Page 1Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
Wireless Data Communication
www.kom.auc.dk/~tatiana/WDC
by Tatiana Madsen & Hans-Peter Schwefel
• Mm1 Short range Wireless Communication (TKM)
• Mm2 IP Mobility Support (HPS)
• Mm3 Ad hoc Networks (TKM)
• Mm4 Wireless TCP (HPS)
• Mm5 Wireless applications (HPS)
www.kom.auc.dk/~hps/teaching
Page 2Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
Content1. Introduction
• Application Layer Protocols, basic principles
2. Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)• Properties and messages
• Problems & Improvements in wireless settings
3. Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)• Architectures & Entities
• Methods
• Mobility Support
4. IP Technology in 3G Networks• GSM/GPRS/UMTS architecture
• IP packet transport in UMTS
• IP based multimedia subsystems (IMS)
• Services
Page 3Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
Application Layer ProtocolsApplications: communicating distributed processes
• ’end-user’ applications
• network services
Application Layer Protocols
• highest layer of communication reference model
• Define messages exchanged by applications
• Provide an Application Programming Interface (API)
• Use Transport Layer to exchange data
Examples: UDP based TCP basedDNSVideo StreamingMultimedia Conferencing
HTTP, FTP, telnet,
SMTP, NNTP
Page 4Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
Design principles & approaches
• End-to-end principle– communication does not rely on functions in the network
• ASCII binary encoded protocols– ASCII frequently easier to debug and implement
– Examples for ASCII encoded: HTTP, SIP, SMTP
• Separation of Control Messages and User Data– Separate connections (e.g. SIP) out-of-band signalling
– Special character sequences (e.g. SMTP)
– Content length encoding: control messages specify length of subsequent data messages
• Client-Server peer-to-peer
in-band signalling
Page 5Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
Client-Server Paradigm• Server (software process, not piece of
hardware!)– Offers a service to clients– accepts connections / requests on a (well-
known) port– runs continuously– Frequently starts up multiple processes to
serve multiple clients
• Client– Initiates contact to server (over an IP
network)– process runs only as long as needed– can use any port
Page 6Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
Content1. Introduction
• Application Layer Protocols, basic principles
2. Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)• Properties and messages
• Problems & Improvements in wireless settings
3. Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)• Architectures & Entities
• Methods
• Mobility Support
4. IP Technology in 3G Networks• GSM/GPRS/UMTS architecture
• IP packet transport in UMTS
• IP based multimedia subsystems (IMS)
• Services
Page 7Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)• defined in RFCs 1768, 1945, 2616, 2617
• Client-Server Model
– All communication (Requests, Response) uses TCP transport
– Client: browser that requests, receives, and displays WWW objects
– Server• Send objects in response to requests• Well-known port 80 (but others can be specified in URL)
• Stateless protocol
– self-contained requests
– no state kept in server
– augmented by the “cookies” concept (store state in clients)
• Caching support
– HTTP allows to retrieve file properties only (“HEAD” method)
• Support for proxies
Page 8Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
HTTP Requests• ASCII encoded methods to retrieve (and send) files
– GET, HEAD, POST, PUT, OPTIONS, DELETE, TRACE, CONNECT• headers to transport additional information
e.g. Capability selection (client lists e.g. supported character sets, server selects one)
Page 9Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
HTTP Request Message: General Format
• Uniform resource locator (URL) for addressing– “http://” hostname [ “:”port ] [ abs_path [ “?”query ] ]– relative URL: without the “http:// hostname” [“:”port] part
• Byte-range requests– allow completion of interrupted transfers
Page 10Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
HTTP Response
• Content description– Markup language HTML (Hypertext markup language, RFCs 1866, 1867, 1942) describes
structured contents– MIME notation to inform receiver about file types
• in addition, receivers judge file types from file name endings
Page 11Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
HTTP State Information
• HTTP is a “stateless” protocol– server does not maintain any request related information
