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WINGECARRIBEEHERITAGE STUDY

YOLUME I

Prepared by JRC Planning Servicesfor

Wingecarribee Council and the Department of Planning

d

Department of Planning

Wil8ecarribee Council

an the

WII{GECARRIBEE HERITAGE STUDY

Volume I Final Report

JRC Planning Services

By

August 1993

THE CULTURAL ENTVIRONMENTAL HERITAGEOF

WINGECARRIBEE

This report was commissioned in 1990 by the Heritage Councilof New South Wales, the Department of Planning and theWingecarribee Council from JRC Planning Services.

The views expressed in this report are those of the authors andare not necessarily those of the Heritage Council, theDepartment of Planning, the Wingecarribee Council or theMinister for Planning.

PREFACE

Planning for and managing culturaL heritage at a local levelthought of in terms of controlling the external appearanceloosely been referred to as ,historic buildings.

hasof

oftenwhat

beenhave

Unfortunately, only passing attention has been directed towards the ,other,elements of heritage such as whole towns and villages, groups of buildings, ieprecincts, streetscapes, gardens and even broad landscapes,

The lalingecarribee Heritage Study presents a number of recommendations for theproper and sensitive management of the Shire's heritage resources and exploresnot only traditional statutory planning control techniques, but introducesinnovative approaches incorporating educational- and promotionaL initiatives.

These recommendations wiLl be placed on public exhibition and the communitywil-l- be encouraged to consider them carefully and make constructivesubmissions for Council to consider prior to adopting its final heritagestrategy.

The Wingecarribee Heritage Study is an invaluabl-e resource for al-l. Itincludes an extremely well- prepared data base, which examines not onlycurrently lisLed heritage items, but also Lhose which have been identifiedfrom field observation. This informaLion which makes reference to history,heritage significance, building type, eLc., buílds a platform on whichsensible decisions about heritage can be taken.

Of special importance is that element of the Study which concerns significantcultural landscapes. Extensive areas of the Shire have been determined ashaving 'key cultural landscape significance', which f understand means thatthose areas demonstrate extremely weJ-t t,he history of the Shire's development,having undeníable representative and associatíve vaLues.

r would like to extend my sincere appreciation to the authors of the Studyand, in particular, Ms 'Jocel1m Colleran, who has devoted countl-ess hours inseeing Lhe Herj-tage Study through to its complet,ion. My thanks al-so extend tothe Heritage Study Steering Committee and to the Chairman, Council-1or KenMcÏnnes.

I conclude by commending the V'Iingecarribee Heritage Study for publicconsideration as the basis for determining Council's Heritage Strategy.

David WoodsMAYOR, WTNGECARRIBEE COUNCIL

September 1993

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART ONE: INTRODUCTION1.1 Background1.2 The Scope and Purpose of the Study .

Study AreaObjectiveDefinitionsMajor Tasks

I.3 Approach to the Study1.4 Study Team1.5 Acknowledgments . . .

1.6 StudyDocumentationAssociated ReportsInventory Volumes and computer discsFinai Report

PART TWO: HISTORICAL CONTEXT2. Introduction to the Historical Context . . .

2.I The Historical Framework for Heritage Studies2.2 Components of the Historical Framework for

WingecarribeeThematic Framework for the Study

State ThemesHistorical Regions

2.4 State-Local Thematic Relationships in Wingecarribee2.5 Historical Synopsis of Wingecarribee

LocationAboriginal CultureAboriginal-European interactionConvict Labour . ,

European E"ptorationEarly SettlementEarly PastoralismDairyingRural industry: flour-millsAgricultural divserification . . .

Environmental changeExtractiveindustry..,Joadja and shale-oil . .

Iron and coal: Mittagong and BundanoonBrickworks: BowralModern coal and cementSummer residences and guesthousesLinkages with Canberra and SydneyEast-west linkages: Wombeyan and RobertsonLeisure and culture . . . . . .

Environmental awareness todayThematic'Stocktake' . . .

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313734343434363636

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313131

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2.1 Conclusion 43

TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont'd)

PART THREE: OVERVIE\ry OF HERITAGE RESOURCESAND ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

3.1 Introduction to the OverviewConcept of Cultural Heritage SignificanceAssessment Methodology .

Approach to the Overview .

3.2 Historic Rural LandscapesApproach to Assessment . .

The Landscape SettingSettlement PatternsKey Historic Units

Unit 1 - RobertsonUnit 2 - WingecarribeeUnit 4 - YarrungaUnit6-SuttonForest

Remaining Historic UnitsUnit3-EastBowralUnit 5 - Bundanoon-ExeterUnitT-Oxley'sHillUnit 8 - PenroseUnit 9 - Canyonleigh

3.3 Towns and VillagesIntroductionApproach to AssessmentKey Towns and Villages

. 101

. 102

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144

454546485050505455

59677l81

86B6

9291

Berrima

106

106

106t07108

t12BowralMittagongMoss Vale .

3.4 Country Estates3.5 Gardens and Treeplanting

Introduction

115

t19120127

727

t27r29130

737

Approach to Heritage Garden SurveyHeritage Attributes of Selected Gardens- Gardens of Colonial Properties and Country Retreats- Development of the Garden Festival Tradition- Horticultural Collections . . .

- Tree Planting: Avenues and Driveways,Windbreaks and Hedges

Bowral Town Gardens and Trees3.6 Industrial Resources

Extractive IndustryAgriculture.....Highway and Railway NetworksMajor Industrial Artefacts

r40r421,44

1.44

144

. 144

. r44Minor Industrial Artefacts


3.1 Synopsis of Heritage Attributes . .

MethodHistoric ValuesAestheticVales...Social ValuesScientific ValuesSummary Statement of Cultural Heritage Significance

PART FOUR: HERITAGE CONSERVATION STRATEGY4.1 Introduction

Purpose of StrategyApproach- Role of the Community . . . .

- Role of Council- Role of State and Federal GovernmentExisting Planning and Management Framework- Wingecarribee Council . . . .

- Department of Planning . . .

- Heritage Council . . .

- State Government- Australian Heritage Commission- National TrustComponents of Proposed Strategy

4.2 Heritage Conservation Objectives . . . .

4.3 Statutory Measures

4.4 Education and InformationIntroductionPrinciples and ProceduresStaff Expertise- Planning Staff- Health and Building Staff- Parks and Gardens, and Engineering StaffAdvice on Heritage Matters- Heritage Advisory Services . .

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t57158159160

163163163163763r63

166761

164164164164166

167

r69179

Basis for Recommendations . . . . 179Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 . 179- State Environmental Planning Policies- Illawarra Regional Environmental Plan . 119- Wingecarribee Local Environmental Plan 1989 . 180- Development Control Plans (DCPs) 181

Development Application Requirements for Heritage ItemsSection 149 CertificatesTree Preservation Order

Heritage Act l9llAustralian Heritage Commission Act 1975

r79

183

184

184

185185

181187

187

187

188188

188

1BB

188

188- Environmental Heritage Advisory Committee


Use of the Heritage Inventory . . .

Continuing Inventory Research and SurveyResearch ActivitiesConservation Guidelines and BrochuresHeritage LibrarySeminars and Staff EducationCouncil Ownership

4.5 Conservation IncentivesState Government Incentives- Heritage Assistance Program- NSW Heritage Staff Grants Program- Heritage Valuations- Waiving of Restrictions- AdviceCouncil Incentives

Local Heritage Assistance FundDifferential RatingHeritage DA FeesLocal Heritage AwardsTrade RegisterPlaquesMain Street StudiesTax Concessions

4.6 Presentation and PromotionInterpretation Programs

GroupsNetworks . .

Heritage Walks/Trails . . .

Other Public Authority InitiativesCommunity and Private Initiatives .

National TrustRoyal Australian Institute of ArchitectsThe Australian Garden History SocietyInstitution of Engineers . . .

Church OwnershipRecommendations

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191

r92L92r92t92t92L92r92192r92r92r93r93193193193193194194194195195197

198

198

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198199

4.14.8

4.9

LIST OF FIGURES

Study Area (Source: Wingecarribee Council)Study StructureEnvironmental Heritage Components

List of Themes for Distinguishing Heritage Items in New South WalesHeritage Regions of NSW (Source: State Historical Guidelines) . . . . .

Wingecarribee Thematic StructureMitchell's great south road through the Southern Highlands, L830'sSettlement pattern on the great south road and railway by 1875 . .

Pattern of land grants around Mittagong, Berrima, Bong Bong andSutton Forest by the 1890'sIron industry at MittagongLocation of Guest-Houses in BundanoonWingecarribee Thematic'Stocktake'

Evaluation CriteriaNatural LandscapeCultural Landscape lJnits, Historic Towns & Villages1829 plan showing Throsby's Land & HutBerrima Conservation AreaHeritage ltems and New Buildings (Post 1910)Bowral Urban Conservation Area

Major Acts and AdministratorsHeritage Conservation StrategyRobertson Key Village: Landscape Catchment . . .

Burrawang Key Village: Landscape CatchmentMoss Vale: Landscape Catchment . . .

Sutton Forest Key Village: Landscape CatchmentBundanoon: Landscape CatchmentExeter Key Village: Landscape Catchment . .

Bowral and Mittagong: Landscape CatchmentsEnvironmental Protection 7B Zone in Wingecarribee

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4751

..5670

109

110113

Mittagong's Three Main Sections r16Heritage Items in MittagongHeritage Gardens Surveyed or Noted 728Aerial Photograph of Milton Park 135Joadja Phases, Themes and Evidence . . . 147Shale-Oil at Joadja . I48Fitzroy Ironworks 151Rock Formations of the Blast Furnace Area

118

152

165

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t72r74

116118181

LIST OF PLATES

Cultural LandscapeCultural LandscapePine Shelter BeltsMyra Vale CemeteryRobertsonBurrawang Outlook . .

Burrawang General Store 1860'sBurrawang Main StreetNarrow Country LanesNeatly kept LandscapeViews from Throsby Park NorthView towards Throsby Park House . .

Throsby Park House . . .

Throsby Park House (1837)Throsby Park CottageChurch LandView from Throsby Park north-westThrosby Park House & Garden from the Original Entry Drive (1837)Conrad Martin's "View of Throsby Park" c1836PresentDayView....Throsby Park Setting . .

View from Yarrunga Road westAbandoned timber farmstead on Yarrunga RoadSheepwash Road showing Eucalyptus flanking the roadDense vegetation retained with minimal clearingView towards Moss Vale from Mt Gingenbullen footslopes at "Whitley"HillviewCanyonleigh RoadView from Hillview south westView from The Old South Road over MittagongView from Mt Gibraltar towards BowralView from Mt Gibraltar to MittagongThe OId South Road through BurradooChalkers FlatRetford ParkView over undulating countrysideModern farmhouse structuresExeter Post OfficeExeter Church St AldansModern Housing out of character in ExeterBundanoon development parallels the Railway Line . . . .

Scattered housing set on the hillslopes of Bundanoon . . . .

View towards Mt Gingenbullen over Unit 5

Eastern section overlooking BowralWestern section

Page

LIST OF PLATES (cont'd)

Wingecarribee Property set on the slopes overlooking BowralOxley's Hill RoadViews from Unit 7 to Bowral . . .

Cleared pasture contrasts with Eucalypt foreston ridges and sideslopesAbandoned Timber Farmhouse along Paddys RiverInverary Road flanked by Eucalyptus avenue . . . .

Evidence of early miningHarpers Mansion, BerrimaBurradoo residential areaNew Sheffield residence with cast iron verandah columns .

Moss Vale Post OfficeOldbury HomesteadWingecarribee HomesteadThe RiftHighfield HouseBiduraGlen RidgeRotherwood homesteadDoll's house, RotherwoodRotherwood Gate houseOldbury homestead, garden and treesLaural House town gardenSummerlees garden and treesOriginal hawthorn hedges and mature trees, WhitleyWhitley garden poolSpecimen trees, RobinwoodSt Judes Rectory Garden, Bendooley Street frontageHillview gardenHillview Garden, ExeterCupressus torulosa hedges, Moss ValePinus Radiata BurradooBowral Streetscape, Southern Residential Precinct . . . .

Bowral Street Trees, Station StreetGibralter "Gib" Railway TunnelBowral Brickworks KilnJoadja RetortsFitzroy Coalmine track, tunnel entryAlnwick, Robertson, an example of local building stylesFormer Cutter's Inn

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11177411711912212212312312472412512512513013r132733733134131

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646566616B

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82838485 Former Oaklands Inn, Mittagong

PART ONE: INTRODUCTION

,|

1.1 BACKGROUND

This Heritage Study is part of a joint projectundertaken for the two adjoining LocalGovernment Areas (LGAs) of Wingecarribee andV/ollondilly.

Wingecarribee LGA is situated in the SouthernHighlands Region of New South Wales, (seeFigure 1.1). The LGA is rural in natureconsisting of a number of small towns and villageswith surrounding rural areas. Wingecarribee'smajor towns are Bowral (8,1100), Moss Vale(7,100), Mittagong (6,500) and Bundanoon(2,000).

Wingecarribee was first settled in the l-820's andhas a large number of items/places of value tothe heritage of the area and the State. Berrima,a village of national heritage significance, islocated within the LGA. Wingecarribee also has

a number of signif,rcant landscapes which are ofimportance to the visual amenity of the area andalso for the tourism potential of these areas. TheLGA has a 1991 population of 33,300 and isestimated to be between 48,000 and 52,000 by theyear 2000. Currently the population growth ratefor the LGA is approximately 3.3Vo per annumand development pressures are increasing due tospill-over growth from the Sydney metropolitanarea.

Because of these growth pressures, WingecarribeeCouncil is anxious [o ensure that the historiccharacter of the LGA is not eroded.Consequently, with dollar for dollar fundingthrough the National Estate Grants Programmeand Local GovernmenI Heritage AssistanceProgramme, the Council provided funding for thepreparation of a Heritage Study which wasundertaken in parallel for both Wingecarribee andWollondilly LGAs.

The Wingecarribee project was undertaken at thesame time as the Wollondilly project becausethese studies were conducted as part of the pilotstudy for the State Heritage Inventory Project(SHIP). The project was designed to test theSHIP computer software package (PC based IBMcompatible), SHIP manual, selection criteria andapplication guidelines and State HistoricalGuidelines.

L.2 THE SCOPE AND PURPOSE OF THESTUDY

Study Area

The study aÍea is the whole of the localgovernment area of Wingecarribee. (See Figure1.1)

Objective

The objectives of this study are set out in thestudy brief, prepared by the WingecarribeeCouncil and based on the Department ofPlanning's standard brief for heritage studies.(See Appendix A).

The study aims to:

identify and analyse the environmentalheritage of Wingecarribee;

provide practical recommendations, bothstatutory and non-statutory, for theconservation and management of theenvironmental heritage resources inWingecarribee; and

test the State Heritage Inventory Project(SHIP) computer software package, SHIPmanual, selection criteria and applicationguidelines and the State HistoricalGuidelines.

Defïnitions

'Heritage signiJicance' means historic, scientific,cultural, social, archaeological, architectural,natural or aesthetic significance.

