Witches, Heretics, and Social Outcasts in Europe
Course Outline
Week One
a. Medieval Heresy: Introduction
b. What is a heretic?
Week Two
a. Cathars
b. Cathars: Sources and Debates
Week Three
a. Waldensians
b. Waldensians: Sources and Debates
Week Four
a. Heresy of the Free Spirit
b. Beguines: Sources and Debates
Week Five
a. Pre-reformation heresy in England and Europe
b. Wycliffe and Hus: Sources and Debates
Week Six
a. Martin Luther and the Advent of Protestantism
b. The Origins of the Reformation: Sources and Debates [SLP]
Week Seven
a. Religious radicals in the early modern period [SLP]
b. Essay returns and individual tutorials
Week Eight
a. Leprosy [SLP]
b. Jews in Medieval and Early Modern Europe [SLP]
Week Nine
a. Witches and Witchcraft
b. Witches and Witchcraft: Sources and Debates [SLP]
Week Ten
a. Conclusions
b. Revision tutorials
[SLP: student led presentation]
2
Additional Information
1. Seminars
Attendance at all seminars is compulsory, and students are expected to prepare for
each class by reading items from the appropriate section of the course bibliography
below.
Seminars annotated [SLP] in the course summary above involve student-led
presentations, in small groups. All students are asked to choose a topic for a group
presentation from the list that will be circulated at the start of term.
Some seminars will be structured around „sources and debates‟, and will involve
either an informal discussion of selected primary source materials (see bibliography
below), or a more formal presentation of the sources.
2. Essays
All students are required to write two essays. A full list of essay questions may be
found below.
The first essay must be submitted on Monday of week 6. The second essay must be
submitted on Monday of week 10. Both essays must be accompanied by a completed
coversheet. Remember that there are penalties imposed upon over-length work, and
essays that are submitted after the deadline.
The first essay will be returned to students by Tuesday of week 7. Individual tutorials
are offered to students who wish to discuss their work. Marks and feedback for the
second essay will be available at the end of term. Both essays will be retained by the
department for review by internal and external examiners.
3. Electronic Resources
There is a course web page for this module, accessible via my personal pages at
www.rdg.ac.uk/~lhs99hlp. The website reproduces much of the information contained
in this handbook, and will be updated with additional materials if necessary. If you
find any useful online source materials yourself that you think might be useful to the
class, I will be pleased to add these to the online module information.
4. Contact
My office is HUMSS 138, and I am available to see students without an appointment
during my regular „office hours‟. I can be reached by telephone (x8145), or email
3
Essay Questions
‘The historian faces acute problems of evidence when studying the behaviour,
motives and beliefs of the heretic’ (Malcolm Lambert). Discuss.
Compare and contrast the studies by Moore and Nirenberg of the position of medieval
minorities.
‘The problem of medieval heresy was creation of a developing, empire-building
Church.’ Discuss.
Why did the Catholic church persecute Waldensianism so vigorously?
How successful was the Albigensian Crusade in suppressing the Cathar heresy?
To what extent was the suppression of the heresy of the Free Spirit the result of non-
doctrinal concerns?
How influential was the thought of John Wycliffe in fifteenth century Lollardy?
Why were lepers excluded from medieval society?
To what extent can the popularity of Hussitism be explained by political factors?
How far were sixteenth century European attitudes towards Jews shaped by medieval
precedents?
Why were Anabaptists so feared by Catholic and Protestant churches?
How successful was the medieval church in its attempts to separate magic and
religion?
How important was the Malleus Maleficarum in shaping early modern attitudes to
witchcraft?
4
Text Books and Introductory Works
D.Baker ed., Schism, Heresy and Religious Protest: Papers read at the tenth summer
meeting and the eleventh winter meeting of the Ecclesiastical History Society, Studies
in Church History, 9 (1972).
J. Delumeau, Sin and Fear: the Emergence of a Western Guilt Culture, 13th
-18th
Centuries (New York, 1990)
M. Lambert, Medieval Heresy: Popular Movements from the Gregorian Reform to the
Reformation (Blackwells, 2002)
G. Leff, Heresy in the Later Middle Ages: the Relation of Heterodoxy to Dissent,
c.1250-1400, 2 vols (Manchester: Manchester U.P., 1967)
R. I. Moore, The Origins of European Dissent (1977: reprinted University of Toronto
Press, 1994)
D. Nirenberg, Communities of Violence: Persecution of Minorities in the Middle Ages
(Princeton, 1996) [also an e-book]
J. Richards, Sex, Dissidence and Damnation: Minority Groups in the Middle Ages
(London, 1991)
R.N. Swanson, Religion and Devotion in Europe, c.1215-c.1515 (Cambridge, 1995),
chap. 8 „Inclusion and Exclusion‟
S. L. Waugh and P.D. Diehl, Christendom and its Discontents: Exclusion,
Persecution and Rebellion, 1000-1500 (Cambridge University Press, 1996)
Primary Source Collections:
C. M. D. Crowder, Unity, Heresy and Reform 1378-1460: the Conciliar Response to
the Great Schism (London: Edward Arnold, 1977)
R. Mellinkoff, Outcasts: signs of otherness in Northern European art of the later
Middle Ages, 2 vols., (Los Angeles, 1993) [on visual representations]
R. I. Moore, The Birth of Popular Heresy (London: Arnold, 1975)
E.Peters, Heresy and Authority in Medieval Europe: Documents in Translation
(London : Scolar Press, 1980)
W. L. Wakefield and A. P. Evans, Heresies of the High Middle Ages (New York:
Columbia U.P., 1991) (covers the early part of the course)
5
Online Source Materials The Internet medieval sourcebook at
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook1s.html#Medieval%20Heresy
The online reference book for medieval studies at: http://www.the-orb.net/ which also
includes some good introductory essays
A student project at Kenyon on marginality and community:
http://www2.kenyon.edu/Projects/Margin/margin.htm
Details of printed primary sources used in seminars can be found under each
subject heading.
