Unit 1Neolithic/Paleolithic and Historian terminology .

With Mr. Kullman

Andes Mountains and Amazon River?◦ South America

China, India, Tibet?◦ Asia

Why study Geography?◦ Show connections between people and places

Physical Map would show?◦ Mountain ranges

Early civilizations start in river valleys because?◦ Periodic flooding left rich soul, which was ideal for

farming

Geography

Time line is?◦ Chronological relationship between events.

Archaeologist◦ Study artifacts

Anthropologist◦ Study culture

Historian topics

Hunters and Gatherers Migration starts in Africa around the world Earliest humans began in Africa Nomads Small populations

Paleolithic

Domestication of animals Food Surplus Begin living in permanent settlements Development of civilizations especially river

valley ones. Food supplies became more reliable

Neolithic Revolution

Caused by the introduction of agriculture Before towns and cities can develop

◦ An agricultural surplus is needed Is a result of the Neolithic revolution Has 8 aspects:

◦ Cities◦ Organized government◦ Complex religions◦ Job specialization◦ Social classes◦ Arts and Architecture/Improved technology◦ Public Works◦ Writing/Record Keeping

Civilization

Mary Leaky and Louis Leaky Discovered Lucy Hominid

Homo habilis (handy Men) First to make tools Homo erectus (first to stand tall) Discovered Fire Homo sapiens

Neanderthals (Ritual Burials Cro-Magnon (US)

Where does our story start?

MESOPOTAMIA, EGYPT, PERSIA

Sargon-Founded worlds 1st Empire Akkad Hammurabi-First written laws in Babylon Nebuchadnezzar- Neo Babylonian Emperor rebuilt

the empire. Cyrus- Founder of the Persian Empire. Darius I-Built roads to connect empire and divided

Persian Empire into Satraps headed by the Satrapy. Kamose-Kicks out the Hykses Akhenaton- tried to make Egypt Monotheistic under

the god Aton.

Hatshepsut-1st Female ruler of Egypt Thuthmos III-Made Egypt into an Empire. Ramses II-Signed the first peace treaty Abraham- Founder of Judaism, a

Monotheistic religion main book the Torah. Moses- Created (given) the 10

Commandments. David- 1st King of Israel Solomon- Builds the temple of David, richest

king of Israel.

TimelineCivilization order Egypt time periods

Sumer Akkad Sumer Babylon Hittites Assyria Babylon Persia

Old Kingdom Middle Kingdom New Kingdom

Compare Egypt to Persia

Same Different

Polytheistic Have a Social Order Both became empires Both had the ability to

write Both had a King

King was not both a God and King

Barter economy vs. token economy

Size of the empire One liked the Hebrews

one did not

Ancient China and India

Geography of India and ChinaIndia China

Indus River Subcontinent Peninsula Gangetic plain Deccan Plateau Coastal Plains

Hung He (yellow ) River

Himalayas mountains from India

Tian Shan Desert from middle east

Empires/Dynasties

India China

Indus Civilization (2600 B.C.E.)

Aryan Civilization (1500 B.C.E)◦ Hinduism (750 B.C.E.)◦ Buddhism (563 B.C.E.)◦ Jainism (500 B.C.E.)

Maurya Empire (321 B.C.E.)

Gupta Empire (320 C.E.) Golden Age

Shang Zhou

◦ Confucius◦ Taoism

Qin◦ Legalism

Han

The belief that a Dynasty actions gave them the right to rule.

They do poor job, they lose their right to rule

What was the Mandate of Heaven?

Created during Han Dynasty Reached from China to the Mediterranean

Sea Sparked interaction between various people

(Cultural Diffusion) Helped spread Buddhism

Silk Road

Established by the Aryans. Enforced by the Hindu Religion. Helped created a social order in India. Had to be born in it.

Caste System

List the: Founder Location Religion or

Philosophy Important Text Key Teachings

Aryans and Indus natives

India Religion Vedas Goal is to reach

Moche Caste System Karma and dharma

Hinduism

List the: Founder Location Religion or

Philosophy Important Text Key Teachings

Mahavira India Religion Vedas All people can perform

rights not just priests Believe that Ahimsa

means one should not harm any living creature

Meditation and self-denial of food

Jainism

List the: Founder Location Religion or

Philosophy Important Text Key Teachings

Siddhartha Gautama India Religion Tripittaka “Three

baskets of wisdom” Four noble truths Eight fold path Rejected the caste

system Rejected the millions

of God’s of Hinduism

Buddhism

Confucius China Philosophy Analects Social order 5 relationships Lower respects

higher Higher is a good

role model

Confucius

List the: Founder Location Religion or

Philosophy Important Text Key Teachings

Founded by Laozi (nickname Old Master)

China Philosophy/Religion Writings are Dao De Jung

(Way of Virtue) Balance between humans

and nature Universal order between

life and the universe Support less government

interaction Government causes a

imbalance in nature.

Doaist or Taoist

Han Feizi China Philosophy Government laws The law is always

right and must be followed to the letter.

