WLAN Positioning Technology White Paper...WLAN Positioning Technology White Paper 1 Background Issue...

WLAN Positioning Technology White Paper

Issue 1.0

Date 2014-04-24

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Issue 1.0 (2014-04-24) Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

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Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 2014. All rights reserved.

No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written consent of Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

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WLAN Positioning Technology White Paper About This Document



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About This Document

Keywords

WLAN, positioning, tag, terminal, and component

Abstract

Development of wireless communications technology and improvement in data processing

capability make location-based services one of the most promising mobile Internet services.

With unique advantages, WLAN positioning has received growing attentions and are widely

used. This document describes implementation of WLAN positioning and its main

applications on networks.

Abbreviations

Abbreviation Full Name

STA Station

AP Access Point

AC Access Controller

FFT Fast Fourier Transformation

RFID Radio Frequency Identification

WLAN Positioning Technology White Paper Contents



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Contents

About This Document ............................................................................................................... ii

1 Background ............................................................................................................................... 1

2 Technology Implementation .................................................................................................. 2

2.1 Tag Positioning ...................................................................................................................................................... 2

2.2 Terminal Positioning .............................................................................................................................................. 6

3 Benefits to Customers ............................................................................................................ 10

4 Typical Application Scenarios.............................................................................................. 12

WLAN Positioning Technology White Paper 1 Background



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1 Background

Development of wireless communications technology and improvement in data processing

capability make location-based services one of the most promising mobile Internet services.

The demand for accurate and fast location-based services becomes more and more stringent in

both indoor and outdoor environments. Wireless communications technology is used to locate

mobile terminals through measurement and calculation of related parameters. The location

information obtained facilitates location-based service provision, optimizes network

management, improves service quality and network performance.

Major wireless positioning technologies include WLAN, Global Positioning System (GPS),

ZigBee, Bluetooth, and cellular system (2G, 3G, and 4G), among which WLAN becomes the

research focus and mainstream positioning technology of the industry due to its low costs and

wide application in both indoor and outdoor environments.

Huawei WLAN positioning solution supports location of tags and Wi-Fi terminals (including

rogue APs and non-Wi-Fi devices).

WLAN tag positioning technology uses radio frequency identification (RFID) devices and a

positioning system to locate a target through the WLAN. An AP forwards collected RFID tags

to the positioning server. The positioning server computes the physical location and sends the

location data to a third-party device. After that, users can view the location of a target through

maps and tables. Huawei works with Ekahau and AeroScout, mainstream tag vendors in the

industry, to provide the WLAN tag positioning solution.

Terminal positioning locates Wi-Fi terminals and rogue APs on a network based on radio

signal information collected by APs from the surrounding environment. The APs report the

collected information to a positioning server, which computes locations of Wi-Fi terminals or

rogue APs based on the received information and APs' locations, and presents the computing

results to users on display devices. The terminal positioning solution is independently

delivered by Huawei and uses only Huawei WLAN devices.

WLAN Positioning Technology White Paper 2 Technology Implementation



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2 Technology Implementation

Huawei WLAN positioning solution consists of the tag positioning solution and Wi-Fi

terminal positioning solution. Huawei partners with a third-party vendor to deliver the tag

positioning solution. The third-party vendor provides tags, location engine, and monitoring

platform while Huawei provides APs and ACs. The Wi-Fi terminal (including rogue APs)

positioning solution is independently delivered by Huawei and uses only Huawei WLAN

devices.

2.1 Tag Positioning

Components

The tag positioning solution is made up of a Wi-Fi network, location engine, and monitoring

platform. Figure 2-1 shows functions and the provider of each component. In actual

applications, tag location data can also be integrated to the enterprise application platform,

such as the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) platform.