6
TOPIC ONE: Identification and Repression: What is a heretic?
Malcolm Barber „Propaganda in the Middle Ages‟, Nottingham Medieval Studies, 17
(1973), 42-57.
C. Ames, „Does Inquisition Belong to Religious History?‟ The American Historical
Review 110.1 (2005)
C.Bruschi and P. Biller, Texts and the repression of Medieval heresy (2003)
R.I.Moore, The Formation of a Persecuting Society (1987) for a slightly earlier period
Malcolm Lambert, Medieval Heresy: Popular Movements from the Gregorian Reform
to the Reformation (Blackwells, 2002)
Richard Kieckhefer, Repression of Heresy (1979)
H.A. Kelly, „Inquisition and the Prosecution of Heresy‟, Church History 58 (1989)
439-452
Gordon Leff, Heresy in the Later Middle Ages: the Relation of Heterodoxy to Dissent,
c.1250-1400, 2 vols (1967)
R. I. Moore, The Birth of Popular Heresy (1975).
Scott L. Waugh and Peter D. Diehl, Christendom and its Discontents: Exclusion,
Persecution and Rebellion, 1000-1500 (Cambridge University Press, 1996)
Talal Asad, „Medieval Heresy: An Anthropological View‟, Social History, 11 (1986),
354-62
Christopher Brooke, „Heresy and Religious Sentiment 1000-1250‟, (Bulletin of the
Institute of) Historical Research, 41 (1968), 115-31.
Rosalind and Christopher Brooke, Popular Religion in the Middle Ages: Western
Europe 1000-1300 (London, 1984) chapter 5: „Popular and unpopular religion‟.
R. I. Moore, „The Origins of Medieval Heresy‟, History, 55 (1970)
Robert Lerner, „Ecstatic Dissent‟, Speculum, 67 (1992).
G.Waite, Heresy, Magic and Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe (2003) chapter 3
Set text
Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Montaillou (1978 and other editions) ch. 18, 19 and 21
7
TOPIC TWO: Cathars and the Albigensian Crusade
Background Reading on Dualism
Janet Hamilton and Bernard Hamilton, Christian Dualist Heresies in the Byzantine
World (1998) also available online at www.medievalsources.co.uk
K.L.King, What is Gnosticism (2003)
B.Layton, The Gnostic scriptures : a new translation with annotations and
introductions (1995)
Edward Peters, Limits of Thought and Power in Medieval Europe (Aldershot, 2001)
especially ch.1-3
Cathars and the Albigensian Crusade
M. Lambert, Medieval Heresy: Popular Movements from the Gregorian Reform to the
Reformation (Blackwells, 2002) ch. 7
R. I. Moore, The Origins of European Dissent (1977: reprinted University of Toronto
Press, 1994) ch.6-8
John H. Arnold, Inquisition and Power: Catharism and the Confessing Subject in
Medieval Languedoc (Philadelphia, 2001)
Malcolm Barber, The Cathars: Dualist Heretics in Languedoc in the High Middle
Ages (Harlow and New York, 2000)
M. Barber, „Catharism and the Occitan nobility‟, in his Crusaders and Heretics
(Brookfield, 1995)
Malcolm Barber, „The Albigensian Crusades: Wars like any Other?‟ in Dei gesta per
Francos: études sur les croisades dédiées à Jean Richard; crusade studies in honour
of Jean Richard, ed. Michel Balard, Benjamin Z. Kedar and Jonathan Riley-Smith
(Aldershot, 2001)
Peter Biller, „The Cathars of Languedoc‟, in Biller and Hudson eds, Heresy and
Literacy 1000-1530 (1994)
Michael D. Costen, The Cathars and the Albigensian Crusade (Manchester, 1997)
James B. Given, Inquisition and Medieval Society: Power, Discipline, and Resistance
in Languedoc (Ithaca, NY and London, 2001)
Bernard Hamilton, The Albigensian Crusade (HA, 1974)
Beverly Mayne Kienzle, Cistercians, Heresy, and Crusade in Occitania, 1145-1229:
Preaching in the Lord’s Vineyard (Woodbridge, Suffolk and Rochester, NY, 2001)
Malcolm Lambert, The Cathars (Oxford and Malden, MA, 1998)
Milan Loos, Dualist Heresy in the Middle Ages (Prague, 1974)
K.Setton ed., A History of the Crusades, vol. 2: The Later Crusades, 1189-1311
available online at Wisconsin:
http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/History/subcollections/HistCrusadesAbout.shtml
J. Sumption, The Albigensian Crusade (London, 1978),
Online sources
Essay at ORB: http://www.the-orb.net/textbooks/crusade/albig.html
8
Primary Sources
Cathars
Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Montaillou (1980 and other editions)
W. L. Wakefield and A. P. Evans, Heresies of the High Middle Ages (New York:
Columbia U.P., 1991) 23-29, 37, 38, 42, 48-51, 53-60
E.Peters, Heresy and Authority in Medieval Europe: Documents in Translation
(London : Scolar Press, 1980) section 3 and section 9
R. J. Teske, „William of Auvergne and the Manichees‟, Traditio, 48 (1993)
Medieval Sourcebook: Raynaldus On the Accusations against the Albigensians:
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/heresy1.html
Albigensian Crusade
Janet Shirley, trans., The Song of the Cathar Wars (Aldershot, 1996)
Elizabeth Hallam, ed. and trans., Chronicles of the Crusades (London, 1989)
W.A. and M.D. Sibly ed and tr., The History of the Albigensian Crusade: Peter of les
Vaux-de-Cernay’s Historia Albigensis,(Woodbridge, 1998)
W.A. and M.D. Sibly ed and tr., The Chronicle of William of Puylaurens: the
Albigensian Crusade and its Aftermath (Woodbridge, 2003)
9
TOPIC THREE: Waldensians
Gabriel Audisio, The Waldensian Dissent: Persecution and Survival, c. 1170-
c.1570 (Cambridge, 1999)
G.Audisio, „Were the Waldensians more literate than their contemporaries (1460-
1560)?‟ in Peter Biller and Anne Hudson, eds, Heresy and literacy (1994)
G.Audisio, „How to Detect a Clandestine Minority: the Example of the Waldenses‟,
Sixteenth Century Journal, 21 (1990), 205-16
Peter Biller, „Medieval Waldensian Abhorrence of Killing‟, in The Church and War:
Papers read at the Twenty-first Summer Meeting and the Twenty-second Winter
Meeting of the Ecclesiastical History Society, ed. W.J. Sheils, Studies in Church
History, 20 (1983), pp. 129-46.