beyond request completion• “Cookies” can be used to store request related information
in browser (RFC 2109)– “Set-cookie:” header set cookie in browser– “Cookie:” header browser sends cookie along with request– Cookie contains
• name, value• optional: comment, domain, max. age, path, security info, version
number
Page 12Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
e.g. corporate network
HTTP Caching and Proxies• Caching
– store file locally (e.g. in client)
– use local copy when same file is requested again reduce network traffic– ageing mechanism
• retrieve again only if local copy is “old”
– conditional requests• retrieve again only if file has changed• e.g. “If-Modified-Since: Sun, 03 Jun 2001 16:12:25 GMT” • server can respond with “304 Not Modified”
– browser can force revalidation of page
• Proxy Support– Split end-2-end client-server connection– used for performance & security reasons– often combined with caching (performance)– explicitly supported in HTTP/1.1
ProxyProxy
HTTP Server
Internet
Page 13Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
Traffic models: General hierarchical models
• Mathematical /stochastic description of traffic• Frequently used: Several levels with increasing granularity
– E.g. 3 levels: sessions, connections, packets– Or: 5-level model:
Page 14Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
Traffic models: HTTP specifics • ‘Main’ objects contain zero or more embedded objects that the browser retrieves
Correlated requests for embedded objects within retrieval of main object
HTTP Session (User A)
HTTP Session (User B)
HTTP Session (User C)...
Session Level
Download Phase 1 Download Phase 2 Dld. Phase 3 ...Idle timeRead time
’exit browser’’click’ ’click’
Dld. Phase K
’click’’start browser’
Get Main Object Get embedded Obj. 1 Get emb. Obj. 2 Get emb. Obj. N...
Connection/ Flow Level
Packet Level, TCP dynamics (not shown here)
• Statistics:– Session arrivals: Renewal process (Poisson)– Idle time: heavy-tail
– # embedded objects: geometric (measurements e.g. mean 5)
– Object size: heavy-tailed
Page 15Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
HTTP in wireless settings• Wireless links tend to show special properties, in particular
– Large delays– Low throughput
• Mobility can make network-internal caches and pre-fetching difficult • Wireless devices pose restrictions
– User interfaces: Small screens, limited keyboards
Potential problems of HTTP transmissions-- performance / efficient use of resources
-- presentation of content on mobile devices
Typical transfer sizes of HTTP:– HTTP request: 100-350 byte– responses avg. <10 kbyte, header 160 byte, GIF 4.1kByte, JPEG 12.8 kbyte, HTML 5.6 kbyte– but also many large files that cannot be ignored
Page 16Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
HTTP in wireless settings: Problems (cntd.)• big and redundant protocol headers (readable for humans (ASCII), all state
needs to be transferred in headers)• uncompressed content transfer• uses one TCP connection for each request-response pair (HTTP1.0)
– huge overhead per request (3-way-handshake) compared with the content, e.g., of a GET request
– slow-start problematic
• DNS lookup by client causes additional traffic & delay
• Caching– quite often disabled by information providers to be able to create user
profiles, usage statistics etc.– mobility can decrease network cache hit-ratios (if hand-overs to different
caching devices occur)– security problems (how to use SSL/TLS together with proxy-caches?)– frequent use customized pages, dynamically generated on request via
CGI, ASP, ...
Page 17Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
HTTP Performance ImprovementsPersistent Connections• Problem: Frequently retrieval of several, small embedded objects
overhead for establishment and termination of many TCP connections• Solution: More than one item transferred in one connection
– HTTP/1.0: requested by “Connection: Keep-alive” header– default in HTTP/1.1
• requires specification of content length (“Content-Length” header)
• for ‘dynamic’ pages: length is not known before transmission– server notifies the client
• sends “Connection: close” header instead of “Content-Length”– closes the connection after transmission (see p. 4-8)
Pipelining (HTTP/1.1)– send multiple GET requests (without waiting for response in between)
– increase TCP efficiency for transfers of small elements– Potentially problems with servers closing connections
Page 18Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
HTTP Requests and Persistent Connections
DataTransfer
GET...
