Wireless Networks. Cellular and land line telephone systems are responsible for providing coverage throughout a particular territory, called a coverage region or market The interconnection of many such systems defines a wireless network over a country or continent. Types of Networks. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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1 1 Wireless Networks Wireless Networks Cellular and land line Cellular and land line telephone systems are telephone systems are responsible for providing responsible for providing coverage throughout a coverage throughout a particular territory, called particular territory, called a coverage a coverage region region or or market market The interconnection of many The interconnection of many such systems defines a such systems defines a wireless network over a wireless network over a country or continent country or continent
Cellular and land line telephone systems are Cellular and land line telephone systems are responsible for providing coverage throughout responsible for providing coverage throughout a particular territory, called a coverage a particular territory, called a coverage regionregion or or marketmarket
The interconnection of many such systems The interconnection of many such systems defines a wireless network over a country or defines a wireless network over a country or continentcontinent
Cellular and land line telephone systems are Cellular and land line telephone systems are responsible for providing coverage throughout responsible for providing coverage throughout a particular territory, called a coverage a particular territory, called a coverage regionregion or or marketmarket
The interconnection of many such systems The interconnection of many such systems defines a wireless network over a country or defines a wireless network over a country or continentcontinent
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Types of NetworksTypes of NetworksTypes of NetworksTypes of Networks
Fixed Networks(PSTN)Fixed Networks(PSTN) Wireless NetworkWireless Network•Highly staticHighly static•High bandwidth possible High bandwidth possible (fiber Optic or coaxial)(fiber Optic or coaxial)
•Highly dynamicHighly dynamic•Low RF bandwidth Low RF bandwidth provided for each userprovided for each user
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Interconnection of networksInterconnection of networksInterconnection of networksInterconnection of networks
BS1 BS2
MobileMobile Switching Switching
Center (MSC)Center (MSC)
Radio Link
Voice and Data Links
PSTN
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Functions of PSTNFunctions of PSTNFunctions of PSTNFunctions of PSTN
Highly integrated communications network that Highly integrated communications network that connects almost all of of world’s populationconnects almost all of of world’s population
Each country is responsible for the regulation of Each country is responsible for the regulation of PSTN within it’s borders. Over time, PSTN within it’s borders. Over time, government to private transition takes place.government to private transition takes place.
PSTN has a network of fixed PSTN has a network of fixed telephone telephone exchangesexchanges
Over time, transition has occurred from manual Over time, transition has occurred from manual to automatic exchanges to automatic exchanges
Highly integrated communications network that Highly integrated communications network that connects almost all of of world’s populationconnects almost all of of world’s population
Each country is responsible for the regulation of Each country is responsible for the regulation of PSTN within it’s borders. Over time, PSTN within it’s borders. Over time, government to private transition takes place.government to private transition takes place.
PSTN has a network of fixed PSTN has a network of fixed telephone telephone exchangesexchanges
Over time, transition has occurred from manual Over time, transition has occurred from manual to automatic exchanges to automatic exchanges
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History of PSTN networkHistory of PSTN networkHistory of PSTN networkHistory of PSTN network
Controlled by long distance companies like Controlled by long distance companies like AT&T, Sprint etc. AT&T, Sprint etc.
1984 – Supreme Court issues Modified Final 1984 – Supreme Court issues Modified Final Judgement (MFJ) Judgement (MFJ)
Break up of AT&T into 7 major Bell operating Break up of AT&T into 7 major Bell operating systems (BOCs) each with its own service systems (BOCs) each with its own service region.region.
Controlled by long distance companies like Controlled by long distance companies like AT&T, Sprint etc. AT&T, Sprint etc.
1984 – Supreme Court issues Modified Final 1984 – Supreme Court issues Modified Final Judgement (MFJ) Judgement (MFJ)
Break up of AT&T into 7 major Bell operating Break up of AT&T into 7 major Bell operating systems (BOCs) each with its own service systems (BOCs) each with its own service region.region.
