Wireless Networking Technologies.ppt

7/26/2019 Wireless Networking Technologies.ppt

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Sridhar Iyer IIT Bombay 2

)o*rse +*tline

Wireless Networks -ifference fro wired Mo"ility

RF !asics

Fre.*ency, od*lation Medi* access control

WiFi +/er/iew !asic eleents

Standards and /ariants

WiMaX +/er/iew !asic eleents

Wireless LANs 0WiFi1 234$55 standards Mo"ility s*%%ort 6oice and 7oS s*%%ort

Mesh and Adhoc Networks Ro*ting and Trans%ort

Wireless MANs 0WiMaX1 234$58 standard

6oice and 7oS s*%%ort

Trends +/erlay networks


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Wireless Networks


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Wireless networks

Access co%*ting'co*nication ser/ices, on the o/e

Wireless WANs )ell*lar Networks& 9SM, 9:RS, )-MA

Satellite Networks& Iridi*

Wireless LANs WiFi Networks& 234$55

:ersonal Area Networks& !l*etooth

Wireless MANs WiMaX Networks& 234$58

Mesh Networks& M*lti;ho% WiFi

Adhoc Networks& *sef*l when infrastr*ct*re not a/aila"le


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Liitations of the o"ile en/ironent

Liitations of the WirelessNetwork liited co*nication "andwidth fre.*ent disconnections

heterogeneity of fragented networks

Liitations I%osed "y Mo"ility ro*te "reakages

lack of o"ility awareness "y syste'a%%lications

Liitations of the Mo"ile -e/ice short "attery lifetie

liited ca%acities


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9/298Sridhar Iyer IIT Bombay 9

Reference odel

A%%lication

Trans%ort

Network

-ata Link

:hysical

Medi*

-ata Link

:hysical

A%%lication

Trans%ort

Network

-ata Link

:hysical

-ata Link

:hysical

Network Network

Radio


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:ers%ecti/es

Network designers& )oncerned with cost;effecti/edesign Need to ens*re that network reso*rces are efficiently *tiliGed

and fairly allocated to different *sers$

Network *sers& )oncerned with a%%lication ser/ices Need g*arantees that each essage sent will "e deli/ered

witho*t error within a certain ao*nt of tie$

Network %ro/iders& )oncerned with systeadinistration Need echaniss for sec*rity, anageent, fa*lt;tolerance

and acco*nting$


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Factors affecting wireless syste design

Fre.*ency allocations What range to o%erateH May need licenses$

M*lti%le access echanis >ow do *sers share the edi* witho*t interferingH

Antennas and %ro%agation What distancesH :ossi"le channel errors introd*ced$

Signals encoding

>ow to i%ro/e the data rateH ow to ens*re that "andwidth is not wastedH


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Fre.*encies for co*nication

6LF 6ery Low Fre.*ency J>F Jltra >igh Fre.*ency LF Low Fre.*ency S>F S*%er >igh Fre.*ency MF Medi* Fre.*ency F igh Fre.*ency >F >igh Fre.*ency J6 Jltra/iolet Light

6>F 6ery >igh Fre.*ency

Fre.*ency and wa/e length& c'f wa/e length , s%eed of light c?=532's, fre.*ency f

5 M?33 >G

53 k?3 k>G

533 ? M>G

5 ?33 M>G

53 ?3 9>G

533 ? T>G

5 ?33 T>G

/isi"le light6LF LF MF >F 6>F J>F S>F F infrared J6

o%tical transissioncoa= ca"letwisted%air


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Fre.*ency reg*lations

Fre.*encies fro K>G to ?33 M> in high deand0es%ecially 6>F& ?3;?33M>1

Two *nlicensed "ands Ind*strial, Science, and Medicine 0ISM1& 4$ 9>G

Jnlicensed National Inforation Infrastr*ct*re 0JNII1& B$4 9>G

-ifferent agencies license and reg*late www$fcc$go/ ; JS

www$etsi$org ;


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Wireless transission

Wireless co*nication systes consist of& Transitters

Antennas& radiates electroagnetic energy into air

Recei/ers In soe cases, transitters and recei/ers are

on sae de/ice, called transcei/ers$

Transmitter Receiver

ntennantenna


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Antennas& si%le di%oles

Real antennas are not isotro%ic radiators

di%oles with lengths ' on car roofs or '4 0>ertGian di%ole1sha%e of antenna %ro%ortional to wa/elength