Peter Biller, „Multum ieiunantes et se castigantes: medieval Waldensian asceticism‟,
in Monks, Hermits and the Ascetic Tradition: papers read at the 1984 Summer
Meeting and the 1985 Winter Meeting of the Ecclesiastical History Society, ed. W.J.
Sheils, Studies in Church History, 22 (1985), pp. 215-28.
Peter Biller, „”Why no food? Waldensian followers in Bernard Gui's "Practica
inquisitionis" and "culpe", in Caterina Bruschi and Peter Biller eds., Texts and the
repression of Medieval heresy (2003)
Peter Biller, The Waldenses, 1170-1530: Between a Religious Order and a Church
(Aldershot: Variorum, 2001)
A.Brendon, „Waldensian books‟ in Peter Biller and Anne Hudson, eds, Heresy and
literacy (1994)
Euan Cameron, The Reformation of the Heretics: the Waldenses of the Alps, 1480-
1580 (Oxford, 1984)
Euan Cameron, Waldenses: Rejections of Holy Church in Medieval Europe (Oxford
and Malden, MA., 2000)
P.Paravy, „Waldensians in the Dauphine (1400-1530): from dissidence in texts to
dissidence in practice‟, in Peter Biller and Anne Hudson, eds, Heresy and literacy
(1994)
A. Patschovsky, „The literacy of Waldensianism from Valdes to c.1400‟, in Peter
Biller and Anne Hudson, eds, Heresy and literacy (1994)
Mary A. Rouse and Richard H. Rouse, „The Schools and the Waldensians: a New
Work by Durand of Huesca‟, in Christendom and its Discontents, ed. Waugh and
Diehl.
Shulamith Shahar, Women in a Medieval Heretical Sect: Agnes and Huguette the
Waldensians, trans. Yael Lotan (Woodbridge, 2001)
Waldensians: Primary Sources
Reinarius Saccho, Of the Sects of the Modern Heretics, 1254:
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/waldo2.html (Medieval Source Book)
The Conversion of Peter Waldo: http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/waldo1.html
(Medieval Source Book)
Waldes, in Wakefield and Evans, Heresies, no. 30 and no. 33; and in Moore, Birth of Popular
Heresy, no. 34.
10
TOPIC FOUR: Heresy of the Free Spirit
M.Bailey, Battling Demons. Witchcraft, Heresy and Reform in the Late Middle Ages
(2003) chapter 3
F.Beer, Women and Mystical Experience in the Middle Ages (Boydell, 1998)
F.Bowie, Beguine Spirituality (SPCK, 1989)
C. W. Bynum, Holy Feast and Holy Fast: The Religious Significance of Food to
Medieval Women (1987)
D. Bornstein and R. Rusconi ed., Women and religion in medieval and renaissance
Italy (1996)
P.Galloway, „Discreet and Devout Maidens‟, in D. Watt ed. Medieval Women in Their
Communities (Toronto, 1997)
I.Geyer, Marie of Oignies [German; not in the library] is reviewed in Journal of
Ecclesiastical History, 24 (1994), 500-502.
H.Grundmann, Religious movements in the Middle Ages : the historical links between
heresy, the Mendicant Orders, and the women's religious movement in the twelfth and
thirteenth century, with the historical foundations of German mysticism (Univ Notre
Dame, 1995)
G. Jantzen, Power, Gender and Christian Mysticism (Cambridge, 1995)
P. D. Johnson, Equal in Monastic Profession: Religious Women in Medieval France
(1991)
R.E.Lerner, „Writing and resistance among Beguins of Languedoc and Catalonia
Robert E. Lerner‟ in Peter Biller and Anne Hudson eds., Heresy and Literacy 1000-
1530 (1994)
Robert Lerner, The Heresy of the Free Spirit (1972)
Ernest McDonnell, The Beguines and Beghards in Medieval Culture (1969).
Carol Neel, "The Origins of the Beguines" in Judith M. Bennett, et. al., ed. Sisters and
Workers in the Middle Ages (Chicago, 1989)
S.Poor, „Mechthild von Magdeburg, Gender, and the "Unlearned Tongue"‟, Journal
of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 31.2 (2001) 213-250 [available online via
Project Muse]
Joanna Ziegler, "Secular Canonesses as Antecedents of the Beguines in the Low
Countries: An Introduction to Some Older Views", Studies in Medieval and
Renaissance History, vol. 13 (1992), 117-135.
