With your host…Ms. Turner!

Biology Semester 2 Final Review!

This does not prepare you for EVERY question on the final. You must consider questions that are related to the topics presented.

DO WORK

Central

Dogma

Reproduction

Karyotypes &

Genetics

Evolution, Cladistics,

Classification

Miscellaneous

10 10 10 10 10

20 20 20 20 20

30 30 30 30 30

40 40 40 40 40

50 50 50 50 50

Central Dogma : 10

Draw a sketch of how DNA replication occurs using the following “strand” of

DNA.

ANSWER

A T

T A

T A

G G

C C

A A

Central Dogma : 10 - Answer

A

T

T

G

C

A

A T

T A

T A

G G

C C

A A

T

A

A

G

C

A

A T

T A

T A

G G

C C

A A

A T

T A

T A

G G

C C

A A

What is this mode of replication called?What enzymes are involved in this process? How is this different from

transcription?

Central Dogma : 20

Name at least 3 SPECIFIC differences between

DNA and RNA.

ANSWER

Central Dogma : 20 - Answer

DNA has deoxyribose, RNA has ribose.DNA has A,T,C,G while RNA has A,U,C,G.

DNA is double stranded, RNA is single stranded.

DNA is replicated entiredly, RNA is only transcribed for genes.

DNA replication happens once for a cell, RNA transcription happens many

times.

Central Dogma : 30

Draw a quick sketch of the following and label which processes are occurring

where.

ANSWER

Central Dogma : 30 - Answer

DNA Replication and Transcription both happen in the nucleus. Translation happens in the cytoplasm on ribosomes.

Can you name all of the

structures?

Central Dogma : 40Using the following sequence of DNA,

what would the polypeptid

e be?

ANSWERA T G G G G A C C A A

T

Central Dogma : 40 - Answer

A T G G G G A C C A A T

U A C C C C U G G U U A

Tyr – Pro – Trp - Leu

Central Dogma : 50

Diagram how translation occurs. Be sure to use the

following correctly: mRNA, tRNA, ribosome,

codon, amino acid, peptide bond

ANSWER

Central Dogma : 50 - Answer

mRNA docks on the ribosome. It is read one codon at a time. The anticodon on a tRNA molecule

matches the mRNA and brings the correct amino acid. Amino acids are

bonded together with peptide bonds.

How do these peptide bonds form?

Reproduction : 10

True or False: Cancer cells have a controlled rate of

cell division.

ANSWER

Reproduction : 10 - Answer

False: All cells should have a controlled rate of cell division.

Cancer cells have lost the ability to control division. Mutations

have occurred within the genes that code for genes that regulate cell division. Can you remember

which genes these are?

Reproduction : 20

How is binary fission different from mitosis?

What kinds of organisms undergo each process

type?

ANSWER

Reproduction : 20 - Answer

Binary fission –

prokaryotes

Mitosis – eukaryotes

(division of the nucleus and its

contents)

Reproduction : 30

Explain/draw & label the following (what is it and when is it in this form?):

ChromatinChromatids

Tetrads

ANSWER

Reproduction : 30 - Answer

Chromatin = DNA in relaxed form in Interphase

Chromatid = half of a replicated chromosome, once separated (in

Anaphase of Mitosis and Anaphase II of Meiosis) from sister no longer a chromatid

Tetrad = pair of homologous chromosomes in Meiosis, separated in Anaphase I

Reproduction : 40

What is the correct sequence that describes

the development of a baby?

Baby, Embryo, Fertilization, Fetus,

Zygote ANSWER

Reproduction : 40 - Answer

Fertilization, Zygote, Embryo, Fetus, Baby

How do cells become the variety of cells you have now?

Reproduction : 50

Compare and contrast Mitosis and Meiosis. Include the

following:

ANSWER

Characteristics

Type of Cell

Number of Stages (does not include Interphase or Cytokinesis)

Number of Daughter Cells

Relative (to parent cell) Amount of Genetic Information (# of chrom.)

Daughter Cells Haploid or Diploid

Reproduction : 50 - Answer

Characteristics Mitosis Meiosis

Type of Cell Somatic (Body cell) Gamete (Sex cell)

Number of Stages (does not include Interphase or Cytokinesis)

4Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

8 Prophase I & II, Metaphase I & II,Anaphase I & II,Telophase I & II

Number of Daughter Cells

2 4

Relative (to parent cells) Amount of Genetic Information (# of chrom.)

Identical Half

Daughter Cells Haploid or Diploid

Diploid Haploid

Karyotypes & Genetics : 10

In Nicotiana plants, the allele for green leaves (G) is dominant

over the allele for yellow leaves (g). Make a Punnett square to show the cross for a GG plant and a Gg plant and write the

genotypic and phenotypic ratios.

ANSWER

Karyotypes & Genetics : 10 - Answer

G g G GG GgG GG Gg

Genotypic Ratio – 2:2:0 or 1:1:0

Phenotypic Ratio – 4:0 or 1:0

Karyotypes & Genetics : 20

In rabbits, grey hair (G) is dominant to white hair (g).