Figure 2-1 Tag positioning solution components




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Location tags

Location tags are attached to targets (assets or personnel) that need to be tracked and

periodically send radio signals to APs on the 2.4 GHz radio. Based on tracked targets, the

location tags are classified into asset location tags and personnel location tags. Some tags

support two-way communications. An alarm can be generated through a button on the

tag. Sending signals consumes power of tags. All tags have a battery life, usually four

years (the battery life varies according to different tags and depends on the sending

interval. A larger sending interval indicates a longer battery life. A four-year battery life

corresponds to a signal sending interval of 1 hour). There are also rechargeable tags, which are not limited by battery life.

Wi-Fi network

The Wi-Fi network collects and forwards tag signals.

APs receive location information sent by RFID tags and send the information to an AC or a positioning server.

The AC receives and forwards configuration instructions delivered by the positioning

server to the APs. It also functions as a transit station to forward location information

sent from the APs to the positioning server.

Positioning server

Physically, the positioning server works as both the location engine and monitoring platform.

(1) Location engine: runs the location algorithm to compute locations of RF tags based on the collected location information.

(2) Monitoring platform: displays tag locations on electronic maps, records and queries

the historical traces of tags, and makes notifications and alarms based on specified

rules.

Figure 2-2 Tag positioning services




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Positioning Principles

Since the location algorithm is provided by the partner, details about the location algorithm

and frame formats of tags are not provided here. The following paragraphs describe the tag

positioning principles. Tag message formats vary according to different tag producers and

require customized APs for message parsing. Huawei WLAN products can parse frames sent

by Ekahau and AeroScout tags and have passed strict verification and certification tests.

Figure 2-3 Tag positioning process (in this example, the location information passes through the

AC)

1. The RFID tag sends a tag message.

The RFID tag does not need to connect to the WLAN. It sends 802.11 frames at regular

intervals. To ensure that signals sent by the tag can be listened on by more APs, the RFID

tag sends tag messages simultaneously on all channels. Tag messages may have different

formats, but all tag messages contain information required by the positioning server for

tag location. Take AeroScout tags as an example. AeroScout redefines four address fields in the 802.11 frame.

Figure 2-4 802.11 frame structure

Address1 specifies a multicast address. The AP identifies a packet as a tag message

through this multicast address.




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Address2 indicates the MAC address of the RFID tag. According to this field, the

positioning system collects information about the same RFID tag that is received from different APs.

Address3 carries RFID tag information. The most important information in this field is

about the channel that transmits the tag message. The AP determines whether the channel

information in the received tag message matches its working channel.

Address4 is available only when the tag message needs to be transmitted on a wireless

distribution system (WDS) network. This field indicates the extended RFID tag information.

2. The AP receives the tag message and forwards it to the positioning server.

After receiving the tag message, the AP records the RSSI (signal strength), timestamp,

rate, and channel information. RSSI is the most important information and key data used

by the positioning server to determine the distance between the tag and AP. To ensure

RSSI accuracy, the AP needs to filter out tag messages received from adjacent channels.

For example, if an AP works on channel 1, it may receive frames sent by the tag on

channel 2. Since the AP and tag are located in different channels, the RSSI received by

the AP is low. The positioning server may incorrectly consider that the tag is far from the

AP. To prevent inaccurate location calculation, tag message received from adjacent

channels must be filtered out.

The AP encapsulates all tag messages into a UDP packet (tag report) and sends the UDP

packet to the positioning server or AC. The report mode and location information

required differ slightly according to positioning servers of different vendors. For

example, the Ekahau positioning server requires APs to report tag messages in real time

but the AeroScout positioning server allows APs to periodically report multiple tag messages at one time.

The destination IP address and port number in a tag report is configured by the AC. If the

destination IP address is configured as the positioning server, the AP directly sends the

tag report to the positioning server. If the destination IP address is configured as the AC,

the AP sends the tag report to the AC, and the AC forwards the tag report to the

positioning server. This mode applies to scenarios where the AP cannot directly

communicate with the positioning server.