Online essays and articles:
E.T.Knuth, The Beguines (1992):
http://www.users.csbsju.edu/~eknuth/xpxx/beguines.html
11
Primary Sources: Beguines
Marguerite Porete, The Mirror of Simple Souls, trans. E. L. Babinsky (New York,
1993)
„The Sister Catherine Treatise‟, in Bernard McGinn, Meister Eckhart, Teacher and
Preacher (1986) Also contains some of Eckhart‟s sermons.
F.Tobin (Mechthild of Magdeburg) Flowing Light of the Godhead, (Paulist Press,
1998)
M.H.King and H.Feiss, Jacques de Vitry and Thomas de Cantimpre: Two Lives of
Marie d’Oignes (Toronto 1998)
U. Wiethaus ed., Agnes Blannbekin, Viennese Beguine: Life and Revelations (Library
of Medieval Women, (D.S.Brewer 2002)
Online Sources:
Marguerite Porete: The Mirror of Simple Souls By Bonnie Duncan of the English
Department at Millersville University. Margueriie Porete was a Beguine condemned
and executed for heresy in 1310.
http://www2.kenyon.edu/Projects/Margin/porete8.htm
Bernard Gui: Inquisitor's Manual Translated by David Burr of the History Department
at Virgina Tech. http://www2.kenyon.edu/Projects/Margin/inquisit.htm
Na Prous Bonnet (Boneta) was condemned as a Beguine in 1325.
http://www2.kenyon.edu/Projects/Margin/naprous.htm.
The Condemnation of the Beguines at the Council of Vienne, 1311-12
http://www.dailycatholic.org/history/15ecume5.htm
12
TOPIC FIVE: Pre-Reformation Heresy. Wycliffe and Hus
Wycliffe and Lollardy
Margaret Aston, „Lollardy and Sedition‟, in Past and Present, 17 (1960), 1-44
Margaret Aston, „Lollardy and Literacy‟, History, 62 (1977), 347-71
Margaret Aston, Lollards and Reformers: Images and Literacy in Late Medieval
Religion (London, 1984)
Margaret Aston, Faith and Fire: Popular and Unpopular Religion, 1350-1600
(London and Rio Grande, OH, 1993)
Margaret Aston, England’s Iconoclasts, vol. 1 (Oxford, 1988), ch.4
Margaret Aston and Colin Richmond, eds, Lollardy and the Gentry in the Later
Middle Ages (Stroud, 1997), BX4901.2.L6.
J. Catto, „Dissidents in an Age of faith: Wyclif and the Lollards‟, History Today, 37,
Nov. (1987), 46-52
J. Catto, „Wyclif and the Cult of the Eucharist‟, in The Bible in the Medieval World:
Essays in Memory of Beryl Smalley, ed. Katherine Walsh and Diana Wood, Studies in
Church History subsidia, 4 (1985), pp. 269-86
Margaret Deanesly, The Lollard Bible and other Medieval Biblical Versions
(Cambridge, 1920)
A. J. Fletcher, „John Mirk and the Lollards‟, Medium Aevum, 56 (1987), 217-24
A. Hope, „Lollardy: the Stone the Builders Rejected?‟ in P. Lake and M. Dowling
(eds), Protestantism and the National Church in Sixteenth-Century England (London,
1987)
Anne Hudson, Lollards and their Books (London, 1985)
Anne Hudson, The Premature Reformation: Wycliffite Texts and Lollard History
(Oxford, 1988)
Anne Hudson and Michael Wilks eds., From Ockham to Wyclif: Studies in Church
History Subsidia, 5 (1987)
Anthony Kenny, Wyclif (Oxford, 1985)
Gordon Leff, „Wyclif and Hus: a Doctrinal Comparison‟, Bulletin of the John Rylands
Library, 50 (1968), 387-410.
Kenneth B. McFarlane, John Wycliffe and the beginnings of English Non-conformity
(Harmondsworth, 1952)
S.McSheffrey, Gender and Heresy: Women and Men in Lollard Communities 1420-
1530 (Philadelphia, 1995).
S. McSheffrey, „Heresy, Orthodoxy and English Vernacular Religion, 1480-1525‟,
Past and Present, 186 (2005), 47-80.
Richard Rex, The Lollards (Basingstoke and New York, 2002), BX4901.2.R3
J. A. F. Thomson, The Later Lollards, 1440-1520 (London, 1967)
J. A. F. Thomson, „Orthodox Religion and the Origins of Lollardy‟, History, 74
(1989)
Jan Hus
Norman Cohn, The Pursuit of the Millennium, ch. 11.
F. G. Heymann, John Zizka and the Hussite Revolution (Princeton, 1955)
13
F. G. Heymann, „The Crusades against the Hussites‟, in A History of the Crusades, ed.
Kenneth M. Setton, Vol.3, The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries; edited by Harry
W. Hazard (Madison and London, 1975), also available online at Wisconsin:
http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/History/?type=article&byte=1090043&isize=M
G. A. Holmes, „Cardinal Beaufort and the Crusade against the Hussites‟, English
Historical Review, 88 (1973), 721-50
Norman Housley, The Later Crusades, 1274-1580: from Lyons to Alcazar (Oxford,
1992)
H. Kaminsky, A History of the Hussite Revolution (Berkeley, 1967)
H. Kaminsky, „The Free Spirit in the Hussite Revolution‟, in Millenial Dreams in
Action: Essays in Comparative Study (The Hague, 1962)
J. Klassen, „The Disadvantaged and the Hussite Revolution‟, International Review of
Social History, 35 (1990), 249-72
F. Smahel, „John Hus, Heretic or Patriot?‟ History Today, 40 April (1990), 27-33
F. Smahel, „ “Doctor evangelicus super omnes Evangelistas”, Wyclif‟s future in
Hussite Bohemia‟, (Bulletin of the Institute of) Historical Research, 43 (1970), 16-34
F. Smahel, „Literacy and Heresy in Hussite Bohemia‟, in P. Biller and A. Hudson,
eds, Heresy and Literacy 100-1530 (1994)
