WK8 Agenda
• Project 8 per group: members by Jan 18, 2009
• Pick one topic for multiple comparison project: religion, music, art, language and literature
• Discussion
• Byzantine Lecture
• Homework (-2 per week for late work)
• Amazing points
• Fishbone
• Exam Result
Byzantine Discussion
• What do you think of Byzantine?
• Where is it?
• When was it?
• Who do you know?
• Why should we know about it? Better Thai than Byzantine?
• How did we know about it?
Byzantine, Medieval World
• Roman influenced: The Byzantine, Islamic, and Early-Medieval Western Worlds
• No clear beginning date: successors of the Roman empire, Constantine vs. Diocletian or Justinian
Byzantine
• Geography Reasons for moving:– Political stability
– Economic advantage: cross roads of Europe and Asia
• Who moved the capital city to here?
• How many church?
• What other cities do you think of?
Early Byzantine
• Capital city at Constantinople
• Constantine granted Decree of Milan 313 AD.– Equal rights between
Christian and Roman– Christian could be
government official– Christian could own asset– Christian could practice
religious activities
• Official religion of empire in 391 AD.
Early Byzantine
• Early Christian art:
– Mosaic
– archivolt
• Sant-Apollinare Nuovo
• St. John Studios
• Marble transenna or screen
• Copied Greek literature
What’s the official language?
Byzantine, 1st Golden Age• Justinian 527-565 AD.
– Theodora– Justinian fought hard to win
back the West (largest empire)
– Active role in religion: “One God, one empire, one religion”
– Justinian Code: Corpus JurisCivilis• Foundation for most
European law– Goal was to centralize
government• Impose legal and
doctrinal conformity
Byzantine, 1st Golden Age• Volts, Dome Basilica• Pendentive architecture:
-Cathedral of Saint Sophia(Holy Wisdom)– Symbolize the inward and
spiritual character of the Christian religion
– Little appearance on the outside– Beautiful mosaics and marble
columns inside– Lighting/windows : floating– Dome in square
• Ivory carving: Justinian as Conqueror: Barberini Ivory
• Jewelry making: gold• Silk
Byzantine, 1st Golden Age
• Heraclius: 610-641 AD.–Much greater Eastern influence
–Challenged by the Persian armies which already won all the Asian territories
Iconoclastic Controversy• Leo the Isaurian
(Iconoclastic emperor) 717-741 AD.– Defeated the Arab troop with
Greek fire: a mixture of sulfur, naphtha and quicklime
– Enforced ban on images in Eastern churches (Today survival art works come from Italy and Palestine)
• Result?– East and West religious
disputes (patriarch vs. pope)
– Images and Icons
• Education of women– Tutoring at home
Second Golden Age
• Icon pictures• Paris Psalter(Psalms of
David)
• St. Mark in Venice– 4 square domes at the
corners– More space
• Agriculture, Industrial• International trade
– Import:• Luxurious goods from the
East
– Export: • Raw material
Second Golden Age• 1054 AD:Greek Orthodox Separation• 1060 AD: The holy land was under Muslim.• 1071 AD Seljuks invasion: Battle of Manzikurt• Byzantine asked help from Western Europe (Pope
Urban II)
• 1096-1099 AD: First Crusade– France, German, andItaly traveled 3 years toJerusalem and theOutremer
• Saladin Muslim leaderfought back at Edessa (2nd Crusade)
Late Byzantine
• 1189-1192 AD: 3rd Crusade: Richard the lion heart of England battled at Acre
• 1204-1261 AD: 4th Crusade: Crusaders invaded Constantinople and governed for 60 years– Templar, Teutonic, Hospitaller
• 1453 AD: End of the empire, Sultan Mehmet II renovated the city and renamed it to Istanbul
Stability of the Byzantine
• Occasional able rulers• Efficient bureaucratic government:
– Support education(opposite of the Latin West): literate laity– Support religion– Support economic: regulated prices and wages, maintained
system of licensingWhat organization in the government will benefit from this kind of structure?
• Firm economic base: – Import:
• Far Eastern luxurious
– Export• Silk, gold and silver coinage
Western Debt to Byzantine
• Acted as a wall for Europe against Islam
• Helped preserve classical Greek learning
• Influence western art: St. Mark’s basilica in Venice, Giotto and El Greco works
ByzantineTime Politic, Economic,
SocietyKnowledge,Philosophy, ReligionTechnology
Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture
Literature, Drama
395 ADEast and West Roman Empire476 AD. End of the Western Empire
Capital city at Byzantium or ConstantinopleBureaucratic government: Byzantine: behind the scene, complexity
Edict of Milan, Spread of Christianity, Council of Nicea, active role from the emperor
Christian art: Mosaic, archivoltSant-Aplollinare NuovoSt. John StudiosMarble transenna or screen
Greek literature
527-565 AD.1st Golden Age
610-641 AD.
Justinian
Heraclius
Largest empire, Justinian Code
Greek fire,
Volts, Dome BasilicaPendentive architecture:Cathedral of Saint Sophia
Silk, Ivory carving: BarberiniIvory, jewelry making,
726-843 AD.Iconoclastic Controversy
Emperor Leo the Isaurian: Persian threat,
Educated woman
900-1200 AD.Second Golden Age
Agriculture, Industrial, International trade, 1071 AD. Seljuks invasion: Battle of Manzikurt
1096-1099 AD.First Crusade
Official language: Greek, Religion: Greek Orthodox Church, Patriarch 1054 AD :Greek Orthodox Separation
St. Mark in VeniceIcon pictureParis Psalter(Psalms of David)
1200-1 453 AD.Ottoman Turk invasion
1204-1261 AD.Crusade invasion
1453 AD: End of the empire, Sultan Mehmet II renovated the city and renamed it to Istanbul
Exam Amazing Points
• How do geography affect civilization? Location effect to your business? Already talked about this many times even in the review lecture!
• Know the countries and sea but wrong river? Nile river is in Europe?
– Greek and pyramid?
– Indus and Parthenon? We already mentioned Parthenon in the multiple choice and you wrote with Indus civilization?
– Know Parthenon in short answer but answered incorrectly in multiple choice?
• Are you Buddhist?
• Basilicas instead of ziggurats? Shouldn’t you confuse between ziggurat and pyramid?
• Logical reasoning:– Blank?
– It’s old? Long time?
– Medicine? Then…what civilization is the father of medicine?