Data
ACK
TCPConn.Release
FIN
FIN+ACK
ACK
TCPConn.Setup SYN+ACK
ACK
SYN
Client Server
Minimum connection
Clie
nt
Ser
ver
SYN
SYN+ACK
ACKKeep-alive + GET
Data
FIN
GET
Data
ACK
GET+ACK
Data
ACK
Tim
eout
(e.
g. 1
5sec
)T
imeo
ut (
e.g.
15s
ec)
Persistent connection
Page 19Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
Improvements in HTTP1.1
• Default use of persistent connections (for several request/response transactions)
• Support of pipelining – multiple ‘get’ requests at beginning of session, several responses in same
order
• enhanced caching of responses (useful if equivalent responses!)– several more tags and options for controlling caching (public/private, max-age, no-
cache etc.)
• Enhanced proxy support• encoding/compression mechanism, integrity check, security of
proxies, authentication, authorization...
Page 20Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
HTML and mobile devices• HTML
– designed for computers with “high” performance, color high-resolution display, mouse, hard disk
– typically, web pages optimized for design, not for communication
• Mobile devices– often only small, low-resolution displays, very limited input interfaces (small touch-
pads, soft-keyboards)
• Additional “features”– animated GIF, Java AWT, Frames, ActiveX Controls, Shockwave, movie clips,
audio, ...– many web pages assume true color, multimedia support, high-resolution and many
plug-ins
• Web pages ignore the heterogeneity of end-systems!– e.g., without additional mechanisms, large high-resolution pictures would be
transferred to a mobile phone with a low-resolution display causing high costs
Page 21Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
Improvements for wireless settings• Improved, ‘wireless-aware’ browers (clients)
– Local caches & Prefetching– Strategies for content selection (e.g. do not retrieve all
embedded objects immediately)– Content adaptation to device capabilities
• Improved HTTP servers & content design
• HTTP proxies (application gateways)– Caching & pre-fetching– Content compression, filtering, translation– automatic adaptation to network characteristics– TCP optimizations (initial window size,…)– In addition security and charging functions
GPRSBackbone
SGSN GGSNBSC
HTTP Server
RADIUS
DHCP
HTTP Proxy
But: additional complexity on devices / special SW needed!
But: servers not aware of wireless access
– With modifications of browser SW• http commands and header
compression• Pre-computation proxy for content
presentation
RAN
Example: GPRS
Page 22Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
Content1. Introduction
• Application Layer Protocols, basic principles
2. Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)• Properties and messages
• Problems & Improvements in wireless settings
3. Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)• Architectures & Entities
• Methods
• Mobility Support
4. IP Technology in 3G Networks• GSM/GPRS/UMTS architecture
• IP packet transport in UMTS
• IP based multimedia subsystems (IMS)
• Services
Page 23Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
Session Initiation Protocol -- SIP
SIP: Application layer signalling protocol (RFC 3261) Provides call control for multi-media services
initiation, modification, and termination of sessions terminal-type negotiation and selections call holding, forwarding, forking, transfer media type negotiation (also mid-call changes) using Session Description Protocol (SDP)
Provides personal mobility support Independent of transport protocols (TCP, UDP, SCTP,…) ASCII format SIP headers Separation of call signalling and data stream
Application types/examples: Interactive Voice over IP (VoIP) Multimedia conferences (multi-party, e.g. voice & video) Instant messaging Presence service Support of location-based services
Page 24Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
SIP: Architecture & Entities
User agent: An application program which initiates SIP requests (User agent client) and also acts upon (accepts, rejects or re-directs) incoming SIP requests (User agent server)
Location server provides SIP redirect or proxy servers information about a callee's possible location(s).
Proxy server takes requests on behalf other user agents or servers and forwards them to the next hop.
