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Porosity Mineralogy Logs
PorosityMineralogy Logs
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Porosity Mineralogy Logs
PorosityMineralogy LogsObjectives:
Density Logging Gamma Ray Back Scattering
Compensated Density 2 or 3 detectors
Neutron Logging Slowing Down Length
Neutron Thermalization and AbsorptionCompensated Neutron Ratio Effect of Gas
Sonic Logging Slowness of Wave TravelBorehole Compensation
Depth of Investigation
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Porosity Mineralogy Logs
Density Logging
Gamma Ray Back
Scattering
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DensityTool
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Gamma RayInteractions
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Density of Common Minerals
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Correction
for
Standoff
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Density
Correction by
Spine and Ribs
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Log of
CorrectedBulk
Density
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Compensated Density Log
Gamma Ray bombardment
multiple collisions with electrons
energy loss due to Compton scattering
size of Gamma Ray cloud inversely
proportional to electron density
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Porosity Mineralogy Logs
Density Summary
bombardment by medium energy GRs
interactions with electrons in formation
Compton scattering
size of cloud of GRs inversely
proportional to electron density
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Porosity Mineralogy Logs
NeutronInteractions
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Porosity Mineralogy Logs
Neutron Nuclei Interaction
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Porosity Mineralogy Logs
Thermal Neutron Annihilation
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Porosity Mineralogy Logs
Neutron
Slowing Down Length
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Porosity Mineralogy Logs
Neutron Logging Technologies Emission Detection
Fast Neutron Thermal Neutron
Fast Neutron Capture Gamma
Fast Neutron Epithermal Neutron
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Porosity Mineralogy Logs
NeutronLog
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Simple Neutron Logging bombardment by 5 MeV neutrons elastic coll isions with nuclei
energy lost per collision depends onrelative mass of nucleus
hydrogen is most effective
size of neutron cloud inversely proportional tohydrogen content
population of neutron cloud is a function ofabsorption qualit ies
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Porosity Mineralogy Logs
Neutron
CalibrationPit
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Compensated Neutron Logging
reduces borehole effects
reduces salinity effects
increases depth of investigation
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Porosity Mineralogy Logs
Comp.
Neutron
Log
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Porosity Mineralogy Logs
Compensated Neutron Calibration
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Depth of Investigation
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Porosity Mineralogy Logs
Density
NeutronLog
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Neutron Logs are Hydrogen Logs
Neutron Logs are sensitive to . . .porosity
matrix material
gas saturation
clay
light oil
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Factors Affecting Neutron Logs
anything withHydrogen
WATER
clay
oil
gas
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Clay Minerals Contain Hydrogen
in OH ion in crystal lattice
in electrostatically bound water
on platelet surfaces
therefore clay strongly impactsNeutron logs
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Neutron Response in Gas
Hydrogen concentration in gas is low
compared to water or oil
apparent Neutron porosity isanomalously low
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D-N
Combo
Gas
Indicator
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D-N GasDetection
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Neutron Logging
greater H content
larger N absorption
cross section
smaller N cloud size lower count rate
higher N
lower N population lower count rate higher N
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Neutron Summary bombardment by 5 MeV neutrons
elastic coll isions with nuclei
energy loss per collision
size of neutron cloud inversely
proportional to Hydrogen content
population of neutron cloud related
to absorption qualities
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Sonic / Acoustic Logging
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Sonic Logging
1. Send out pulsefrom magnetostrictive transmitter
2. Listen for received signal at two ormore different distances
3. Record acoustic signal waveformand differences in arrival time
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from the Sonic Transmitter . . .
Energy spreads spherically
Velocity differences distort sphere
S di T itt E
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Spreading Transmitter Energy
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Transmission Modes
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Porosity Mineralogy Logs
Rough HoleEffect
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BoreholeCompensation
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BHCSonic
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SonicErrors
Long
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Porosity Mineralogy Logs
Long
SpacingCure
BHC for
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BHC for
LongSpacing
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Unscrambling SonicTransmission Modes
Longer spacingvelocity differences separate P, S, T
Array of receivers
semblance processing coherency plot
Dipole shear imaging tool
generates flexural wave directly
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Array Sonic Tool
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ArraySonic
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Soft RockShear Absent
Flexural
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Porosity Mineralogy Logs
Wave fromDSI
Dipole
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p
ShearImager
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Sonic Summary
Initiate acoustic wave and measureslowness
Compressional, Shear, and Stoneleytransmission modes
Compressional is fastest