'Notursl heitøge' encompassss those naturalresources of heritage significance which arerelatively unaltered by man, recognising, however,that natural resources such as topography,geology, climate, and vegetation have influencedboth Aboriginal occupation and the Europeanpattern of settlement and landuse in the region.Conversely man's influence on the environment isclearly recorded in the physical evidence of thepresent landscape and its elements.

'Cuilurøl heritage' encompasses those heritageresources which represent man's activities in theregion.

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FIGURE 1..1: STUDYAREA

Source : WingecarribeeCouncil

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High Ronç

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erton

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Major Tasks

The four principal areas of work set out in theStudy Brief are:

(Ð Preparation of a Historical Context Reportwhich:

identifies the historical framework ofdevelopment;

describes the settlement and growth ofthe Study area;

lists important events and peopleassociated with the Study area, itssettlement and cultural life; and

contains a bibliography of relevantprimary and secondary sources.

(ii) Preparation of the Inventory which involves

a comprehensive field survey of thephysical evidence of the development ofthe study area;

assessment and analysis of theitems/places identified during thesurvey work; and

preparation of a comprehensiveinventory using the SHIP Data BaseSoftware.

(iiÐ Analysis of the historical framework andinventory to prepare a summary statementof significance of the Study Areaconsidering its Regional and State context.

(Ð Formulation of Planning andImplementation proposals.

In addition to these standard tasks, the brief alsorequested that specific attention be given toidentifying significant cultural landscapes ofWingecarribee. Each of the significant landscapesidentified was to be described and assessed interms of:

overall spatial and vegetation patterns;

buildings, structures and other specialfeatures (including groups of same);

historical associations

Specific advice was to be provided regarding theconservation of the signihcant cultural landscapestogether with recommendations for landscapeconservation management.

These tasks were structured into a work programand undertaken as diagrammatically illustrated inFigure 1.2 which shows the logic of the studystructure.

transport routes; and

4

OUTLINEHISTORY

Prepare

FIELDSURVEYS

Utdertake

THEMATICSTRUCTURE &HISTORICAL

SYNOPSIS

Prepare

Contpile

INVENTORY

HERITAGESTOCKTAKE

Prepore

OVERVIEWOF HERITAGERESOURCES

Urdeftake

HERITAGESIGNIFICANCE

Assess

Develop

HERITAGE CONSERVATION STRATEGY

POLICIES & ACTIONS

Reconunend

FIGURE 1.2: STUDYSTRUCTURE

5

13 APPROACH TO THE STUDY

The approach to the Study was determined by therequirements of the Brief and methodologydeveloped by the Heritage and ConservationBranch of the Department of Planning (SeeAppendix A). Two other major considerations,however, substantially influenced the approachtaken to the work programme. Theseconsiderations were:

(Ð the extent of the study area covered bywater catchments and national parks; and

(iÐ the requirements of the SHIP pilot project.

The allocation of time and resources to majorcomponents of the work programme reflectedthese considerations in the following ways:

Historical research and field work activitieswere concentrated in the settled areas ofWingecarribee. This meant that many ofthe structures that are part of the UpperNepean Water Supply System were notsurveyed intensively.

Only places of cultural heritage significancewere considered and these were restrictedto the historic environment. Ideally, a

heritage study should include places whichencompass the natural and culturalenvironments. Cultural items or placesinclude both Aboriginal and historic sites.The boundaries between the natural,Aboriginal and historic environment overlapin the manner illustrated in Figure 1.3

below.

FIGURE I.]:ENVIRONMENTAL HERJTAGE COMI'ONDN'TS

Source: Australian Heritage Commission

The study brief limited the scope of thesurvey to the historic environment to allowfor trialing the new SHIP system, to focusthe range of the study and limit costs.

Hence, in this study there is a concentration

on European built heritage and aboveground archaeological sites. Natural areas,Aboriginal sites, other archaeological sitesand portable heritage items are notcomprehensively identified and assessed.

Inventory activities were directed towardsthe review and recording of informationcontained in existing heritage registers andlists. It should be noted that local heritagestudies in NSW aim to provide acomprehensive coverage of the heritage ofan area. They are designed to ensure thata range ofdifferent types ofplaces includingstructures such as buildings and bridges;rural and urban cultural landscapes; and ofsites of archaeological interest, areconsidered. Because of this emphasis andother aspects of the methodology requiredin the brief, heritage study surveyinventories provide a more rounded accountof the history of an area than the recordusually contained in the existing heritagelists and registers which relate to the area.In the Wingecarribee Heritage Surveyhowever, the emphasis has been onreviewing places on existing lists andregisters because it is a pilot project.

Field work aimed primarily to review andupdate information about recogniseditems/places of heritage significance.However special features of the SouthernHighlands area were recognised by thestudy team and new survey work undertakenincluded:

a brief, but extensive survey of privategardens;

an assessment of the rural culturallandscapes and village settings; and,

archaeological surveys of rural andindustrial/mining areas.

Other places of potential heritage interestwhere noted or surveyed wherever possible.

Aboriginal Historic

Natural

6

I.4 STUDY TEAM

The Wingecarribee Heritage Study was

undertaken between August, L990 and December,1992 by a multi-disciplinary project team.Members of the team and their role/contributionare acknowledged below:

Project Management - Jocelyn Colleran

1.5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The Study Team wishes to acknowledge theassistance received from the following groups andindividuals.

The Joint Steering committee comprising:

Councillor K Mclnnes, WingecarribeeCouncil (Chairman)Councillor W Underwood, WollondillyCouncilMr I Sinclair, Wollondilly CouncilMr J Lawrence, Wingecarribee CouncilMs S Hoppe, Department of PlanningHeritage BranchMs Jane Worthy, Department of PlanningHeritage BranchMs C Kemp, Department of PlanningHeritage BranchMs Karin Armstrong, Department ofPlanning, WollongongMr R Cheetham, Department of Planning,Wollongong

Officers of theDepartment

Council Planning

The National Parks and Wildlife Service(NSW), Ms Margaret Collins

The Heritage Branch of the Department ofPlanning

The former Heritage Officer, State RailAuthority, Mr Tom Austin

Valuable local knowledge was gained frommembers of local historical societies and othercommunity and professional groups. Thecontribution of the following is gratefullyacknowledged:

Berrima District Historical SocietyBundanoon History GroupMrRFStokes,BerrimaBerrima District Branch, National Trust ofAustralia (NSW)Mr &- Mrs T North, Garden HistoryJournalSouthern Highlands Garden History SocietyExeter Village Association

Historical OutlineReport

Historical Synopsis &Thematic Analysis

Landscape Aspects

Built Environment

SettlementArchaeology

- Sue Rosen- Paul Ashton

- R Ian .Iack

- Ken Taylor- Carolyn Tallents

(Landscan)- Bruce Potts- Jocelyn Colleran

- Jyoti Somerville- Matthew McNeill- Jocelyn Colleran

- JonathanWinston-Gregson

Industrial Archaeology - Aedeen Cremin

Conservation Planning - Jocelyn Colleran

,7

1.6 STUDYDOCUMENTATION

Associated Reports

An Outline Thenutic History of theWingecørribee Shire, prepared by SueRosen with Paul Ashton, unpublishedreport, December 1991.

Historic Cultural Lattdscape Assesvnent

for Wingecarribee Shire, prepared byLandscan in association with KenTaylor, January, 1992.

Inventory Volumes and computer discs

Inventory information is recorded on the SHIPIBM compatible computer data-base system andstored in diskettes held by the Department ofPlanning.

The printed reports for over 600 items/places arepresented in separate volumes for each of themain towns/villages and the rural areas of theWingecarribee LGA. (These are currently heldby Council and the Department of Planning.)

Final Repolt

Volume I of the final report contains four mainparts. They are:

1.0 INTRODUCTION

2.0 HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF THEHERITAGE STUDY

3.0 OVERVIEW OF HERITAGERESOURCES AND ASSESSMENT OFHERITAGE SIGNIFICANCE

4.0 HERITAGE CONSERVATIONSTRATEGY

Volume II contains three appendices. They are

A STUDY BRIEF

B LIST OF INVENTORY ITEMS

C BURRA CFIARTER

PART T\{O: HISTORICAL CONTEXT

9

., INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORICALCONTEXT

'AIl læritage iterrts werc created i,t anltistorical context, developed andclnnged in subsequent historicalcontexls and arc assessed and valued

for the future in tlæ light of ourpresent assutrlptions a,td val ues"l

(State Histor¡cal Guidelines)

2.I THE HISTORICAL FRAMEWORK FORHERITAGE STUDIES

Preparation of a framework which establishes ahistorical context for heritage studies is an integralpart of the heritage study process at all stages ofthe progress of the study. The approach adoptedby the Department of Planning is described in thepublication, Heritage Study Guidelines,2 andoutlined as a requirement of the standard heritagestudy brief 3.

In this study, the historical framework is toprovide:

an outline of the history of Wingecarribeewhich develops the main themes relating toits development and to associations withpeople or events which have had a majorinfluence or impact in shaping thedevelopment of the area;

a checklist of the type of evidence likely tobe associated with the main themes/storiesof Wingecarribee. This was used as aî aidememoire for the field survey activity toencourage a comprehensive systematicapproach to the recording of physicalevidence of the history of an area. It alsoprovides a basis for reviewing the initialhistorical outline (based on documentaryevidence) in the light of informationprovided by the surveys;

an historical synopsis which takes intoaccount both the documentary and physicalevidence to provide a basis forunderstanding the cultural heritagesignificance of Wingecarribee's heritageresources; and

an assessment of the heritage attributes ofWingecarribee as a whole and of the

individual items/places surveyed as part ofthe inventory preparation.

"Historical description and analysisconn'ibute an essential dinrcnsiou tounderstanding heritage significancein tetnts of aesthetic, scientifc andsocial values no less than historic.'¿

(State Historical Guidelines)

a comparison of the heritage attributes ofWingecarribee with other areas in the widerSydney Region and the State as a whole.

'Any heritage item should ideally beseen in a widening citcle of contexts- local, regiortal, national - andultitnately- in is relatiottship to worldsystenß-'õ


2.2 COMPONENTS OF THE HISTORICALFRAMEWORK FOR WINGECARRIBEE

There are a number of different components ofthe historical framework for the WingecarribeeHeritage Study. The nature and content of thecomponents reflect the role of the Study as a pilotproject to test the methodology developed for theState Heritage Inventory Project. For this reason,more explanation is provided about thedevelopment of the historical components thanwould be usually included in the historical contextreport for a heritage study.

The main components are:

an initial outline of the history of'Wingecarribee prepared in the early stagesof the study using readily availabledocumentary sourcesu. This was reviewedby community groups with an interest inlocal history who were able to contributetheir detailed knowledge of the history ofvarious aspects of WingecarribeeT.

a summary of the regional and statehistorical context included in the nextsection of this report, based on theHistorical Guidelines prepared for the StateHeritage Inventory Project.

the thematic checklist and historicalsynopsis based on an understanding of the

10

local historical conteK and its relationshipwith the regional and state thematic andtemporal framework. These componentsare presented in following sections of thisreport.

relevant historical details recorded for eachheritage item on the computerised inventorydata base and provided as a printed copy inthe Wingecarribee Heritage Study InventoryVolumes. Information recorded includednotes on the history of the place as well as

analytical data which relates the place to thelocal, regional and state context.

23 THEMATIC FRAMEWORK FOR THESTUDY

"Tlæ relatiottship of every place withits enviro,1,nent, iß \andscape,whether urbart, sttbtu'ban or rLu'al,

itnnrediately pus it into a broaderand rnore interestirtg historical

frantework of land-use andenvironntental ntorlificatiotr, ofconununicatiotts and ü'ansport, ofsetllenßrxt and econonty.'ß

(State Historicat Guideli nes)

The identif,rcation of 'themes' is a standardanalytical device used in heritage studies toprovide an understanding of the relationship of aheritage item with its chronological,developmental and spatial conl.eK.

With the preparation of the Historical Guidelinesfor the State Heritage Inventory Project (SHIP)there was an opportunity to provide a morecomprehensive thematic framework for theWingecarribee Heritage Study. It has beencustomary to identify the main themes whichrelate to the history of the area under stud/.The State Heritage Inventory. Project HistoricalGuidelines provide the opportunity to place anindividual heritage item into a broader historicalframework which encompasses the state andregional, as well as the local historical conteK.

The main elements in the State HeritageInventory Historical Guidelines which have beenutilised in the Wingecarribee Study relate to theconcepts of:

State Themes; andHistorical Regions.

State Themes

Twenty-six themes are enunciated in the StateHistorical Guidelines to reflect the main stories ina generally agreed pattern of state development.These themes are reproduced in Figure 2.1-.

Historical Regions

Seventeen heritage regions have been identihed inthe Draft State Historical Guidelines, usingpresent local government boundaries: the criteriafor each region are geographical and historical.Each region is briefly described and characterisedin volume 1 of the draft historical guidelines: involume 2 short histories of each region arepresented together with an annotated bibliographyof the most relevant secondary books and articles.The histories make plain the broad distinguishingfeatures of the occupation and exploitation ofeach region in turn.

"Just as regions do ttot follow thesanr.e cltronological pauem and jrctas tltey at'e influenced by but da notnecessarily ittitate state-wide nends,so withitt regions local governnßntuùts and sttnller localities do tto¿

all follow tlrc region's û'endsprecisely. Localities ore not meretnicrocosnts of a regiotr ,tot Areregions ntere nùcrocosnrs of the state,

Accordingly, itt tlæ cottrprehension ofan individuol heritage itenq there areal least tfuee historico-geog'aplücalconlexls: ilxe state, lhe region and tlæIocal area."lo


Wingecarribee LGA together with WollondillyLGA is included in the Sydney Region 1 (seeFigure 2.2). 'fhe Sydney region is defined as themetropolitan area, its adjacent suburbs and itswider commuter corridors west into the BlueMountains, north to Wyong and Gosford, andsouth-west into the Southern Highlands, whereretirement and recreational settlement areas havealso developed. The sandstone uplands withdramatic gorges extend from the Blue Mountainssouth into Burragorang Valley and beyond intothe Nattai wilderness, giving a wildly inaccessibleflavour to the western sections of bothWingecarribee and Wollondilly.

1. Aboriginal utlfttre and interactiott witlt tlrc newsettlers: the ntoving frontier of contact and tlrcAborigínøl experience of urban lifu.

2. Cotrict settlenrcnt: itt towt and coLurtty, irrprison and in enrployrttent.

3. European erploration of tlrc cowúry: the ntajorexplorers, but also the filling-irt of blanks bysuccessive settlers, prospectors and nqfitrqlistsup to the present.

4. Tlrc surveyors and land tenures wtder whicltthe land was occupied: closer settlenrcnt.

5. Pastoral ex¡tattsiort, interactittg with settlenrcnt,ecologt and cotluttutications, and creatittgrural industries (e.9. raruù,19, slrcarittg, boilittgdown).

6. Pastoral diversificatiott: cha.nge anddevelopntent in old attd new qrcqs.

7. AgriailfttaÌ expansion, witlt its corollary offlour-núlling and brewing irúeractirtg likepastoral expansiott, witlt settlenrcnt, ecologta nd cotnnuuùca.tiotts.