Spectrum analysis data and location data on WLAN products are not user data; therefore, their forwarding is not limited by the local forwarding or centralized forwarding mode defined in the service set. Location data includes tag location data and terminal location data.

3. The positioning server computes the tag location.

To accurately determine the location of the RFID tag, the positioning server needs to

receive RFID tag information from at least three APs. After receiving the tag report from

the APs, the positioning server uses a built-in location algorithm to compute the tag

location based on the imported map, AP locations, and information carried in the tag

report such as the RSSI and radio mode, and sends the location information to the graphical interface of the third-party device for presentation.




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2.2 Terminal Positioning The WLAN terminal positioning solution requires no tags and can locate regular Wi-Fi

terminals, rogue APs, and non-Wi-Fi interference sources.

Components

The terminal positioning solution is composed of the Wi-Fi network, terminal, location engine,

and monitoring platform. The location engine and monitoring software are integrated on the

positioning server, similar to those in the tag positioning solution. Huawei terminal

positioning solution uses eSight NMS as the positioning server.

Figure 2-5 Terminal positioning solution components

Wi-Fi terminals

Wi-Fi terminals refer to regular Wi-Fi terminals, rogue APs, and non-Wi-Fi interference

sources. They send wireless signals.

Wi-Fi network

The APs collect wireless signals. Wireless signals can be collected in two modes: the

APs collect RSSI information of WLAN terminals and rogue APs and report the

information to the positioning server to locate WLAN terminals or rogue APs; the APs

scan spectrums and report fast Fourier transform (FFT) results of wireless signals to the

AC to identify and locate non-Wi-Fi interference sources. RSSI information must

contain AP identifiers, STA identifiers, RSSIs, and channel information. The APs can

send the collected location information directly to the positioning server or to an AC first.

The AC will filter the information before sending it to the positioning server.

The AC implements spectrum analysis on FFT data reported by the AP, identifies

non-Wi-Fi interference sources, calculates RSSIs of the interference sources, and reports

the RSSIs to the positioning server. If the APs report the RSSI information to the AC first,

the AC filters the RSSI information before sending it to the positioning server. RSSI

information of the interference sources must contain IDs of the APs that have detected the interference sources, types and IDs of interference sources, and RSSIs.

Positioning server




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The positioning server integrates the location engine and monitoring platform. Huawei

solution uses eSight NMS as the positioning server.

(1) The location engine computes the signal transmission model according to locations of

APs and obstacles, and calculates locations of terminals, rogue APs, or non-Wi-Fi interference sources based on the RSSI information reported by APs or the AC.

(2) The monitoring platform displays tag locations on electronic maps, records and

queries the historical traces of tags, and makes notifications and alarms based on specified rules.

Positioning Principles

Similar to APs in the tag positioning solution, APs in the terminal positioning solution need to

collect wireless signal information and send the information to the positioning server. The

positioning server calculates the terminal location according to the location algorithm.

Figure 2-6 Terminal positioning process (in this example, the location information passes through the AC)

1. The AP collects RSSI information of radio signals and sends the collected information to the positioning server.

(1) The AP periodically switches channels to collect radio signals in the surrounding

environment on each channel and records location information in the received frames,

including the RSSI, timestamp, rate, and channel. RSSI is the most important

information and key data used by the positioning server to determine the distance between the terminal and AP.

(2) The AP encapsulates all the collected radio signal information into a UDP packet and reports the collected data to the positioning server in either of the following modes:

− The AP reports the collected data to the AC, the AC then reports the data to the

positioning server. If the network between the AP and positioning server is unreachable, the AP can send the data to the AC first. The AC filters the data,




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selects location information about terminals and rogue APs, and reports the

selected information to the positioning server.

− The AP directly reports the data to the positioning server. If the network between

the AP and positioning server is reachable, and the AC is not required to identify

rogue APs, the AP can directly send data to the positioning server. This prevents

impacts on WLAN services because the AC does not need to process location data.