S. H. Thomson, „Pre-Hussite heresy in Bohemia‟, English Historical Review, 48
(1933), 23-42
K. Walsh, „Wyclifs‟s Legacy in Central Europe‟, in From Ockham to Wyclif , ed. A.
Hudson and D. Wilks, Studies in Church History Subsidia, 5 (1987), pp. 397-417
Pre-Reformation Heresy: Primary Sources
Lollardy
A.Hudson ed., English Wycliffite Sermons, (Oxford, 1983-96),
A.Hudson ed., Selections from English Wycliffite writings, (Cambridge, 1977)
S.McSheffrey & N.Tanner eds., Lollards of Coventry: 1486-1522, Camden Society
5th series vol. 23 (2003).
N.Tanner ed., Heresy Trials in the Diocese of Norwich, 1428-31, Camden Society
fourth series, vol. 20 (1977)
J.Todd ed., An Apology for Lollard Doctrines attributed to Wicliffe, Camden Society
1st series no. 20 (1842)
Two Wycliffite texts : The sermon of William Taylor 1406. The testimony of William
Thorpe 1407 (Early English Texts Society, 1993)
Jan Hus M.Spinka, John Hus, in Library of Christian Classics, vol.14: Advocates of Reform
(1953),
T.Fudge, The Crusade Against Heretics in Bohemia, 1418-1437,(Aldershot, 2002),
‘The very pretty chronicle of John Zizka‟, ch. 1 of: Frederick G. Heymann, John
Zizka and the Hussite Revolution (Princeton, 1955) see also „Letters and Messages of
John Zizka‟, in appendix
N.Housley ed & tr., Documents on the Later Crusades, 1274-1580, trans. Norman
Housley (Basingstoke, 1996), especially 37-43
14
TOPIC SIX: The Advent of the Reformation
Overview
Blickle, P., „The Reformation and its late medieval origins,' Central European
History, 20 (1987).
Bossy, J., Christianity in the West, 1400-1700 (Oxford, 1985).
Cameron, E., The European Reformation (Oxford, 1991).
Cooper, T., 'Reassessing the Radicals', Historical Journal, 50 (2007), 241-52
Dixon, C.S., ed., The German Reformation: Essential Readings (Oxford, 1999).
Eltis, D.A., 'Tensions between clergy and laity in some western German cities in
the later Middle Ages.' JEH 43 (1992).
Greengrass, M., The Longman Companion to the European Reformation (London,
1998).
Hillerbrand, H.J., ed., The Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Reformation, 4 vols. (Oxford,
1996).
Johnston, A., The Reformation in Europe (London, 1996).
Lindberg, C., The European Reformations (Oxford, 1994).
The European Reformations Sourcebook (Oxford, 2000). Documents
Oberman, H., Masters of the Reformation. The Emergence of a New Intellectual
Climate in Europe (Cambridge, 1981).
Oberman, H., Luther. Man between God and the Devil (New Haven, London, 1989).
Ozment, S., Protestants. Birth of a Revolution (London, 1993).
The Age of Reform 1250-1550 (New Haven, 1980).
Pettegree, A.D.M., ed.The Early Reformation in Europe (Cambridge, 1992).
Po-Chia Hsia, R., ed., The German People and the Reformation (Ithaca, 1988).
Scott, T., „The Volksreformation of Thomas Müntzer in Allstedt and Mühlhausen‟,
Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 34 (1983)
Scribner, R & Johnson, T., Popular Religion in Germany and Central Europe
1400-1800 (Basingstoke, 1996).
Scribner, R.W., 'The Reformation movements in Germany,' in New Cambridge
Modern History, vol. 2 (1990 edn).
Scribner, R.W., 'Cosmic order and daily life: sacred and secular in pre-industrial
German society,' in K. von Greyerz, ed., Religion and Society in Early Modern
Europe (London, 1984).
Scribner, R.W ., 'Ritual and popular religion in Catholic Germany at the
time of the Reformation,' JEH, 35 (1984).
Scribner, R.W ., Popular Culture and Popular Movements in Reformation Germany
(London, 1987), caps. 1-2, 11
Scribner, R.W 'Elements of popular belief,' in Handbook of European history, 1400-
1600 : late Middle Ages, Renaissance, and Reformation ed.T.A. Brady, Jr., H.A.
Oberman, J.D. Tracy (Leiden / New York, 1994).
Swanson, R.N., Religion and Devotion in Europe, 1215-1515 (Cambridge, 1995).
Online sources:
TLTP tutorial "The Protestant Reformation", accessible via History Department web
site
15
Primary Sources: The Radical Reformation
Bainton, R.H., , 'The Left Wing of the Reformation,' in his Studies on the Reformation
(London, 1964).
Baylor, M., Revelation and Revolution. Basic Writings of Thomas Muntzer
(London, 1993).
Cohn, N., The Pursuit of the Millennium (London, 1993).
Deppermann, K., 'The Anabaptists and the state churches,' in K. von Greyerz,
ed., Religion and Society in Early Modern Europe (London, 1984).
Dickens, A.G., „The radical Reformation‟, Past and Present 27 (1964).
Hillerbrand, H., „The origins of 16th
century Anabaptism. Another look‟, Archiv fur
Reformationsgeschichte 53 (1962).
Klaassen, W., 'The Anabaptist understanding of the separation of the church,' Church
History, 46 (1977).
