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Wireless Power Transmission
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INTRODUCTIONDEFINITIONHISTORYTYPES OF WPT
Atmospheric conduction method Electrodynamic induction method
Advantages and disadvantageApplicationsConclusionReferences
OVERVIEW
INTRODUCTION• One of the major issues in power system is the
losses occurring during the transmission and distribution of electrical power.
• The percentage of loss of power during transmission and distribution is approximated as 26%.
• The main reason for power loss during transmission and distribution is the resistance of wires used in grid.
• According to the World Resources Institute (WRI), India’s electricity grid has the highest transmission and distribution losses in the world – a whopping 27-40%.
• Tesla has proposed methods of transmission of electricity using electromagnetic induction.
DEFINITION
• As the word wireless means “without wire”. • Wireless energy transfer or wireless power is the
transmission of electrical energy from a power source to an electric load without interconnecting man made conductors.
• Wireless transmission is useful in cases where interconnecting wires are inconvenient, hazardous or impossible.
HISTORYSir NICOLAI TESLA was the first one to propose and research the idea of wireless transmission in 1899, since than many scholars and scientists have been working to make his dream a reality.• 1899: Tesla continues wireless power transmission research
in Colorado Springs and writes, "the inferiority of the induction method would appear immense as compared with the disturbed charge of ground and air method
• 1961: William C. Brown publishes an article exploring possibilities of microwave power transmission
• 2009: Sony shows a wireless electrodynamics-induction powered TV set, 60 W over 50 cm
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METHODSDifferent methods of transmission proposed by different scientist and scholars are:
1. Atmospheric conduction method of Tesla
2. Electrodynamic induction method: Microwave method Laser method
Atmospheric conduction methodIn 1899 Sir NICOLAI TESLA and HEINRICH HERTZ powered a fluorescent lamp keeping it 25 miles away from source without using wire. Wireless power transmission experiments at WARDEN CLYFFE High frequency current, of a Tesla coil, could light lamps filled with gas (like neon). In this method a closed circuit is made using transmitter, ionized path between upper atmosphere and transmitter, second ionized path connecting receiver. The circuit back to the transmitter is completed through the earth .
Atmospheric conduction method
High potential is maintained at transmitter and receiver end as well. A high potential transmitter transmits an “electromotive impulse” through the ionized path to the upper atmosphere where it ionizes the air, and this air between the transmitter and receiver would conduct like a neon tube .
LIMITATIONS OF ATMOSPHERIC CONDUCTION METHOD
• Economically challenging.
• Periodic changes in atmospheric condition.
• Maintaining high power potential every time.
ELECTRODYNAMIC INDUCTION METHOD We bring electromagnetic radiation into
practice, which uses far field technique in order to achieve range into kilos, which includes two techniques:
• LASERS• MICROWAVE
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LASER is highly directional, coherentNot dispersed for very longBut, gets attenuated when it propagates
through atmosphereSimple receiver
Photovoltaic cellCost-efficient
LASER transmission
LASER METHOD• In the case of electromagnetic radiation closer to
visible region of spectrum (10s of microns (um) to 10s of nm), power can be transmitted by converting electricity into a laser beam that is then pointed at a solar cell receiver. This mechanism is generally known as "power beaming" because the power is beamed at a receiver that can convert it to usable electrical energy.
CURRENT CURRENT
LASERTRANSFORMEROPTICAL FIBRE
MICROWAVE METHOD• Power transmission via radio waves can be made
more directional, allowing longer distance power beaming, with shorter wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, typically in the microwave range. A rectenna may be used to convert the microwave energy back into electricity. Rectenna conversion efficiencies exceeding 95% have been realized. Power beaming using microwaves has been proposed for the transmission of energy from orbiting solar power satellites to Earth.• The principle of
Evanescent principle of Electromagnetic
Wave Coupling extends the induction.
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Near-field energy transferElectric automobile charging
Static and movingConsumer electronicsIndustrial purposes
Harsh environmentFar-field energy transfer
Solar Power SatellitesEnergy to remote areasCan broadcast energy globally (in future)
Applications
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EfficientEasyNeed for grids, substations etc are
eliminatedLow maintenance costMore effective when the transmitting and
receiving points are along a line-of-sightCan reach the places which are remote
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES• When microwaves are used, interference may
arise • When LASERS are used, conversion is
inefficient due to absorption losses. • It is radioactive in nature • Distance constraint , initial cost is high. • Field strength has to be under safety levels • High frequency signals should be supplied for
air ionization which is not feasible.
19Wireless Power Transmission
Transmission without wires- a realityEfficientLow maintenance cost. But, high initial
costBetter than conventional wired transferEnergy crisis can be decreasedLow loss In near future, world will be completely
wireless
CONCLUSION
20Wireless Power Transmission
S. Sheik Mohammed, K. Ramasamy, T. Shanmuganantham,” Wireless power transmission – a next generation power transmission system”, International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) (Volume 1 – No. 13)
Peter Vaessen,” Wireless Power Transmission”, Leonardo Energy, September 2009
C.C. Leung, T.P. Chan, K.C. Lit, K.W. Tam and Lee Yi Chow, “Wireless Power Transmission and Charging Pad”
David Schneider, “Electrons unplugged”, IEEE Spectrum, May 2010 Shahrzad Jalali Mazlouman, Alireza Mahanfar, Bozena Kaminska,
“Mid-range Wireless Energy Transfer Using Inductive Resonance for Wireless Sensors”
Chunbo Zhu, Kai Liu, Chunlai Yu, Rui Ma, Hexiao Cheng, “Simulation and Experimental Analysis on Wireless Energy Transfer Based on Magnetic Resonances”, IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), September 3-5, 2008
References