Also in rabbits, black eyes (B) are dominant to red eyes (b).

Use a Punnett square to show a cross between a male rabbit

with the genotype GGbb with a female rabbit with the

genotype ggBb.ANSWER

Karyotypes & Genetics : 20 - Answer

Gb Gb Gb GbgB GgBb GgBb GgBb GgBbgB GgBb GgBb GgBb GgBbgb Ggbb Ggbb Ggbb Ggbbgb Ggbb Ggbb Ggbb Ggbb

Karyotypes & Genetics : 30

What sex is the individual and what genetic disorder do they have? How do you

know?

ANSWER

Karyotypes & Genetics : 30 - Answer

They are female.

They have Down

Syndrome (Trisomy

21)

Karyotypes & Genetics : 40In rabbits, grey hair (G) is dominant to white hair (g).

Also in rabbits, black eyes (B) are dominant to red eyes

(b).What would be the possible gametes for a rabbit with the

genotype Ggbb?

ANSWER

Karyotypes & Genetics : 40 - Answer

Gametes for Ggbb:Gbgb

(use FOIL to make sure you get all the combinations)

Karyotypes & Genetics : 50

If the mother of a family is ‘normal’ but carries the recessive gene for cystic fibrosis and the father is also normal

and does not carry the gene for cystic fibrosis, what are the chances of them having a child with a cystic fibrosis?

Cystic Fibrosis (has C.F. Disease) (f)Normal (no C.F. Disease) (F)

ANSWER

Karyotypes & Genetics : 50 - Answer

Mother: FfFather: FF

They have a 0% chance of having a child with Cystic Fibrosis because

you need to have the genotype ff to express that trait.

F f F FF FfF FF Ff

Evolution, Cladistics, Classification : 10

Name the levels of taxonomic groups from most broad to most

specific.Which two are used for an organism’s scientific name?

ANSWER

Evolution, Cladistics, Classification : 10 - Answer

KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenus Species

Genus and species used for scientific name.

Evolution, Cladistics, Classification : 20

How does variation arise?(name 2)

ANSWER

Evolution, Cladistics, Classification : 20 - Answer

Sexual Reproduction (Meiosis, fertilization)

MutationsGenetic Drift (chance)

Evolution, Cladistics, Classification : 30

ANSWER

Use the Peppered Moths to explain how natural

selection can lead to the population changing over

time.(Must represent all 3 tenets)

Evolution, Cladistics, Classification : 30 - Answer

1. The population of peppered moths grows larger than the environment can support (reaches/surpasses carrying capacity). They compete for resources.

2. Some are better suited for the environment: pre-industrial revolution, light colored moths were more fit, post-IR the dark moths blended in better to the

dark bark (differential survival).3. The dark color was caused by a mutation BEFORE THE

IR (IR doesn’t cause the muation) which provided the population variation in color. This trait is heritable and is passed to the next generation and becomes more

common thanks to differential reproduction.

Evolution, Cladistics, Classification : 40

Describe an example of artificial selection. Who acts as the

“environment” in this situation?

ANSWER

Evolution, Cladistics, Classification : 40 - AnswerDog breeding, selecting for

specific traits in crops

Humans are the manipulators – they act as

the “environment”

Evolution, Cladistics, Classification : 50

ANSWER

Based on the number of amino acid differences,

which organism is most closely

related to the human?

Name 3 other pieces of evidence

scientists could use to suggest

common ancestry.

Evolution, Cladistics, Classification : 50 - Answer

The macaque – it only has 8 different amino acids whereas

the dog (the next closest) has 32.

Other possible evidence: Fossils, homologous structures, vestigial structures, emryology

Miscellaneous: 10

How is variation important for Darwin and Wallace’s

Theory of Natural Selection?What could happen if there is no variation in a population?

ANSWER

Miscellaneous: 10 - Answer

Populations have variation for traits that allows some to be advantageous depending on the

environment and those traits enable the organism to survive, reproduce, and pass on that beneficial trait to the next generation.

Over time those traits become more common.

If there is no variation it is possible that a population/species go extinct if the

environment changes and the population cannot adapt.

Miscellaneous: 20

ANSWER

Who committed the crime? How do you know?

Miscellaneous: 20 - Answer

Bubba – his DNA fingerprint matches the DNA from the crime scene

Miscellaneous: 30

Name three properties that affect the rate of

movement of molecules through agarose gel.

ANSWER

Miscellaneous: 30 - Answer

SizeChargeShape

Molecular Weight

Miscellaneous: 40

Draw a representation of the cell cycle labeling the various stages. Circle the

stage in which DNA is replicated.

ANSWER

Miscellaneous: 40 - Answer

Miscellaneous: 50

Name the 6 kingdoms and an important characteristic for

EACH.

ANSWER

Miscellaneous: 50 - Answer

Eubacteria - Archaebacteria - Protista - Plantae - Fungi - Animalia -