Mullett, M., Radical Religious Movements in Early Modern Europe (London,
1980).
Packull, W.O., „Anna Jansz of Rotterdam‟, Archiv fur Reformationsgeschichte 78
(1987).
Po-Chia Hsia, R., 'Münster and the Anabaptists,' in his German People and the
Reformation (Ithaca, 1988).
Potter, G., „Balthasar Hubmaier‟, History Today 26 (1976).
Roper, L., 'Sexual Utopianism in the German Reformation,' JEH, 42 (1991), & in
her Oedipus and the Devil (London, 1994).
Rupp, E.G., Patterns of Reformation (1969).
Scott, T., Thomas Muntzer. Theology and Revolution in the German Reformation
(Basingstoke, 1989).
Scott, T., „Thomas Muntzer‟, JEH 34 (1983).
Scribner, R.W., 'Practical Utopias: pre-modern communism and the
Reformation‟, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 36 (1994).
Snyder, C.A., Anabaptist History and Theology (1995).
Stayer, J.M., The Anabaptists and the sects,' in New Cambridge Modern History, vol.
2 (Cambridge, 1990 edn.).
„The Anabaptists‟, in Handbook of European History, ed. T.A. Brady et al
(Leiden, 1995).
Williams, G.H., The Radical Reformation (London, 1962, 1992)
Williams, G.H., 'Radical Reformation' in Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Reformation,
ed H.Hillerbrand, vol.3 (Oxford, 1996).
Primary Sources
The Schleitheim Confession 1527: http://www.anabaptists.org/history/schleith.html
C.Lindberg, The European Reformations SourceBook (Oxford, 2000) chapter 7: The
Radical Reformations
16
TOPIC SEVEN: Leprosy
P. Richards The Medieval Leper and his Northern Heirs (1977)
S. Brody The Disease of the Soul: Leprosy in Medieval Literature (1974)
R.I. Moore The Formation of a Persecuting Society (1987)
M. Barber, „Lepers, Jews and Moslems: the Plot to Overthrow Christendom in 1321‟,
History, 66 (1981), 1-17
C. Ginzburg Ecstacies: Deciphering the Witch’s Sabbath (1993), ch.1
M. Barber „Lepers, Jews and Moslems: the plot to overthrow Christendom in 1321‟,
History, 66 (1981) OR in his Crusaders and Heretics (Aldershot, 1995)
M. McVaugh Medicine before the Plague: Practitioners and their Patients in the
Crown of Aragon, 1285-1345 (1994)
M.D. Grmek „Leprosy and TB: their biological relationship‟, in id., Diseases in the
Ancient Greek World (1992)
M. Dols „The leper in medieval Islamic society‟, Speculum, 58 (1983)
M. Douglas „Witchcraft and leprosy: two strategies of exclusion‟, Man, New Series,
Vol. 26, No. 4 (Dec., 1991), pp. 723-736 (JSTOR)
W.H. McNeill, Plagues and Peoples (New York, 1976; 1998), chaps. IV and V [also
available via Unicorn as an e-book]
R.A.Fletcher, The Quest for El Cid (1989)
A.G. Carmichael, „Contagion Theory and Contagion Practice in Fifteenth-Century
Milan‟, Renaissance Quarterly, 64 (1991), 213-56
G.Lewis, „A Lesson from Leviticus: Leprosy’, in Man, New Series, Vol. 22, No. 4
(Dec., 1987), pp. 593-612 (JSTOR)
D. Gentilcore, „The Fear of Disease and the Disease of Fear‟, in W.G. Naphy and P.
Roberts (eds), Fear in Early Modern Society (Manchester, 1997), pp. 44-61
W.G.Naphy, „Plague-Spreading and a Magisterially Controlled Fear‟, in W.G. Naphy
and P. Roberts (eds), Fear in Early Modern Society (Manchester, 1997), pp. 28-43
C. Rawcliffe, Leprosy in Medieval England (London, 2006)
17
Online sources:
http://www2.kenyon.edu/Projects/Margin/lepers.htm
ORB article on medieval medicine: http://www.the-
orb.net/non_spec/missteps/ch4.html
Leprosy: Primary Sources
The Bible: http://www2.kenyon.edu/Projects/Margin/biblep.htm
Testament of St. Francis: http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/stfran-test.html
Extracts from the Poem of the Cid :
http://historymedren.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.hti.umich.ed
u/cgi/p/pd%2Dmodeng/pd%2Dmodeng%2Didx%3Ftype=header%26id=SoutRChron
Excerpts from the life of Alice the Leper, a nun who became a leprous martyr:
http://www2.kenyon.edu/Projects/Margin/alice.htm
P. Elmer and O. Grell (eds), Health, disease and society in Europe, 1500-1800: a
sourcebook (Manchester, 2004)
18
TOPIC EIGHT : Jews in Medieval and Early Modern Europe
S.Almog, Anti-Semitism Through the Ages (Oxford, 1988)
M. Bodian, „"Men of the Nation": The Shaping of Converso Identity in Early Modern
Europe‟, Past & Present 143 (1994)
„In the Cross-Current of the Reformation: Crypto-Jewish Martyrs of
the Inquisition 1570-1670‟, Past and Present 176 (2002)
S.G. Burnett, „Distorted Mirrors: Antonius Margaritha, Johann Buxtorf and Christian
Ethnographies of the Jews‟, Sixteenth Century Journal, 25 (1994), 275-87
M.Cohen, Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages (1994)
S. Cohn, 'The Black Death and the Burning of Jews', Past and Present, 196 (2007), 3-
36
C. R. Friedrichs, „Anti-Jewish politics in early modern Germany: Worms‟, Central
European History, 23 (1990)
A. Funkenstein, „Basic types of Christian anti-Jewish polemics in the late Middle
Ages, Viator 2 (1971) 373–382
D.L. Graizbord, 'Philosemitism in Late Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century Iberia:
Refracted Judeophobia?', Sixteenth Century Journal, 38 (2007), 657-82
S. Hendrix, „Toleration and the Jews in the German Reformation‟, Archiv für
Reformationsgeschichte, 81 (1990)
J. I. Israel, European Jewry in the age of mercantilism, 1550–1750, 1985
R. Po Chia Hsia, The Myth of Ritual Murder (1988)
H. Kamen, The Mediterranean and the expulsion of Spanish Jews, in: Past and
Present 119 (1988)
H.C.Lea, A History of the Inquisition in Spain available online at
http://libro.uca.edu/lea1/1lea.htm
B. Lewis, Cultures in conflict: Christians, Muslims and Jews in the age of discovery,
(1995)
D.MacCulloch, Reformation: Europe’s House Divided 1490-1700 (2004) esp. ch.17
J. R. Marcus, The Jew in the medieval world. A source book: 315–1791 (1961)
R. Mellinkoff, Outcasts: signs of otherness in Northern European art of the later
Middle Ages, 2 vols., (Los Angeles, 1993)
J. M. Minty, „Judengasse to Christian Quarter: the phenomenon of the converted
synagogue in the late medieval and early modern Holy Roman Empire‟, in Popular
religion in Germany and Central Europe, 1400–1800, ed. T. Johnson and R.W.