9ain& a=i* %ower in the direction of the ain lo"eco%ared to the %ower of an isotro%ic radiator 0with thesae a/erage %ower1

side /iew 0=y;%lane1

=

y

side /iew 0yG;%lane1

G

y

to% /iew 0=G;%lane1

=

G

si%ledi%ole

' '4


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)o%arison of oni and directional

Iss*es +ni -irectional

S%atial Re*se Low >igh

)onnecti/ity Low >igh

Interference +ni -irectional

)ost O )o%le=ity Low >igh


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Signal :ro%agation and Mod*lation


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Signals

%hysical re%resentation of data

f*nction of tie and location signal %araeters& %araeters re%resenting the /al*e of

data classification

contin*o*s tie'discrete tie contin*o*s /al*es'discrete /al*es

analog signal contin*o*s tie and contin*o*s /al*es

digital signal discrete tie and discrete /al*es

signal %araeters of %eriodic signals&

%eriod T, fre.*ency f5'T, a%lit*de A, %hase shift sine wa/e as s%ecial %eriodic signal for a carrier&

s0t1 Atsin04 ft t P t1


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Signal %ro%agation ranges

distance

sender

transission

detection

interference

Transission range co*nication %ossi"le

low error rate

-etection range detection of the signal

%ossi"le

no co*nication%ossi"le

Interference range signal ay not "edetected

signal adds to the"ackgro*nd noise


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Atten*ation& :ro%agation O Range


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Atten*ation

Strength of signal falls off with distance o/ertransission edi*

Atten*ation factors for *ng*ided edia&

Recei/ed signal *st ha/e s*fficient strength so thatcirc*itry in the recei/er can inter%ret the signal

Signal *st aintain a le/el s*fficiently higher thannoise to "e recei/ed witho*t error

Atten*ation is greater at higher fre.*encies, ca*singdistortion

A%%roach& a%lifiers that strengthen higherfre.*encies


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Signal %ro%agation

:ro%agation in free s%ace always like light 0straight line1

Recei/ing %ower %ro%ortional to 5'dQ0d distance "etween sender and recei/er1

Recei/ing %ower additionally infl*enced "y fading 0fre.*ency de%endent1

shadowing reflection at large o"stacles

refraction de%ending on the density of a edi*

scattering at sall o"stacles

diffraction at edges

reflection scattering diffractionshadowing refraction


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Signal can take any different %aths "etween sender and recei/er d*e toreflection, scattering, diffraction

Tie dis%ersion& signal is dis%ersed o/er tie interference with neigh"or sy"ols, Inter Sy"ol Interference 0ISI1 The signal reaches a recei/er directly and %hase shifted distorted signal de%ending on the %hases of the different %arts

M*lti%ath %ro%agation

signal at sender

signal at recei/er

L+S %*lses*lti%ath%*lses


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:ro%agation odes

arth

arth

arth

a ro(nd ave ro!a*ation

b Sy ave ro!a*ation

c :ine/o#/Si*ht ro!a*ation

Transmission

ntenna

Receivin*

ntenna

Si*na"

Si*na"

Ionos!here

Si*na"


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Mod*lation and deod*lation

synchroniGationdecision

digitaldataanalog

deod*lation

radiocarrier

analog"ase"andsignal

535535335 radio receiver

digitalod*lation

digitaldata analog

od*lation

radiocarrier

analog

"ase"andsignal

535535335 radio transmitter


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-igital od*lation Mod*lation of digital signals known as Shift Keying A%lit*de Shift Keying 0ASK1&

/ery si%le

low "andwidth re.*ireents

/ery s*sce%ti"le to interference

Fre.*ency Shift Keying 0FSK1& needs larger "andwidth

:hase Shift Keying 0:SK1& ore co%le=

ro"*st against interference

Many ad/anced /ariants

5 3 5

t

5 3 5

t

5 3 5

t


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M*lti%le=ing Mechaniss


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f

t

c

k4 k? k kB k8k5

Tie *lti%le= A channel gets the whole s%ectr* for a certain

ao*nt of tie

Ad/antages& only one carrier in the

edi* at any tie thro*gh%*t high e/enfor any *sers

-isad/antages& %recisesynchroniGationnecessary


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)ode *lti%le=


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)-MA


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-SSS 0-i t S 1


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-SSS 0-irect Se.*ence1 X+R of the signal with %se*do;rando n*"er

0chi%%ing se.*ence1 any chi%s %er "it 0e$g$, 5421 res*lt in higher "andwidth of thesignal