Redirect server accepts a SIP request, maps the address into zero or more new addresses and returns these addresses to the client. Unlike a proxy server, it does not initiate its own SIP request.
Registrar is a server that accepts REGISTER requests. A registrar is typically co-located with a proxy or redirect server and may offer location services.
Redirect Server
Location Server
Registrar Server
User Agent Proxy ServerProxy Server User Agent
Page 25Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
SIP – Basic messages
• Selected Requests (Methods)– INVITE: initiate call– ACK: confirm final response (after ‘invite’)– BYE: terminate call– CANCEL: cancel pending requests– OPTIONS: queries features supported by
other side– REGISTER: register with location service
• Responses– 1xx Intermediate results
e.g. 180 Ringing– 2xx Successful Responses
e.g. 200 OK– 3xx Redirections
e.g. 302 Moved Temporarily– 4xx Request Failures– 5xx Server Failures– 6xx Global Errors
Page 26Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
SIP Addressing and header formatAddressing:• Addresses specified SIP URL, in the format: user@host. • Examples of SIP URLs:
• sip:[email protected]• sip:[email protected]• sip:[email protected]
INVITE sip:[email protected] SIP/2.0Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 192.168.6.21:5060From: sip:[email protected]: <sip:[email protected]>Call-ID: [email protected]: 100 INVITEExpires: 180User-Agent: Cisco IP Phone/ Rev. 1/ SIP enabledAccept: application/sdpContact: sip:[email protected]:5060Content-Type: application/sdp
• Example: SIP Header
Page 27Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
SIP Call Signalling: Example
302 (Moved Temporarily)
INVITE
200 (OK)200 (OK)
ACK
INVITE
180 (Ringing)180 (Ringing)180 (Ringing)
200 (OK)ACKACK ACK
RTP MEDIA PATH
BYEBYE BYE
200 (OK)200 (OK) 200 (OK)Call Teardown
MediaPath
Call Setup
INVITE
Location/Redirect ServerProxy Server Proxy Server User AgentUser AgentINVITE
Page 28Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
SIP: Separation of signalling and data
• Route of SIP messages (proxy chain) different than media stream route:
Potential Problems with Firewalls & NATs
Page 29Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
SIP: Mobility support
User Mobility (change of terminal)• Registration via SIP ‘REGISTER’• mid-session mobility (application mobility):
call transfer, SIP method ‘REFER’ (RFC3515)
Host Mobility (change of IP address)• Pre-call: re-register, routing of ‘INVITE’ based
on SIP-URL• mid-call: re-invite
Page 30Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
SIP: additional topics
Not touched in this lecture, see IETF SIP WG:• Multitude of SIP extensions: new methods (e.g. instant messages)• SIP over NAT/FW• Authentication and security aspects• Support of location based services• Discovery of SIP entities (e.g. DNS SRV records)• Service Discovery (e.g. SLP)• Reliability aspects of SIP-based call control
Page 31Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
Content1. Introduction
• Application Layer Protocols, basic principles
2. Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)• Properties and messages
• Problems & Improvements in wireless settings
3. Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)• Architectures & Entities
• Methods
• Mobility Support
4. IP Technology in 3G Networks• GSM/GPRS/UMTS architecture
• IP packet transport in UMTS
• IP based multimedia subsystems (IMS)
• Services
