Date post: | 14-Dec-2015 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | bryana-harbison |
View: | 215 times |
Download: | 0 times |
Women in Physics and Astronomy
Contact: Rachel IvieStatistical Research Center
American Institute of [email protected]
Data Sources
• Statistical Research Center, AIP– Arnell Ephraim– Garrett Anderson– Michael Neuschatz– Raymond Chu– Roman Czujko– Patrick Mulvey– Mark McFarling– Judith Mulvey
• Supported by Alfred P. Sloan Foundation• National Science Foundation• National Center for Education Statistics
(caspar.nsf.gov)
In US, women earn· >55% of all bachelor's degrees· >45% of all PhDs
In Astronomy (2005), women earned· 40% of bachelor's degrees· 33% of PhDs
In Physics (2005), women earned· 21% of bachelor's degrees· 14% of PhDs
Sources: National Science Foundation, National Center for Education Statistics, AIP Statistical Research Center.
1987 1990 1993 1997 2001 2005
39%41%
43%
47% 46% 47%
Source: AIP High School Physics Teacher Surveys
Girls as a percentage of high school physics students
Percent of physics bachelor's and PhDs earned by women, 1975 to 2005.
AIP Statistical Research Center: Enrollments and Degrees Survey.
75 80 85 90 95 '000
4
8
12
16
20
24
Bachelor's
PhD
Year of Degree
Percent
2005
AIP Statistical Research Center: Enrollments and Degrees Survey.
Percent of Degrees Earned by Women in Astronomy, 1972-2005
Bachelors
1972 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
Bachelors
PhD
Percent of Bachelor’s Degrees Earned by Women in Selected Fields, 1966-2004.
Source: National Center for Education Statistics. Data for Academic Year 1999 were not available. Compiled by AIP Statistical Research Center.
1966 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20040%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
ALL FIELDSBIOLOGICAL SCICHEMISTRYCOMPUTER SCIMATHEMATICSPHYSICSENGINEERING
1958 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
All FieldsBiological SciencesChemistryMathematicsPhysicsEngineering
Percent of PhDs earned by women in selected fields, 1958-2005
National Science Foundation. Data compiled by AIP Statistical Research Center.
1920 19301930 19401940 19501950 19601960 19701970 19801980 19901990 20050
10
20
30
40
50
All Fields
PhysicalSciences
Physics
Year of Degree
Percent
Percent of PhDs awarded to women in selected fields, 1920-2005.
National Research Council, National Opinion Research Center , and National Science Foundation. Data compiled by AIP Statistical Research Center.
Teachers and Faculty (2005-2006)
31% of high school physics teachers are women.
17% of astronomy faculty are women.
13% of physics faculty are women.
11% of physics department chairs are women.
Source: AIP Statistical Research Center.
13 10 8OVERALL
19 1411 Bachelor’s
16 13 9 Master’s
107 6 PhD
Type of Department
12 1513 Other ranks
19 16 N/A Instructor/Adjunct
17 16 17 Assistant Prof.
14 11 10 Associate Prof.
6 5 3 Full Professor
Academic Rank
2006 2002 1998
AIP Statistical Research Center, 2006 Academic Workforce Survey.
Percent of faculty positions in physics held by women.
Percent of astronomy faculty positions held by women.
Academic Rank 2003 2006
Full professor 10 11
Associate professor 23 24
Assistant professor 23 28
Instructor/Adjunct 15 15
Other Ranks 15 21
Overall 14 17
Source: AIP Statistical Research Center. Stand-alone astronomy departments only.
PhD Master's Bachelor's Total0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Percent of physics departments with women faculty in professorial ranks, 2006
AIP Statistical Research Center, 2006 Academic Workforce Survey.
Full Professor
Associate Professor
Assistant Professor
Instructor/Adjunct
Visiting Professor
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100Males Females
Percent
Current positions of new physics faculty by gender, 2006
AIP Statistical Research Center, 2006 Academic Workforce Survey.
Most current statistics:
About 50% of high school physics students are girls.
Percent Women
Physics Astronomy
Bachelor’s 21 40
PhDs 14 33
Faculty 13 17
…Leaky pipeline?
High school to undergraduate
In 2001, 46% of high school physics students were female.
In 2005, women earned 21% of bachelor's degrees in physics.
In 2005, women earned 40% of bachelor’s degrees in astronomy.
Source: AIP Statistical Research Center.
Undergraduate to Graduate
In 2004-05, women earned 21% of bachelor’s degrees in physics.
In Fall 2005, 23% of entering physics graduate students were women.
In academic years ending 2004 and 2005
(combined), women earned 39% of bachelor’s
degrees in astronomy.
In Fall 2004 and 2005 (combined), 39% of
entering astronomy grad students were women.Source: AIP Statistical Research Center
Graduate School
In 1998 &1999, 19% of entering physics graduate students were women.
In 2005, women earned 14% of of physics PhDs.
In 1998 & 1999, 28% of entering astronomy graduate students were women.
In 2005, women earned 33% of astronomy PhDs.
Source: AIP Statistical Research Center.
Representation of women physics faculty compared to percentage earning PhDs
17131994-2000Asst. Professor
14101985-1993Assoc. Professor
641969-1983Full Professor
% Women Faculty, 2006
Average % PhDs to Women
Dates of PhD
Dates of PhD are for middle 50% of faculty respondents to the 2004 AIP Membership Survey.
Source: AIP Statistical Research Center.
Representation of women astronomy faculty compared to percentage earning PhDs
28211996-1999Asst. Professor
24131984-1993Assoc. Professor
1181971-1984Full Professor
% Women Faculty, 2006
Average % PhDs to Women
Dates of PhD
Dates of PhD are for middle 50% of faculty respondents to the 2004 AIP Membership Survey.
Source: AIP Statistical Research Center.
1995 1996 1997 1998 2000 2001 2002 2003 200410
20
30
40
50
60
70
Hispanic and African-American women receivingphysics bachelor’s degrees
National Center for Education Statistics. Data for academic year 1999 not available.Compiled by AIP Statistical Research Center.
Number
Hispanic-American
African-American
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
2000 - 2005
1994 - 1999
1988 - 1993
1982 - 1987
1976 - 1981
2000 - 2005
1994 - 1999
1988 - 1993
1982 - 1987
1976 - 1981
68
49
43
44
34
19
16
1
3
3
Number of PhDs
Males
Females
Number of Physics PhDs earned by African American Males and Females, 1976-2005.
Source: AIP Statistical Research Center analyzed data collected by the National Science Foundation.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
2000 - 2005
1994 - 1999
1988 - 1993
1982 - 1987
1976 - 1981
2000 - 2005
1994 - 1999
1988 - 1993
1982 - 1987
1976 - 1981
96
121
97
56
52
16
19
13
9
2
Number of PhDs
Males
Females
Number of Physics PhDs earned by Hispanic American Males and Females, 1976-2005.
Source: AIP Statistical Research Center analyzed data collected by the National Science Foundation.
Why more women in astronomy than physics?
• No one knows for sure
• Hypotheses– Climate is better in astronomy than in physics– Critical mass: sociologists have theory that
underrepresented groups have to reach a certain threshold before newcomers see field as viable option