Ad/antages red*ces fre.*ency selecti/e

fading in cell*lar networks

@ "ase stations can *se thesae fre.*ency range

@ se/eral "ase stations can

detect and reco/er the signal@ soft hando/er

-isad/antages %recise %ower control necessary

*ser data

chi%%ingse.*ence

res*ltingsignal

3 5

3 5 5 3 5 3 5 35 3 3 5 55

XOR

3 5 5 3 3 5 3 55 3 5 3 35

=

t"

tc

t"& "it %eriod

tc& chi% %eriod

-SSS T it'R i


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-SSS Transit'Recei/e

X*ser data

chi%%ingse.*ence

od*lator

radiocarrier

s%reads%ectr*

signal

transit

signal

transmitter

deod*lator

recei/edsignal

radiocarrier

X

chi%%ingse.*ence

low%assfilteredsignal

receiver

integrator

%rod*cts

decision

data

sa%leds*s

correlator


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F>SS 0F > i 1


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F>SS 0Fre.*ency >o%%ing1

-iscrete changes of carrier fre.*ency se.*ence of fre.*ency changes deterined /ia %se*do rando

n*"er se.*ence

Two /ersions Fast >o%%ing& se/eral fre.*encies %er *ser "it

Slow >o%%ing& se/eral *ser "its %er fre.*ency Ad/antages

fre.*ency selecti/e fading and interference liited to short %eriod

si%le i%leentation

*ses only sall %ortion of s%ectr* at any tie

-isad/antages not as ro"*st as -SSS

si%ler to detect

Sl d F t F>SS


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Slow and Fast F>SS

*ser data

slowho%%ing

0? "its'ho%1

fastho%%ing

0? ho%s'"it1

3 5

t"

3 5 5 t

f

f5

f4

f?

t

td

f

f5

f4

f?

t

td

t"& "it %eriod td& dwell tie


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+F-M 0+ th l F -i i i 1


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+F-M 0+rthogonal Fre.*ency -i/ision1 :arallel data transission on se/eral

orthogonal s*"carriers with lower rate

Ma=i* of one s*"carrier fre.*ency a%%ears e=actly at a fre.*encywhere all other s*"carriers e.*al Gero s*%er%osition of fre.*encies in the sae fre.*ency range

k?f

t

c

A%lit*de

f

s*"carrier&

SI f*nction sin0=1=


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AL+>A

Stations transit whene/er they ha/e data to send -etect collision or wait for acknowledgent

If no acknowledgent 0or collision1, try again after a

rando waiting tie

)ollision& If ore than one node transits at thesae tie

If there is a collision, all nodes ha/e to re;transit%ackets

Aloha'slotted Aloha


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Mechanis rando, distri"*ted 0no central ar"iter1, tie;*lti%le=

Slotted Aloha additionally *ses tie;slots, sending *stalways start at slot "o*ndaries

Aloha

Slotted Aloha

Aloha'slotted Aloha

sender A

sender !sender )

collision

sender Asender !

sender )

collision

t

t


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Frae le/el error correction

:ro"les in transitting a se.*ence of fraeso/er a lossy link frae daage, loss, reordering, d*%lication, insertion

Sol*tions& Forward


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St d W it AR7


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Sto% and Wait AR7

Sender waits for A)K

0acknowledgeent1 aftertransitting each frae kee%sco%y of last frae$

Recei/er sends A)K if recei/ed

frae is error free$ Sender retransits frae if

A)Knot recei/ed "efore tiere=%ires$

Si%le to i%leent "*t aywaste "andwidth$


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!andwidth /'s "it width


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!andwidth /'s "it width

Latency 0delay1


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Latency 0delay1

Tie it takes to send essage fro %oint A to %oint !

Latency :ro%agation P TransitP 7*e*e

:ro%agation -istance 'S%eed+fLight

Transit SiGe ' !andwidth

7*e*eing not rele/ant for direct links

!andwidth not rele/ant if SiGe 5 "it

Software o/erhead can doinate when -istance is sall

RTT& ro*nd;tri% tie

-elay X !andwidth %rod*ct


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Relati/e i%ortance of "andwidth and delay

Sall essage& 5s /s 533s doinates5M"%s /s 533M"%s

Large essage& 5M"%s /s 533M"%s doinates5s /s 533s



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533s RTT and BM"%s !andwidth B83 K! of data