2. The AC receives information reported by the AP and forwards the information to the positioning server (optional).

When the AP reports the collected data to the AC first, the AC processes the data as follows:

(1) The AC checks whether the data reported by the AP is location data based on the

destination port number. If not, the AC performs other processing on the data.

(2) When the AC receives location data, it checks the type of devices that send the data.

If the data is sent from an access terminal, the AC reports the data to the positioning

server; if the data is sent from an AP, the AC checks whether the AP is an authorized

AP or rogue AP. The AC discards data from authorized APs and sends location data of rogue APs to the positioning server.

Figure 2-7 Location information processing on the AC

3. The positioning server computes the terminal location.

The positioning server computes the terminal location in two phases:

Offline phase: The positioning server divides the whole network into multiple equal area grids and derives the radio signal transmission model according to onsite environment




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characteristics (characteristics of indoor or outdoor environments and obstacles). In

combination with AP locations imported into the positioning server, the positioning

server computes the RSSI of a STA in a grid to each AP and stores the information in the database.

Online phase: APs report RSSIs to the positioning server after the APs (at least three

APs) receive location information of the terminal to be located. The positioning server

compares the RSSI information received by each AP with the information in the database to obtain the terminal location.

Figure 2-8 Location algorithm

WLAN Positioning Technology White Paper 3 Benefits to Customers



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3 Benefits to Customers

WLAN positioning technology brings considerable benefits to customers. Compared with

other positioning systems, WLAN positioning has low costs and applies to various scenarios.

It helps locate rogue APs and network faults in a timely manner, improving the O&M

efficiency. In addition, value-added applications based on WLAN positioning technology,

such as asset management and security monitoring provide enterprises with an increased level

of security assurance and improved efficiency. Precise advertisement push creates significant

business values. Huawei tag and terminal positioning solutions achieve a location accuracy of

3 to 5 meters at a movement speed lower than 3 km/hour.

1. Low deployment costs

WLAN has become one of the most popular hotspot access modes and widely used in

shopping malls, office buildings, restaurants, cafes, and parking lots. WLAN positioning

technology uses existing devices on a WLAN and requires no additional devices to offer

the location services, which reduces deployment and O&M costs.

2. Wide application scenarios

There are increased requirements on indoor applications of wireless positioning

technology, such as indoor navigation and asset location. Traditional positioning systems

such as GPS and cellular system are inapplicable to indoor scenarios because they

provide no signals or poor signals indoors. WLAN positioning applies to both indoor and

outdoor scenarios. Different from GPS or cellular system, the Wi-Fi system is widely

deployed and Wi-Fi signals are available indoors. This is also one important reason that most indoor positioning technologies are implemented based on the Wi-Fi system.

3. Improved O&M efficiency

WLAN positioning technology helps the O&M personnel accurately and quickly locate

interference sources in the system, such as rogue APs and non-Wi-Fi devices, improving network performance and reliability.

4. Rich value-added services

Rich value-added services are developed based on the WLAN positioning technology, which bring customers security, efficiency, and business values.

(1) Personnel tracking and locating: Fun parks and theme parks usually have complex

geographies and have a large number of entertainment facilities. Wireless positioning

technology helps locate lost children fast and accurately. Wireless positioning

technology helps monitor patients in hospitals or surveil prisoners in prisons and

alerts on escape of prisoners from supervision areas. In high-risk production

industries, such as the mining industry, wireless positioning technology is used to track miners and confirm the number, location, and status of workers.

WLAN Positioning Technology White Paper 3 Benefits to Customers



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(2) Device and asset management: The manufacturing and logistics industries use

wireless positioning technology to locate and manage key assets, monitor distribution

of production materials, track removal of goods, tools and devices to prevent them

against theft. Wireless positioning technology can help hospitals monitor and track

valuable medical equipment to protect them against theft and monitor device usage to improve device usage efficiency.