Page 32Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
GSM: Global System for Mobile Communication
• 2nd Generation of Mobile Telephony Networks• 1982: Groupe Spèciale Mobile (GSM) founded• 1987: First Standards defined• 1991: Global System for Mobile
Communication, Standardisation by ETSI (European Telecommunications Standardisation Institute) - First European Standard
• 1995: Fully in Operation
History:
Page 33Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
GSM – Architecture
Components:• BTS: Base Transceiver Station• BSC: Base Station Controller• MSC: Mobile Switching Center• HLR/VLR: Home/Visitor Location
Register• AuC: Authentication Center• EIR: Equipment Identity Register• OMC: Operation and
Maintenance Center
Transmission: • Circuit switched transfer• Radio link capacity: 9.6 kb/s
(FDMA/TDMA)• Duration based charging
BSC
BSC
MS
BTS
BTS
BTS
MS
MS
MSC
HLR
VLR
OMC
EIR
AuC
O
Abis AUm
Radio Link
Base StationSubsystem
Network andSwitchung Subsystem
OperationSubsystem
Connection toISDN, PDNPSTN
Radio Subsystem (RSS)
Page 34Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
GPRS: General Packet Radio Service
• Packet Switched Extension of GSM• 1996: new standard developed by ETSI• Components integrated in GSM architecture• Improvements:
– Packet-switched transmission– Higher transmission rates on radio link (multiple
time-slots)– Volume based charging ‚Always ON‘ mode
possible• Operation started in 2001 (Germany)
Page 35Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
GPRS - Architecture
PDN
Other
PLMN
GSM GPRS
BTS
CCU
MSC
BSC
PCU
HLR GR
GGSN
Components
A Abis Gb Gp
Gs
Gn
G Gr
Gi
UmBSS
SGSN
MS
Components:• CCU: Channel Coding Unit
• PCU: Packet Control Unit
• SGSN: Serving GPRS Support Node
• GGSN: Gateway GPRS Support Node
• GR: GPRS Register
Transmission: • Packet Based Transmission• Radio link:
– Radio transmission identical to GSM– Different coding schemes (CS1-4)– Use of Multiple Time Slots
• Volume Based Charging
Page 36Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS)
• Currently standardized by 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), see http://www.3GPP.org[North America: 3GPP2]
• So far, three releases: R’99, R4, R5
Modifications:• New methods & protocols on radio link increased access bandwidth• Coexistence of two domains
– Packets Switched (PS)– Circuit Switched (CS)
• New Services• IP Service Infrastructure: IP Based Multimedia Subsystems (IMS) (R5)
Page 37Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
UMTS Domains (Rel 5)
IMS
SGSN
GGSN
MSCServer
MSCGMSC
MGW
P-CSCF
S-CSCF I-CSCF
MRFAppServ
AppServ
SCP
HSS
IP based MultimediaSubsystem
PS DomainCS Domain
Application and Services
RAN
Gi
Iu PSIu CS
Page 38Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
UMTS Radio Access Network (UTRAN): architecture
• W-CDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) on Radio Link
• transmission rate theoretically up to 2Mbit/s (realistic up to 300kb/s)
Page 39Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
TSG CNCore Networks
TSG GERANGSM EDGE
Radio Access Network
TSG RANRadio Access
Network
TSG SAServices & System
Aspects
TSG TTerminals
CN WG 1MC/CC/CS (lu)
CN WG 3Interworking withExternal Networks
CN WG 2CAMEL
CN WG 5OSA
(Open Service Architecture)
CN WG 4 MAP/GTP/BCH/SS
GERAN WG 1Radio Aspects
GERAN WG 2Protocol Aspects
GERAN WG 3Base Station Testing
and O & M
GERAN WG 4Mobile Station
Testing
RAN WG1Radio Layer 1specification
RAN WG2Radio Layer 2 spec. & Radio
Layer 3 RR spec.
