Wine production in Greece

Wine - an European asset

3 GENIKO LYKEIO GALATSIOUEducation and culture

Lifelong programme COMENIUS

3 Geniko Lykeio Galatsiou

Multilateral school partnership 2012 - 2014

Wine an European asset

Education and culture Lifelong programme COMENIUS

From antiquity until today the vine has been one of the most important cultivated plants with economic significance.

The best-known type of vine is called vitis vinifera and had grown probably before 4000 BC.

GRAPE GROWING-WINEMAKING

INTRODUCTION





Viticulture is believed to have started by the countries of the East and then spread westward along with the migration of people.

Wine has been an integral part of Greek culture for over 4000 years, as the numerous archeological discoveries throughout Greece indicate.

The first traces of wine production in Greece were found on the island of Crete, in the middle

of the 3rd century BC.

Found at a Neolithic village site in Iran, this jar contains the remains of 7,000-year-old wine


ANCIENT GREECE





Many ancient Greek writers have written for the vine and wine. One of these, Theophrastus (372-287 BC), is considered to have written the first complete book on the cultivation of the vine.

The ancient Greek god of wine,Dionysus


ANCIENT GREECE

The importance that viniculture had in ancient Greek society can be seen in a quote from the Greek historian Thucydides: "the peoples of the Mediterranean began to emerge from barbarism when they learned to cultivate the olive and the vine.”





Ancient Greeks used to drink wine blended with water: 1 part of wine and 3 parts of water. The habit of blending the water with wine was abandoned during the Byzantine period.

According to ancient sources here were 85 different varieties of wine. Wines were listed according to their color or taste.

Kraters were vases used for mixing wine and water.


ANCIENT GREECE





More than 90 varieties of vine were cultivated.

There were 3 ways of planting: ditches, pits and trenches.

Vineyards were planted in rows.

The Greeks preferred stacking plants for easier cultivation and harvesting, rather than letting the grapevines grow like trees.Old tools


ANCIENT GREECE





HARVESTThe most important period

of the winemakingGrapes were typically harvested by hand in the autumn, from September through mid-October.Homer, the famous Greek poet, gives us the oldest description of the harvest time: "Young people pick the grapes and put them in baskets. One boy plays the guitar and the others sing”. This scene comes to life on ancient Greek vases.


ANCIENT GREECE





Crush: Extracting the grape juice.

The grapes were pressed by feet in built stone tanks or in portable

wooden basins.


ANCIENT GREECE





FermentationThe grape juice (must)

was placed either in clay amphorae, leather bags, stone cavities or

wooden barrels and fermentation began.

The Romans

introduced the use of wooden barrels.


ANCIENT GREECE





Mature

The wine first was stored in jars buried in the ground sealed with plaster and pine resin and later in oak barrels. The barrels had been washed with herbs and disinfected with sulphur or pine resin. Thus “retsina”, a type of wine which is produced only in Greece, was created.


ANCIENT GREECE

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Retsina

Retsina is a white wine produced with the addition of natural pine resin. Retsina is still

produced to our days.

Vineyard, 19th century


ANCIENT GREECE





In ancient shipwrecks archaeologists have found amphorae carrying wine of the time with the place of origin inscribed on them.

Transport-Trade


ANCIENT GREECE





The oldest written law on the wine trade is preserved in a Greek museum and it dates back in the 5th century B.C.


ANCIENT GREECE

Transport-Trade





The export trade of Greek wines was very well organized and spread across the Mediterranean to the Iberian Peninsula and the Black Sea.

Coins depicting grapes of God Dionysus.


ANCIENT GREECE

Transport-Trade





The ancient God Dionysus was replaced by St.Tryphon, the patron saint of Viticulturists.

Vast vineyards are owned by the clergy. Wooden presses are used for the production of

must.


BYZANTINE PERIOD





MALVAZIAS WINE Famous Greek dark red

sweet wine of the Byzantine period.

Named after Monemvasia, one of the production regions of the Franks called Malvasia.

From the port of Monemvasia and Crete it was exported to all European countries.


BYZANTINE PERIOD





The viticulture and wine production is limited significantly during the era of the Ottoman Empire (1453-1821) due to the hostile attitude of Muslims toward wine and high taxation.

Viticulture suffered great destruction during the revolution of 1821 but quickly reclaimed agricultural interest and even increased.


OTTOMAN EMPIRE





In the middle of the 19th century big vineries were established with European owners.

The Achaia Clauss wine factory, was founded in 1861 by Gustav Clauss, and it is famous for its Mavrodaphne: dark sweet wine.

In the beginning of the 20th century a great reduction of viniculture is observed. Causes: wars, immigration, infection by phylloxera.


MODERN PERIOD





The vine harvest was a popular feast because it involved the participation of men, women, children, with the whole family always celebrating the end of the harvest with fun, dances and big feasts.