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City
CityCity
CityCity
Local Local Exchange Exchange
Carrier Carrier (LEC)(LEC)
Local Local Exchange Exchange
Carrier (LEC)Carrier (LEC)
Inter Inter Exchange Exchange CarriersCarriers
(IXC)(IXC)
Local Access Local Access and Transport and Transport Area (LATA)Area (LATA)
PSTN Exchange systemPSTN Exchange systemPSTN Exchange systemPSTN Exchange system
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Local PSTN telephone network Local PSTN telephone network Local PSTN telephone network Local PSTN telephone network
Wireless networks requires air interface Wireless networks requires air interface between base stations and randomly spaced between base stations and randomly spaced subscribers subscribers
Complex propagation mediaComplex propagation media MSC must eventually provide connection to MSC must eventually provide connection to
Wireless networks requires air interface Wireless networks requires air interface between base stations and randomly spaced between base stations and randomly spaced subscribers subscribers
Complex propagation mediaComplex propagation media MSC must eventually provide connection to MSC must eventually provide connection to
PSTN and other MSCsPSTN and other MSCs
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Schematic of Wireless Network Schematic of Wireless Network Schematic of Wireless Network Schematic of Wireless Network
MSC-1MSC-1(Home MSC)(Home MSC)
MSC-2MSC-2(Visitor MSC)(Visitor MSC)PSTNPSTN
SS7SS7BSBS BSBS
HLRHLRVLRVLR
AUCAUC HLRHLRVLRVLR
AUCAUC
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Wireless network comparisonWireless network comparisonWireless network comparisonWireless network comparisonFirst, second and third generationsFirst, second and third generations Modulation techniques (Analog, Digital, Spread Modulation techniques (Analog, Digital, Spread
First, second and third generationsFirst, second and third generations Modulation techniques (Analog, Digital, Spread Modulation techniques (Analog, Digital, Spread
First Generation NetworksFirst Generation NetworksFirst Generation NetworksFirst Generation Networks
Analog Technology -FM modulation Analog Technology -FM modulation AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Services) – in AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Services) – in
U.S.U.S. Mobile TerminalsMobile Terminals Base StationsBase Stations MSCsMSCs PSTN is separate network from the signalling PSTN is separate network from the signalling
networknetwork
Analog Technology -FM modulation Analog Technology -FM modulation AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Services) – in AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Services) – in
U.S.U.S. Mobile TerminalsMobile Terminals Base StationsBase Stations MSCsMSCs PSTN is separate network from the signalling PSTN is separate network from the signalling
networknetwork
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Functions of MSCFunctions of MSCFunctions of MSCFunctions of MSC
Provides overall System control for each regionProvides overall System control for each region
Maintains mobile related information and Maintains mobile related information and handoff controlhandoff control
Performs all call processing; billing; fraud Performs all call processing; billing; fraud detection within the marketdetection within the market
Provides overall System control for each regionProvides overall System control for each region
Maintains mobile related information and Maintains mobile related information and handoff controlhandoff control
Performs all call processing; billing; fraud Performs all call processing; billing; fraud detection within the marketdetection within the market
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Base station to Mobile user : Analog speech, Base station to Mobile user : Analog speech, low rate datalow rate data
Data transmission between BS – user Data transmission between BS – user - RVC RCC RVC RCC - FVC FCCFVC FCC Base station - MSC: 9600 B/S Data LinkBase station - MSC: 9600 B/S Data Link MSC - PSTN Landline Trunked lines and MSC - PSTN Landline Trunked lines and
Tandem SwitchTandem Switch
Base station to Mobile user : Analog speech, Base station to Mobile user : Analog speech, low rate datalow rate data
Data transmission between BS – user Data transmission between BS – user - RVC RCC RVC RCC - FVC FCCFVC FCC Base station - MSC: 9600 B/S Data LinkBase station - MSC: 9600 B/S Data Link MSC - PSTN Landline Trunked lines and MSC - PSTN Landline Trunked lines and
IS-41 Network ProtocolIS-41 Network ProtocolIS-41 Network ProtocolIS-41 Network Protocol Network protocol standard to allow automatic Network protocol standard to allow automatic
registration of roamers – inter-operator registration of roamers – inter-operator roamingroaming Allow MSCs of different service providers to Allow MSCs of different service providers to
pass information about subscribers to other pass information about subscribers to other MSCs on demandMSCs on demand
HLR – Home Location Register – real time user HLR – Home Location Register – real time user listlist
Network protocol standard to allow automatic Network protocol standard to allow automatic registration of roamers – inter-operator registration of roamers – inter-operator roamingroaming
Allow MSCs of different service providers to Allow MSCs of different service providers to pass information about subscribers to other pass information about subscribers to other MSCs on demandMSCs on demand
HLR – Home Location Register – real time user HLR – Home Location Register – real time user listlist
Roaming processRoaming processRoaming processRoaming process
Mobile periodically keys up and transmits its Mobile periodically keys up and transmits its identity information which allows MSC to identity information which allows MSC to constantly update it’s customer list. constantly update it’s customer list.