(3) Manufacturing visibility: In hospitals, wireless positioning is used to monitor the

medical treatment process, arrange medical consultation, and reduce congestion of

patients. The mining industry uses the wireless positioning system to monitor mineral

manufacturing, track trucks and other vehicles on or under the ground, prevent occurrence of collisions, and alert drivers about surrounding vehicles or personnel.

(4) Indoor navigation: The wireless positioning technology provides customers indoor

navigation services. Parking navigation helps a car driver find a parking place and

navigates the car there. Shopping navigation helps consumers find the desired shop in

a shopping mall. The navigation services bring great convenience to the users (consumers).

(5) Advertisement push: Shop vendors can use the wireless positioning technology to

push advertisements or sales promotion messages to consumers when the consumers

reach the shopping mall. The wireless positioning system notifies the consumers of the latest commodity information or discount offers to attract consumers.

(6) Business value analysis: The property owner can analyze historical location data and

record where users stay and how long they stay there to make consumer traffic

analysis. The property owner can charge for rental based on the consumer traffic analysis.

WLAN Positioning Technology White Paper 4 Typical Application Scenarios



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4 Typical Application Scenarios

WLAN positioning is widely applicable to many scenarios, including network fault

troubleshooting, location-based navigation, value-added service analysis based on historical

location data, as well as asset and personnel tracking.

1. Network fault troubleshooting

Wireless positioning is used to locate faults reported by users and interference sources in this scenario.

(1) Once a user reports a fault, the O&M personnel need to obtain the location where the

fault occurs to analyze surrounding environments and find the causes based on AP distribution, signal coverage, signal strength, and user access information.

(2) Many interference sources exist in the radio environment, such as rogue APs and

microwave ovens. These interference sources affect usage of WLAN. Even if the

network generates alarms about the interference sources, the O&M personnel still

cannot troubleshoot the fault if they do not obtain the positions of the interference sources.

Figure 4-1 Network fault troubleshooting

Microwave oven

The wireless positioning function provides and displays locations of terminals, rogue

devices, and interference sources, helping the O&M personnel troubleshoot network faults quickly.




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To enable the wireless positioning function, perform the following configuration on the

WLAN (configurations on eSight are not provided here).

1. Run the system-view command to enter the system view.

2. Run the wlan command to enter the WLAN view.

3. Run the ap ap-id radio radio-id command to enter the AP's radio view.

4. Run the work-mode hybrid command to configure the AP radio to work in hybrid mode.

By default, the AP radio works in normal mode and only transmits data of wireless users.

5. Run the location enable command to enable terminal positioning on the AP.

By default, terminal positioning is disabled on an AP.

6. Run the channel scan-switch enable command to enable the AP to scan all channels.

By default, an AP scans only working channels.

If WIDS, spectrum analysis, background neighbor probing, or terminal positioning is configured on a radio, the radio cannot be used for WDS bridging or Mesh link setup.

7. Run the quit command to return to the WLAN view.

8. Run the radio-profile { id profile-id | name profile-name } * command to create a

radio profile and enter the radio profile view.

9. (Optional) Run the channel scan-time time command to configure the channel scan period.

The default period during which an AP scans channels is 60 ms.

This command applies to the WIDS, background neighbor probing, and terminal positioning functions.

10. (Optional) Run the channel scan-frequency time command to configure the channel scan interval.

The default interval at which an AP scans channels is 10s.

This command applies to the WIDS, background neighbor probing, and terminal

positioning functions.

11. (Optional) Run the location report-frequency time command to configure the interval at which an AP reports channel scan information.

By default, an AP reports channel scan information every 20s.


13. Run the location ap report-server { ac | ip-address ip-addr } port port-num command to configure the destination IP address and port number for the AP to report

channel scan information.

By default, an AP reports channel scan information to the AC and uses the port

number 6411 to report the information.

