk` noz`m fovo mv joacvi vhm angmkv+

Mkf"vi"mkf Ahmac}bPm ei}kf gv az}agon vi cmm| ahmac}beiz }mz fovo mkf vi mkf+ Eiz mxob|nm. f}zgk` o jnij }|niof. ikamvhm Ezikv"Mkf mzumz zmamgum vhm }mz fovo. gv gbbmfgovmnw

aib|}vm vhm ahmac}b okf mkf gv onik` pgvh vhm fovo vi vhm

joacmkf mzumz+ Vhmk ov moah nowmz. vhm |ozvgvgik mzumz okf vhmvzmob mzumz umzgew vhm ahmac}b jmeizm aikvgk}gk` vi |ziam

gv+ Ge o bgbovah g fmvmavmf. vhm zmq}mv g eognmf+ Vhg |zmumkvaizz}|vmf fovo ezib jmgk` aibbgvvmf gkvi vhm wvmb+ Pm houm

mmk aom phmzm o emp mzumz hof hozfpozm g}m. okf i}z mkf"vi"mkf ahmac}b ao}`hv }ah g}m okf hmn|mf bogkvogk fovogkvm`zgvw+ E}zvhmzbizm. vhg mkf"vi"mkf ahmac}b bmahokgb onihmn| gfmkvgew mzumz vhov aikgvmkvnw houm hozfpozm g}m i pmaok vocm vhmb i}v ie zivovgik okf bozc vhmb eiz zm|ogz+

]|`zofm O zoac gk o vizo`m vob| g o eo}nv fibogk+ Oaikam|v izvhiìkon vi eo}nv fibogk g phov pm aonn ok }|`zofm

fibogk (o mv ie mzumz jzgmenw vocmk ieengkm ov vhm obm vgbmf}zgk` o zinngk` }|`zofm+ Qmzumz eiz moah ie vhm vhzmm nowmz ozm

|zmof mumknw oazi fgeemzmkv eo}nv okf }|`zofm fibogk eiz vhmvizo`m mzugam+ Vhg pow. ge o eo}nv fibogk ìm fipk. pm nim ovbiv ?)X ie vhm mzumz eiz o `gumk nowmz. phmzm X g vhm k}bjmz

ie eo}nv fibogk+ Qgbgnoznw. f}zgk` o mzugam }|`zofm ov biv ?)Wie vhm mzumz eiz o `gumk nowmz ozm }|`zofmf ov o `gumk vgbm.phmzm W g vhm k}bjmz ie }|`zofm fibogk+ Vi oahgmum vhg. pm}m zinngk` }|`zofm. phgah mkojnm } vi bogkvogk hg`h ouognojgngvw

phmk }|`zofgk` vhm vizo`m mzugam. okf pm }|`zofm o gk`nm}|`zofm fibogk ov o vgbm+ Eiz mxob|nm. ge pm houm vmk }|`zofm

fibogk. vhmk }|`zofgk` o gk`nm fibogk pi}nf |ivmkvgonnw}|`zofm vmk |mzamkv ie vhm mzumz ezib moah nowmz ov o vgbm+

F}zgk` o mzugam }|`zofm. vizo`m kifm bow ì ieengkm eiz o empbgk}vm jmeizm aibgk` joac ikngkm+ Pm kmmf vi bogkvogkouognojgngvw okf mk}zm vhov mki}`h zm|ngao ozm ouognojnm ov okw

|igkv gk vgbm+ Mumk vhi}`h vhm wvmb g j}gnv vi vinmzovm ginovmfeogn}zm. vhmm |nokkmf (bogum }|`zofm eogn}zm aok jm bizmmeegagmkvnw fmonv pgvh gkvmof ie jmgk` vzmovmf o ojz}|v bogumeogn}zm+ Vhm }|`zofm |ziam g o}vibovmf i vhov gv g vzoavojnm vi

boko`m o noz`m k}bjmz ie vhmm noz`m"aonm fm|niwbmkv+ Vhm

o}vibovmf }|`zofm |ziam ìm vhzi}`h moah }|`zofm fibogkikm ov o vgbm eiz o `gumk vizo`m vob|+ Jmeizm vocgk` fipk ok}|`zofm fibogk. vhm }|`zofm |ziam kivgegm vhm \B vi bium vhm

|ozvgvgik i}v ie vhov }|`zofm fibogk okf kivgegm vhm QB vi kiv

onniaovm kmp mxvmkv gk vhov }|`zofm fibogk+ E}zvhmzbizm. jmeizmvocgk` fipk okw mzumz. vhm }|`zofm |ziam ahmac pgvh vhm QBvi mk}zm vhov vhmzm ozm }eegagmkv mxvmkv zm|ngao ouognojnm eiz moah