The registration command is sent in over The registration command is sent in over control channels at 5-10 minute intervals -control channels at 5-10 minute intervals -MIN – Mobile Identification Number (Telephone MIN – Mobile Identification Number (Telephone No.)No.)
ESN – Electronic Serial NumberESN – Electronic Serial Number
Mobile periodically keys up and transmits its Mobile periodically keys up and transmits its identity information which allows MSC to identity information which allows MSC to constantly update it’s customer list. constantly update it’s customer list.
The registration command is sent in over The registration command is sent in over control channels at 5-10 minute intervals -control channels at 5-10 minute intervals -MIN – Mobile Identification Number (Telephone MIN – Mobile Identification Number (Telephone No.)No.)
ESN – Electronic Serial NumberESN – Electronic Serial Number
By comparing MIN of roaming subscriber with By comparing MIN of roaming subscriber with HLR database, the MSC identifies roamersHLR database, the MSC identifies roamers
MSC sends registration request over landline MSC sends registration request over landline signaling network to subscriber’s home MSCsignaling network to subscriber’s home MSC
Home MSC validates roamer’s MIN and ESN Home MSC validates roamer’s MIN and ESN and returns a customer profile to visited MSCand returns a customer profile to visited MSC
Home and visitor MSC update their HLR and Home and visitor MSC update their HLR and VLRVLR
The roamer is then registered in the visited The roamer is then registered in the visited MSC.MSC.
By comparing MIN of roaming subscriber with By comparing MIN of roaming subscriber with HLR database, the MSC identifies roamersHLR database, the MSC identifies roamers
MSC sends registration request over landline MSC sends registration request over landline signaling network to subscriber’s home MSCsignaling network to subscriber’s home MSC
Home MSC validates roamer’s MIN and ESN Home MSC validates roamer’s MIN and ESN and returns a customer profile to visited MSCand returns a customer profile to visited MSC
Home and visitor MSC update their HLR and Home and visitor MSC update their HLR and VLRVLR
The roamer is then registered in the visited The roamer is then registered in the visited MSC.MSC.
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SS7 (Signaling System 7) ProcessSS7 (Signaling System 7) ProcessSS7 (Signaling System 7) ProcessSS7 (Signaling System 7) Process Switch controlled services for usersSwitch controlled services for users Call return, call formatting, repeat dialing, call Call return, call formatting, repeat dialing, call
block, call tracing, caller IDblock, call tracing, caller ID 800 Series - Toll free access to calling party –800 Series - Toll free access to calling party –
paid by service subscriberpaid by service subscriber Alternated Billing Service and line information Alternated Billing Service and line information
database (ADB/LIDB)database (ADB/LIDB) Enables calling party to bill a call to a Enables calling party to bill a call to a
personal number (third party number, calling personal number (third party number, calling card or collect call) from any numbercard or collect call) from any number
block, call tracing, caller IDblock, call tracing, caller ID 800 Series - Toll free access to calling party –800 Series - Toll free access to calling party –
paid by service subscriberpaid by service subscriber Alternated Billing Service and line information Alternated Billing Service and line information
database (ADB/LIDB)database (ADB/LIDB) Enables calling party to bill a call to a Enables calling party to bill a call to a
personal number (third party number, calling personal number (third party number, calling card or collect call) from any numbercard or collect call) from any number
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Functioning Of SS7 Functioning Of SS7 Functioning Of SS7 Functioning Of SS7
MSC controls the switching and billing functions MSC controls the switching and billing functions and interacts with PSTN to transfer between and interacts with PSTN to transfer between global grid and its cluster of base stationsglobal grid and its cluster of base stations
MSC uses the SS7 signaling network for MSC uses the SS7 signaling network for location validation and call delivery to its users location validation and call delivery to its users which are roaming and relies on several which are roaming and relies on several information databasesinformation databases
MSC controls the switching and billing functions MSC controls the switching and billing functions and interacts with PSTN to transfer between and interacts with PSTN to transfer between global grid and its cluster of base stationsglobal grid and its cluster of base stations
MSC uses the SS7 signaling network for MSC uses the SS7 signaling network for location validation and call delivery to its users location validation and call delivery to its users which are roaming and relies on several which are roaming and relies on several information databasesinformation databases
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Switching in Networks Switching in Networks Switching in Networks Switching in Networks
First generation First generation Circuit SwitchingCircuit Switching
MSC dedicates a voice channel connection MSC dedicates a voice channel connection between base station and PSTN for duration of between base station and PSTN for duration of cell phone callcell phone call
As calls are initiated and completed, different As calls are initiated and completed, different radio circuits and dedicated PSTN voice circuits radio circuits and dedicated PSTN voice circuits are switched in and out to handle trafficare switched in and out to handle traffic
First generation First generation Circuit SwitchingCircuit Switching
MSC dedicates a voice channel connection MSC dedicates a voice channel connection between base station and PSTN for duration of between base station and PSTN for duration of cell phone callcell phone call
As calls are initiated and completed, different As calls are initiated and completed, different radio circuits and dedicated PSTN voice circuits radio circuits and dedicated PSTN voice circuits are switched in and out to handle trafficare switched in and out to handle traffic
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Properties of circuit switchingProperties of circuit switchingProperties of circuit switchingProperties of circuit switching
Wireless data networks are not well supported Wireless data networks are not well supported by circuit switching, due to their short, bursty by circuit switching, due to their short, bursty transmissions => often, time required to transmissions => often, time required to establish a circuit exceeds the duration of data establish a circuit exceeds the duration of data transmission.transmission.