8. Agriuilntral diversificatiott: new crops, newlccltttologies, trcw sitcs.

9. Clrunging the environtnent: tlrc inrpact ofAborigirnl and Ewopeqn settlentent ott thelandscape, tlrc clearing of land, tinùer-gettirtgbiopltysical clrunge, exotic species and tlrcspreød of exotic weeds,

10. The gold ruslrcs qnd less dranntic gold-wirtttirtg both alhuial and reef, fiom tlrc 1850's

to the presenl døy.

LI

14. Migratiort: etlmic conutuulities, relations witha wider world (e.g. Gennøn cotrunwùtiesùtring World War I, Chinese gørdens,

Me ditena nean re s taura nts ).

15. Tlæ transport network: roads, waterways,sltipping railways, bridges, qir-travel.

16. Growtlt of democrøtic goventment øndbureaucrøcy: central (state and federal) andlocø1.

17. Cttlntrql and social lifu: art, music, theøtre,writirtg inrages of an area, educatiort, socialinterøctiott tltouglt instittttiotts suclt asreligiotts or contnttutily organisa.tions.

18. Leisure: orgatùsed and wtotgørùsed, pttblicartd pivate, tourism.

19. Environntental qwareness: soil consenatiort,preservatiort of open space, national parl<s,

ecologl, tlrc green nxoverìxetxt, conservatiott oftlrc built etuironntent.

20. Use a.nd abuse of water resources: dants,diversiotts, irrigatiort, hydrologt, s alinatiott.

21. A place to live: apøft or togetlrcr, urban orsttbtu'ban or in tlrc buslt, town planninggenttificatiort.

22. Entergence of bttildirtg styles and types ofconstruction.

FIGURE 2.1

LIST OF THEMES FOR DISTINGUISHING HERrcAGE ITEMS IN NEW SOUT'H WALES

23. Boonts and busts: cycles in the econonúes oftlte world, state and rcgiort.

24. Ittdustrialisation and deindustriølisstion: theise, fall and replacenrent of urban and rurqlittdustries, witlt their associated livirtg space.

11. Extra.ction and processirtg of nünerals, otlrcrtltørt gold, fi'ont copper to diatnottds. 25. Rw'al populatiort clnnges.

12. Tlrc growtlt and dotttinance of Sydney. 26. The life cycle: the plrysica.l settirtg for theitttintacies of birllt, nta.niage, parenthood, oldage, death, front hospital to home to cemetery.13. Tlrc fowrdation, g'owtlt and changing role of

coluxtry towns.

Source: Jack, R. Iand & Jeans, D,N., Draït State Herítage Inventory. Historical Guidelines, Departmentof Planning, 1990

L2

16

KEY1. Sydney2. Lower Hwiler3. Upper Hunter4. Maruúng River5. Nortlt Coast Valleysó. New England7. Darling Plains8. Central Tablcland9. Lachlan

10. Southem Tableland11. Monaro12. Mumtntbidgee13. Muray14. South Coast15. Illawata16. Westent Pløins

12

FIGURE 2.2: HERITAGEREGIONS OF NSW

Source: State HistoricalGuildelines p.roxviii

11

2,4 STATE.LOCAL THEMATICRELATIONSHIPS IN WINGECARRIBEE

In this study, the local themes which emergedfrom research into the documentary evidence,were expanded as a greater understanding of thehistory of the area developed. The local themeswere viewed in relation to the State themes and athematic structure was developed as a study tool.The structure was compiled for the study purposesby R Ian Jack on the basis of:

his original analysis of the State Themes inr990;

his own explorations of aspects ofWingecarribee's historical development;

the initial outline history of Wingecarribeecompiled by other sub-consultants;

detailed comments made on that history bywell-informed local historical groups; and

inventory records prepared by sub-consultants undertaking field survey work.

This thematic structure is shown diagrammaticallyin Figure 2.3 to show the relationship betweenState themes (Column 1) and Local themes(Column 2)tt. Examples of each Local Sub-Theme are given in Column 3, Figtre 2.3. Thislist of examples gives an instant, shorthandoverview of the relationship of specific heritageplaces with the Local Sub-Themes and in turnwith the State Themes. Because of the largenumber of heritage places in Wingecarribee, thislist is selective and exemplary only.

The analysis of the thematic structure of\ù/ingecarribee is specific to the LGA, but theform of presentation and the computer-readablenumbering system is designed to assist in futureimplementation of the State Heritage Inventory.

The analysis is presented in the same order as thestate-wide themes. That is to say, it begins withState Theme 1, Aboriginal culture and inleractiott,and concludes with State Theme 26, Liþ style.

The numbering system of the State Themes is, ofcourse, that adopted in the Draft State HistoricalGuidelines. The sequential numbering of theLocal Sub-Themes (ie: 1.1, L2,I.3 etc.) is uniqueto the individual local government area. For

13

example, coal-ntittirtg is Local Sub-Theme 11.1 inWingecarribee LGA but 11.2 in Wollondilly.

The Thematic Structure is not intended to be theoutline of a heritage history. Nor is it intended as

a qualitative or quantitative assessment ofWingecarribee's history. The prime example ofone Local Sub-Theme (eg: 11.5, Shale oil miningand processing at loadja) -ay have state-wide(indeed national) signihcance; another (eg: 8.2Brewing at Mittagong tlrc Maltings) has regionalsignificance; while many examples of Local Sub-Themes have local significance.

This thematic structure has been used for anumber of different purposes during the course ofthe study. Uses include:

as an aide ntentoire to indicate the types ofevidence which are likely to be associatedwith different local themes (see Column 3,Figure 2.3); and,

to relate the themes to the survey evidencein order to provide a historical synopsis ofthe heritage of the area (see Section 2.5which follows) and enable each heritageitem to be seen in its broader historicalsetting (see Section 4) which relates to thethematic patterns in the locality and thestate (see Section 3).

14

COLUMN 1

STATE THEMES

1. Aboriginal culture &interaction

FIGURE 2.3

WINGECARRIBEE THEMATIC STRUCTURE

COLUMN 2LOCAL THEMES

1.1 Beliefs concerning waterways andcaves

COLUMN 3EXAMPLES OF TYPES OFEYIDENCE

Hollows gouged out byGurangatch: Wingecarribee RiverN from junction with Wollondilly,Guineacor Creek to W, alongJocks Creek W to WombeyanCaves. All these creeks,waterholes, underground rivers andcaves are sites of significance toAboriginal people.

Wombeyan Caves area (manycamp-sites recently discovered): cf.Conrad Marten's drawing of 1841.Nattai wilderness around MtJellore remained a 'secure retreat'(Mitchell 1838).

Routes of discovery.

I.2 Sites occupied in wilderness areaduring contact period

r.3 Employmentand Mitchell

as guides to Throsby

2. Convict settlement 2.1 Early gaols and lock-ups

I.4 Interaction with Sir ThomasMitchell

2.2 Construction of Great SouthRoad

Mitchell and Moyengully at MtGibraltar, 1828 Mitchell and GreatSouth Road: Aboriginal songrecorded 1823, 'Road goescreaking long shoes'Mitchell and Moyengully re Nattaiwilderness l-838.

Oaklands, Mittagong: cells belowthe inn for prisoners en route toBerrimaWhite Horse Inn, Berrima: cellsearlier than gaol.Earliest part of Berrima gaol.

Stockade sites at Berrima(Catholic church): Black Bob'sCreek and WingelloConvict burial ground identifiableat the 1836-8/9 Wingello stockadearea (Portion 1-5, Uringala Parish)Convict built bridges at Berrimaand Black Bob's Creek (see 15.3)Drainage culverts on Old ArgyleRoad: Bundanoon Z48I50E616360N.

2.3 Other public works Berrima courthouse L838

COLUMN 1

STATE THEMES

3. Europeanexploration

4. Surveyors & landtenures

FIGURE 2.3 Cont'd.

\ryINGECARRIBEE THEMATIC STRUCTURE

COLUMN 2

LOCAL THEMES

3.L First explorers

3.3 Exploration by settlers:Wilderness and coal outcrops

3.4 Tourism

3.5 Bush-walking

4.1 General surveying

15

COLUMN 3EXAMPLES OF TYPES OFEVIDENCE

Mt Jellore's importance as point ofmapping reference.Oxley's grants around Bowral:Wingecarribee built in 1857 bydescendant in Kirkham St.Oxley's lookout, Mt Gibraltar(Note: Barrallier's Nattai depot isin Wollondilly)Throsby's grants.

Opening up of Nattai wilderness.Exploration for coal in Nattaigorge, at Bundanoon and at BlackBob's Creek, west of Exeter.

Wombeyan Caves from 1840's.

Mittagong-Katoomba EnsignBarrallier Walk: tracks cleared andidentified 1985-8 by EnsignBarrallier Club and NattaiFoundation. See Robert Sloss,Walking Tracks of Mittagong andNattai, Mittagong 1990. NattaiNational Park proposed by ColongFoundation for Wilderness.

Importancereference

of Mt Jellore aspoint for Mitchell's

4.2 Laying-out of townships: initialtown-plans preserved

surveyors.

BerrimaSutton ForestRobertsonMittagongWingelloBowralMoss ValeNew Berrima L92ßBong Bong 182ó (cairn on MossVale Road)+Murrimba 1835 (on both sides ofPaddy's River near HumeHighway) archaeological site

Fitzroy (=Welby)NattaiNew SheffieldSouth Lambton (see Bundanoonparish map)Bundanoon (see Bundanoon parishmap)

4.3 Private fowns

16

COLUMN 1

STATE THEMES

4. Surveyors & landtenures (cont'd)

5. Pastoral expansion 5.1 Wild cattle

5.2 Beef cattle

5.3 Sheep stations

5.4 Tanneries

FIGURE 23 Cont'd.

WINGECARRIBEE THEMATIC STRUCTUR.E

COLUMN 2

LOCAL THEMES

4.4 Water Board catchment

4.5 National Parks leases

4.6 State forests

COLUMN 3

EXAMPLES OF TYPES OFEVIDENCE

Catchment for Nepean and AvonDams

Morton National Park

Meryla (north-west section)WingelloPenroseBelangloBangadilly

NSW Calendar & GPO Directorlu1832,96

Throsby Park (Throsby)Oldbury (Atkinson)

Jamison Hill at Bowral, namedafter Oxley's shepherd and site ofOxley's sheep-foldBullio station under Cordearx.Woolsheds, eg Jemidee on'Wombeyan Caves Road, Barrallier2311808 619512N

'k4 in Berrima district in 1840's.Export of wattle bark to Sydney in1840's.

Dairy buildings on propertiesGrowth of butter factories in1880's because of wholemilkindustry in Illawarra:Robertson (2)Wildes MeadowKangaloon, East and WestGlenquarryBowralExeterCheese factory: Robertson andBowralMilk depot, with butter factory,Moss Vale 1920's.Mort's Fresh Food & Ice Co,Mittagong, est. 1870's (on Maltingsestate): catchment along southernrailway.

6. Pastoraldiversification

Dairying,making

6.r butter and cheese

FIGURE 23 Cont'd.


COLUMN 2

LOCAL THEMES

T7


King Ranch, Milton Park, Bowral

COLUMN 1

STATE THEMES

6. Pastoraldiversification(cont'd)

1. Agriculturalexpansron

8 Agriculturaldiversification

Horse-studs

Cattle-studs

6.2

6.3 Ki.gstud

Ranch, first Santa Gertrudisin Australia.

1,L

1.2

6.4 Abattoirs

Wheat growing

Flour-milling in Berrima area

Berrima District Meats Ltd, MossVale.

1830's to 1860's, when rust struck

+Windmills: near Braemar, 1831 inarea 1842-69 (2 in 1850-1);Oldbury 1827*Watermills - one in Berrima1845-50*Horsemills: in area, I842-6L (4 in1844,3 in 1845-7)*Steam mills: in Berrima and areaL831-19: 1 in Berrima 1837;2 narea 1850-6; 1860-5; 3 in area1866-7;4in area 1868-9; 2in area1870-8. Throsby Park 1849.

* No precise locations known forthese sites with exception ofOldbury (not surviving) andThrosby Park (where the buildingsurvives).

Grown in small quantities in 19thcentury but expansion encouragedby Tooths for the Maltings atMittagong in 20th century: thusseries of barley stores and sheds atMaltings.

Maltings, Mittagong

Surviving fruit trees, Houses,Packing Sheds - Bundanoon, 19thcentury, Joadja, early 20th century,Yerrinbool, 20th century.

Earliest at Sutton Forest in l-830's.Significant at Robertson andBundanoon from 1860's.Changed field patterns inRobertson area.

Alternative to potatoes whenpotatoes failed in 1890's atRobertson and Bundanoon.

8.1" Barley

8.2 Brewing at Mittagong

8.3 Orchards

8.4 Potatoes

8.5 Turnips

18

COLUMN 1

STATE THEMES

8 Agriculturaldiversification(cont'd)

9. Changing theenvironment

10. Gold

8.6

8.7

FIGURE 23 Cont'd.


COLUMN 2

LOCAL THEMESCOLUMN 3

EXAMPLES OF TYPES OFEVIDENCE

Mittagong and Bowral.

At 'Ferndale', Bundanoon, 1-920's

to l-930's.

Surviving Chinese gardens inMittagong; commercial cabbageand other vegetable gardens atAvoca and Glenquarry.

Clearing patterns in rurallandscapes.

Numerous mills at Bundanoon;Robertson; AvocaSurviving traditional mills inBessemer St, Mittagong and atBurrawang

Blue Circle Southern Cement,Berrima &- Medway Dam onWingecarribee near Berrima forcement works: Mittagong 255880E617965NGravel quarry on WombeyanCaves Road, Richlands 1138208620039N

eg: Bowral, Moss Vale, Exeter

Mushrooms

Tung nuts

8.8 Market gardening

8.9 Plant nurseries

8.10 Hobby farms

9.1 Land clearance

9.2 Timber-getting

9.3 Cement production and gravelextraction

9.4 Tree-planting: wind-breaks;driveways, streets & gardens

9.5

9.6

Garden creation

Landscape cemeteries

Bowral area

eg: Bowral General Cemetery,Berrima General Cemetery.

Old Mittagong goldheld onDiamond Fields Creek (nowDiggers Creek): first rush 1879,second 1883; puddling introducedat Dunstan & Co l-886. Location:Avon River 2152408 618088N

10.1 Alluvial gold-mining

COLUMN 1

STATE THEMES

11. Minerals other thangold

FIGURE 23 Cont'd.

WINGECARRIBEE THEMATIC STRUCTUR"E


11.1 Coal-mining

L1.2 Coke-making

L1-.3 Clay products and cement

11.4 Stone quarrying: trachyte,sandstone

11.5 Shale-oil mining and processingat Joadja

11.6 Iron-ore mining and smelting

t9


Bundanoon: Ringwood, 1884, l-897.Rock Roof 1860's-c.1872.Erith L881-5, 1896.

Mittagong: Nattai.Box Vale.

Berrima: Cataract L867.Berrima (L890 renamed GreatSouthern).Medway. Loch Catherine1920's.