14. Run the location ac report-server ip-address ip-addr port port-num command to

configure the destination IP address and port number for the AC to report channel scan information.

The destination IP address and port number used by the AC to report information are configured only when an AP is configured to report channel scan information to the AC.

15. Run the commit { all | ap ap-id } command to deliver the configuration to APs.

16. Run the display current-configuration command to view terminal positioning configurations.

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2. Location-based navigation

Wireless positioning provides the following navigation services:

(1) In shopping malls, consumers can use the wireless positioning system to obtain

location information about surrounding shops and select their preferred shops for shopping.

(2) The shop vendors can push advertisements based on consumer locations.

(3) In scenic spots, tourists can use the wireless positioning system to obtain location information about surrounding tourist attractions and go to visit their preferred site.

(4) In large parking lots, car drivers can quickly find parking positions.

Figure 4-2 Location-based navigation

The wireless positioning system uses an API and third-party system to obtain user locations

and offer users navigation services based on the locations.

WLAN configuration in this scenario is similar to that in the first scenario.

3. Value-added service analysis based on user's historical locations

Value-added services that are developed based on historical location data include the following:

(1) The shopping mall analyzes the time duration when users stay in a shop based on historical location data, and offers users shopping guide based on the analysis results.

(2) The shopping mall can analyze consumer traffic of different shops based on the consumers' stay time in each shop and charges for rental based on the analysis.




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Figure 4-3 Value-added service analysis

Movement traces in a specified time

The wireless positioning system can store users' historical location data and offer a third-party API to obtain historical movement traces of users for further analysis.

WLAN configuration in this scenario is similar to that in the first scenario.

4. Asset and personnel tracking

Healthcare, oil, gas, mining, and education industries need to monitor assets and

personnel to ensure their safety. Wireless positioning technology provides enterprises

with an increased level of security assurance and improved efficiency.

Figure 4-4 Asset and personnel tracking




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This scenario uses tags produced by AeroScout or Ekahau. Configure the WLAN

network in the following way (in this example, AeroScout tags are used).

1. Run the system-view command to enter the system view.

2. Run the wlan command to enter the WLAN view.

3. Run the ap id ap-id command to enter the AP view.

4. Run the lbs aeroscout enable command to enable AeroScout tag positioning.

By default, AeroScout tag positioning is disabled.


6. Runt the lbs aeroscout ap { to-ac | to-ae } port port-num command to configure the

destination IP address and port number used by the AP to report the received AeroScout tag information.

By default, the destination IP address and port number used by an AP to report tag information is not configured.

7. (Optional) Run the lbs aeroscout ae-port port-num command to configure the port

number used for communications between the AC and the AeroScout positioning

server. By default, the port number used by an AC to listen for messages sent from the AeroScout positioning server is not configured.

8. (Optional) Run the lbs source ip-addr ip-address command to configure the source

IP address of packets sent from the AC to the positioning server. By default, the

source IP address of packets sent from the AC to the positioning server is not configured.

If an AP is configured to report tag information to the AC, the port number used by the AC to

communicate with the AeroScout positioning server must be configured.

If an AP is configured to report tag information to the AC, the port number configured on the

AeroScout positioning server must be the same as that used by the AC to communicate with the server.

If an AP is configured to directly report tag information to the AeroScout positioning server, the port number used by the AP to report tag information must be the same as that configured on the server.

The port number used by the AP to report tag information must be different from that used by the AC to communicate with the positioning server.

If the positioning server runs the Linux system and is enabled with reverse route check, the positioning server must be able to ping the source IP address of the packets sent from the AC to the positioning server.

9. (Optional) Run the lbs aeroscout compound-time time-value command to configure

the aggregation time of AeroScout tag packets. The default aggregation time of AeroScout tag packets on an AC is 6553.5 seconds.

10. Run the commit { all | ap ap-id } command to deliver the configuration to APs.

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