Circuit switching is best suited for dedicated Circuit switching is best suited for dedicated voice-only traffic, or for instances where data is voice-only traffic, or for instances where data is continuously sent over long periods of time.continuously sent over long periods of time.
Wireless data networks are not well supported Wireless data networks are not well supported by circuit switching, due to their short, bursty by circuit switching, due to their short, bursty transmissions => often, time required to transmissions => often, time required to establish a circuit exceeds the duration of data establish a circuit exceeds the duration of data transmission.transmission.
Circuit switching is best suited for dedicated Circuit switching is best suited for dedicated voice-only traffic, or for instances where data is voice-only traffic, or for instances where data is continuously sent over long periods of time.continuously sent over long periods of time.
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Second Generation Wireless NetworksSecond Generation Wireless Networks Second Generation Wireless NetworksSecond Generation Wireless Networks
Employ digital modulation and have advanced Employ digital modulation and have advanced call processing capabilities. call processing capabilities.
Examples: Examples: o Global system for Mobile (GSM)Global system for Mobile (GSM)o DECT (Digital European Cordless DECT (Digital European Cordless
Telephone)Telephone)o Cordless Telephone (CT2) -British systemCordless Telephone (CT2) -British systemo JDC – Japanese Digital Cellular systemJDC – Japanese Digital Cellular system
Employ digital modulation and have advanced Employ digital modulation and have advanced call processing capabilities. call processing capabilities.
Examples: Examples: o Global system for Mobile (GSM)Global system for Mobile (GSM)o DECT (Digital European Cordless DECT (Digital European Cordless
Telephone)Telephone)o Cordless Telephone (CT2) -British systemCordless Telephone (CT2) -British systemo JDC – Japanese Digital Cellular systemJDC – Japanese Digital Cellular system
implements connectionless services for large implements connectionless services for large number of data users, who remain virtually number of data users, who remain virtually connected connected
Packet switching breaks each message into Packet switching breaks each message into smaller units for transmission and recoverysmaller units for transmission and recovery
When a message is broken into packets, When a message is broken into packets, control information is added to each packet to control information is added to each packet to provide source/ destination information and provide source/ destination information and identification.identification.
implements connectionless services for large implements connectionless services for large number of data users, who remain virtually number of data users, who remain virtually connected connected
Packet switching breaks each message into Packet switching breaks each message into smaller units for transmission and recoverysmaller units for transmission and recovery
When a message is broken into packets, When a message is broken into packets, control information is added to each packet to control information is added to each packet to provide source/ destination information and provide source/ destination information and identification.identification.