Erith colliery, Bundanoon, 1,885:coke oven (ruined) survives(Bundanoon 25L8408 6159¿l4N).

Brickworks:Mittagong, clay-pit at Maltings.Bowral, Baker's survives withimpressive traditional features(1920's)

Cement:lmportance of Hoskins:Southern Portland CementWorks, Berrima, 1-920's; nowBlue Circle Southern Cement.

Trachyte at Mt Gibraltar: cf.houses and funeral monuments(eg: Anglican section of BowralGeneral Cemetery)Sandstone at Bundanoon.Sandstone quarry at Mittagong(Mittagong 2626008 6 18578N)

Township of JoadjaAdit minesProcessing plant: retorts andrefineryInclinesRailway to Mittagong*Berrima Downs refinery(Mittagong 2548208 618156)

Fitzroy blast furnace site: rock-cutfootings and runnels (stones fromfurnace facing said to be used inSchool of Arts, Mittagong, 17.3)Site of rolling mills N of nos 1-85,

1"93 Hume HighwaySurviving iron smelted at Fitzroyand still in Wingecarribee:

lions 1-850: 2 at MittagongPublic School

z0

COLUMN 1

STATE THEMES

1-3. Country towns &villages: Foundation,growth and changingrole

FIGURE 2.3 Cont'd.


COLUMN 2

LOCAL THEMES

13.1 Towns


roof supports for UnitingChurch, Albert S treet,Mittagong, L865*Lamp-post formerly ingrounds of St Stephen'sAnglican church 1878 (otFitzroy land): ?present location(was still in church grounds1948).See also 15.7.

Dunstan & Southey's mine onDiggers Creek, L884-6, Finlay 1887(Avon River 2'l524OE 618088N)

Bowral, Moss Vale etc., 1870onwards

Refreshment rooms, MittagongRailway station

Throsby Park (Earl of Belmore1868)Hillview, Sutton Forest (1881-1958)

BerrimaBowralMittagongMoss Vale

11. Minerals other thangold (cont'd)

11.6 (cont'd)

11.7 Alluvial diamond mining

l-2. Growth of Sydney 12.1 Building of summer houses

I2.2 Rall transport

12.3 Governors' residences

13.2 Villages AylmertonBalaclavaBalmoralBraemarBundanoonBurradooBurrawangColo ValeExeterFitzroy FallsHill TopKangaloonKangaloon, E,astNew BerrimaPenroseRobertsonSutton ForestWelbyWillow ValeWingelloYerrinbool

COLUMN 1

STATE THEMES

14. Migration

15. Transport

FIGURE 23 Cont'd.


COLUMN 2

LOCAL THEMES

14.1 Scottish settlement

14.2 Chinese market gardening

14.3 German prisoners of war

15.1 Movement corridors, north-south:roads

15.2 Movement corridors, east-west:roads

15.3 Bridges built by David Lennox

L5.4 Early inns & [ravellers' hotels

2I


Joadja, tightly knit miningcommunityRobertson, scattered farmers

Garden & house E of Chinaman'sCreek, Mittagong, occupied byChinese in 1880's (Mittagong2643908 6185r.1N)

Reuse of Berrima gaol, 1-91-4-8.

Dam built by prisoners inWingecarribee River at foot ofOxley Street, BerrimaCanoe built by prisoners inBerrima Museum.

Mitchell's Great South RoadDevelopment of Hume HighwayImpact of new Mittagong bypassthrough Nattai gorge (which hasdestroyed well preserved andunrecorded adits of the FitzroyCo.'s colliery of the 1840's.)

Wombeyan Caves Road (andJoadja access). Buttressing ondescent to tJ/ollondilly River.Goodman's Ford on Wollondilly:since 1967 a low-level bridge.Bullio tunnel, 1900.

Berrima, 1833-6, destroyed 1-860

but stone blocks survive in MarketPlace Park, Berrima.Black Bob's Creek, 1834-6, stillwith stone walls and piers intact,but concrete arch replaces theoriginal wooden beams (Moss Vale2482008 617023N)

BerrimaBong BongSutton ForestMittagong

22

COLUMN 1

STATE THEMES

1-5. Transport (cont'd)

FIGURE 23 Cont'd.



15.5 Movement corridors, north-south:rail

COLUMN 3

EXAMPLES OF TYPES OFEYIDENCE

Main Southern LinePicton to Mittagong loopRailway stations:

BowralBundanoonColo ValeMittagongMoss ValePenroseWingelloYerrinbool

Moss Vale to Unanderra, opened1932, subsidised by industry:Hoskins, who needed to linkMarulan limestone quarries,Berrima Cement works and PortKembla ironworks)Stations:

BurrawangRanelagh F{ouse, Robertson(Robertson Hotel)Robertson

Coal tramways:Box Vale 1888-96Fitzroy Iron Works 1873RingwoodErith, Coalmines Road,Bundanoon

Shale-oil railway, Joadja toMittagong; tramways within JoadjaIndustrial sidings: Joadja CreekDepot siding at Mittagong S ofmain station: some of siding trackis intact beside Caltex depotBridges for tramways: Box Valeover Kells Ck, stone-cut footings increek bed, 1888 (Mittagong2626408 6L8726)Embankments for Box Vale bridgeover unnamed creek, 1888(Mittagong 2621008 618763N)Winding machinery: footings onMt Alexander for winding engineon include for Fitzroy coal, 1873(Mittagong 2659 qE 618562N)Winding house and wheel forJoadja main incline at top ofincline; archaeological remains ofCarter's incline with horse-whim.

15.6 Movement corridors, east-west:rail

15.7 Private industrial railwaysand tramways

COLUMN 1

STATE THEMES

15. Transport (cont'd)

16. Government andBureaucracy

FIGUR-E 2.3 Cont'd.

WINGECARRIBEE THEMATIC STRUCTUR-E


L5.8 Tunnels & deep cuttings,road and raill-

15.9 Private air transport

16.1 Municipal organisation

L6.2 Law and order

23


Tunnels:The Gib L866 (state rail)Mt Alexander 1873 (privatecoal tramway) (Mittagong2659208 618570N)Box Vale 1888 (private coaltramway) (Mittagong 2636608618838N)Bullio 1900, Wombeyan CavesRoad.

Rail cutting N of Hill Top isdeepest in NSW, on Picton toMittagong loop (Hill Top 269800E61981lN)

Landing-fields:Bowral (3): Sproule Lane,Eridge Park Road, W ofBoardman Road.Mittagong: Gt Southern Road,N of Diamond Fields Road.Mandemar: Mandemar Lane.Moss Vale: In loop ofWingecarribee River, E ofBerrima Junction.Bundanoon: S of FerndaleRoad.

Bowral Council Chambers,Bendooley St 1889 (BowralMunicipality 1886-1980)Mittagong Council Chambers 1889(Mittagong Municipality 1889-1938,1es3-80)Moss Vale Council Chambers,Arthur/Throsby St 1890 (MossVale Municipaliry 1888-1953)*Meeting-place of Nattai ShireCouncil, 1906-49*of Wingecarribee Shire Council,1906-

Court houses:Berrima 1835-8Bowral 1896Mittagong 1886Moss Vale I92I-2

Gaol:Berrima 1836-9

24

COLUMN T

STATE THEMES

l-6. Government andBureaucray (cont'd)

17. Cultural & social life

FIGURE 2.3 Cont'd.


COLUMN 2

LOCAL THEMES

16.3 Vice-regal residences & politicalpresence

17.1 Education: state, private &boarding schools

17.2 Religion

17.3 Cultural activities and social life:Schools of Arts, music, theatre


Throsby Park, Earl of Belmore,1868Hillview, Sutton Forest (formerlyProspect), governors 1881-1958Federal and state politicians'residences in Southern Highlands.

State schoolsPrivate schools eg:

FrenshamBerrima Bridge Nursery(former school)Winifred West, Mittagong(Clubbe Hall received BlacketPrize 1966)Tudor Flouse, Moss Vale(a Horbury Hunt house)

Churches, manses andpresb¡eries:

Catholic (inc. Harper'sMansion, Berrima)AnglicanPresbyterian /UnitingMethodist/UnitingOther denominations

Schools of Arts:Berrima, Argyle St 1867Bowral, 20 Bendooley St 1885Mittagong (said to be madefrom Fitzroy blast furnacestone facing)Moss Vale, Argyle Street 1891-

Joadja 1886Berrima District Arts Councilopera & ballet*Theatre Royal, Mittagong (activein 1920's)

COLUMN 1

STATE THEMES

17. Cultural & social life(cont'd)

FIGURE 23 Cont'd.


COLUMN 2

LOCAL THEMES

17.4 Cultural attractions for tourists:museums, antique shops, craftshops, book shops, music

25


Museums:Berrima Museum, BerrimaOld Bakery, BerrimaBradman Museum, BowralSchoolhouse Museum, BowralPublic School

Galleries:Art galleries, adaptive reuse ofearly buildings in, esp., Berrima

Crafts: Sturt Workshops,Mittagong, Adaptive reuse ofhistoric buildings

Book Shops:Berkelouw's Book Barn &Rare Books

Music:Mittagong residential musicschools.

Eg: 64 in Bundanoon between1890 and 1980's: the well-sited TheKnoll in Osborn Ave, is now SolarSprings Health RetreatBicycle hire for tourists: Ye OldeBicycle Shoppe, Bundanoon.

Development of Mittagong toWombeyan road: Bullio tunnel1900, buttressing down toWollondilly 1901, Goodmans Fordbridge 1967Caves House, 1889-1934, whenburnt down: water cistern survivesbeside present Rangers' OfficePumping of water from MaresForest Creek, 1950 (pumphouse isin Mulwaree Shire but pipesextend into Wingecarribee)(Richlands 1123608 619870N)Scientific investigation of cavesystem: see Sydney SpeleologicalSociety, Wombeyan Caves, L982.

Dahlia Festival, Mittagong,FebruaryTulip Festival, Bowral, October.

18. Leisure 18.1- Guesthouses

18.2.Wombeyan Caves

18.3 Flower festivals

1"8.4 Gardens of Southern Highlands Bowral, Moss Vale, Bundanoon

26

COLUMN 1

STATE THEMES

18. Leisure (cont'd)

l-9. Environmentalawareness

FIGURE 23 Cont'd.


COLUMN 2

LOCAL THEMES

18.5 Sport for visitors, summerresidents & permanent residents

18.6 Canberra links, sport, houses,tourism

19.1 The natural environment: walkingtracks & wilderness

t9.2'|he built environment: townconservation


Golf courses and club houses:Bowral 1901: a socialdiscriminator (see R Wild,Bradstow)Bundanoon, 3 18-hole courses,tournaments l-920's to 1968,29-hole courses private toguesthousesMoss ValeMittagong

Cricket:Bradman house and museum,BowralBill O'Reilly at Wingello inL920's

Horse-racing:Bundanoon, Ferndale Road,L9th centuryBong Bong Picnic Races, 191-1-

Bundanoon, Erith Street, 1937.

Morton National Park:Bundanoon

Area Walking TracksNattai Foundation 8. EnsignBarrallier Club (cf 3.5)Colong Foundation for Wilderness:

proposals for Nattai NationalPark

Department of Lands:walking tracks, Nattai

Caretakers and rangers atWombeyan Caves since l-865Box Vale near MittagongCave Creek near MittagongNational Trust, BerrimaDistrict BranchMount Gibraltar WalkingTrack.

National Trust, Berrima DistrictBranch:

Conservation of BerrimaBerrima Courthouse Trust

Bundanoon History GroupUrban Conservation Areas:

BerrimaBowralPioneer St Precinct, Mittagong

COLUMN 1

STATE THEMES

19. Environmentalawareness(cont'd)

20. Water resources

2I. A place to live

22. Building Styles

23. Boom and Bust

24. Industrialisation anddeindustralisation

FIGURE 23 Cont'd.

WINGECARRIIìEE THEMATIC STRUCTURE

COLUMN 2

LOCAL THEMES

19.3 Rural landscapes

20.1 Water supply for Sydney

20.3 Water supply for local needs

20.4 Industrial dams

21.1 Summer residences

21.2 Historic areas

21.3 Retirement houses

22.1 Styles from L820's to date:

Bowral

n


Heritage Study Landscape Units(See Section 3.2)

Catchment for Nepean and Avondams

Wingecarribee reservoirLambie's Well, Berrima, 1-840Berrima Vy'ater Supply DamBundanoon Creek DamBong Bong ReservoirWelby Dam, Nattai Creek, forMittagong

Cement works dam onWingecarribee near Berrima(Mittagong 558796)

Town and country residences, 1870onwards

NB: "'Wingecarribee", KirkhamRoad, Bowral is an exceptionallyrare example in NSW of aprefabricated iron house, importedwith all its fittings.

Mittagong: Fitzroy

23.1 A general backdrop to manyheritage features

24.1 ^|he rise and fall of the ironindustry

24.2 '|he rise and fall of the shale-oilindustry

Joadja

28

COLUMN 1

STATE THEMES

25. RuralChange

26. Life Cycle

Population 25.1 Summer houses for wealthy Numerous examples of residencespeople, with associated gardens,from 1870's

25.2 Retired people settling in Bowralarea

Burradoo

25.3 Depopulation of Joadja in 20thcentury

25.4 Hobby farms on sub-dividedfarms

25.5 Tourist boom from 1870's Guesthouses, hotelsonwards

25.6 Soldier settlement Penrose

26.1 Cemeteries (list is incomplete) Berrima, GeneralBong Bong, Christ ChurchBowral, GeneralBowral, St Jude'sBundanoon, Holy TrinityJoadjaMittagong, Diamond Fields RdCatholicSutton Forest, All Saints AnglicanSutton Forest, St Patrick's Catholic

FIGURE 23 Cont'd.


COLUMN 2

LOCAL THEMES

26.2 Infant welfare

26.3 Community care

26.4 Hospitals

26.5 Retirement villages


Bowral District Hospital 1889

Bowral

2.5 HISTORICAL SYNOPSIS OFWINGECARRIBEE

The section which follows is presented as a

summary of the human response to theWingecarribee's physical characteristics, aresponse which has determined the essentialfeatures of the history of the area.

The synopsis was prepared by R Ian Jack as partof the process of analysis of the historical featuresof the area. It utilised the thematic structurepresented in Section 2.4 of this report and theregional history provided in the State HistoricalGuidelines.

Location

The Southern Highlands are far enough fromSydney and the coast to have their owndevelopment flavour but are close enough toSydney and Canberra by road and rail to establishlinkages which are not general to country areas.

Aboriginal culture

Before the coming of white settlers what is nowknown as Wingecarribee was part of a muchwider area occupied by the Gundungurra people,extending from Goulburn in the south to Camdenin the northeast. The beliefs about the creationof the Wingecarribee River, the Wombeyan Cavesand other waterways or caves are highlysignifrcant to Aboriginal people today and thehigh concentration of campsites aroundWombeyan Caves reflects a continuing valueplaced on the area throughout the early contactperiod.