Man is inherently evil only law can provide order.

Legalism

Greece

Geography Peninsula Mountainous topography Mountains- lead to disunity among city

states Mountains lead to creation of independent

city-states

Athens

Civic values Promoted art and

literature All adult male citizens

were eligible to vote. Established a

government that had democratic elements.

Direct-democracy

Sparta

The government and society of Sparta are so strict the people have little voice in government.

Military Service

Greek Culture

Themes

War Arete- Glorious Deeds Lineage Honor Being Remembered Youthfulness

Heroes

Achilles Hector Pryam Agamemnon Particles

Golden Age Time of an explosion in the arts Advances in literature, science, medicine,

architecture.

Terms to Know

Leonidas King of Sparta, leader of the 300 Pericles- Politician (stateman) From Athens Golden

Age. Alexander the Great- Conquered the whole known

world from Greece to Egypt to Persia. Milltides- Athenian General during the 1st Persian

war at Marathon. Philip II- Father of Alexander the Great of Macedonia. Herodotus- Father of History-Wrote first history book

and history of the Persian Wars. Thucydides- Writes History of the Peloponnesian War

writes without bias.

Continued

Trojan War- War between the Greeks and Trojans over trade.

Persian War- 1st War Between Athens and Persia 2nd Athens and Sparta vs Persia.

Peloponnesian War- Athens (Delian League) vs Sparta (Peloponnesian League) Direct Democracy- All citizens vote directly on

issues. (Athens) Oligarchy- Power is in the hands of a few elders

(Sparta)

Alexander the Great Conquered the Persian Empire, Egypt,

Palestine, and parts of India Spread Hellenistic Culture to these regions Greek becomes a international language Through his conquering and the library of

Alexandria cultural diffusion occurs.

Famous Greeks and Contributions Socrates- Founder of

philosophy and questioning everything.

Plato- created the School of Athens.

Aristotle- Found of physics Euclid-founder of geometry. Archimedes-Created simple

machines Hippocrates- Code of Doctors.

The Roman Empire

3 phases of Roman Government from 400 B.C.E. to 476 C.E.

Kingdom of Rome Republic of Rome Empire of Rome

Pax Romana EmperorsBad Emperors

Caligula 37-41 ◦ Mentally Disturbed

(assassinated) Nero 54-68

◦ Good Administrator, but vicious

◦ Set fire to Rome to rebuild it

◦ Persecuted Christians Domitian 81-96

◦ Ruled like a dictator did not accept Senate council.

◦ Feared treason

Good Emperors

Nerva 96-98◦ began custom of adopting heir

Trajan 98-117 ◦ Empire reached its greatest

extent◦ Undertook vast building program◦ Enlarged Social Welfare

Hadrian 117-138◦ Consolidated earlier conquest◦ Recognized the bureaucracy

Antoninus Plus 138-161◦ A time of peace and no war and

persecution Marcus Aurelias 161-180

◦ Brought Empire to its economic Height

◦ Defeated invaders ◦ Wrote Philosophy

Geography of Rome Peninsula Center of the Mediterranean sea

What caused the Roman Empire?What causes a golden Age? Strong Central government Stable governments

Rome's biggest impact Government Roads to create unity and communication 12 Tables

◦ Individuals rights within government.◦ Written Legal systems.

Role of Women?? Some legal rights after husband death

otherwise husband owned them.

Fall of Rome Weak central government Disunity Political corruption Invaders Disorder Resulted in the Dark Ages (middle Age)

◦ Chaos and disorder

Christianity Has roots in Judaism An ethical code and is monotheistic Roman Catholic Church (Western World)

(Peter)◦ Protestant Religions

Baptists, Calvinists, Huguenots, Born again etc. Eastern Orthodox (Greece/ Byzantine)

(Paul/Thomas)◦ Russian Orthodox

Coptic (Egypt) (Andrew/James)

Byzantine Empire, Early Middle Ages, and Islam.

Byzantine Empire The eastern region of Europe/ Roman

Empire was unified under the Byzantine Empire.

The Location of Constantinople contributed to its prosperity.

They preserved Greek and Roman learning and passed it on to western and eastern Europe.

It’s location made it the crossroads of Europe and Asia.

Feudalism Under Feudalism Land became an economic

commodity. Feudalism developed after the Roman

Empire Collapsed. Feudalism is a system in which land is

exchanged for military service and loyalty. Was supported by the labor of peasants. Society based on Social Classes.

Roman Catholic Church Religion played a significant role in the lives

of residents. Most important force in providing unity and

stability through out Western Europe during the middle ages.

Demonstrated centralized power in the pope.

Popes and monarchs often clashed on who held power over whom.

Western Europe and the middle ages Was caused by a break down in central

government. Is characterized by the manor system and

the importance of land ownership. Also known as manoralism. Limited social mobility. Individual social status is determined by

birth. Education declined as a result of the fall of

the Roman Empire.

Guild Master, Apprentices, Journeymen

Islam Spread along Arab trade routes Empire extended from Spain to India Islamic Golden age-Development of medical

encyclopedias, development of algebra and astronomical tables.