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Switched networks


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Switched networks


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T):'I: layers 0contd 1


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T):'I: layers 0contd$1

A%%lication Layer& ZZa%%lication[[ %rotocols$

-eals with %ro/iding ser/ices to *sers and a%%licationde/elo%ers$

:rotocols are the "*ilding "locks of a network

architect*re$

Lower layer ser/ices


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Lower layer ser/ices

Jnacknowledged connectionless ser/ice

No acknowledgeents, no connection


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234$55 0WiFi1 +/er/iew

Wireless LANs


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Wireless LANs

Infrared 0Ir-A1 or radio links 0Wa/elan1 Ad/antages

/ery fle=i"le within the rece%tion area

Ad;hoc networks %ossi"le

0alost1 no wiring diffic*lties

-isad/antages low "andwidth co%ared to wired networks

any %ro%rietary sol*tions

Infrastr*ct*re /'s ad;hoc networks 0234$551

Infrastr*ct*re /s$ Ad hoc networks


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infrastr*ct*renetwork

ad;hoc network

A:A:

A:

wired network

A:& Access :oint

So*rce& Schiller


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)arrier Sense M*lti%le Access 0)SMA1


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)arrier Sense M*lti%le Access 0)SMA1

Listen "efore yo* s%eak )heck whether the edi* is acti/e "efore sending a

%acket 0i$e carrier sensing1

If edi* idle, then transit

If collision ha%%ens, then detect and resol/e

If edi* is fo*nd "*sy, transission follows& 5; %ersistent

:; %ersistent

Non;%ersistent


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)o%onents of I


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)o%onents of I


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0 1

-irect co*nicationwithin a liited range Station 0STA1&

terinal with accessechaniss to thewireless edi*

!asic Ser/ice Set 0!SS1&gro*% of stations *sing the

sae radio fre.*ency

$%&'(( )*+

!SS4

$%&'(( )*+

!SS5

STA5

STA

STAB

STA4

STA?

So*rce& Schiller

234$55 ; infrastr*ct*re network 0:)F1


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-istri"*tion Syste

:ortal

$%&', )*+

Access:oint

$%&'(( )*+

!SS4

$%&'(( )*+

!SS5

Access:oint

0 1Station 0STA1 terinal with access echaniss

to the wireless edi* and radiocontact to the access %oint

!asic Ser/ice Set 0!SS1 gro*% of stations *sing the sae

radio fre.*ency

Access :oint

station integrated into thewireless LAN and the distri"*tionsyste

:ortal "ridge to other 0wired1 networks

-istri"*tion Syste

interconnection network to forone logical network 0


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234$55 ; MA) layer


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Traffic ser/ices Asynchrono*s -ata Ser/ice 0andatory1 -)F

Tie;!o*nded Ser/ice 0o%tional1 ; :)F

Access ethods -)F )SMA')A 0andatory1

@ collision a/oidance /ia randoiGed "ack;off echanis

@ A)K %acket for acknowledgeents 0not for "roadcasts1

-)F w' RTS')TS 0o%tional1

@a/oids hidden terinal %ro"le :)F 0o%tional1

@ access %oint %olls terinals according to a list


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234$55 )SMA')A e=a%le


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t

"*sy

"oe

station5

station4

station?

station

stationB

%acket arri/al at MA)

-IFS"oe

"oe

"oe

"*sy

ela%sed "ackoff tie

"or resid*al "ackoff tie

"*sy edi* not idle 0frae, ack etc$1

"or

"or

-IFS

"oe

"oe

"oe "or

-IFS

"*sy

"*sy

-IFS"oe "*sy

"oe

"oe

"or

"or


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234$55 ; :)F I


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:IFS

stationsNA6

wirelessstations

%oint

coordinator

-5

J5SIFS

NA6

SIFS-4

J4SIFS

SIFS

S*%erFraet3

edi* "*sy

t5


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)F: str*ct*re and Tiing


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234$55 ; MA) anageent


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SynchroniGation

try to find a LAN, try to stay within a LAN tier etc$

:ower anageent slee%;ode witho*t issing a essage

%eriodic slee%, frae "*ffering, traffic eas*reents Association'Reassociation

integration into a LAN

roaing, i$e$ change networks "y changing access %oints

scanning, i$e$ acti/e search for a network MI! ; Manageent Inforation !ase

anaging, read, write

234$55 ; )hannels, association


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234$55"& 4$9>G;4$2B9>G s%ectr* di/ided into 55

channels at different fre.*encies

A: adin chooses fre.*ency for A:

interference %ossi"le& channel can "e sae as thatchosen "y neigh"oring A:

host& *st associatewith an A: scans channels, listening for beacon ramescontaining

A:s nae 0SSI-1 and MA) address

selects A: to associate with ay %erfor a*thentication

will ty%ically r*n ->): to get I: address in A:s s*"net

234$55 /ariants


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M,/

MI.