Aboriginal-European interaction

The massive disruption to traditional lifestylescaused by European settlement in theBerrima-Mittagong-Moss Vale-Sutton Forestrectangle had a number of results by the laternineteenth century. Aboriginal population wasreduced by European diseases. The survivingpeople continued something of their old life in thewest and northwest of Wingecarribee: in 1838

Surveyor-General Thomas Mitchell called theNattai wilderness the 'haunt and secure retreat'for his Aboriginal friends. An increasing

29

proportion of Aboriginal people worked atherding, fencing and domestic chores for whites.

No attention seems to have been paid toAboriginal sites, either direct contact sites in thesettled arsas or traditional sites of the nineteenthcentury in the wild country around Mount Jelloreor adjacent to the Wollondilly and lowerWingecarribee rivers: there is a prinu facielikelihood that significant sites of the contactperiod do exist and constitute part of theWingecarribee's heritage.

The Gundungurra people had been largelyinsulated, despite occasional social gatherings withcoastal Aboriginal people. The systematicEuropean opening of the area from Sydney andthe Cowpastures created new lines ofcommunication, confirmed in the building of theGreat South Road and satirised in the Aboriginalsong recorded by Mitchell in 1828:

Road goes vea.king lortg shoesRoad goes wtcle and brother white ntan see.

The squeaking boots of the convict labourers,their overseers and the early pastoralists linkedWingecarribee indissolubly with the growth ofSydney, the politics of Sydney and the economicdemands of the colony.

Convict labour

The policy of forced convict labour on publicworks is reflected in early sections of the GreatSouth Road. The sites of stockades occupied byconvict road builders have been identified atBerrima, Black Bob's Creek and Wingello (wherethere is also a burial ground); the importantbridge built by David Lennox over Black Bob'sCreek is still in existence but now bypassed, whilethe stonework from Lennox's Berrima bridgesurvives out of context. The roadway itself, likethe better-known Old North Road, had manystone culverts for drainage. These survive inanother bypassed stretch of the olcl road, atBundanoon, while some of the stonework forPaddy's River crossingin I8L9-20 is still in place.

Convict building for convict administration is alsoin evidence in cells below two formsr inns atMittagong and Berrima and the earliest portion ofBerrima Gaol, which, like the 1838 courthouse,used convict masons.

30

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European exploration

The exploration of the area, in which convictsparticipated, was initially closely bound to theneed for expansion of cattle and sheep grazing.Mount Jellore, the distinctive peak of the Nattaiwilderness, could be seen from Sydney andconstituted one of the major reference points formapping in the time of Thomas Mitchell andbeyond. As a result of these practicalities oftracing wild cattle, discovering the settlementpotential of the area and creating workable maps,some of the very rugged parts of Wingecarribeewere penetrated early. The bush tracks fromMittagong to the Blue Mountains, now beingopened up, aro a major reminder of the age ofBarrallier, Throsby, Sturt, Oxley and Mitchell;and the success of the Wombeyan Caves as a

tourist destination has been generated over a

century and a half. As the area was settled,secondary exploration, particularly for coal andiron, created new activities in the Bundanoonescarpment and Nattai gorgo.

Early settlement

Settlement was dominated by free-born men ofsome substance, who held the more importantgrants of freehold and leasehold lancl. JamesAtkinson, whose 1826 book on farming in NewSouth Wales is so important, was an early settlerat Oldbury and there, as at Throsby Park, theelegance of the handful of principal homesteadsbuilt by the wealthy minority of settlers is stillvery evident. The clearing of the land foragriculture and more intensive grazing wasinitially done close to the homesteads: theaverage cleared area on a grant was less than 200

hectares in the 1828 census, so the larger holdingshad only a very small percentage of their landcleared in the first decades of settlement. Theareas of intensive clearance in the 1820's andL830's were, predictably and visibly, the fertilecreek valleys where townships were laid out andsmall farms for army veterans, middlingentrepreneurs and innkeepers were created.Some of these townships have not developed anyurban character: Bong Bong, for example, on theflats of the upper Wingecarribee was supersededby Berrima (where the soil is shallower) not leastbecause Lennox could build a bridge there uponrock; while Murrimba failed simply becausePaddy's River was less fertile. The area aroundMittagong, Moss Vale and Bowral was lightlytimbered in any case and the natural grazlng for

31.

cattle, a few sheep, some horses and, later, pigsencouraged the growth of service centres.Because of the dominance of a few majorlandholders and because of the increasingindustrialisation of Mittagong, an unusual numberof private towns was established and flourished.Four of these have succeeded where Bong Bongand Murrimba failed: one, Bundanoon, becameboth an industrial and a tourist centre, while theother three combined to create the very curiousurban geography of modern Mittagong.

Early Pastoralism

The early emphasis on fattening cattle in thesoutheast and sheep in the northwest is shown ina few heritage places, such as the well-knownhomesteads, including the Badgery houses atSutton Forest, the woolsheds of the WombeyanCaves Road the naming of Jamison Hill at Bowralafter Oxley's shepherd.

Dairying

The diversification of the cattle area into intensivedairying was contingent on three majordevelopments. Two of these were closelyinterlocked. Easy access to the railway system,which had reached Mittagong in 1867, stimulatedthe Fresh Food & Ice Co., established by T.S.Mort in 1875, to open its major countrymilk-chilling plant in Mittagong, not in theIllawarra. Mittagong at once became the vitallink for dairy properties radiating along thesouthern railway. The other fundamental changein technology came in 1,883 when the Fresh FoodCo. installed the first cream-separators in thecolony at the Mittagong factory: this Danishinnovation led quickly to the spread of butterfactories in Robertson, Kangaloon, Glenquarryand other places and encouraged pig-breeding toutilise the skimmed milk by-product. All this hasleft substantial heritage items from the latenineteenth and early twentieth century: factories,dairies, bails, cleared land for intensive grazing as

well as piggeries and styes.

Rural industry: flour-mills

Agricultural exploitation in Wingecarribee hadthree phases, characteristic of agrarian New Southrùy'ales in general. The first phase laid anemphasis on grain crops, especially wheat. The

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34

wheat areas along the river valleys between 1830and 1870 created a need for local flourmills: a

dozen flourmills using wind, horse, water andultimately steam for power were built. Most ofthese mills were in the hinterland of Berrima andSutton Forest: only the Throsby Park mill of L849

survives intact, but the siting of the mills is ofheritage significance. The mills depended onlocal wheat, but wheat was devastated by thedisease called rust in the 1860's, here as

elsewhere.

The last mill in the Berrima police district closedin 1879: Throsby Park steam mill had alreadysold its machinery in 1876. The attempt toreintroduce milling at Burrawang in 1880 reflectsthe resumption of wheat-growing in theRobertson district, but this milling enterprise didnot pay and closed within a few years.

Agricultural diversification

Instead there was some encouragement for barley:the Maltings at Mittagong which opened in 1899needed supplies of barley and some of this wasgrown locally. Orchards, which had beencommon on the basalt soils from the earlysettlement, now became commercial enterprises:the fruit-trees, houses and packing sheds are stillvisible in places as different as Joadja andBundanoon, Sutton Forest and Yerrinbool.

Potatoes too had been grown in small quantitiesby the early settlers, but only from the 1860's didthey become dominant in the east, at Robertson,the Kangaloons and Bundanoon: the change infarmlands to enclose small potato-fields is finelyillustrated in the new dry-stane dykes of lateVictorian Robertson. The danger of dependenceon a single crop, familiar to wheat farmers, wasagain shown in the 1890's when potatoes failed.Turnips (not a complete novelty) were thenplanted commercially to replace the potatoharvest, while local cabbages, particularly atGlenquarry, became a famous crop in the l-890's.These market-garden developments changed thecultural landscape and within the town ofMittagong one of the modest houses of theChinese gardens along Chinaman's Creek remainsastonishingly well preserved.

The third phase of agrarian diversification sawentirely new crops: mushrooms in Mittagong andBowral, tung nuts at Bundanoon (withcharacteristic silos) and nurseries for garden

plants (a prominent feature of the highway today).Since World V/ar II many large properties havebeen subdivided to create the new features ofhobby farms.

Environmental change

These pastoral and agricultural changes haveshaped the landscape. The progressive, selectiveclearing of the land followed settlement needs.Thus the Sutton Forest and Bong Bong area isexceptionally altered, with wholesale clear-cuttingin the colonial period and many exotic plantings;the sheep-farming regions to the northwest showpartially cleared hillsides; while the agriculturalland in the east, around Robertson and theKangaloons was both cleared and progressivelyenclosed. The process of clearing created a

commercial timber industry and the survivingtraditional timbermills, such as the one inBessemer Street, Mittagong, are importantheritage places. In the late Victorian towns,especially Bowral, Moss Vale and Bundanoon,many exotic trees were planted in public placesand the creation of the celebrated gardens andlandscaped cemeteries in the Bowral area over thelast hundred years has added a whole newdimension to the changing environment.

Extractive industry

Wingecarribee is indelibly marked by agricultureand grazing. The importance of extractiveindustry to Wingecarribee's heritage is, however,considerable and has been seriously undervalued.The reasons for this lack of appreciation arethreefold: first, there was virtually no goldminingin the shire (save on Diggers Creek in 1879-86);secondly, none of the industry was a majoreconomic success; and thirdly, mining does not lieeasily with the public image of the SouthernHighlands. Yet there is a very striking andunusual heritage of mining in Wingecarribee.

Joad.ia and shale-oil

One mining site is of national importance andcould well be considered for World Heritagelisting: this is Joadja, the most complete shale-oilcomplex in existence anylvhere. The kerosenerevolution which followed the exploitation ofoil-shale seams in Scotland in the 1860'sprofoundly affected social life in the late

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nineteenth century: nothing remains of theindustry in Scotland and of the Nerv South Walessites which were the principal alternative sourcesfor kerosene, waxes and oils in the period before1920 only Newnes and Hartley Vale rival Joadja:but Newnes lacks the social dimension of theScottish village and its amenities which survive inruins in the landlocked, paradisal, pastoral valleyof Joadja, and Hartley Vale lacks the magisterialbanks of D-shaped retorts which are a vital partof Joadja.

Iron and coal: Mittagong and Bundanoon

Joadja was linked by rail to Mittagong. AtMittagong there are the inscrutable foundations ofthe Fitzroy blast furnace on the site where thefirst smelting of Australian iron ore took place in18,8. This poorly presented site is an icon for theiron industry and is linked with the much moreimpressive heritage of its raw materials network,the tramway route over Mount Alexander with thewinding-engine footings, a fine rock-cut tunneland the incline to a coalmine deep in Nattaigorge. The touristic potential of Fitzroy, LakeAlexandra and the Mount Alexander coaltramway is high and higher when combined withthe ironworkers' houses of the 1860's in thePioneer Street Precinct of Mittagong.

The coal of Nattai Gorge also created the BoxVale Tramway, near Mittagong, now a

Department of Lands walk and of high heritagevalue, while the same coal seam has been minednear Berrima for the past 135 years and a cognateseam in the gorge walls at Bundanoon over thelast four decades of the nineteenth century. Allthe mines and their tramways are in dramaticscenery and Bundanoon has also that rare bird, an1880's coke oven.

These industrial sites are supplemented inMittagong by movable iron objects made fromFitzroy iron (the 1850 lions at the Pioneer Streetschool, the lamp-post of 1878 at St Stephen's, theroof supports for the 1865 Uniting Church).When all this is combined with the importance ofthe Maltings, the most substantial brewery andmalthouses outside Sydney, Mittagong becomes a

highly significant industrial centre.

Brickworks: Bowral

Even Bowral, with its aristocratic houses andgardens, in the Bowral Urban Conservation Area,has a significant industrial heritage, with theimpressively traditional Brickworks of the 1920's

and the most important trachyte quarry in thestate high on Mount Gibraltar.

Modern coal and cement

In the twentieth century, industry hasconcentrated on a few coalmines near Berrimaand the massive structures of Blue CircleSouthern Cement at Berrima, begun in the 1,920's,

with a large industrial dam.

Summer residences and guesthouses

The relative significance of industry in the shirehas declined as the area has become more andmore a retirement retreat for graziers or asummer residence for the well-to-do in the hotcoastal conurbations. The cool summers of theHighlands created much of the architect-designedhousing and self-conscious garden planning ofBowral and Moss Vale, the sixty-four guesthousesof Bundanoon, the Robertson Hotel, thevice-regal residence of Hillview at Sutton Forestand some rather grand railway stations, withrefreshment rooms at Mittagong and theGovernor's private waiting-room at Moss Vale.

Linkages with Canberra and Sydney

The convenient proximity to Canberra has beenreflected in sporting facilities, tourism and housingfor federal politicians and public servants,paralleling the impact of Sydneysiders. Theflower festivals, Mittagong's dahlias in February,Bowral's tulips in October, are a colourful aspectof these relationships. The continuingdevelopment of road, rail and now also air linkswith the two major cities have made thenorth-south corridor still the dominantcommunication link, as Thomas Mitchell expected.The changes in Berrima, making it as much a lateVictorian as a Georgian town, the creation ofBowral and Moss Vale, the coalescence ofMittagong out of separate private villages, are allpart of the north-south linkage. David Lennox'sbriclge surviving at Black Bob's Creek and thestones from his Berrima bridge are thepre-Victorian antecedents of the MittagongBy-Pass bridge in Nattai gorge which is modifyingthe wilderness toclay.

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East-west linkages: Wombeyan and Robertson

East-west traffic has remained a minor linkage.To the west there is only the road to rJy'ombeyan

Caves, with interesting traces of its earlybuttressing and its l-900 tunnel east of Bulliosheep-station. The roads to the coast convergingon Robertson have been accompanied by a

railway line since 1932 only because of the linksbetween the Hoskins'Port Kembla ironworks andtheir limestone interests at Marulan and Berrima.

I-eisure and culture

The development of old towns and new towns inthe Victorian period created cultural and socialamenities, all reflected in the existing heritage ofschools, churches, Schools of Arts, parks,cemeteries, hospitals and the like andsupplemented in the last hundred years bymunicipal buildings, libraries, museums, galleriesand craft workshops. The importance of golf as

a social discriminator, so viviclly analysed in RonWild's Bradstow, the anthropologist's pseudonymfor Bowral of the 1960's, has abated, but thesocial cachet of horse-racing continues in theBong Bong Picnic Races.

Environmental awareness today

The popular interest in the environment, whilestill keenly concerned with exotic gardens, has

increasingly recognised the value of the less

modified landscape, with well-consideredproposals for a Nattai National Park, intelligentpublicity for walks in Morton National Park, theestablishment of a National Trust walking trackon Mount Gibraltar, of Department of Landstracks at Box Vale and Cave Creek and theinterest in historical tracks fostered by the NattaiFoundation and Ensign Barrallier Club. V/ithinthe townscapes, urban conservation areas havealready been established in Berrima, Bowral andin Pioneer Street, Mittagong, and, as the bulk ofthe inventory items in this study suggests, there isa great deal of potential for urban conservation ofindividual properties, streetscapes and precinctsreflecting the 170 years of heritage creation inWingecarribee.

