Wireless Sensor Wireless Sensor Networks for Habitat Networks for Habitat

MonitoringMonitoring

Jennifer YickJennifer Yick

Network SeminarNetwork Seminar

October 10, 2003October 10, 2003

OutlineOutline

Habitat monitoringHabitat monitoring

RequirementsRequirements

System ArchitectureSystem Architecture

Hardware and DesignHardware and Design

Network and Network and Application InterfaceApplication Interface

ResultsResults

Habitat monitoringHabitat monitoringObjective: monitor seabird nesting Objective: monitor seabird nesting environment and behaviorenvironment and behaviorKey fact: Seabird colonies are very Key fact: Seabird colonies are very sensitive to disturbance. Repeated sensitive to disturbance. Repeated disturbance will lead to abandonment disturbance will lead to abandonment of the colony.of the colony.Major Problem: The impact of human Major Problem: The impact of human presence repeatedly can distort results presence repeatedly can distort results by changing behavioral patterns and by changing behavioral patterns and destroy sensitive populations.destroy sensitive populations.Solution: Deployment of a sensor Solution: Deployment of a sensor networknetwork

Great Duck Island and Great Duck Island and requirementsrequirements

Great Duck Island is a remote island Great Duck Island is a remote island south of Mount Desert Island, Mainesouth of Mount Desert Island, Maine

RequirementsRequirements Internet access: to allow remote interactionsInternet access: to allow remote interactions Hierarchical network: to provide enough Hierarchical network: to provide enough

connectivity over several kilometerconnectivity over several kilometer Sensor network duration: at least 9 months Sensor network duration: at least 9 months

on non-rechargeable batteryon non-rechargeable battery

Requirements con’tRequirements con’t

Inconspicuous operation: habitat monitoring should Inconspicuous operation: habitat monitoring should not disrupt the natural process or behavior under not disrupt the natural process or behavior under studystudySensor network: should be stable, predictable, and Sensor network: should be stable, predictable, and repeatable behavior if necessaryrepeatable behavior if necessaryLocal interaction: PDA assist with direct sensor Local interaction: PDA assist with direct sensor query, adjust operational parameters or assist in query, adjust operational parameters or assist in locating deviceslocating devicesSensor type: sense light, temperature, infrared, Sensor type: sense light, temperature, infrared, relative humidity, and barometric pressurerelative humidity, and barometric pressureData compression: archive sensor readingsData compression: archive sensor readings

System ArchitectureSystem Architecture

Sensor NodeSensor Node

UC Berkeley mote UC Berkeley mote family called Micafamily called Mica Uses a single channel Uses a single channel

916 MHz radio from 916 MHz radio from RF monolithic to RF monolithic to provide bidirectional provide bidirectional communicationcommunication

Uses 2 AA batteries Uses 2 AA batteries and a DC boost and a DC boost converter to stable converter to stable voltage sourcevoltage source

Small in size (approx. Small in size (approx. 2.0x1.5x0.5 inches)2.0x1.5x0.5 inches)

Sensor node functionalitySensor node functionality

Each sensor node contains a Each sensor node contains a computational module (a programmable computational module (a programmable unit) which provides computation ability, unit) which provides computation ability, storage, and bidirectional communication storage, and bidirectional communication with other nodes in the systemwith other nodes in the systemTwo advantages:Two advantages: They can be re-task in the fieldThey can be re-task in the field Easily communicate with the rest of the Easily communicate with the rest of the

networknetwork

Gateway Gateway

Each sensor patch Each sensor patch contains a gateway contains a gateway nodenode

Each gateway node Each gateway node can communicate can communicate with the sensor with the sensor network and provides network and provides connectivity to the connectivity to the transit networktransit network

Transit NetworkTransit Network

Can consist of a single hop link or a series Can consist of a single hop link or a series of networked wireless nodesof networked wireless nodesEach transit network design has different Each transit network design has different characteristicscharacteristics RobustnessRobustness BandwidthBandwidth Energy efficiencyEnergy efficiency CostCost ManageabilityManageability