RAN WG3lub spec, lur speclu spec & UTRAN
O&M requirements
RAN WG4Radio performance & Protocol aspects
SA WG 1Services
SA WG 2Architecture
SA WG 3Security
SA WG 4Codec
SA WG 5Telecom
Management
T WG 1Mobile Terminal
Conformance testing
T WG 2Mobile Terminal
Services & capabilities
T WG 3Universal Subscriber
Identity Module (USIM)
3GPP TSGORGANIZATION
UMTS Standardisation: 3GPP• Collaboration Agreement,
Partners: ARIB, CCSA, ETSI, T1, TTA, and TTC
• Technical Work Done in WGs
• Deliverables– Technical Reports/Technical
Specifications
– Approval by Consensus or Vote
– Change Control When Sufficiently Stable
• Inter-WG Coordination – In TSGs
– Information Exchange through Liaison Statements
Page 40Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
UMTS: Transport of user IP packets
ApplicationServer
GGSNTerminal SGSNUTRAN
GTP-UGTP-U
User IP (v4 or v6)
Radio Bearer
IP tackets are tunnelled through the UMTS network (GTP – GPRS tunneling protocol)
L1
RLC
PDCP
MAC
IPv4 or v6
Application
L1
RLC
PDCP
MAC
ATM
UDP/IPv4 or v6
GTP‑U
AAL5
Relay
L1
UDP/IPv4 or v6
L2
GTP‑U
IPv4 or v6
Iu-PSUu Gn Gi
ATM
UDP/IPv4 or v6
GTP‑U
AAL5
L1
UDP/IPv4 or v6
GTP‑U
L2
Relay
L1
L2
IPv4 or v6
[Source: 3GPP]
Page 41Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
IP Transport: Concepts• PDP contexts (Packet Data Protocol) activation
• done by UE before data transmission• specification of APN and traffic parameters• GGSN delivers IP address to UE• set-up of bearers and mobility contexts in SGSN and GGSN• activation of multiple PDP contexts possible
•Access Point Names (APN)• APNs identify external networks (logical Gi interfaces of GGSN)• At PDP context activation, the SGSN performs a DNS query to find out the GGSN(s) serving the APN requested by the terminal.• The DNS response contains a list of GGSN addresses from which the SGSN selects one address in a round-robin fashion (for this APN).
•Traffic Flow Templates (TFTs)• set of packet filters (source address, subnet mask, destination port range, source port range, SPI, TOS (IPv4), Traffic Class (v6), Flow Label (v6)• used by GGSN to assign IP packets from external networks to proper PDP context
• GPRS tunneling protocol (GTP) •For every UE, one GTP-C tunnel is established for signalling and a number of GTP-U tunnels, one per PDP context (i.e. session), are established for user traffic.
Page 42Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
GGSN
IP Transport: PDP Context & APNs
Terminal SGSNGGSN
PDP Context X 2 (APN X, IP address X, QoS 2)
PDP Context X 1 (APN X, IP address X, QoS 1)
ISP X
ISP Z
ISP Y
PDP Context Z (APN Z, IP address Z, QoS)
PDP Context Y (APN Y, IP address Y, QoS)
AP
N Y
AP
N Z
AP
N X
Same PDP (IP) address and APN
PDP Context selectionbased on TFT (downstream)
[Source: 3GPP]
Page 43Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
UMTS Data Transport: Bearer Hierarchy
TE MT UTRAN/GERAN
CN IuEDGENODE
CNGateway
TE/AS
End-to-End Service(IP Bearer Service)
TE/MT LocalBearer Service
UMTS BearerService
External BearerService
UMTS Bearer Service
Radio Access BearerService
CN BearerService
BackboneBearer Service
Iu BearerService
Radio BearerService
PhysicalRadio
Service
PhysicalBearer Service
Air Interface
3G GGSN3G SGSNRAN
User Equipment
Page 44Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
UMTS Bearer: Traffic Classes (Source TS23.107, V5.2.0)
UMTS Bearer: Selected Traffic/QoS Parameters• Maximum Bitrate (kb/s)• Guaranteed Bitrate (kb/s)• Source statistics descriptor (`speech´, `unknown´)
• Transfer delay (ms)• SDU error ratio• Maximum SDU size (bytes)
Page 45Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
Example: PDP Context Setup
…
…
Page 46Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
IP based Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)
Additional domain in UMTS Rel. 5, based on Packet-switched domainEstablishment and Control of IP based multimedia calls based on SIP
Standardized interfaces to applicationsAuthentication and authorisation of service accessService based chargingQoS controlGlobal roaming and access to home services
Originally planned to be based on IPv6‘Network centric’ approach (as opposed to IETF SIP)In principle access independent (e.g. also WLAN access)No Network layer mobility support in IMS (mobility via SIP or in access networks)
Page 47Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
SIP
Network Entities and Protocols
IM SubsystemApplicationsand
Services
MultimediaIP
Networks
CS Domain-or-
PSTN-or-
Legacy-or-
External
PS Domain
HSS
R-SGW
CSCF
CSCF
GGSN
MRF-CSCP
MGCF
MGW
SGSN
Cx
Sh
Sc
Gr
Mm
Mw
Mc
Gc
Mg
Gn
BGCF
T-SGW
BGCFMi
GoGm
SLF
Dx
AS
AlternativeAccess Networks
„Gi-Cloud“
PCF
OSA-SCS
IM-SSF
MRF-PMp
Sr
ISC
SIPSI
P
?