D666 78 IR98

409

22/

M,/

Mmt

$!;%%G ISM;"and

Sec*rity Liited, W


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)hannel selection 0non;o/erla%%ing1


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433

]M>G^

454 42?$B44 4C4

channel 5 channel C channel 5?

JS 0F))1')anada 0I)1

433]M>G^

454 42?$B4?C 484

channel 5 channel 8 channel 55

44 M>G

44 M>G


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+F-M in I


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0 1

2 data P %ilot ?54$B k>G s%acing

s*"carriern*"er

5 C 45 48;48 ;45 ;C ;5

channel center fre.*ency

?54$B k>G%ilot

+%erating channels for 234$55a

?8 channel3 2 B4 B8 83 8


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B5B3 ]M>G^B523 B?B3B433

?8

58$8 M>G

center fre.*ency B333 P Bchannel n*"er ]M>G^

c a e3 2 B4 B8 83 8

5 5B? 5BC 585

B443 B43 B483 B423 B?33 B?43

BC4B]M>G^

BCBB24B

BC8B

58$8 M>G

channel

BC2B B23B


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I


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Infrastr*ct*re and ad hoc odes *sing -)F

)arrier Sense M*lti%le Access !inary e=%onential "ackoff for collision a/oidance and

congestion control Acknowledgeents for relia"ility

:ower sa/e ode for energy conser/ation Tie;"o*nd ser/ice *sing :)F Signaling %ackets for a/oiding


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Traditional Ro*ting

A routing protocolsets *% a routing tablein routers


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Ro*ting %rotocol is ty%ically "ased on -istance;6ector orLink;State algoriths

Ro*ting and Mo"ility

Finding a %ath fro a so*rce to a destination


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Finding a %ath fro a so*rce to a destination

Iss*es Fre.*ent ro*te changes

@ ao*nt of data transferred "etween ro*te changes ay

"e *ch saller than traditional networks Ro*te changes ay "e related to host o/eent

Low "andwidth links

9oal of ro*ting %rotocols decrease ro*ting;related o/erhead find short ro*tes

find sta"le ro*tes 0des%ite o"ility1


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Mo"ile I:& !asic Idea


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Ro+ter

%

Ro+ter

&

Ro+ter

!

6 M3

8omeaent

Mo"ile I:& !asic Idea


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Ro+ter

%

Ro+ter

&

Ro+ter

!

6 M3

8ome aent

7orein aent

move

9ackets are t+nneled

+sin I9 in I9

Mo"ile I:& Terinology

Mo"ile Node 0MN1


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node that o/es across networks witho*t changing its I: address

>oe Agent 0>A1

host in the hoe network of the MN, ty%ically a ro*ter

registers the location of the MN, t*nnels I: %acketsto the )+A

Foreign Agent 0FA1

host in the c*rrent foreign network of the MN, ty%ically a ro*ter forwards t*nneled %ackets to the MN, ty%ically the defa*lt ro*ter for

MN

)are;of Address 0)+A1

address of the c*rrent t*nnel end;%ointfor the MN 0at FA or MN1

act*al location of the MN fro an I: %oint of /iew )orres%ondent Node 0)N1

host with which MN is corres%onding 0T): connection1

-ata transfer to the o"ile syste

8,

M3!


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Internet

sender

7,

M3

1ome network

*orein

network

recei/er

%

!

&

5$ Sender sends to the I: address of MN,

>A interce%ts %acket 0%ro=y AR:14$ >A t*nnels %acket to )+A, here FA,

"y enca%s*lation?$ FA forwards the %acket to the MN

So*rce& Schiller

/3


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Mo"ile I:& !asic +%eration

Agent Ad/ertiseent>A'FA i di ll d d ti t i t th i


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>A'FA %eriodically send ad/ertiseent essages into their