Base StationBase Station

Data storage for the Data storage for the collection of sensor collection of sensor patchespatches

WAN connectivity will WAN connectivity will be wirelessbe wireless

Base-Remote link Base-Remote link connection to the connection to the internetinternet

Possibility of DisconnectionPossibility of Disconnection

There is a possibility of disconnection at There is a possibility of disconnection at every level every level Each layer (sensor nodes, gateways, base Each layer (sensor nodes, gateways, base station) has storage against data loss station) has storage against data loss (power failure)(power failure)Each layer has data managementEach layer has data management Sensor nodes – data loggingSensor nodes – data logging Gateway – some database storing servicesGateway – some database storing services Base station – database servicesBase station – database services

Sensor DeploymentSensor Deployment

32 sensor nodes were deployed using Mi32 sensor nodes were deployed using Mica motes with Mica Weather Boardsca motes with Mica Weather Boards

Mica motes Mica motes Battery case integrated with the main processBattery case integrated with the main process

ing and sensor boards ing and sensor boards

Weather proof caseWeather proof case First enclosed by a 10 micron parylene sealanFirst enclosed by a 10 micron parylene sealan

t to protect it from electrical contactt to protect it from electrical contact Then enclosed by a transparent acrylic enclosThen enclosed by a transparent acrylic enclos

ureure

Gateway – a single hop mote to mote netwGateway – a single hop mote to mote network over CerfCubeork over CerfCube11 (an embedded linux sy (an embedded linux system equipped with a compact flash adaptstem equipped with a compact flash adapterer

[1]Cerfcube embedded StrongARM system. [1]Cerfcube embedded StrongARM system. http://www.intrinsyc.com/products/cerfcube/http://www.intrinsyc.com/products/cerfcube/. Intrinsyc Corporation, Vancouv. Intrinsyc Corporation, Vancouver BC Canadaer BC Canada

Chosen hardwareChosen hardware

Base Station Base Station

Base station – a Base station – a laptoplaptop Each group of sensors Each group of sensors

communicates with a communicates with a laptop which stores laptop which stores the data in a database the data in a database

Base StationBase Station

An external antenna permits coAn external antenna permits communication from the sensor patmmunication from the sensor patch to the laptop-a distance of ovch to the laptop-a distance of over 350 feet. er 350 feet.

A satellite transciever is then useA satellite transciever is then used to replicate the data in the datad to replicate the data in the database to the research facilities – a base to the research facilities – a distance of over 50,000 milesdistance of over 50,000 miles

Data Management and User Data Management and User InterfaceInterface

Base station uses a SQL database which Base station uses a SQL database which stores the time-stamped readings from the stores the time-stamped readings from the sensorssensors Database is replicated every fifteen minutesDatabase is replicated every fifteen minutes

User Interface is implemented on top of thUser Interface is implemented on top of the sensor network databasee sensor network database Matlab to analyze the data Matlab to analyze the data Java Applet to displayJava Applet to display

RESULTSRESULTS

http://http://www.greatduckisland.netwww.greatduckisland.net

ConclusionConclusion

Define the core application requirementsDefine the core application requirements

Constraints on the sensor nodes have defined Constraints on the sensor nodes have defined energy budget for all other servicesenergy budget for all other services

This study can be a representation of many This study can be a representation of many applications in this areaapplications in this area

ReferencesReferences

www.greatduckisland.netwww.greatduckisland.net

A. Mainwaring, J. Polastre, R. Szewczyk, D. Culler, J. AndersoA. Mainwaring, J. Polastre, R. Szewczyk, D. Culler, J. Anderson, “n, “Wireless Sensor Networks for Habitat Monitoring,”Wireless Sensor Networks for Habitat Monitoring,” ACM ACM International Workshop on International Workshop on WirelessWireless SensorSensor NetworksNetworks and Ap and Applications, Sept. 2002plications, Sept. 2002