MODERN PERIOD





Until the half of the 20th century the commerce of wine was limited to retsina and to unbottled wine. The export of wine was carried out in wooden barrels.


MODERN PERIOD





From the 60s a new era begins for the Greek viniculture and the vineries. The old vineyards are restored and new ones are created with greek and foreign vine varieties.The global market grants distinctions and awards to the Greek wines.


NOWDAYS





The Greek poet Odysseus Elytis (1911-1996),

awarded with the Nobel Prize in Literature wrote:

“If you try to break down Greece into its elements,

in the end you will be left with an olive tree,

a vine and a ship”


NOWDAYS

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The Mediterranean climate, the morphology of the ground, the mountainous terrain and the abundance of islands has influenced the viniculture. Nowadays, more than 240 vine varieties are cultivated, while most of them cannot be cultivated in any other region in the world.

Greece is a vast vineyard.


NOWDAYS





There are many small family vineyards that may lie even on the slope of a hill.

Terrace cultivation : Planting on tiered stone terraces like stairs on the slopes of the mountains. Terraces or benches were constructed in order to expand cultivated land and to preserve natural resources (soil-water).


NOWDAYS





When the vine is at the stage of tender shoots it is inflammable, as 80% of it is water.


NOWDAYS

In the old days, the vineyards of mountainous areas also served as natural firewalls.

There is written evidence that people were saved from a great fire because they sought shelter in a vineyard.





Pruning is one of the most important viniculture procedures and it is carried out by professionals.

There are special types of pruning, like Santorin's ‘kouloura’. (Santorin is an Aegean island)

Santorin vines are kept unstacked and cultivated low to the ground in a basket shape that helps protect the grapes from the fierce winds and the heat of the island.


NOWDAYS





The process of viniculture hasn't really changed since the ancient times.

The vine-growers used to say that:

“the good wine is made at the vineyard” or that “there is no good wine without a well-kept

grapevine” or even that “Bad grapes equals bad wine.”

In other words even an efficient viniculturalist cannot

make good wine unless the quality of the grapes is the best.


NOWDAYS





Harvest continues to be a labour skill, because in this way we can pick the most proper and ripe grapes.

Harvest time is determined with chemical tests on grape samples.


NOWDAYS

Immediate transport of grapes to the wineries in cooling trucks is required.





In our days the traditional press has become obsolete and has been replaced by manual or electrical crushers. Thus, the romantic and ritual element of the whole process has been lost but the quality of wine is much better.

.

We prepared must in our school, using a wooden press.


NOWDAYS





FIGURES 2009 SPAIN GREECEAREA (km2) 505.992 131.957

VINEYARDS (km2) 11130 1130WINE PRODUCTION (hl) 36093000 3366000


NOWDAYS

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Study of the composition of the soil. Appropriate interventions for the improvement of the quality of the soil.

GRAPE GROWING-WINEMAKING VITICULTURAL –OENOLOGY

INNOVATIONS

Technological support of the viniculturalists by universities and scientific institutes.

Equipment for the prevention of frost in the vineyards.





Weather stations for weather forecasts.

Underground irrigation systems


INNOVATIONS

Laboratories for the observation and prevention of plant diseases.





Vineyard mapping using remote sensing technologies.


INNOVATIONS

By satellite pictures taken during different stages of grape growing not only we achieve the discrimination of those parts of the vineyards that include the best characteristics for each variety of wine but we also harvest the grapes on time.





Mechanically assisted vine-trimming. Bioclimatic wineries operate, using green

energy. Photovoltaic panels. Water recycling equipments. Exploitation of rain water.


INNOVATIONS





GRAPE GROWING-WINEMAKING CATEGORIES OF GREEK WINES

There are two categories according to the European Union Legislation: Protected Designation of Origin (27 PDO wines) and Protected Geographical Indication (115 PGI wines).





Vinsanto is an ancient winemaking tradition of Santorini that dates back thousands of years ago.Vinsanto is a sweet wine, made from late harvested grapes that have been dried in the sun for 12–14 days. They are crushed, fermented and left in wooden oak barrelsfor a minimum of 2 years.

GRAPE GROWING-WINEMAKING WINES FROM SUN DRIED GRAPES

Muscat of Samos is a dessert wine, produced in Samos ( Aegean island). It is made from sun dried grapes and reaching an alcohol content of 14%.





http://youtu.be/36QalsJkMdw

OUR GROUP Participating students

Alevizos JohnVarvaridi Maria Varlamou MariannaDoukakou EleniKourmpeti MirsiniPapadaki GiouliPapakosma MariaPavlaki KaterinaPoliti ArgiroXeliotis HliasZamanou SotiriaKaskamtzis AlexandrosNiavi EuaTziotzioti Viktoria Saante PolinaTsampounari Artemis.

Our Activity :Making must

is available at:



Date post:	23-Jun-2015
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Wine production in Greece

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