?
Dia
met
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TCP/IP/UDP/RTP/…
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MAP
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SIP
Mj
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HTTP Others
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Page 48Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
Network Entities
• CSCF (Call State/Service Control Function)• PCF (Policy Control Function)• HSS (Home Subscriber Service)• SLF (Subscription Locator Function)• MRF (Multimedia Resource Function)• BGCF (Breakout Gateway Control Function)• MGCF (Median Gateway Control Function)• MGW (Media Gateway)• T-SGW (Transport Signaling Gateway)• R-SGW (Roaming Signaling Gateway)• AS (Application Server)• SCP (Service Content Provider)• IM-SSF (Service Switching Function)• OSA-SCS (Service Capability Server)
Additionally:- Charging Entities- Security Entities- Lawful Interception- Firewalls- DNS, DHCP, TRIP, …- QoS Entities- OAM and NM- …
Page 49Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
IMS: Important Network ElementsHSS : Home Subscriber ServiceDatabase for subscriber related information• Identification (SIP, Mail, E.164, Label, IMSI, ...)• Location management (P-CSCF, S-CSCF, IP address)• List of authorized services, List of subscribed services• Quintuplets for Security
Proxy Call State Control Function (P-CSCF)First contact point of an operator‘s network (for the mobile terminal)• Forwarding of SIP messages between terminal and core network• Generation of charging records• Translation of IDs other than SIP URIs into SIP URIs
(e.g. E.164 numbers)• Termination of confidentiality and integrity, Lawful interception• Authorisation of bearer resources and QoS management• Detection of emergency calls and selection of a emergency S-CSCF• Translation of SIP URIs for local services• SIP header compression
Page 50Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
IMS: Important Network Elements (cntd.)Interrogating Call State Control Function (I-CSCF)First contact point of an operator‘s network (for other operators)• Forwarding of SIP messages (proxy functionality)• Assignment of a S-CSCF
– during registration and during invite (for services for not registered subscribers)• Generation of charging records• Hiding of internal network configuration/capacity/topology
Serving Call State Control Function (S-CSCF)Performs session control and service triggering• Acts as a registrar according to RFC2543• May behave as a Proxy Server as defined in RFC2543, i.e. it accepts requests and services them
internally or forwards them on, possibly after translation.• May behave as a User Agent as defined in RFC2543, i.e. it may terminate and independently
generate SIP transactions.• Interaction with service platform(s), provides endpoints with service event related information • Authentication (based on quintuplets from HSS), Generation of charging records
Page 51Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
Registration in a Roaming Scenario
Home Network of MS B
Network visited by MS B
MS B
P-CSCF-B
S-CSCF-B
2
1
Home Network of MS A
Network visited by MS A
MS A
P-CSCF-A
S-CSCF-A
REG
ISTE
R
I-CSCF-A
HSS-A User Profile
1
2
4
5
REG
ISTE
R
I-CSCF-A4
HSS-AUser Profile
5
Page 52Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
Routing of Mobile-To-Mobile Calls
Home Network of MS A
Network visited by MS A
Home Network of MS B
Network visited by MS B
MS A MS B
P-CSCF-A
I-CSCF-B
P-CSCF-B
HSS-B
S-CSCF-A S-CSCF-B
REG
ISTE
R
User Profile
1 2
34
5
6
7
INVI
TE
Call C
ontro