2.6 THEMATIC'STOCKTAKE'

The purpose of this Thematic 'Stocktake' is toprovide an analysis of the extent to which theevidence of local and state historical themes, as

discussed in the previous section of the report, iscovered by heritage identification and assessmentactivity to date. The task of relating heritagethemes to the physical evidence has beenundertaken for all the individual items/placeswhich constitute the Wingecarribee HeritageInventory. In compiling the Inventory records foreach item/place, the evidence was assessed in theconteK of local and state themes and anindication provided as to whether the item/placeillustrated or represented nominated themes.

The Inventory includes:

assessments of items/places currently listedon heritage registers/lists (Part A);

assessments of potential heritageitems/places which were not currently listedor recognised but surveyed by theconsultants when undertaking field work(Part B); and,

basic information about potential heritageitems/places which were observed in thecourse of field work or noted indocumentary sources (Part B).

By outlining the extent of coverage (see Figure2.12) it is intended that:

future directions for further research andsurvey activity are clearly indicated; and

particular'gaps' in assessment or inadequatecoverage of certain themes are identified.

The Thematic Stocktake has been summarised inFigure 2.I2. For each local theme and associatedstate theme the level of coverage provided in theInventory is indicated by a 'tick' in the relevantcolumns as follows:

COLUMN A : Potential evidence indicated inThematic History/S tructure

COLUMN B = Potential heritage items noted inInventory, Part B, but not fullyassessed

COLUMN C = Currently listed Inventory items(Part A) and items (Part B)which have been assessed.

39

FIGURE 2.9

WINGECARRIBEE THEMATIC'STOCKTAKE'

THEME InventoryCoverage*


A B C

Aboriginal culture &interactionBeliefs concerningwaterways and cavesSites occupied inwilderness area duringcontact periodEmployment as guidesto Throsby andMitchellInteraction with SirThomas Mitchell

Convict settlementEarly gaols and lock-upsConstruction of GreatSouth RoadOther public works

3. European exploration3.1 First explorers3.3 Exploration by settlers3.4 Wilderness and coal

outcrops3.5 Bush-walking

Surveyors & landIenuresGeneral surveyingLaying-out oftownships: initialtown-plans preservedPrivate townsWater BoardcatchmentNational Parks leasesState forests

Pastoral expansionWild cattleBeef cattleSheep stationsTanneries

PasLoral diversificationDairying, butter andcheese makingHorse-studsCattle-studsAbattoirs

1.3

t.4

4.34.5

6.26.36.4

2.3

4.

2.2

1.

1.1

t.2

4.74.2

4.64.1

5.5.15.25.35.4

6.6.1

2.2.1

A B C

AgriculturaldiversihcationBarleyBrewing at MittagongOrchardsPotatoesTurnipsMushroomsTung nutsMarket gardeningPlant nurseriesHobby farm

Changing theenvironmentLand clearanceTimber-gettingCement production andgravel extractionTree-planting: wind-breaks; driveways,streets & gardensGarden creationLandscape cemeteries

GoldAlluvial gold-mining

Minerals other thangoldCoal-miningCoke-makingClay products andcementStone quarrying:trachyte, sandstoneShale-oiI mining andprocessing at JoadjaIron-ore mining andsmeltingAlluvial diamondmining

l

8.

9

9.4

11.

tr.4

11.5

LL.6

IT.7

AgriculturalexpansronWheat growingFlour-milling inBerrima area

1.t7.2

8.18.28.38.48.58.68.78.88.98.10

9.r9.29.3

9.59.6

10.10.1

LL.l11..2

LL.3

* COLUMN A = Potential evidence indicated in Thematic History/Structure.COLUMN B = Potential heritage items noted in Inventory, Part B, but not fully assessed.COLUMN C = Currently listed lnventory items (Part A) and items (Part B) which have been

assessed.

40

THEME

FIGURES 2.9 Cont'd.


Inventory THEMECoverage*

InventoryCoverage*

A B c

15.15.1

15.2

15.3

1.5.4

15.5

15.6

ß.1

15.8

15.9

16.

16.116.2t6.3

Growth of SydneyBuilding of summerhousesRail transportGovernors' residences

Country towns &villages: Foundation,growth and changingroleTownsVillages

MigrationScottish settlementChinese marketgardeningGerman prisoners ofwar

TransportMovement corridors,north-south: roadsMovement corridors,east-west: roadsBridges built by DavidLennoxEarly inns & travellers'hotelsMovement corridors,north-south: railMovement corridors,east-west: railPrivate industrialrailways and tramwaysTunnels & deepcuttings, road and railPrivate air transport

Government andBureaucracyMunicipal organisationLaw and orderVice-regal residences &political presence

13.

14.3

12.t2.1

t2.212.3

13.L13.2

L4.t4.t14.2

A ts C

Cultural and Social LifeEducation: state, private& boarding schoolsReligionCultural activities andsocial life: Schools ofArts, music, theatreCultural attractions fortourists: museums,antique shops, craftshops, book shops,muslc

LeisureGuesthousesWombcyan CavesFlower festivalsGardens of SouthernHighlandsSport for visitors,summer residents &permanent residentsCanberra links, sport,houses, tourism

EnvironmentalawarenessThe naturalenvironment: walkingtracks & wildernessThe built environment:town conservationRural landscapes

Water resourcesWater supply for SydneyWater supply for localneedsIndustrial dams

A place to liveSummer residencesHistoric areasRetirement houses

Building StylesStyles from l-820's todate:

r7.4

18.6

19

19.r

19.3

r.8.5

19.2

20.4

11.L],I

tt.2t].3

18.18.118.2.18.318.4

20.20.t20.3

2t.2r.122.222.3

22.22.1.

I COLUMN A = Potential evidence indicated in Thematic History/Structure.COLUMN B = Potential heritage items noted in Inventory, Part B, but not fully assessed.

COLUMN C = Currently listed Inventory items (Part A) and items (Part B) which have beenasscssed.

4t

FIGURES 2.9 Cont'd.



COLUMN A = Potential evidence indicated in Thematic History/Structure.COLUMN B : Potential heritage items noted in Inventory, Part B, but not fully assessed.COLUMN C = Currcntly listcd Inventory items (Part A) and items (Part B) which have been

ASSESSEd.

A B C

Boom and BustA general backdrop tomany heritage features

Industrialisation anddeindustralisationThe rise and fall of theiron industryThe rise and fall of theshale-oil industry

Rural Population ChangeSummer houses forwealthy people, withassociated gardens, from1870',sRetired people settling inBowral areaDepopulation of Joadja in20th centuryHobby farms on sub-divided farmsTourist boom from 1870'sonwardsSoldier settlement

Life CycleCemeteries (list isincomplete)Infant welfareCommunity careHospitalsRetirement villages

25.3

25.2

25.4

25.5

25.6

23.23.r

24.

24.r

24.2

25.25.L

26.26.1

26.226.326.426.5

*

42

Some important features/aspects of the historicalevidence emerged from the stocktake.

Wingecarribee's historical evidence represenl-smain lhemes and recurring influences in thedevelopment not only of the LGA but the State as

a whole. To a lesser or greater extent, the Statethemes are all represented by physical evidence inWingecarribee. Apart from adjacent aroas in theout Sydney Region such as Wollondilly and theBlue Mountains aÍea, it is unusual to findevidence of as many State themes in one locality.This comprehensive representation of Statethemes reflects the proximity of Wingecarribee toSydney which resulted in exploration, pastoralismand settlement activities early in the colony'sdevelopment.

Results of the thematic 'stocktake' provide someimportant directions for future identification,survey and assessment of heritage places inrùy'ingecarribee. The following generalobservations are relevant:

(u) Physical assessmenI of itcms/place s onexisting heritage lists is concentrated inrelation to a limitod nunrbcr ol thcmes,these being:

Convict settlement, particularly earlygaols and lockups and public works(apart from the construction of theGreat South Road which has thepotential for further identification andsurvey of remaining evidence).

Transport, with early north-south roadand rail routes together with associatedinfrastructure and facilities (eg. bridgesand cuttings) travellers inns, railwaystations).

Growth of Syelney, particularly thebuilding of summer houses, railtransport and the Governors'residences.

Governm en t and Bureaucrac)r, includinglocal municipal organisation reflected incivic and administrative buildinglocations; law and order at the regionaland local level as evidenced by lockups,courthouses, police stations; and thepolitical presence associated with thevice-regal residences and the town andcountry residences of state politicians.

a place to live, illustrated in thenumbers of 19th and 20th centurysummer residences in town and countryand the large numbers of substantialretirement houses.

Building styles, representing mainly thenotable examples of housesrepresenting architectural styles fromthe 1820's through to the early 20thcentury.

Cultural life, especially schools andchurches.

(b) Additional assessment included in theStudy Inventory expanded the evidencerepresenting the themes listed in (a) aboveand provided a greater understanding ofevidence relating to other themes. Thesethemes included:

Changing the environment, especially inrelation to patterns of land clearance,tree planting, garden creation andlandscaped cemeteries.

Minerals other than gold, particularlycoal-mining, shale-oil mining and iron-ore mining and smelting.

Transport, in relation to privateindustrial railways and tramways.

Leisure, in relation to gardens of theSouthern Highlands.

Industrialisation and de-industrialisation

(c) A number of important 'gaps' are evidentin the range of evidence representingthemes for which potential evidence isknown or likely to exist. These 'gaps' arefor the following state themes:

Aboriginal culture and interactionEuropean explorationSurveyors and land tenuresAgricultural diversificationCountry towns and villagesLeisure

(d) Particular local themes or topics whichrequire further identification andassessment include:

Pastoral expansion - beef cattle

43

Pastoral diversification - dairying andstock breeding

Minerals other than gold -

supplementing new assessments

Transport - supplementing existing listsand new assessments

Environmental awareness

Water resources

A place to live

Building styles particularly vernacularpastoral, agricultural; and domesticbuildings

Town and village development.

2.7 CONCLUSION

The historic components of the study as presentedin this part of the report are essential tools inundertaking the assessment of the heritagesignificance of both individual heritage items andof Wingecarribee as a whole. This assessment ispresented in the next part of the rsport.Recommendations contained in the concludingchapters also reflecl the directions for further2identification and assessment which are anoutcome of the historical analysis.

44

Endnotes:

1, Jack, R. Ian & Jeans, D.N., Draft State Heitage Inventory. Historical Guidelines, Department ofPlanning, 1990. p,>xiii.

2. Department of Planning, Heritage Study Guidelines, Department of Planning, 1989.

3. See Appendix A

4. Jack, R. Ian & Jeans, D.N., Op cit p;oo<iii

5. Ibid., p.w<i

6. Rosen, S & Ashton, P.,Att Orttlirte Thentatic History of tlrc Wuryecsrribee Shire, an unpublished reportprepared for JRC Planning Services, December, 1991.

7. See Acknowledgments

8. Jack, R lan & Jeans, D.N., Op cit p.wiä

9. In NSW these have, in the main, been local government areas. Only a few regional studies have beencompleted.

10. Jack, R Ian & Jeans, D.N., Op cit p.w\v

11. Since Regional Themes for the Sydney Region await identification and development, this thematic levelhas not been addressed in this study.

PART THREE: OYERVIEW OF HERITAGE RESOURCESAND ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

45

3.1 ASSESSMENT OF CULTURALHERITAGE SIGNIFICANCE

Previous sections of this report have highlightedthe range and type of heritage resources withinWingecarribee. This assessment looks at theheritage values manifested in these resources;evaluates these resources, and, encapsulates theheritage significance. This understanding of theheritage significance aims to provide the basis forappropriate planning and management strategiescontained in the final part of this report.

Concept of Cultural Heritage Signiflcance

Since the 1950's the general understanding ofcultural heritage significance has changed inAustralia. In early post WWII decades when theNational Trust first identified buildings, and laterprecincts, of special value, the places selectedwere 'historic' buildings or precincts defined bysuch attributes as age and pleasing aesthetics orgrand architectural style. A wider view has nowevolved to encompass other values [ha[ might be

considered imporLant heritage values, as well as

historic value. Churches are a good example of a

building which might be of historic value forevidence of the history of development of an area(e.g. Bong Bong Anglican Church) andassociations with prominent families but at thesame time are recognised for the aestheticexcellence of their architecture and for the socialvalue they have l-o the present community.

Initiatly this wider view was mainly articulated byprofessional practitioners working in fields alliedwith conservation and then formally expressed inlegislation enacted by the Federal and Stategovernments in the 1970's. ln New South Vy'ales,

environmental heritage was described in theHeritage Act of 1977 as, '.... those buildings,works, relics or places of historic, scientific,cultural, social, arcbaeological, architectural,natural or aesthetic significance for the State".Neither the Act nor its regulations, however,explain the mearring of each term or how theyshould be applied.

Further elaboration of the philosophical conceptsand terms which form the basis of conservationand of criteria to assist in the evaluation andselection of heritage items (i.e. understandingwhat constitutes a heritage item) has been thefocus of attention for well over a decade among

professionals involved in the field of conservation.

"archilecß, Itistorians, planners, archaeologists,administralors and otlærs lnve heen

concertedly g'appling wilh the concepß of, andlrcnce tÌß tenns to describe, those cullur,alattributes of places wltich are valued, and shouldin ttæir opinion be valued, here.'2

Much of what has been achieved through theseendeavours has been documented at the nationallevel by bodies such as the Australian HeritageCommission and Australia ICOMOS. In 1984,Australia ICOMOS provided definitions and anelaboration of the meaning of aesthetic, historic,scientific and social values as one approach tounderstanding the concept of cultural significanceexpressed in the now widely adopted BurraCharter together with its associated guidelines.3In 1989, the NSW Department of Planningprepared Heritage Assessment Guidelines toexplain the terms in the Act.a

While there are differences in wording of thedefinitions, what has emerged is a strongcommonality of conceptual outlook.

"lt is the outlook of tlæ New I'l¡orld which, unlikeEurope (wlnse n'adiliott is to ,rrcasure the

sigtrificance of place b),aestlætics and age), Iooksto ilte ïepresentatiott of historic tlrcnrcs througlttlæ cortttttott-place as well as tlp landnnrk andtto¡v inchtdes the prc-European indigenous post.

Tltis valtrc systern sits cornfortably in aconsentatiott philosophy which seeks balance in acotttpløc envirotlnrcnt - tlte ecological approach ofthe custodian. It sits less cornfortably with aphilosoplty caring only for tlæ ittunaculatepresenatiott of the nnsterpiece - ¿he nteticulousapproact, of the collector.'ó

The fundamental precepts which underlie theassessment of cultural heritage in this reportrelate to this understanding of the philosophy ofconservation. The particular precepts are:

Cultural heritage significance is a conceptwhich helps in assessing what is important tothe community about part of the culturalenvironment whether it is an individual itemor a larger area, beyond their obviousutilitarian value.

While each place has some meaning beyondits utilitarian value, not everything issignificant. Everything occurs in a context

46

and, to some extent, can be linked with thethemes of history that are outlined in theThematic Structure (see Section 2,3). (Thisincludes for example, places of architecturalinterest which illustrate the development oflocal styles of building design or the use ofparticular local materials. Obvious examplesinclude the Bowral Courthouse and housesconstructed of trachyte, places in Mittagongwhich utilise local sandstone and locallyproduced iron.)