mxvmkv i}vgfm vhm gumk }|`zofm fibogk+ Oevmz }|`zofgk` o `gumkfibogk. o mv ie uongfovgik vmv ozm z}k vi bocm }zm vhm wvmb ghmonvhw jmeizm |ziammfgk` vi vhm kmxv }|`zofm fibogk+ Vhguongfovgik g az}agon eiz aovahgk` g}m f}zgk` vhm }|`zofm |ziam

okf vi||gk` gv moznw hi}nf ok mzziz iaa}z+

B}nvg|nm Fovo Ojvzoavgik ezib o Qgk`nm QvoacI}z wvmb}||izv vhzmm fgeemzmkv fovo ojvzoavgik ezib vhm obm vizo`m

voac4 Jnij. Vojnm okf _}m}m+ Vhg fmg`k mkojnm onn fovoojvzoavgik vi }m vhm obm gkvzo"vob| okf gkvmz"vob|zm|ngaovgik. }m vhm obm niof jonokagk` wvmb. okf zmongtm vhm

jmkmegv ezib gb|ziumbmkv gk vhm vzmob okf |ozvgvgik nowmz+ Gkoffgvgik. jmao}m vhm |mzeizbokam kmmf ie Jnij. Vojnm. okf

_}m}m ozm fgeemzmkv. i}z gk`nm voac o||zioah mkojnm } vizmf}am aiv jw z}kkgk` onn mzugam ik vhm obm mv ie hozfpozm+Jnij }m vhm bogum fgc ao|oagvw. Vojnm }m vhm G)I |gkfnm

ezib vhm bokw fgc ik o kifm (j}v fi kiv zmq}gzm o b}ahao|oagvw o Jnij. okf _}m}m bogknw z}k gk bmbizw+Vhmzmeizm. pm ozm kiv iknw jnmkfgk` fgeemzmkv a}vibmzpizcniof vi`mvhmz ik hozmf zmi}zam. pm ozm oni jnmkfgk`

vi`mvhmz Jnij. Vojnm. okf _}m}m vzoeega oazi vhm obm mv ievizo`m kifm+

]m ie Qwvmb"fmegkmf Ijdmav VojnmPm ahim vi }m o egxmf

k}bjmz ie wvmb fmegkmf Ijdmav Vojnm vi j}gnf Jnij. Vojnm. okf_}m}m ojvzoavgik gkvmof ie mx|igk` vhm zop Ijdmav Vojnmmbokvga vi mkf }mz+ Vhg fmaggik zmf}am boko`mbmkv jw i}zwvmb vi iknw vhm bonn mv ie ahmbo ie i}z gkvmzkon. wvmb

fmegkmf Ijdmav Vojnm+ Gv oni |ziugfm eiz mow bogkvmkokam okf}|`zofm ie vhm gkvmzkon fovo vz}av}zm okf ginovm ahok`m ievhmm wvmb fmegkmf vojnm ezib mkf }mz fovo ojvzoavgik+

Ieemzgk` Qvizo`m gk J}acmv ie ?


14/15

mkfmf }| jmgk` o zmoikojnm vzofmiee eiz bokw ie i}z noz`m

a}vibmz (vizgk` |mvojwvm ie fovo. gkam vhmw ozm vw|gaonnwonzmofw }gk` b}nvg|nm oaai}kv vi |ozvgvgik vhmgz vizo`m oazi

fgeemzmkv zm`gik okf niaovgik (eiz niaon oaam vi fovo eiz vhmgza}vibmz+ Vhmzmeizm. |ozvgvgikgk` vhmgz fovo oazi oaai}kvpgvhgk o `gumk niaovgik vi off bizm vizo`m ievmk egv gkvi vhmgzmxgvgk` |ozvgvgikgk` fmg k+ Mumk i. gv fim zmq}gzm noz`m

mzugam vi houm oaai}kv nmumn |ozvgvgikgk` ni`ga. phgah kiv onna}vibmz kov}zonnw houm o |ozv ie vhmgz fmg`k+ Vhmzmeizm. pm

|nok vi gkazmom vhm obi}kv ie vizo`m vhov aok jm hmnf pgvhgk o`gumk vizo`m oaai}kv gk vhm e}v}zm+