l
REG
ISTE
R
I-CSCF-A
HSS-A User Profile
Page 53Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
SIP in IMS• Mandatory existence of P-CSCF as first point of contact• Network initiated call release (e.g. due to missing coverage or administrative reasons)
– Proxies are able to send BYE
• Network Control of Media Types– P/S-CSCF checks the SDP in the SIP body– If SDP contains invalid parameters (e.g. not supported codecs), P/S-CSCF rejects the SIP request by sending a
488 (“not acceptable here”) response that contains a SDP body indicating parameters that would be acceptable by the network
• Network Hiding (Encryption of Route and Via Headers)• Additional Signaling Information
– For example Cell-ID, Mobile Network/Country Code, Charging-IDs – Information transported P-header based solution
• Compression– SIP Compression is mandatory as radio interface is a scarce resource– Compression / decompression of SIP will be performed by the UE and the P-CSCF
• Authentication & Integrity protection– S-CSCF performs the Authentication using AKA – P-CSCF checks the integrity of messages received via the air interface via IPsec ESP
Page 54Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
IMS: Services are Home Controlled
3rd Party ServiceProvider
Visited Network Home Network
UEServingCSCF
ApplicationServer
ProxyCSCF
ApplicationServer
SIP
ISC
SIPSIP
ApplicationServer
The Serving CSCF (S-CSCF) is located in the Home Network The Visited Network only provides a proxy (P-CSCF): all calls are always first
routed to the Home Network.
??
Page 55Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
Entertainment
•m-Gaming
•Gambling
•Audio
•Video
•Unified Messaging
•MMS
•Chat
•Conferencing
•Voice over IP
•Buddy list
•Presence configuration
•Availability configuration
Information
•Dynamic Info Svcs.
•Static Info Svcs.
Commerce
•m-Banking
•m-Shopping
•m-ticketing & reservations
•m-advertisement
End User Services: Categorization
Communication
Page 56Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
Within the next six years data and multimedia traffic will overrule voice
In 2008 Multimedia Communication will account for ¼ of mobile traffic
Mbit/
User/
Month
Browsing & Download
Messaging
Real-Time Multimedia
Voice (Minutes of Use x 9,6 kb/s)50
100
150
200
250
300
350
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
0
Prediction: services in mobile NWs
Page 57Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
Summary1. Introduction
• Application Layer Protocols, basic principles
2. Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)• Properties and messages
• Problems & Improvements in wireless settings
3. Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)• Architectures & Entities
• Methods
• Mobility Support
4. IP Technology in 3G Networks• GSM/GPRS/UMTS architecture
• IP packet transport in UMTS
• IP based multimedia subsystems (IMS)
• Services
Page 58Tatiana K. Madsen
Hans Peter SchwefelWireless Data Communication: MM5, Wireless Applications, Fall03
Acknowledgements• InfotechLecture notes: IP Based Networks and Applications,
Chapter 4 (J. Charzinski), www.jcho.de/jc/IPNA• Lecture Notes: Networking Introduction (J. Kurose, K. Ross)• Tutorial: IP Technology in 3rd Generation mobile networks,
Siemens AG (J. Kross, L. Smith, H. Schwefel)• Lecture notes: Mobile Communciations, Jochen Schiller,
www.jochenschiller.de• Tutorial: Voice over IP Protocols – An Overview, www.vovida.org
Other References• IETF (www.ietf.org)
– WGs: MMUSIC (old), SIP• 3GPP: www.3gpp.org• J. Schiller: ’Mobile Communications’. Addison-Wesley, 2000.