Scribner (1996) pp. 58–86
D Nirenberg, 'Mass Conversion and Genealogical Mentalities: Jews and Christians in
C15th Spain', Past & Present 175 (2002)
M.E. Perry and A.J.Cruz eds., Cultural Encounters. The Impact of the Inquisition in
Spain and the New World (1991) especially Part II. Available online at
http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft396nb1w0/
S. Rowan, „Luther, Bucer and Eck on the Jews‟, Sixteenth Century Journal, 16 (1985)
D. Wood (ed.), Christianity and Judaism, Studies in Church History 29 (1992)
J.Edwards, The Jews in Western Europe (online resource):
http://www.medievalsources.co.uk/jewsinwest.htm
19
Anti-semitism: Primary Sources
J.Edwards, The Jews in Western Europe (online resource):
http://www.medievalsources.co.uk/jewsinwest.htm
An account of the York Massacre (late 12th
century):
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/ephr-bonn1.html
Innocent III: Constitution (1199)
The Fourth Lateran Council (1215) http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/lat4-
c68.html
Martin Luther, Of the Jews and their Lies http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/1543-
Luther-JewsandLies-full.html
20
TOPIC NINE: WITCHCRAFT
Medieval Magic and Witchcraft
Michael D. Bailey, Battling Demons: Witchcraft, Heresy and Reform in the Late
Middle Ages (Philadelphia, 2003)
Alison Beardwood, The Trial of Walter Langton, Bishop of Lichfield (Philadelphia,
1964)
Norman Cohn, Europe’s Inner Demons (London 1975)
Claire Fanger ed., Conjuring Spirits: Texts and Traditions of Medieval Ritual Magic
(Stroud, 1998)
M. Harvey: „Papal Witchcraft: the Charges against Benedict XIII‟, in Sanctity and
Secularity, ed. Derek Baker, Studies in Church History, 10 (1973), pp. 109-16.
Richard Kieckhefer, Magic in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1989)
Richard Kieckhefer, European Witch Trials: their Foundations in Popular and
Learned Culture, 1300-1500 (London, 1976),
Richard Kieckhefer, „The Specific Rationality of Medieval Magic‟, American
Historical Review, 99 (1994), 813-36
Richard Kieckhefer, Forbidden Rites: a Necromancer’s Manual of the Fifteenth
Century (Stroud, 1997)
Richard Kieckhefer, „The Holy and the Unholy: Sainthood, Witchcraft, and Magic in
Late Medieval Europe‟, in Christendom and its Discontents, ed. Waugh and Diehl.
A. R. Myers, „The Captivity of a Royal Witch: the Household Servants of Queen Joan
of Navarre, 1419-21‟, Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, 24 (1940) 263-84
David Rollo, Glamorous Sorcery: Magic and Literacy in the High Middle Ages
(Minneapolis, 2000)
Jeffrey B. Russell, A History of Witchcraft: Sorcerers, Heretics, and Pagans (London,
1980), Lynn Thorndike, A history of Magic and Experimental Science, vols 1-4 (New
York, 1923-34)
Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe
S.Anglo, The Damned Art. Essays in the Literature of Witchcraft (1977)
M.Bailey, Battling Demons. Witchcraft, Heresy and Reform in the Late Middle Ages
(2003)
W. Behringer, „Weather, hunger and fear: origins of the European witch-hunts‟,
German History 13 (1995)
R.Briggs, Witches and Neighbours. The Social and Cultural Context of European
Witchcraft (1996).