“From Southern Spain across northern Africa, occupying the Arabian peninsula to Southeast Asia is the extent of the Muslim World.

A time of advances in Math, Science, Medicine and literature.

Islamic Golden Age A time of advances in Math, Science,

Medicine and literature. Started when the Arab people began

expanding their empire. They accepted the ideas of all people in the

empire which resulted in a cultural diffusion of knowledge which led to inventions.

Some creations are:

Pax Romana Started with the Caesar Augustus lasted for

200. Due to his stable government, pax romana

began. A Time of peace and no major conflict,

creation of Architecture, and literature.

High and Late Middle Ages

Eastern Schism◦ Roman Catholic Church◦ Greek Orthodox Church

Western Schism◦ Pope in France◦ Pope in Rome

Schisms

Started when the Byzantine Empire Asked for help.

3rd Crusade was the most successful Motives

◦ End of feudal obligation◦ Defend the holy land◦ Forgiveness of sins◦ Wealth

Crusades

Resulted in an increased interest in middle eastern goods.

Contact with the Byzantines and Muslims lead to an interest in knowledge.

Brought new ideas to the world. Cultural exchange between Christians and

Muslims Increase in Trade with middle east

Crusades

Rose to power by defeating the Byzantine empire.

Controlled parts of the middle east, north Africa, and eastern Europe.

Strategically located between Europe and Asia

Combined religion with tradition.

Ottoman Empire

A strengthening of power of monarchies.

High and Late Middle Ages

Is conquered by the duke of Normandy his name was William.

He created the Domes Day or dooms day book to keep a record of taxes.

England

Caused the Power of the Monarch to be limited.

habeas corpus – the principle that no person can be held in prison without first being charged with evidence.

Magna Carta

England –Parliament France- Estates General

Governing Bodies

Caused by an increase in trade. Affected the economy by causing

production to decline and prices to rise. Spread through trade with Asia. People of North Africa, Europe, and Asia

trade routes. Started in Asia Caused a break down in the social order Helped strengthen the power of the

Monarchies

Bubonic Plague

Mongol China and Feudal Japan

Tang and Song Built canals to aid in troop movements. Great wall was used to keep nomadic

people out of China

Mongol By 1300 controlled most of Asia. Used Stirrups and excellent horsemanship

to build an empire. Started trade again with Europe in the

1250’s. Contributed to cultural diffusion. Used psychological warfare Political stability Pax Mongolia Led to trade and control of the silk road.

Marco Polo Promoted interest in Asian goods.

Ming Defeated the Mongols. Promoted the civil service system. Traded with many diverse people. Zheng He helped open new sea trade

routes. Zheng He opened trade with Africa. But due to the expense in oversees trade

they stopped exploring.

Japan Share China’s idea of Monarch’s divine right. China had influence on Japan due to geographical

proximity. Korea served as a bridge between the two civilizations. Started making Zen gardens, drawing calligraphy, and tea

ceremony. Japan though still kept an independent culture from China. Geography: volcanoes, limited resources, large coastal

population. Nature due to Shintoism is very important. Shintoist worship nature. Promotes a harmony between humans and nature. Shintoist would visit a shrine on a lake or river.

Feudalism

Had a well defined social class. Samurai- were warriors who followed Bushido which mad

them loyal to their Daimyo. There is a decentralized political system. Power is based on class relationships. Difference from European feudalism is the centralization of

the Shoguns power. Bushido helped bring about a culture of militarism. It also helped give a guide of behavior for the warrior class. Women are to be obedient to men. Tokugawa shogunate isolates Japan. Merchants were viewed as having little purpose in

Japanese society. Bushido is similar to Chivalry in Europe.

The Renaissance

Secular Achievements were emphasized. Began in Italy because Italian city-states

had grown wealthy from trade between Europe and Asia.

Revival of Greek and Roman culture. Stress the importance of the individual.

Renaissance

The ends justify the means. Leaders may use any method to achieve

what is best for the state. Better to be feared then loved, but not

feared enough for people to rebel. Employ absolute power to maintain order in

the areas under their rule.

Machiavelli

Helped sparked changes in Europe. Helped spread Martin Luthers ideas. Spread of ideas.

Printing Press

95 theses helped directly led to divisions in the church.

Attacked sale of indulgences Indulgences does not lead to salvation. Attacked Corruption among high officials of

the Church. Starts the Protestant Reformation.

Martin Luther

Challenged the teachings of the Catholic Church.

Helped bring the end of Christian Unity. Brought a decline in the power of the

Church

Henry VIII

Power of Monarchs grew Immediate effect the breaking of religious

unity of Europe.

Protestant Reformation

The crusading spirit continued in Spain. It was called the Reconquista.

• The goal was to drive Muslims off the Iberian peninsula.

• Most of Spain controlled by Moors, a Muslim people.

• By 1300, Christians controlled the entire region except Granada.

• Muslim influence continued, however, and shaped the arts and literature in Christian Spain.

Reconquista