%hysical s*"nets MN listens to these essages and detects, if it is in hoe'foreign

network

MN reads a )+A fro the FA ad/ertiseent essages

MN Registration

MN signals )+A to the >A /ia the FA >A acknowledges /ia FA to MN

liited lifetie, need to "e sec*red "y a*thentication

>A :ro=y >A ad/ertises the I: address of the MN 0as for fi=ed systes1

%ackets to the MN are sent to the >A

inde%endent of changes in )+A'FA

:acket T*nneling >A to MN /ia FA

Mo"ile I:& +ther Iss*es

Re/erse T*nneling


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firewalls %erit only to%ological correct addresses a %acket fro the MN enca%s*lated "y the FA is now

to%ological correct

+%tiiGations Triang*lar Ro*ting

@ >A infors sender the c*rrent location of MN

)hange of FA@ new FA infors old FA to a/oid %acket loss, old FA now

forwards reaining %ackets to new FA


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M*lti;>o% Wireless


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May need to tra/erse *lti%le links to reach destination

Mo"ility ca*ses ro*te changes


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MA) in Ad hoc networks

I


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I


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-istance;/ector O Link;state Ro*ting

!oth ass*e ro*ter knows


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!oth ass*e ro*ter knows

address of each neigh"or cost of reaching each neigh"or

!oth allow a ro*ter to deterine glo"al ro*tinginforation "y talking to its neigh"ors

-istance /ector; ro*ter knows cost to each destination

Link state; ro*ter knows entire network to%ology and

co%*tes shortest %ath

-istance 6ector Ro*ting&


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2

Link State Ro*ting&


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MAN


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Traditional distri"*ted shortest;%ath %rotocols

Maintain ro*tes "etween e/ery host %air at all ties

!ased on %eriodic *%dates >igh ro*ting o/erhead


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y

Initiated "y so*rce node S that wants to send %acket todestination node -

Ro*te Re.*est 0RR


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.

,

6 0

7

8

E

D

/

G

I

J

L

Represents a node t1at 1as received RR0@ *or D *rom 6

M

3

2

Ro*te disco/ery in -SR

.roadcast transmission


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.

,

6 0

7

8

E

D

/

G

I

J

Represents transmission o* RR0@

L

M

3

2

6N

XN Represents list o* identi*iers appended to RR0@

Ro*te disco/ery in -SR


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.

,

6 0

7

8

E

D

/

G

I

J

@3ode 8 receives packet RR0@ *rom two nei1


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.

,

6 0

7

8

E

D

/

G

I

J

L

@3ode D does not *orwardRR0@


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.

,

6 0

7

8

E

D

/

G

I

J

L

M

3

2

RR09 607EDN

Represents RR09 control messae


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-S-6 e=a%le

When X recei/es inforation fro \ a"o*t a ro*te to


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Let destination se.*ence n*"er for at X "e S0X1, S0\1 issent fro \

If S0X1 V S0\1, then X ignores the ro*ting inforation recei/edfro \

If S0X1 S0\1, and cost of going thro*gh \ is saller than thero*te known to X, then X sets \ as the ne=t ho% to

If S0X1 U S0\1, then X sets \ as the ne=t ho% to , and S0X1 is

*%dated to e.*al S0\1

X L

:rotocol Trade;offs

:roacti/e %rotocols Always aintain ro*tes

Littl d l f t d t i ti


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Little or no delay for ro*te deterination

)ons*e "andwidth to kee% ro*tes *%;to;date

Maintain ro*tes which ay ne/er "e *sed

Reacti/e %rotocols Lower o/erhead since ro*tes are deterined on deand

Significant delay in ro*te deterination


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T): o/er wireless

I%act of transission errors


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Wireless channel ay ha/e "*rsty rando errors

!*rst errors ay ca*se tieo*t Rando errors ay ca*se fast retransit

T): cannot disting*ish "etween %acket lossesd*e to congestion and transission errors

Jnnecessarily red*ces congestion window Thro*gh%*t s*ffers


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signal fro awireless network cans%ill o/er fro the"*ilding whereaccess %oints arelocated toneigh"oring"*ildings, %arkinglots and %*"lic roads$


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I


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different 7oS can "e %ro/ided to each *ser Adission control &


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The !S shall %ro/ide fi=ed siGe slot at %eriodic inter/als$

rt:S0Real;Tie :olling Ser/ice1 S*%%orts real;tie ser/ice flows that generate /aria"le siGe data

%ackets on a %eriodic "asis, s*ch as M:


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J li k h d li

J%link Sched*ling


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J%link sched*ling& Res%onsi"le for the efficient and fair allocation of the

reso*rces0tie slots1 in the *%link direction

J%link carrier &

@ Reser/ed slots

@ contention slots0rando access slots1

The standard sched*ling algoriths can "e *sed


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7oS and 6oice'6ideo A%%lications

!andwidth and a%%lications

%DMA ! 655P#. %DMA !+++

7D57UMT.