In some ways, this linking of theme withplace is too broad a perspective. In respectof cultural heritage, those items whichrepresent direct and authentic evidence ofthe principal aspects of the historical themeswith which they are associated are the mostimportant. These distinguish Wingecarribeeand its history from other places.

Heritage value is embodied/expressed in thefabric (i.e. physical material of a place); inthe relationship with its surroundings (i.e.the setting); its location and its links withother places (i.e. its historic conteK).

Items/places which are likely to be ofspecial interest to future, as well as present,generations because of their rarity or thenature of the item/place itself areconsidered to be of greater value.

Such basic philosophical concepts are now morewidely accepted as the basis for the practice o[conservation, but the level of understanding ofthese concepts varies widely from community tocommunity and within communities. TheSouthern Highlands community has generallyarticulated an unusually high level ofunderstanding of cultural heritage concepts.Groups such as ARROW have sponsoredseminars and encouraged discussion and dcbateon the character of rural and urban landscapes.Local history and commerce groups in Berrimahave provided interesting and informative materialabout the village for the use of visitors. Villageassociations at Exeter and in other parts ofWingecarribee are keenly interested in the historyand amenity of the place in which they live.Promotional material for tourists also displayswide ranging aspects of Wingecarribee's industrialheritage as well as the more usual buildings ofhistorical interest.

There is also a variety of views as to the primaryfocus of heritage conservation. People with adetailed knowledge of local history, for instance,are likely to see things of value associated withpeople and events that would differ to thoseselected by an architect or an engineer, who maydiscern the obvious physical legacies ofthe designof buildings and works in the past. Residents mayvalue special areas, trees or buildings which arelandmarks in their daily journeys. On the otherhand, visitors may value buildings or scenery, forexample, which a long term resident takes forgranted. All of these views are important.

Assessment Methodolory

IL is recognised however, that accommodation ofdiverse opinions and levels of understandingrequires explicit criteria for the identification andassessment of heritage items. No commonalityhas been achieved in the criteria employed in theselection of heritage items. Each of a number oforganisations such as the National Trust, theInstitute of Architects and the Australian HeritageCommission, involved in the identihcation ofheritage items, employs its own set of evaluationcriteria.

A standard set of evaluation criteria, however, has

been developed as part of the State HeritageInventory Project. These criteria have beenadopted in this study as the framework forassessing the cultural heritage significance of theindividual heritage items contained in theInventory as for assessing the significance of theheritage resources for Wingecarribee as a whole.

The following account of the application of theSHIP evaluation criteria is provided in theHeritage System Review discussion paperprepared by the Heritage Branch of theDepartment of Planning.

"Application of the drafi SHIP a,aluatiott criteria

firstly inttolves identifying and clescibing thenature of an itent's sigrtifcance - its historic,scientific, aesthelic and social values. Tlrc secondpart of applyittg the criteria requires testing thedeø'ee of an itent's sigtrificance by considering tlæ

itenr's rarity, representativeness and associativevolues-

Figure 3.1 illustrates these criteria.

"Their application requires contparativeinfontntiort and experl knowledge of tlrc itent'shistoric context and of similar or dissitttilor itentsclsc¡vherc.

GROUP 1: NATURE OF SIGNIFICANCE

GROUP 2: DEGREE OF SIGNIFICANCE

47

FIGURE 3.1: EVÄLUATIONCRITERIA

Source: Draft SHIP Guidelines

range of historical context;

creative or technicalaccomplishment;

community regard or esteem;

research potential or thearchaeological;

other special values.is concerned withCriteria 5 (OTHER)

Criteria L

Criteria 2

is concerned with

is concerned with

(HrsroRrc)

(AESTHETIC)

Criteria 3

Criteria 4

is concerned with

is concerned with

(socrAL)

(scrENTrFrc)

the uncommon orexceptional;

the typical or characteristic;

links and connections.

is concerned withCrireria 6 (RARE)

Criteria 7

Criteria 8

is concerned with

is concerned with

(REPRESENTATIVE)

(ASSOCTATTVE)

4¡ì

The applicatiott of these evaluation criteria helpsestablish a range of nranagement thresholds. Forerantple, if the itenr is rare in the local orea, butcot,ttlron elsewlrcre in tlrc Statc, it is probably best

for the local couttcil to be rcs¡tonsible for its

consen,alion tltonogenrcnt. If it is rore in boththe local area and tlrc rcgion, it is probablydesirable for tlæ itenr to be consen,ed in oregional atlntinis¡'rative antl planning context." 6

Approach to the Overview

Vital to the understanding of the historical contextof the heritage resources of Wingecarribee are theconcepts of landscape, process and community.

ln this study an attempt has been made to assess

the heritage resources of Wingecarribee using an

approach which:

(i) Establishes what constitutes the culturallandscaps of Wingecarribee.

Landscope contains those elenrcnts of tha

natural landscope thot have influùced thcprocess of seulentettt ottd also the culturallandscape created by peoplc which is the

object of heritage poticies.T(State Historical Guidelines)

Equally, cultural landscapes, the everydaylandscapes which surround us and in whichwe conduct our activities, are the result ofhuman intervention in the natural landscape.

(ii) Conveys an understanding of the processeswhich have created these landscapes.

Cultu'al landscapes have been created byprocesses, cLtltural, social, demog'ophic,econonúc and technological, which haventade oppoftunities for the tnonufacure ofthe artefacts of rhe cutuu'al landscape.s(State Historical Guidelines)

Cultural landscapes present a record ofhuman activity and human values. In thisway they do noL simply represent physicalchanges brought aboul. by humanintervention. They also represent evidenccof material culture manifested in thelandscape and thereby reflect humanrelationships with our surrounds. They arean inextricable and coherent part of our'intellecftMl and atlfiu'ql, backgrotutd ofwltich they are q prodltct'.e

(iii) highlights the historical associationsrepresented in the landscapes, towns andvillages which are important to thecommunity at the local, regional or statelevel.

Corrrtrrunity organises cultural landscapeinto pattents of town and cotuúry andsuburbs, but also provides for a level ofrecogrtition of heritage values wltich carutotbe organised solely fiom a ceno'al pivot instate governntenl.lo(State Historical Guidelines)

Cultural landscapes are literally an imprintof human history. They can tell us, if wecare to rsad and interpret them, somethingabout the achievements and values of ourpredecessors. In this way culturallandscapes are symbols of who we are andcan 'serve to renxind us ol the pøst'.11

Because they are a record of past actionsover time, cultural landscapes are theproduct of change. They embody withintheir structure physical changes which inturn reflect evolving values towards thelandscape. It is important therefore that welearn to interpret cultural landscapes as

living history and as part of our nationalidentity.

To achieve this end the study team undertook thefield surveys giving emphasis to:

a cultural landscape assessment of rurallandscapes;

a general assessment of the builtenvironment of towns and villages; and

archaeological surveys of landscapes andstructures associated with mining andagriculture.

The survey activities covered not only areas, butmany individual buildings, works and sites. Atotal inventory record of over 600 sites wascompiled. Inlormation from these records has

been used in this overview of heritage resources.

Wingecarribee's cultural environmental heritageresources are described in the following sectionsviz:

Historic Rural Landscapes and SettlementsTowns and VillagesCountry Estates

49

Gardens and Tree-plantingIndustrial Heritage

A synopsis of the individual heritage attributes ofWingecarribee and a statement of culturalheritage significance, then concludes this part ofthe report.

.50

32 HISTORIC RURAL LANDSCAPES

Approach to Assessment

This part of the study focuses on the visiblerepresentation of the cultural landscapes of thestudy area. It is not a visual assessment \'yh¡ch

addresses simply what is seen. Rather it is an

overview procedure to interpreting what is seenfrom the point of view of historic values andsocial valuesr2 inherent in the landscape. It is anapproach to reading the landscape, understandingit and recommending appropriate protectionwhere advisable through landscape conservationmanagement initiatives.t3 It is of necessity, giventhe geographical spread of the study area and thebrief, an overview. Further detailed analysis ofparticular landscapes is likely to be advantageousand entirely appropriate as part of the continuinglanduse planning process for the region.

ln this section the main features of the landscapesetting and settlement patterns of Wingecarribeeare outlined in order to provide a basis for thedetailed assessment of rural landscapes which[ollows:

The approach taken to the cultural landscapeassessment is sequential and relates to other partsof the study. The main sections are covered are:

The Landscape;Settlement Patterns and Landuse; and,Assessment of Key Rural Landscape Units,including Towns and Villages.

The Landscape Setting

The landscape of Wingecarribee is the result ofthe interaction between human activities and thenal.ural environmental features of:

Landform with associal"ed geology and soilsVegetationWaterforms.

A map of the natural landscape (see Figure 3.2)and a brief description of these features follows.

Natural Landscape Features of the Study Area

Wingecarribee is generally an undulatingcountryside altered significantly during itssettlement. The early settlers craved for thecooler highland regions due to their familiarity

and similarity to Mother England. As a result,the natural features have been altered principallyby clearing of the vegetation and replacing withexotic trees, planted to reflect the character oftheEnglish countryside. This cultural vegetation(vegetation introduced to the area) includes pines,elms, poplars, willows and other deciduous trees.The central areas of the Wingecarribee are themost heavily cleared while extensive remnant sub-tropical rainforest areas remain in the regions ofKangaloon and Robertson.

The central cleared area of Wingecarribee rs

surrounded on most sides by heavily vegetatedforests and national parks. Morton National Parkin the south, Belanglo State Forest and NattaiForest to the north and west and the heavilyforested areas of the metropolitan catchmentareas surrounding Lake Nepean, Avon andCataract to the north east.

The topography and landform of the area remainsunchanged and is gently undulating in the centralregion with few major ridges. GingenbullenMountain to the west of Moss Vale and a seriesof hills around Bowral and Mittagong, includingNinety Acre Hill and Mt Gibraltar, form themajor topographic landmarks visible from muchof Wingecarribee. The area forms part of theWoronora plateau which drops significantly alongthe eastern escarpment of the Illawarra Rangeand in the south west to the Kangaroo Valley.Ia

The Wingecarribee River bisects the centre of thearea, running from west of Berrima south-eastinto the Wingecarribee reservoir. Two largewater bodies, the Wingecarribee Reservoir andthe Fitzroy Falls reservoir form major lakes in thecenLral eastern valley area and provide a majorfocus within this region. The landform becomesmore steeply undulating in the Robertson,Burrawang and Kangaloon area and in the northwest and west of the region.

Wingecarribee is located on the southern eKentof the Sydney basin, being the southern limit ofHawkesbury sandstone. This has resulted in thecharacteristic flat topped plateaus and erodedsandstone escarpments to the coast. Where theyounger Wiannamatta shales overly the sandstonethe topography is more gently undulating, typifiedby the central Moss Vale region. Basalt outcrops,evidence of volcanic activity, occur on MtGingenbullen and in the Robertson-Bundanoonarea. This is evidenced by the use of this material

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52

for stone walls, building, and thc rich agriculturalsoils.

Within Wingecarribee there are extensive areaswhich have been little altered by human activit¡es.These areas are to be found in the watercatchment areas and National Parks which mainlysurround the settled areas of lhe LGA.

Some of these areas are rccogniscd for theirnatural environmental heritage values. Theyinclude:

Morton National Parkthe Nattai regionWoronora Plateaulllawarra EscarpmentWingecarribee GorgesWingecarribee swamp

Cultural Landscanes

These natural environmental areas are howevsroutside the scope of this study and the focus of[his report is on the landscapes which have beenmodified by human activity. In the culturallandscapes, natural features are present. but willhave been modified by human actions so that theensuing landscape reflects a complexinLerrelationship between cultural and naturalforces and, it is necessary to distinguish bctweenthe natural features listed above and the culturalcharacteristics. These cultural characteristicsconsisl o[:

Components such as vegetaLion patterns andgroups, building clusters, circulation routes,boundaries, archaeological sites, historicalassociations.

Processes which have shaped the landscapeand which reflect the relationships betweenthe ways the landscape has been and is usedand tþe evolution of cult.ural patterns; theseprocesses include spatial patterns, landuse,response f.o natural features.ls

Cultural landscapes, being landscapes formed byhurnan activity, will therefore have patterns inwhich natural features and cultural componentscombine into a composite image representingcontinuous historical periods and overlays ofdevelopment.

In the landscapes illustrated in Plates L and 2 canbc seen the composite nature of the concept o[ a

cultural landscape, including cultural componentsand natural elements. These give a sense ofcontinuity over time and demonstrate that culturallandscape signilicance is not a matter of separate,isolated dots on a map. Cultural landscapesembody the existence of interrelationship ofevents, places and people through time to give acomposite image and continuity, a sense ofhistory, and meaning.

53

PLATE 1. Cultural Landscape iìlustrating the combination ofcultural components - hedgerows, structures and cultural vegetation,and natural elements - landform, indigenous vegetation.

I /d

PLATE 2. Cultural Landscape illustrating the combination of cultural components- fence and paddock layout, cemetery, houses,-reservoir and naturalelements - landform, indigenous vegetation.

54

Settlement Patterns

Scttlcment patterns are a cogcnt way ofunderstanding historic trends and signifìcantcultural landscape elements. Many of the patternsin the present. day rural landscape wereestablished in the first half of the last century,including roads, tracks, clearing of trees, sites oftownships and villages, pastoral holdings andbuildings. Current rural landscape and countrytown patterns therefore reflect human settlementimpact and values from the past overlain bysubsequent settlement or subdivision. Jeans andSpearritt have suggested for New South Wales:

In thc hktorical landscapcs of tha statc lies nruchof iu history ol achiø,cnent, availablc to thcpublic so that it cdn grasp thc roots ofcontnutnin'liþ, and available... as a valuablc sourcc ofuidcnce for interpreting thc past.t6

A series of settlemsnL themes can bedistinguished for the study arca which provide a

framework for understanding the prescntlandscape, its making, its meaning, and its culturalvalues [or present and future generations. Thclhemes inevitably overlap and cannol. be seen tobe separate. They are not a chronology o[ events,rather they encompass the history of landscapepal.terns and highlight significant reminders inthose patterns from the past. In the assessmentand evaluation process, the themes are applied toeach cultural landscape as part of the process ofreading and interpreting the cultural landscapewhere'evidence of tlrc past is preseved. The placespeaks to ,ts out of tlrc past and helps tts towtdersland and feel the past and relate it to itspresent, as written history does.t1

(i) Early Exploration and Settlement early1800's - 1840's.

Early access into the area by explorersmoving southwards through the colony ofNSW led the path lor settlement. Peopleimportant in the history of the colony wereinvolved: Hamilton Hume, John Oxlcy,Joseph Wild, Charles Throsby, JamesMeehan. Throsby and Oxley became majorsettlers whose properties and homes are stillconnected with the region. GovernorLachlan Macquarie visitecl the area in 1820

commenting favourably on the pastorallandscape and the situation of the settlers;he established the village of Bong Bong andnamed the area, Sutton Forest.