H.P. Broedel, The Malleus Maleficarum and the Construction of Witchcraft
(Manchester, 2003)
S.Clark, Languages of witchcraft : narrative, ideology, and meaning in early modern
culture (2001)
S. Clark, Thinking with Demons.The idea of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe
(1997)
S. Clark, „Inversion, Misrule and the Meaning of Witchcraft‟, Past and Present, 87
(1980), 98-127
21
R. Kieckhefer, The European Witch Trials. Their Foundation in Popular and Learned
Culture. (1976)
A.C.Kors, E. Peters, Witchcraft in Europe 1100-1700. A Documentary History (1973)
C.Larner, Witchcraft and Religion. The Politics of Popular Belief (1984)
B.Levack, The Literature of Witchcraft (1992)
B.Levack, The Witch Hunt in Early Modern Europe (1995)
A.Macfarlane, Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England (1970)
P.G.Maxwell-Stuart, Witchcraft in Europe and the New World (2001)
W.Monter, „„Toads and Eucharists: the Male Witches of Normandy, 1564-1660‟,
French Historical Studies, 20 (1997)
D.Purkiss, The Witch in History (1996)
L. Roper, Witch Craze: Terror and Fantasy in Baroque Germany (New Haven, 2004)
L. Roper, Oedipus and the Devil: Witchcraft, Sexuality and Religion in Early Modern
Europe (London, 1994)
A. Rowlands, Witchcraft Narratives in Germany: Rothenburg 1561-1652
(Manchester, 2003)
G.Scarre, Witchcraft and Magic in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Europe
R.W.Scribner, „Sorcery, Superstition and Society. The Witch of Urach, 1529‟, in his
Popular Culture and Popular Movements in Reformation Germany (1988)
J.Sharpe, Instruments of Darkness. Witchcraft in England 1550-1750 (1996)
J.A. Sharpe, 'Witches and Persecuting Societies', Journal of Historical Sociology, 3
(1990), 75-86
J.Tedeschi, „Inquisitorial Law and the Witch‟ in B.Ankarloo, G.Henningsen eds.,
Early Modern European Witchcraft. Centres and Peripheries (1990)
H.R.Trevor-Roper, The European Witch Craze of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth
Centuries (1990)
G.Waite, Heresy, Magic and Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe (2003)
R.S. Walinski-Kiehl, „The Devil‟s Children: Child Witch-Trials in Early Modern
Germany‟, Continuity and Change, 11 (1996), 171-89
The Malleus Maleficarum, Witchcraft and Women R.Briggs, Witches and Neighbours, chapter 7 (the gendering of witchcraft)
„Women as victims? Witches, judges and the community‟, French
History 1991
H.Broedel, The Malleus Maleficarum and the Construction of Witchcraft (2003)
S.Clark „The gendering of witchcraft in French demonology‟, French History (1991)
J.Goodare, „Women and the Witch hunt in Scotland‟, Social History 23 (1998)
R.A.Horsley „Who were the witches?‟, Journal of Interdisciplinary History 9 (1979)
G.Scarre, Witchcraft and Magic in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Europe (1980)
M.Gaskill, „Witchcraft in Early Modern Kent. Stereotypes and Background to
accusations‟, in J.Barry et al eds., Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe. Studies in
Culture and Belief (1996)
R.Briggs, „Many Reasons Why. Witchcraft and the problem of multiple
explanation‟, in J.Barry et al eds., Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe. Studies in
Culture and Belief (1996)
22
Online Articles
E. William Monter, "Witchcraft in Geneva, 1537-1662" The Journal of Modern
History, Vol. 43, No. 2. (Jun., 1971), pp. 179-204
Phyllis J. Guskin, "The Context of Witchcraft: The Case of Jane Wenham (1712)"
Eighteenth-Century Studies, Vol. 15, No. 1. (Autumn, 1981), pp. 48-71.
Russell Zguta, "Witchcraft Trials in Seventeenth-Century Russia" The American
Historical Review, Vol. 82, No. 5. (Dec., 1977), pp. 1187-1207.
Primary Sources: C. Ginzburg, The Night Battles. Witchcraft and Agrarian Cults in the Sixteenth and
Seventeenth Centuries (London, 1983) [Case Study]
Primary Sources Richard de Ledrede, The Sorcery Trial of Alice Kyteler: a Contemporary Account
(1324) together with related Documents in English Translation with Introduction and
Notes, ed. by L.S. Davidson and J.O. Ward (1993), BF1581.L3
OR in Proceedings against Dame Alice Kyteler, ed. T. Wright, Camden Society 1st
series, no. 24 (1843).
The Malleus maleficarum of Heinrich Kramer and James Sprenger, trans. Montague
Summers (1971) or online at www.malleusmaleficarum.org
Primary sources online at ORB: http://www.the-
orb.net/encyclop/culture/magwitch/magic.html
Put yourself on trial for witchcraft at
http://departments.kings.edu/womens_history/witch/hunt/
Links to websites detailing individual witch trials may be found on the course website
23
CONCLUSION: Heresy and Exclusion 1250-1550
Survival and Revival
M.Aston, Faith and Fire: Popular and Unpopular Religion, 1350-1600 (London and
Rio Grande, OH, 1993)
M.Aston, „Lollardy and the Reformation: Survival or Revival?‟, History, 49 (1964),
149-70
G. Audisio, The Waldensian Dissent: Persecution and Survival, c. 1170-
c.1570 (Cambridge, 1999)
P.Biller, The Waldenses, 1170-1530: Between a Religious Order and a Church
(Aldershot, 2001)
E.Cameron, The Reformation of the Heretics: the Waldenses of the Alps, 1480-1580
(Oxford, 1984)
N.Cohn, The Pursuit of the Millennium (London 1970)
M. Lambert, Medieval Heresy: Popular Movements from the Gregorian Reform to the
Reformation (Blackwells, 2002)
G. Leff, Heresy in the Later Middle Ages: the Relation of Heterodoxy to Dissent,
c.1250-1400, 2 vols (Manchester 1967)
R. I. Moore, The Origins of European Dissent (Toronto1994)
G.Waite, Heresy, Magic and Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe (2003)
S. L. Waugh and P.D. Diehl, Christendom and its Discontents: Exclusion,
Persecution and Rebellion, 1000-1500 (Cambridge University Press, 1996)