Header – contains source address, destination Header – contains source address, destination address, packet sequence number, and other address, packet sequence number, and other routing and billing informationrouting and billing information
Trailer - contains cyclic redundancy checksum Trailer - contains cyclic redundancy checksum which is used for error detection at receiverwhich is used for error detection at receiver
Header – contains source address, destination Header – contains source address, destination address, packet sequence number, and other address, packet sequence number, and other routing and billing informationrouting and billing information
Trailer - contains cyclic redundancy checksum Trailer - contains cyclic redundancy checksum which is used for error detection at receiverwhich is used for error detection at receiver
Header User Data TrailerHeader User Data Trailer
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Packet switching is also called Packet Radio Packet switching is also called Packet Radio (PR) when used by a wireless link(PR) when used by a wireless link
Provides excellent channel efficiency for data Provides excellent channel efficiency for data transmission, since the channel is utilized only transmission, since the channel is utilized only when sending or receiving bursts of informationwhen sending or receiving bursts of information
X25 is widely used packet radio protocol – X25 is widely used packet radio protocol – developed by CCITT (ITU-T) International developed by CCITT (ITU-T) International Telecommunication Union.Telecommunication Union.
Packet switching is also called Packet Radio Packet switching is also called Packet Radio (PR) when used by a wireless link(PR) when used by a wireless link
Provides excellent channel efficiency for data Provides excellent channel efficiency for data transmission, since the channel is utilized only transmission, since the channel is utilized only when sending or receiving bursts of informationwhen sending or receiving bursts of information
X25 is widely used packet radio protocol – X25 is widely used packet radio protocol – developed by CCITT (ITU-T) International developed by CCITT (ITU-T) International Telecommunication Union.Telecommunication Union.
Second Generation Second Generation Wireless Networks…Wireless Networks…Second Generation Second Generation Wireless Networks…Wireless Networks…
New network architectures that reduce New network architectures that reduce burden of MSC - BSC (base station burden of MSC - BSC (base station controller) inserted between several base controller) inserted between several base stations and MSCstations and MSC
All systems are digital voice coding and All systems are digital voice coding and employ digital modulationemploy digital modulation
Systems employ common channel Systems employ common channel signaling for simultaneous voice and signaling for simultaneous voice and control informationcontrol information
New network architectures that reduce New network architectures that reduce burden of MSC - BSC (base station burden of MSC - BSC (base station controller) inserted between several base controller) inserted between several base stations and MSCstations and MSC
All systems are digital voice coding and All systems are digital voice coding and employ digital modulationemploy digital modulation
Systems employ common channel Systems employ common channel signaling for simultaneous voice and signaling for simultaneous voice and control informationcontrol information
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Advances in Second Generation NetworksAdvances in Second Generation NetworksAdvances in Second Generation NetworksAdvances in Second Generation Networks
While 1st generation systems were primarily While 1st generation systems were primarily designed for voice, second generation networks designed for voice, second generation networks provide paging, facsimile and high –data rate provide paging, facsimile and high –data rate network accessnetwork access
Handoff is mobile-controlled-MAHO(Mobile Handoff is mobile-controlled-MAHO(Mobile assisted Handoff)assisted Handoff)
The mobile units in this generation perform The mobile units in this generation perform functions like received power reporting, functions like received power reporting, adjacent base station scanning, data encodingadjacent base station scanning, data encoding
While 1st generation systems were primarily While 1st generation systems were primarily designed for voice, second generation networks designed for voice, second generation networks provide paging, facsimile and high –data rate provide paging, facsimile and high –data rate network accessnetwork access
Handoff is mobile-controlled-MAHO(Mobile Handoff is mobile-controlled-MAHO(Mobile assisted Handoff)assisted Handoff)
The mobile units in this generation perform The mobile units in this generation perform functions like received power reporting, functions like received power reporting, adjacent base station scanning, data encodingadjacent base station scanning, data encoding
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Common Channel Signaling (CCS) Common Channel Signaling (CCS) Common Channel Signaling (CCS) Common Channel Signaling (CCS)
Second generation signaling network Second generation signaling network Digital Technique that provides simultaneous Digital Technique that provides simultaneous
transmission of user data, signaling data and transmission of user data, signaling data and other related traffic through a network.other related traffic through a network.
[Mobile <> BS <> MSC <>MSC ][Mobile <> BS <> MSC <>MSC ] Uses out of band signaling channels which Uses out of band signaling channels which
separate the network data from the user (voice separate the network data from the user (voice or data) on the same channel or using TDM.or data) on the same channel or using TDM.
Second generation signaling network Second generation signaling network Digital Technique that provides simultaneous Digital Technique that provides simultaneous
transmission of user data, signaling data and transmission of user data, signaling data and other related traffic through a network.other related traffic through a network.
[Mobile <> BS <> MSC <>MSC ][Mobile <> BS <> MSC <>MSC ] Uses out of band signaling channels which Uses out of band signaling channels which
separate the network data from the user (voice separate the network data from the user (voice or data) on the same channel or using TDM.or data) on the same channel or using TDM.