This period also saw the establishment oflarge holdings including 'Oldbury','Newbury', 'Throsby Park' and Oxley'sproperty 'Weston'. ln 1822 between fortyand fifty small settlers were granted landl8as part of the early development andpioneering of the area. This period ofactivity saw the development of the OldSouth Road east of Mittagong and Bow¡althrough the Mittagong Range and then itsrelocation to the west of Mittagong on thealignment of the now Hume Highway byMajor Mitchell with the location of the siteof Berrima on the new line of road. Hoddlereceived instructions in 1830 to mark out thetown o[ Berrima.

Bong Bong village was also established byGovernor Macquarie. Bong Bong neverparticularly thrived due to its location on anuncertain water supply. It was overtaken byBerrima, but its name lives on.

Thesc wcrc important formative earlydecades lor the Wingecarribee area andcvidence of early settlement is still etched inthe landscape. The attachment to, and valueof, the area by the early explorers andsettlers, particularly for grazing, are stillassociated with the area. The earlyimpression of a rich and beautiful pastorallandscape remain.

(ii) Consolidation of Major Pastoral Holdings18¿m - 1860

This phase is an extension of the earlyexploration and first settlement. It saw theconsolidation and extension of pastoralholdings and the growing of crops. Wheatbecame an important crop; Jervisre refersto the cultivated Frelds at 'Newbury' and'Throsby Park' in 18216 and to the fact thatthe Sutton Forest area Tvas one of tlrc finestwlrcat growittg districts of tlrc colotty'.Dairying and potato growing also receivespecific mention in reports on the area.

(iii) Post 1860's Rural Erensions

The 1860's saw rural eKension into theeastern part of Wingecarribee known as theYarrawa Brush. This is the area ofKangaloon and Robertson. The Brush wasvegetated by a dense rainforest of sassafras,cabbage palm, lilli-pilli, messmate and giant

gums2O. The rich red soil overlays a

basalt geology and the country has a highrainfall. The impenetrability of the Brushmeant that it was not opened up until thedemand for land and the Robertson LandAct of 1861 coincided. It became animportant dairying and crop growing areawith emphasis on wheat, maize and ryegrass (Jervis p.67).

Dairying as a rural activity spread throughother parts of the Wingecarribee area as

indicated in Rosen and Ashton's outline ofthe thematic history of the area. Forexample, the post 1860's period saw thedevelopment of the Bundanoon area,formerly known as l"he Barren Grounds inthe 1830's - 1850's, and the rollingtopography oul along the road [o FitzroyFalls for dairying, an activity which is stillcontinued.

The advent of the railway in 1867 gaveimpetus to the dairying and crop growingindustries. Dairying as an important activitywas also aided by the introduction ofartificial refrigeration in the 1860's (Jervis p.

68).

(iu) Community Development Post .ltl60

The development of the main towns ofMittagong, Bowral, Moss Vale, andBundanoon and smaller places such as

Berrima, Robertson, Kangaloon and othersis related to the rural history of the area andto improved road communications in theperiod 1830-1860's, the railway in 1867, andlatterly freeway connections to Sydney.Berrima flourished in the 1830's to the1860's at the expense of Bong Bong withimpetus shitting to Mittagong, Bowral, MossVale and Bundanoon with the coming of therailway in 1867.

(u) Tourism and Recreation 1868 - Present

Linked to community development has beenthe popularity of the region as a tourist andrecreation destination. The railway openingin 1867 made the area easily accessible toSydney. Its scenic attractions and summerweather proved a magnet to themetropolitan dwellers. Boarding houseswere developed from 1871 and by the1880's Bowral acted as a major tourisL place.

55

The growth in popular tourism was followedby the development of country residencesfor the wealthy including places such as

Retford Park (c.1887), Summerlees (c.1875),Hillview (c.1882) and Moidart (c.1930's), thelast of the summer residences. Theestablishment of these country residencesand their equally well-known gardens isextensively documented in the book Gardensof [he Southern Highlands. New SoufhWales 1828-1988 bv Jane Cavanoush-Anthea Prell and Tim North21.

The region is still a popular touristdestination with the gardens, parks, historichouses and natural scenic attractions such as

Fitzroy Falls the basis.

This short overview of settlement inWingecarribee can be read in the context of thethematic structure and synopsis in Part Two ofthis report.

Key Rural Landscapes

A series of historic rural cultural landscape unitsin Wingecarribee has been delineated from fieldsurvey assessment of landscape patterns and fromhistorical settlement data. The units are outlinedin Figure 3.3. Within these rural landscape unitsthe predominant activities are beef and dairycattle grazing and crop growing. The scale of thecultural landscape patterns varies according toactivity. In the beef cattle areas the scale ofpaddocks and property is relatively large, whereasin the dairying and crop areas landscape divisionis small in terms of paddock size and occurrenceof properties. Vegetation patterns also vary withdistinctive groups of remnant indigenous trees andintroduced species associated with the variouslandscape units and their history of occupationand settlement. The patterns of spatialorganisation resulting from landuse andoccupation styles are identified and analysed foreach unit as described below.

This section of the study is a reading of thecultural landscape in order to understand andpresent its meaning. The use of culturallandscape units is an aid to subdividing themultifaceted cultural landscape of the overallstudy area into manageable and comprehensibleparcels. The units dclineated are not land unitsbased on physical or visual criteria. As explainedpreviously their basis is landscape patterns and

56

historical associations. For each unit a

combination of the processes and componentsidentified above is applied as a means of assessing

and analysing each unit's historical importanceand cultural heritage value. The processes andcomponents used a¡e:

Overall Landscape Patterns includingspatial organisation, landuse patterns andvegetation (ie. tree) patterns;

Building clusters, structures and otherspecial features;

Circulation Routes;

Historical Associations includinginterpretative value and associative value.

Assessment and analysis of these processes andcomponents leads to an understanding ofinterrelationships between people, places, andevents and an elucidation of landscape patternsreflecting human history in the fabric of thelandscape.

From an understanding of processes, components,and interrelationships it is possible to determinetwo fundamental valuesz which are thefoundation of assessing and analysing the culturalheritage significance of a landscape.

Interpretative value: The ability to informand enlighten us on aspects of our socialhistory, promote a sense of place and createlinks with the past. It is an understanding ofwhere things have occurred, what has

occurred, why they have occurred and when.This value is similar to Kerr's 'ability todentonstrate'.4

Associative valus The ability to put intocontext what has occurrecl and whopromoted the actions. This value hinges ona knowledge and understanding of the wayour predecessors have been involved inlandscape making. It is a powerful humanvalue related to our need to understand pasthuman actions and feel associated with themand the people who participated. It is verymuch a sense of a link with the past.

A statement of interpretative value and associativevalue of each cultural landscape unit is included inHistorical Associations (see list of processes andcomponents outlined previously) as an approachto demonstrating the historic values and socialvalues of the study area.

The following is a list of historic culturallandscape units with reference numbers. (Referto Figure 3.3 for their location.)

1.. ROBERTSON*

2. WINGECARRIBEE*

3. EAST BOWRAL

4. YARRUNGA*

5. BUNDANOON-EXETER

6. SUTTONFOREST*

7, OXLEY'S HILL

8. PENROSE

9. CANYONLEIGH

9a, GREENHILL

Units regarded as l(ey Historic CulturalLandscapes Units are identified because they areunits which are considered particularly crucial inthe development of the historic landscape settingof Wingecarribee and demonstrate associative andinterpretive values. They embody particularcontinuity and links with the past in their fabricand therefore possess landscape meaning which isimportant to protect. Those units denoted by anasterisk(*) are consiclered to be key units.

An important aspect of the settlement history isthe development of villages and small towns forwhich the area is well known. These settlementsare referred to in their respective landscape units.Some of these settlements, because of the settingand integrity of their form historically, are classedas Key Villages. A village is classed as a keyvillage where the traditional form of layout,building, streets and landscape setting have a

sense of historical intactness. This does not meanthat modern development is absent but thatmodern development is sympathetic in siting,scale, building form and building materials. Suchvillages are not museums. They reflect successive

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stages of growth but maintain the traditionalcharacter of the area.

The following is a list of Key Historic Towns andVillages in \ù/ingecarribee:

* Burrawang* Robcrtson+ Sutton Forest* Exeter* Berrima (evaluated separately in Section 3.3)* Bowral & Mittagong (these are viewed as

urban fringes adjacent to the rural landscapein this section and further discussed inSection 3.3)* Moss Vale (discussed in Secti<ln 3.3)

A description and analysis of the characteristicsand heritage attributes of thc landscape unitsfollows.

KEY HISTORIC UNITS

UNIT T ROBERTSON

59

KEY HISTORIC UNIT

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Landscape Pattern Unit 1

PLATE 3: Pine Shelter lìelts reinlbrce the topography and paddock layouts

LANDSCAPE UNIT 1 - ROBERTSON

Photograph:

The landscape pattern of this area is highlydistinctive as a result of the topography, gcology,soils, high rainfall and the human response to thenatural features. The overall spatial organisationis a small scale vernacular lanclscape of attractiveand charming proportions. The undulatingtopography and rich red basalt soil create lhcfoeling ol an intin-rato ancl prosperous rurallandscape; it is almost an ideal rura:l scenc whorcthe virtues of utility and lancìscapc bcautycoincide.

C Tallents

The undulating topography is complemented bythe small sized paddocks with the overall intimatescale reinforced by vegetation patterns and by themixed farming of dairying and crops withemphasis on potatoes. Vegetation pattern groupsare highly distinctive with remnant areas ofrainlorest often on the tops of the low repetitivehills and extensive pine shelter belts which lineroads or run along ridgelines to create strongsilhouettes. Remnant rainforest groups consist ofmajestic stands o[ towering frees or clusters oflower storey trees and shrubs. The scale of thespatial landscape organisation and vernacularnature of the rural scene has clear links with thepost 1860s settlement of the area (refer toHistorical Associations).

61.

Building Clusters, Structures and Other Special Features

PLATE 4: Myra Vale Cemetery set within the landscape highlighted byundulating topography and remnant rainforest vegetation

Photograph:

Homestead groups and distribution furtherreinforce the vernacular character of the rurallandscape. Most building groups are modest insize but appear prosperous and in harmony withthe well cared for appearance of the overalllandscape. Homestead groups are sitecl alongroads or mid way up slopes reflecting the need forease of access in this undulating landscape form.The form and nature of farm building clustersclearly relate to the small scale intensive ruralactivities of dairying and crops, hence the absenceof large scale ornamental gardens aroundhomesteads. The general vernacular ambience is

reinforced by ancillary buildings such as MyraVale Church (c187a) and cemetery reflecting a

close historical association between the churchand the everyday rural landscape. This churchwas originally built as Wilde's Meadow MethodistChurch.

Unit 1

C Tallents

A notable cultural landscape component reflectingstrong links with the past is the dry stone wallswhich act as paddock boundaries in parts of thislandscape unit. The townships of Robertson,Kangaloon and Burrawang have a number ofnineteenth and early twentieth century buildingskeeping alive links with the settlement history ofthe area. Tourism as an activity is represented inthese towns in the form of nineteenth centuryboarding house development. Places likeRanelagh House, built as a tourist hotel in L923,

and the towns themselves acted as centres foraccess to attractions such as Belmore Falls, whichbecame popular in the last century (see Jervis pp4e-s0).

62

Robertson - Key Village

The town of Robertson is a key village linear griclsubdivision located along the Caalong Creekvalley and enclosed to the north by east-westridgelines.

The morphology and character reflect its past as

a working township linked with the settlement ofthe Yarrawa Brush by settlers in the 1860's, thetourism in the region and the building of hotelsand boarding houses. It is a mixed settlement olhouses, commercial, and light industry andfunctions as it did in the 19th century, as a service

PLATE 5

Photograph:

lown for its surrounding rural area. The buildingsretain a distinct vernacular character and have notbeen altered or prettified to cater for tourism.An important part of the township's character isthat of undeveloped blocks between buildingsalong the main street and behind. Variousbuildings, timber and brick, date from the lastcentury and should be retained.

A significant character in the town is the remnantnative trees and introduced species (windrows)which create a mixed pattern in the landscape.

C Tallents

Robertson illustrating view to the northern undulating ridges, with scatteredhousing but vegetation dominating

Ilurrawang - Key Village

Set on a north facing slope with views orientatedtowards Wingecarribee Reservoir, Burrawang'sstreet layout is a broad grid of limited scale. Themain street consists of mixed residential and smallscale commercial uses reflecting a nineteenthcentury character of a working village. The linkswith the past are maintained by the local store(1860s) School ol Arts (1885) and later building(1915). Buildings generally are of a modesf scale,

Photograph

63

predominantly timber with corrugated iron roofsand traditional 19th century in form located onlarge blocks. Modern development is limited andsympathetic. Original Eucalypts of great age andlarge size remain flanking the roads.

The overall scale is enclosed and intimate.Essentially the character of this village should bepreserved.

C Tallents

PLATE 6: Ilurrawang Outlook towards Wingecarribee Reservoir

64

PLATE 7: Iìurrawang General Store (1860's)

J,A.KÍRKBY& Ci

PLATE 8: lìurrawang Main Street showing mixed residential andsmall scale shops of a working village

Photographs: C Tallents

65

Circulation Routes Unit 1

PLATE 9: Narrow Country Lanes llanked by Eucallpts

Photograph:

There is a network o[ roads in this unit which canbest be describecl as lanes. Thcsc lanos arc a

notablc component o[ the historic vernacularlandscape in harmony with the scale andconfiguration of the topography. They generallymeander through thc steeply undulating landscapefollowing ridges and traversing the steep slopes.The main road is the Illawarra Highway, with a

connection from the former settlement of BongBong and the Old South Road via Kangaloon toRobertson, which was-opened in L86-5 (.Iervis

C Tallents

p46). As early as 1830 Robert Hoddle, SurveyorGeneral, was opening a road from the Bong Bongarea [o Illawarra, via the ridge north of the nowKangaloon Road then partly on the line of thenow Illawarra Highway. In L862 a line of road forthe cattle trade followed Hoddle's track (Jervisp63).

The existing lanes are an important component ofthe vernacular cultural landscape.

66

H istorical Associations Unit L

PLATE 10: Neatly kept Landscape showing comfortable farm clusters and strong links with the past

Photograph: C Tallents

This landscape unit has strong historicalassociations related to selector settlement of the18ó0s in conjunction with the Robertson LandAct. The town of Robertson, laid out first in 1862

as "Three Creeks", was named after JohnRobertson (Jervis 46-41). The appearance o[ theseemingly impenetrable rainforest- landscape has

been changed by the clearing for grazing andcrops which started in the early 1860s. By 1865

about 30,000 acres of land had been taken up byselectors (Jervis p.45), Whilst fhe originalvegetation has been reduced to remnant clumpswhich are a distinctive part of the landscapepattern, the rural activities of grazing and cropson small scale properties in a neatly kept

landscape with its network of lanes, smallpaddocks and comfortable farm clusters createstrong links with the past. The interpretative andassociative values of this landscape are particularlystrong and evocative. The current landscape is aclear window into the past rural history of thearea.

This landscape unit displays cultural heritagesignificance as a powerful and cogent reminder ofthe past in which a sense of participation in thehistory of the area inheres. There is a clear sense

of continuity through time.

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UNIT 2 WINGECARRIBEE KEY HISTORIC UNIT

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