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259IIT BombaySridhar Iyer

.peed3 kbps

!5%DMA !,655P#.3 %DMA !+++

Transaction Processing

Messaging/Te8t Apps9oice/.M.

Location .er(ices

.till Image Transfers

Internet/9P" Access

Database Access

Document TransferLo& Quality 9ideo

Hig' Quality 9ideo

:,;


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Band&idt'

#e1uirem

ents

Hig'

Lo&

Lo& Hig'Latency .ensiti(ity

Te8te=

mail

7=commerce7#P

9oice

TerminalMode

Internet/intranet

7=mail &it'Attac'ments

.treaming9ideo 9ideo

%onferencing

7*ality of Ser/ice Network;le/el 7oS

Metrics incl*de a/aila"le "'w, %acket loss rates, etc


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ow well *ser e=%ectations are .*alitati/ely satisfied

)lear /oice, itter;free /ideo, etc

I%leented at a%%lication;le/el&

@ end;to;end %rotocols 0RT:'RT):1

@ a%%lication;s%ecific encodings 0Fow *ch reso*rcesH


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>ow *ch reso*rcesH admission control/provisioning

>ow to ens*re network *tiliGation, load "alancingH QoS routing, traffic engineering

>ow to set aside reso*rces in a distri"*ted annerH signaling, provisioning, policy

>ow to deli/er ser/ices when the traffic act*ally coes inH traffic shaping, classification, scheduling

>ow to onitor .*ality, acco*nt and %rice these ser/icesH network management, accounting, billing, pricing

7oS "ig %ict*re& )ontrol'-ata %lanes

)ontrol :lane& Signaling P Adission )ontrol or

SLA 0)ontracting1 P :ro/isioning'Traffic


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Internetwork or WANWorkstation

Ro*ter

Ro*ter

Ro*ter

Workstation

-ata :lane& Traffic conditioning 0sha%ing, %olicing, arking etc1 at the edge P

Traffic )lassification P )laiing Reser/ed Reso*rces 0:er;ho% !eha/ior; :>!1,

sched*ling, "*ffer anageent

Ser/ices& 7*e*ing'Sched*ling

;"ass

Traffic

Classes

Traffic

Sources

EEEEEE


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+therwise all *sers select "est ser/ice class

Ser/ice %ro/iders %ers%ecti/e Low cost 0i%leentn, etering, acco*nting, "illing1


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A*dio S%eech 0)


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%;=%e*aco

T; @

Iv4 Iv6

+-323 S

SI

RTS RS? RT;

RT

+-261 %

:3=4 :5

Sonet T% thernet ?-34

Reservation %eas(rement

net)or9

"in9

!hysica"

!!"icationdaemon

9erne"

Session Initiation :rotocol 0SI:1

In/ite *sers to sessions

Find the *sers c*rrent location


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Find the *ser s c*rrent location atch with their ca%a"ilities and %references in order

to deli/er in/itation

Modify'Terinate sessions

Session -escri%tion :rotocol 0S-:1 Jsed to s%ecify client ca%a"ilities


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Jser Agent Ser/er 0JAS1 Listens for call re.*ests

:ro%ts *ser or e=ec*tes %rogra to deterine res%onse

Jser Agent& JA) %l*s JAS

Registrar Recei/es registrations regarding c*rrent *ser locations

Redirect Ser/er

Redirects *sers to try other ser/er :ro=y Ser/er

SI: architect*re

6I9 Redirect6

Re+est

Response


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%

!

&

"

'

#

$

?

%

%%

%!