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Advantages of CCSAdvantages of CCSAdvantages of CCSAdvantages of CCS
Advantage – high speed signaling (50kbps –Advantage – high speed signaling (50kbps –Mbps) is not limited by low speed voice data Mbps) is not limited by low speed voice data (20bps –20kbps)(20bps –20kbps)
Substantial increase in the number of usersSubstantial increase in the number of users
Advantage – high speed signaling (50kbps –Advantage – high speed signaling (50kbps –Mbps) is not limited by low speed voice data Mbps) is not limited by low speed voice data (20bps –20kbps)(20bps –20kbps)
Substantial increase in the number of usersSubstantial increase in the number of users
CCS network architecture is composed of CCS network architecture is composed of geographically distributed central switching geographically distributed central switching offices.offices.
Service Management system (SMS)Service Management system (SMS) Switching end points (SEPs)Switching end points (SEPs) Signaling transfer points(STPs)Signaling transfer points(STPs) Database service management system(DBAS)Database service management system(DBAS)
CCS network architecture is composed of CCS network architecture is composed of geographically distributed central switching geographically distributed central switching offices.offices.
Service Management system (SMS)Service Management system (SMS) Switching end points (SEPs)Switching end points (SEPs) Signaling transfer points(STPs)Signaling transfer points(STPs) Database service management system(DBAS)Database service management system(DBAS)
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Third Generation Wireless NetworksThird Generation Wireless Networks Third Generation Wireless NetworksThird Generation Wireless Networks
Aim is to provide a single set of standards that Aim is to provide a single set of standards that can meet a wide range of wireless applications, can meet a wide range of wireless applications, and provide universal access around the globe and provide universal access around the globe => voice, data and video=> voice, data and video
Aim is to provide a single set of standards that Aim is to provide a single set of standards that can meet a wide range of wireless applications, can meet a wide range of wireless applications, and provide universal access around the globe and provide universal access around the globe => voice, data and video=> voice, data and video
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Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
Parallel worldwide network for CCS signaling Parallel worldwide network for CCS signaling traffic that can be used to either route traffic on traffic that can be used to either route traffic on PSTN or provide new services between PSTN or provide new services between network nodes and end usersnetwork nodes and end users
ISDN has 2 types of channels:ISDN has 2 types of channels:o Information bearing channels called Bearer Information bearing channels called Bearer
channels (B channels) –64kbpschannels (B channels) –64kbpso Out of band signaling channels, called data Out of band signaling channels, called data
channels (D channels)channels (D channels)
Parallel worldwide network for CCS signaling Parallel worldwide network for CCS signaling traffic that can be used to either route traffic on traffic that can be used to either route traffic on PSTN or provide new services between PSTN or provide new services between network nodes and end usersnetwork nodes and end users
ISDN has 2 types of channels:ISDN has 2 types of channels:o Information bearing channels called Bearer Information bearing channels called Bearer
channels (B channels) –64kbpschannels (B channels) –64kbpso Out of band signaling channels, called data Out of band signaling channels, called data
End user applications require greater End user applications require greater bandwidth for computer systems and video bandwidth for computer systems and video imagingimaging
Based on asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) Based on asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) technology which allows packet switching – 100 technology which allows packet switching – 100 GbpsGbps
End user applications require greater End user applications require greater bandwidth for computer systems and video bandwidth for computer systems and video imagingimaging
Based on asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) Based on asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) technology which allows packet switching – 100 technology which allows packet switching – 100 GbpsGbps
Based on B-ISDN to provide access to Based on B-ISDN to provide access to information networks such as Internet information networks such as Internet and other public and private databasesand other public and private databases
PCS - Personal Communication SystemPCS - Personal Communication System PCN - Personal Communication NetworkPCN - Personal Communication Network International Mobile Telecommunication (IMT International Mobile Telecommunication (IMT
–2000)–2000) Universal Mobile Telecommunication System Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
(UMTS)- Europe (UMTS)- Europe
Based on B-ISDN to provide access to Based on B-ISDN to provide access to information networks such as Internet information networks such as Internet and other public and private databasesand other public and private databases
PCS - Personal Communication SystemPCS - Personal Communication System PCN - Personal Communication NetworkPCN - Personal Communication Network International Mobile Telecommunication (IMT International Mobile Telecommunication (IMT
–2000)–2000) Universal Mobile Telecommunication System Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