AO\ Vhmizmb POQ |ziugfm hg`h ouognojgngvw pgvh vzikàikgvmkaw `}ozokvmm+ Vhg aibjgkovgik mmb vi uginovm vhmAO\ vhmizmb S:R. phgah ow o fgvzgj}vmf wvmb aokkiv houm

ouognojgngvw. aikgvmkaw. okf |ozvgvgik vinmzokam ov vhm obm vgbm+Hipmumz. i}z wvmb. gk |zoavgam. |ziugfm onn vhzmm ie vhmm

|zi|mzvgm pgvhgk o vizo`m vob|+ Vhg gv}ovgik g bofm |igjnmvhzi}`h nowmzgk` okf fmg`kgk` i}z wvmb ozi}kf o |magega eo}nv

bifmn+

Vhm vzmob nowmz ho o gb|nm o||mkf"iknw fovo bifmn. phgah

|ziugfm hg`h ouognojgngvw gk vhm eoam ie kmvpizc |ozvgvgikgk` okfivhmz eogn}zm. phmzmo vhm |ozvgvgik nowmz. j}gnv }|ik vhm vzmobnowmz. |ziugfm vzik` aikgvmkaw `}ozokvmm+ Vhg nowmzgk`

onnip } vi fmai}|nm vhm kifm zm|ikgjnm eiz |ziugfgk` vzikàikgvmkaw ezib vhm kifm vizgk` vhm fovo pgvh ouognojgngvw gk vhm

eoam ie kmvpizc |ozvgvgikgk`+ Vhg fmai}|ngk` okf voz`mvgk` o|magega mv ie eo}nv onnip i}z wvmb vi |ziugfm hg`h ouognojgngvwokf vzik` aikgvmkaw gk eoam ie uozgi} anom ie eogn}zm pm mmgk |zoavgam+ Eiz mxob|nm. vhm vw|m ie kmvpizc |ozvgvgikgk` pm

houm mmk pgvhgk o vizo`m vob| ozm kifm eogn}zm okf vi|"ie"zoac(VIZ pgvah eogn}zm+ Phmk o VIZ pgvah eogn. vhm `gumk zoacpgnn vi| jmgk` }mf eiz vzoeegavhm vzmob nowmz pgnn vi| }gk`vhov zoac okf vozv }gk` mxvmkv ik ouognojnm zoac vi onnip

vzmob vi aikvgk}m pzgvgk`+ Gk offgvgik. vhm |ozvgvgik nowmz pgnnzmog`k gv Zok`m\ozvgvgik vi |ozvgvgik mzumz ik ouognojnm zoac

vi onnip onn ie vhm fovo vi aikvgk}m vi jm mzumf pgvh hg`houognojgngvw okf vzik` aikgvmkaw+ Vhmzmeizm. i}z wvmb g

fmg`kmf vi jm ojnm vi |ziugfm vzik` aikgvmkaw pgvh hg`h

ouognojgngvw eiz vhm kmvpizc |ozvgvgikgk` g}m vhov ozm ngcmnw viiaa}z gk i}z wvmb (ov vhm kifm nmumn o pmnn o VIZ eogn}zm+

Hg`h"|mzeizbokam Fmj}` Ni``gk` Pm }mf ok mxvmkgumfmj}` ni``gk` gkezovz}av}zm vhzi}`hi}v vhm fmumni|bmkv iePOQ+ Vhm wvmb pzgvm ni` vi vhm niaon fgc ie vhm vizo`mkifm okf |ziugfm o `zm|"ngcm }vgngvw vi fi o fgvzgj}vmf mozah

oazi onn vizo`m kifm ni`+ Pm fi kiv |}h vhmm umzjim niìee vhm vizo`m kifm. `gumk vhm uin}bm ie fovo jmgk` ni``mf+

Phmk jzgk`gk` POQ vi |zif}avgik. zmf}agk` ni``gk` eiz

|mzeizbokam zmoik po aikgfmzmf+ Vhm }vgngvw ie umzjimni``gk` vhi}`h bofm } pozw ie zmf}agk` vhm obi}kv ie ni``gk`gk vhm wvmb+ Gkvmof. vhm ni``gk` wvmb po i|vgbgtmf vi

uovnw gkazmom gv |mzeizbokam okf zmf}am gv fgc |oam iumzhmof

jw o}vibovgaonnw vicmkgtgk` okf aib|zmgk` i}v|}v. oahgmugk` o

wvmb vhov aok ni` ?


15/15

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Ko`w. Izgv Botiz. okf Cowno J}kah+

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Zmemzmkam

S?R D+ Jocmz mv on+. *Bm`ovizm4 \ziugfgk` Qaonojnm. Hg`hnwOuognojnm Qvizo`m eiz Gkvmzoavgum Qmzugam.* gk Aike+ ik

Gkkiuovgum Fovo Qwqvmbq Zmqmozah. :

Date post:	06-Apr-2018
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Windows Azure Storage at 23rd ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles (SOSP) - Paper

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