6I9 /lient

6erver

6I9 9roK6I9 9roK

6I9 /lient

(Cser ,ent 6erver)

2ocation 6ervice

%&

%"

p

Media

SI: call flow e=a%le

@SR @SR BR$GC R$GC

I


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407 ro&y (thenticate

;H

I


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:art of larger set of standards 0>$?4X1 for/ideoconferencing o/er data networks$

>$?4? addresses call control, *ltiediaanageent, and "andwidth anageent aswell as interfaces "etween LANs and othernetworks$

>$?4? architect*re


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>$?4? co%onents

Terinals& All terinals *st s*%%ort /oice /ideo and data are o%tional

9atekee%er&


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9atekee%er& ost i%ortant co%onent which %ro/ides call control ser/ices

9ateway& an o%tional eleent which %ro/ides translation f*nctions

"etween >$?4? conferencing end%oints 0es% for IS-N, :STN1

M*lti%oint )ontrol Jnit 0M)J1& s*%%orts conferences "etween three or ore end%oints$

)onsists of a M*lti%oint )ontroller 0M)1 and M*lti%oint

:rocessors 0M:1

>$?4? 9atekee%er

Address translation >$?4? Alias to trans%ort 0I:1 address

Ad i i t l


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Adission control :erission to co%lete call

)an a%%ly "andwidth liits

Method to control LAN traffic

)all signaling'anageent're%orting'logging

Manageent of 9ateway

>$?43, >$?4, :+TS, etc$

>$?4? e=a%le

5$ A sends re.*est to 9ateKee%er& )an I call !H

4$ 9K resol/es !o" to I: address thro*gh >$?4?i t ti t l i


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4$ 9K resol/es !o" to I: address thro*gh >$?4?registration or e=ternal nae ser/ice

?$ 9K a%%lies Adission :olicy

$ 9K re%lies to A with !s I: address

B$ A sends Set*% essage to !8$ ! checks with 9K for a*thoriGing the connection

C$ 9K acknowledges ! to acce%t call

2$ ! re%lies to A and alerts Jser

$ >$4B connection esta"lished

Media trans%ort& RT: Trans%ort of real;tie data, a*dio and /ideo

RT: follows the a%%lication le/el fraing 0ALF1 RT: s%ecifies coon a%%lication f*nctions


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RT: s%ecifies coon a%%lication f*nctions

Tailored thro*gh odifications and'or additions to theheaders

RT: consists of a data and a control %art The data %art of RT: is a thin %rotocol The control %art of RT: is called RT):

@ .*ality;of;ser/ice feed"ack fro recei/ers

@ snchroniGation s*%%ort for edia streas

RT: 0contd1

RT: ser/ices %ayload ty%e identification

se.*ence n*"ering tiesta%ing


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se.*ence n*"ering, tiesta%ing

deli/ery onitoring, o%tional i=ing'translation$

J-: for *lti%le=ing and checks* ser/ices RT: does not %ro/ide

echaniss to ens*re .*ality;of;ser/ice, g*aranteedeli/ery or %re/ent o*t;of;order deli/ery or loss


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Trends

?9 Network Architect*re

M bil A

M bil Acc ss

>irelessAccess "et&ork

5ate&ay

5ate&ay

Telep'one

"et&ork

%ore "et&ork

Programmable. fts itc'

Programmable.ofts&itc'


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Mobile Access#outer

Mobile Access#outer

IPBase .tations

IPBase .tations

User Profiles ?Aut'entication

-HL#0

)5 AirInterface

>ired Access

*+!,

IP Intranet

IP Intranet

.ofts&itc'.ofts&itc'

Application.er(er

Application.er(er

*+!,

AccessPoint

AccessPoint

AccessPoint

AccessPoint

Internet

+/erlay Networks ; the glo"al goal

regional

integration of heterogeneo*s fi=ed ando"ile networks with /aryingtransission characteristics


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g

etro%olitan area

ca%*s;"ased

in;ho*se

/erticalhando/er

horiGontalhando/er

F*t*re o"ile and wireless networks

I%ro/ed radio technology and antennas sart antennas, "ea foring, *lti%le;in%*t *lti%le;o*t%*t

0MIM+1di i i lti l t i it " fit f


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@ s%ace di/ision *lti%le= to increase ca%acity, "enefit fro*lti%ath

software defined radios 0S-R1

@ *se of different air interfaces, download new od*lation'coding

@ re.*ires a lot of %rocessing %ower dynaic s%ectr* allocation

@ s%ectr* on deand res*lts in higher o/erall ca%acity

)ore network con/ergence I:;"ased, .*ality of ser/ice, o"ile I:

Ad;hoc technologies s%ontaneo*s co*nication, %ower sa/ing, red*ndancy

References A$S$ Tanen"a*$ )o%*ter Networks$ :earson


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y,

234$55 Wireless LAN, I


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+ther T*torials at& www$it$iit"$ac$in' sri

)ontact -etails&

Sridhar IyerSchool of Inforation Technology

IIT !o"ay, :owai, M*"ai 33 3C8

:hone& P5;44;4BC8;C3B


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